252:
diuretic-resistant fluid overload. Kramer described his experience of attaching a microporous hemofilter to the femoral artery and vein, and flowing blood through it at around 100 ml/minuets Liters of plasma filtrate poured out. He replaced it with an infusion of electrolyte solution. Kramer explained that this could be done continuously, avoiding the volume shifts and other problems of intermittent hemodialysis. For those in the audience who cared for patients with anuric ARF, this was an epiphany of thunderbolt proportions. He used a hollow fiber “haemofilter” that originally designed as an alternative to HD for chronic renal failure and produced 300-600 ml/hour of ultrafiltrate by convection. The simple, pumpless system made use of temporary dialysis catheters sited in the patient’s femoral artery and vein and could be rapidly established in critically ill patients. Kramer explained that this could be done continuously, avoiding the volume shifts and other problems of intermittent hemodialysis. For those in the audience who cared for patients with anuric ARF, this was an epiphany of thunderbolt proportions. He used a hollow fiber “haemofilter” that originally designed as an alternative to HD for chronic renal failure and produced 300-600 ml/hour of ultrafiltrate by convection. The simple, pumpless system made use of temporary dialysis catheters sited in the patient’s femoral artery and vein and could be rapidly established in critically ill patients. Using an isotonic salt solution for fluid replacement, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) was soon extended to the management of ARF. In 1982, Kramer presented his experience with its use in more than 150 intensive care patients at a meeting of the
American Society for Artificial Internal Organs(ASAIO). Before that, Henderson et al and Knopp, had studied hemofiltration in animals and as an alternative to dialysis in chronic renal failure, but it was really Peter Kramer’s report in ASAIO meeting in 1982 that stimulated many of nephrologists and intensivists to undertake the serious evaluation of CAVH in ARF in the ICU.
256:
centers for managing ARF in critically ill patients with multiple organ failure. In 1986, it has been reported that CAVH improve the patient survival from 9% to 38% with full nutrition in ARF. Moreover, a workshop presented at ASAIO in 1988 summarized the development and role of continuous hemofiltration. Since late 1980s, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been studied extensively. In 1982, the use of CAVH in
Vicenza was extended for the first time to a neonate with the application of specific minifilters . Two years later, CAVH began to be used to treat septic patients, burn patients and patients after transplantation and cardiac surgery, even with regional citrate anticoagulation. In 1986, the term continuous renal replacement therapy was applied to all these continuous approaches. The technology and terminology were expanded to include slow continuous ultrafiltration for fluid removal without replacement, continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), and continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. Meanwhile, clinical and technical limitations of CAVH spurred new research and the discovery of new treatments, leading to the development of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH), continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) and continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). The low depurative efficiency was overcome by applying filters with two ports in the dialysate/filtrate compartment and through the use of counter-current dialysate flow, allowing the addition of diffusion and the birth of continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration or hemodialysis (CAVHDF or CAVHD).
260:
pressure in the circuit, to avoid, respectively, air embolisms and circuit explosion in case of coagulation or obstruction of the venous line. Later, ultrafiltrate and replacement pumps and a heater were added to the circuit. The development of CVVH allows to increase the exchange volumes, and subsequently, the depurative efficiency. The use of counter-current dialysate flow led to further improvements and the birth of CVVHD and CVVHDF. Now
Continuous renal replacement therapy has become the mainstay of management of renal failure for multiple organ failure patients in the ICU.
204:
CHF (continuous hemofiltration), also sometimes called continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Hemodiafiltration (SLED-F or CHDF or CVVHDF) also is widely used in this fashion. In the United States, the substitution fluid used in CHF or CHDF is commercially prepared, prepackaged, and sterile (or sometimes is prepared in the local hospital pharmacy), avoiding regulatory issues of on-line creation of replacement fluid from dialysis solution.
264:
analysis of big data has further moved the front of research ahead, providing the possibility of creating silica-trials and finding answers to patients’ unmet clinical needs. The opportunity to evaluate the endophenotype of the patient makes it possible to adjust treatments and techniques by implementing the concept of precision CRRT. This allows clinicians to normalize outcomes and results among different populations or individuals and establish optimal and personalized care
248:
deleterious effects on hemodynamic stability. In 1971, Lee
Henderson described the basis for convective transport in blood purification techniques. Subsequently, in 1974 he described hemodiafiltration combining convection and diffusion. These seminal papers represented the basis for the development of chronic hemodiafiltration by Leber and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) by Peter Kramer.
195:
dialysis solution through a set of two membranes to purify it before infusing it directly into the blood line. In the United States, regulatory agencies have not yet approved on-line creation of substitution fluid because of concerns about its purity. For this reason, hemodiafiltration, had historically never been used in an outpatient setting in the United States.
194:
Either of these treatments can be given in outpatient dialysis units, three or more times a week, usually 3–5 hours per treatment. IHDF is used almost exclusively, with only a few centers using IHF. With both IHF or IHDF, the substitution fluid is prepared on-line from dialysis solution by running
259:
Development of double-lumen venous catheters and peristaltic blood pumps was invented in the mid-1980s, when CVVH was proposed. The presence of a pump that generated negative pressure in part of the circuit made it necessary to add a device to detect the presence of air and a sensor to monitor the
251:
With his team, Peter Kramer (Died unexpectedly in 1984), had actually first reported the use of continuous hemofiltration in
Germany in 1977. Peter Kramer in ASAIO presented a paper describing the use of arteriovenous hemofiltration in the management of ARF. Kramer tried that as a mean of managing
203:
Continuous hemofiltration (CHF) was first described in a 1977 paper by Kramer et al. as a treatment for fluid overload. Hemofiltration is most commonly used in an intensive care unit setting, where it is either given as 8- to 12-hour treatments, so called SLEF (slow extended hemofiltration), or as
163:
across the filter membrane from the blood compartment to the filtrate compartment, from which it is drained. Solutes, both small and large, get dragged through the membrane at a similar rate by the flow of water that has been engendered by the hydrostatic pressure. Thus convection overcomes the
255:
At first, in CAVH, the prescribed ultrafiltration rate was achieved manually by arranging the filtrate bag at the right height, thereby changing the negative pressure caused by the filtrate column. The replacement fluid was also regulated manually. Few years later, CAVH was developed in several
263:
Information technology and precision medicine have recently furthered the evolution of CRRT, providing the possibility of collecting data in large databases and evaluating policies and practice patterns. The application of artificial intelligence and enhanced human intelligence programs to the
247:
Before implementing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), acute renal failure (ARF) in critically ill, multiple organ failure patients was managed by intermittent hemodialysis and the mortality rate was very high. Hemodialysis is effective in clearance and ultrafiltration, but it has
176:
is used, so there is a high rate of movement of water and solutes from blood to dialysate that must be replaced by substitution fluid that is infused directly into the blood line. However, dialysis solution is also run through the dialysate compartment of the dialyzer. The combination is
29:
712:
Gould, Doug W; Doidge, James; Sadique, M Zia; Borthwick, Mark; Hatch, Robert; Caskey, Fergus J; Forni, Lui; Lawrence, Robert F; MacEwen, Clare; Ostermann, Marlies; Mouncey, Paul R; Harrison, David A; Rowan, Kathryn M; Young, J Duncan; Watkinson, Peter J (February 2022).
234:
are often used, though heparin carries a higher risk of bleeding. However, a comprehensive analysis of audit data from intensive care units in the UK revealed that, compared with heparin, citrate-based drugs were not associated with fewer deaths among patients with
185:
These treatments can be given intermittently, or continuously. The latter is usually done in an intensive care unit setting. There may be little difference in clinical and health economic outcome between the two in the context of acute kidney failure.
172:
Hemofiltration is sometimes used in combination with hemodialysis, when it is termed hemodiafiltration. Blood is pumped through the blood compartment of a high flux dialyzer, and a high rate of
637:
Wu M, Hsu Y, Bai C, Lin Y, Wu C, Tam K (2012). "Regional citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
500:
Kramer P, Wigger W, Rieger J, Matthaei D, Scheler F (1977). "Arteriovenous haemofiltration: a new and simple method for treatment of over-hydrated patients resistant to diuretics".
155:. However, solute movement with hemofiltration is governed by convection rather than by diffusion. With hemofiltration, dialysate is not used. Instead, a positive
1705:"Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with Acute Renal Dysfunction Undergoing Intraaortic Balloon Pump and/or Left Ventricular Device Support"
543:
439:
347:
672:
60:
1819:
207:
With slow continuous therapies, the blood flow rates are usually in the range of 100-200 ml/min, and access is usually achieved through a
455:"A systematic review of cost-effectiveness analyses of continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury"
819:"Renal Function Changes During Intermittent Hemodialysis (Ihd) Versus Continuous Hemodialysis (CWHD) in Acute Renal Failure (Arf)"
715:"Heparin versus citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care: the RRAM observational study"
1623:
1357:
1315:
985:
404:
Pannu N, Klarenbach S, Wiebe N, Manns B, Tonelli M (2008). "Renal replacement therapy in patients with acute renal failure".
219:
or grafts) are unsuitable for CHF because the prolonged residence of the access needles required might damage such accesses.
2017:
239:
after 90 days of treatment. Citrate-based drugs were, however, associated with a substantially higher cost of treatment.
113:
2012:
1744:"Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient: From Garage Technology to Artificial Intelligence"
1646:"Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient: From Garage Technology to Artificial Intelligence"
1545:"Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient: From Garage Technology to Artificial Intelligence"
1380:"Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient: From Garage Technology to Artificial Intelligence"
919:"Arteriovenous haemofiltration: A new and simple method for treatment of over-hydrated patients resistant to diuretics"
860:"Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient: From Garage Technology to Artificial Intelligence"
2171:
1812:
215:. In such cases a blood pump is used to drive blood flow through the filter. Native access for hemodialysis (e.g.
2075:
2202:
2100:
1338:"Nutrition in Acute Renal Failure: Treatment Made Possible by Continuous Arteriovenous Hemofiltration (CAVH)"
1841:
2197:
1981:
1805:
177:
theoretically useful because it results in good removal of both large and small molecular weight solutes.
453:
Singh, Ambrish; Hussain, Salman; Kher, Vijay; Palmer, Andrew J.; Jose, Matthew; Antony, Benny (2021).
1850:
361:
Hoffmann JN, Faist E (2001). "Removal of mediators by continuous hemofiltration in septic patients".
278:
101:
164:
reduced removal rate of larger solutes (due to their slow speed of diffusion) seen in hemodialysis.
2141:
2095:
67:
2146:
2090:
1703:
PAGANINI, EMIL P.; SUHOZA, KAREN; SWANN, SAMUEL; GOLDING, LEONARD; NAKAMOTO, SATORU (July 1986).
208:
173:
152:
2125:
2002:
1910:
1878:
304:
Cruz D, Bellomo R, Kellum J, de Cal M, Ronco C (2008). "The future of extracorporeal support".
129:
557:
Bellomo R, Ronco C (1999). "Continuous renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit".
454:
602:
537:
433:
341:
216:
2080:
156:
8:
2039:
2034:
1986:
964:
Schrader, J.; Kaiser, H.; Eisenhauer, T.; Kramer, P.; Köstering, H.; Scheler, F. (1985),
236:
109:
189:
1778:
1743:
1680:
1645:
1579:
1544:
1520:
1485:
1414:
1379:
894:
859:
747:
688:
582:
525:
482:
386:
329:
222:
The length of time before the circuit clots and becomes unusable, often referred to as
1704:
787:
714:
615:
2029:
1972:
1783:
1765:
1724:
1720:
1685:
1667:
1619:
1584:
1566:
1525:
1507:
1466:
1458:
1419:
1401:
1353:
1311:
1276:
1268:
1229:
1221:
1180:
1172:
1133:
1125:
1084:
1076:
1037:
1029:
981:
946:
938:
899:
881:
840:
835:
818:
799:
791:
752:
734:
692:
654:
619:
574:
517:
486:
474:
421:
378:
321:
55:
39:
586:
529:
390:
1890:
1836:
1828:
1773:
1755:
1716:
1675:
1657:
1611:
1574:
1556:
1515:
1497:
1450:
1409:
1391:
1345:
1303:
1260:
1211:
1164:
1115:
1068:
1019:
973:
930:
889:
871:
830:
783:
771:
742:
726:
680:
646:
611:
600:
Abdeen O, Mehta RL (April 2002). "Dialysis modalities in the intensive care unit".
566:
509:
499:
466:
413:
370:
333:
313:
1438:
1337:
1295:
1248:
1152:
1056:
965:
470:
403:
2058:
2024:
1968:
1858:
1603:
1454:
1349:
1307:
1264:
1168:
1072:
977:
317:
148:
73:
1615:
2044:
1948:
1925:
1902:
1873:
1742:
Samoni, Sara; Husain-Syed, Faeq; Villa, Gianluca; Ronco, Claudio (2021-12-29).
1644:
Samoni, Sara; Husain-Syed, Faeq; Villa, Gianluca; Ronco, Claudio (2021-12-29).
1543:
Samoni, Sara; Husain-Syed, Faeq; Villa, Gianluca; Ronco, Claudio (2021-12-29).
1378:
Samoni, Sara; Husain-Syed, Faeq; Villa, Gianluca; Ronco, Claudio (2021-12-29).
917:
Kramer, P.; Wigger, W.; Rieger, J.; Matthaei, D.; Scheler, F. (November 1977).
858:
Samoni, Sara; Husain-Syed, Faeq; Villa, Gianluca; Ronco, Claudio (2021-12-29).
684:
650:
283:
105:
1604:"Discovery and Relative Importance of Continuous Arteriovenous Hemofiltration"
303:
2191:
1920:
1915:
1769:
1728:
1671:
1570:
1511:
1462:
1405:
1272:
1225:
1216:
1199:
1176:
1129:
1120:
1103:
1080:
1033:
1024:
1007:
942:
885:
844:
795:
738:
2176:
2007:
1787:
1689:
1588:
1529:
1470:
1423:
1280:
1233:
1200:"A brief history of haemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy"
1184:
1137:
1104:"A brief history of haemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy"
1088:
1041:
1008:"A brief history of haemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy"
903:
756:
658:
623:
578:
478:
425:
417:
382:
325:
273:
803:
570:
374:
2120:
2085:
2067:
1953:
1868:
1863:
1502:
950:
521:
226:, can vary depending on the medication used to keep blood from clotting.
1760:
1662:
1561:
1396:
918:
876:
673:"No benefit from citrate anticoagulation for treatment of kidney injury"
198:
83:
2166:
2112:
1958:
934:
513:
144:. Replacement fluid is added and the blood is returned to the patient.
141:
46:
730:
190:
On-line intermittent hemofiltration (IHF) or hemodiafiltration (IHDF)
1302:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 154–160,
1885:
1797:
772:"Why the Persistently High Mortality in Acute Renal Failure ?"
1296:"Energy Balance and Survival in Patients with Acute Renal Failure"
972:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 72–83,
242:
231:
227:
160:
1610:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–2,
1935:
770:
Stott, R.B.; Ogg, C.S.; Cameron, J.S.; Bewick, M. (July 1972).
117:
1486:"Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Forty-year Anniversary"
963:
151:, in hemofiltration one achieves movement of solutes across a
28:
212:
121:
966:"Anticoagulation in Continuous Arteriovenous Hemofiltration"
1939:
1741:
1643:
1542:
1377:
857:
711:
1702:
916:
459:
817:
Manns, M.; Sigler, M. H.; Teehan, B. P. (March 1996).
452:
136:) where waste products and water (collectively called
1439:"The Origins of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy"
1249:"The Origins of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy"
1198:
Featherstone, Peter J; Ball, Christine M (May 2019).
1153:"The Origins of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy"
1102:
Featherstone, Peter J; Ball, Christine M (May 2019).
1057:"The Origins of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy"
1006:
Featherstone, Peter J; Ball, Christine M (May 2019).
769:
199:
Continuous hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (CHDF)
360:
599:
556:
816:
2189:
1197:
1101:
1005:
1849:
243:History of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
1490:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
180:
1813:
1344:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 173–183,
1293:
542:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
438:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
346:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
636:
1820:
1806:
1342:Acute Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
27:
1777:
1759:
1679:
1661:
1601:
1578:
1560:
1519:
1501:
1413:
1395:
1215:
1119:
1023:
893:
875:
834:
746:
1436:
1335:
1246:
1150:
1054:
2190:
1294:Mault, J. R.; Bartlett, R. H. (1985),
1801:
1483:
124:is passed through a set of tubing (a
120:. During hemofiltration, a patient's
108:setting. It is usually used to treat
1827:
167:
2018:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
639:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
211:placed in one of the large central
114:multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
13:
2013:Isolated organ perfusion technique
14:
2214:
1721:10.1097/00002216-198609000-00005
1437:Bartlett, Robert H. (May 2018).
1247:Bartlett, Robert H. (May 2018).
1151:Bartlett, Robert H. (May 2018).
1055:Bartlett, Robert H. (May 2018).
836:10.1097/00002480-199603000-00292
112:(AKI), but may be of benefit in
2076:Digital subtraction angiography
1735:
1696:
1637:
1595:
1536:
1477:
1430:
1371:
1329:
1287:
1240:
1191:
1144:
1095:
1048:
999:
957:
910:
851:
810:
763:
705:
2101:Magnetic resonance angiography
1204:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
1108:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
1012:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
665:
630:
593:
550:
493:
446:
397:
354:
297:
1:
2172:Ankle–brachial pressure index
1484:Ronco, Claudio (2017-05-31).
788:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)91562-0
616:10.1016/s0749-0704(01)00007-0
471:10.1080/14737167.2021.1916471
290:
1982:Endovascular aneurysm repair
1748:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1650:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1608:Arteriovenous Hemofiltration
1549:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1455:10.1097/mat.0000000000000573
1384:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1350:10.1007/978-1-4613-2311-2_10
1308:10.1007/978-3-642-70370-6_22
1300:Arteriovenous Hemofiltration
1265:10.1097/mat.0000000000000573
1169:10.1097/mat.0000000000000573
1073:10.1097/mat.0000000000000573
978:10.1007/978-3-642-70370-6_10
970:Arteriovenous Hemofiltration
864:Journal of Clinical Medicine
719:Health Technology Assessment
318:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168e4f6
7:
1616:10.1007/978-3-642-70370-6_1
267:
181:Intermittent vs. continuous
10:
2219:
1602:Henderson, Lee W. (1985),
685:10.3310/nihrevidence_53421
651:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.11.030
2159:
2134:
2111:
2066:
2057:
1995:
1967:
1934:
1901:
1835:
279:Renal replacement therapy
102:renal replacement therapy
80:
66:
54:
38:
33:Hemofilter ready for use.
26:
21:
2142:Intravascular ultrasound
2096:Radionuclide angiography
1217:10.1177/0310057x19853391
1121:10.1177/0310057x19853391
1025:10.1177/0310057x19853391
363:World Journal of Surgery
2147:Carotid ultrasonography
2091:Fluorescein angiography
923:Klinische Wochenschrift
559:Intensive Care Medicine
502:Klinische Wochenschrift
209:central venous catheter
153:semi-permeable membrane
2126:Impedance phlebography
2003:Cardiopulmonary bypass
1911:Ambulatory phlebectomy
1879:Carotid endarterectomy
418:10.1001/jama.299.7.793
306:Critical Care Medicine
130:semipermeable membrane
2203:Nephrology procedures
1336:Bartlett, R. (1986),
603:Critical Care Clinics
571:10.1007/s001340050953
375:10.1007/s002680020027
128:) via a machine to a
104:which is used in the
2081:Cerebral angiography
1842:Endovascular surgery
1503:10.5301/ijao.5000610
312:(Suppl): S243–S252.
157:hydrostatic pressure
2198:Membrane technology
2040:Seldinger technique
2035:First rib resection
1987:Open aortic surgery
1761:10.3390/jcm11010172
1663:10.3390/jcm11010172
1562:10.3390/jcm11010172
1397:10.3390/jcm11010172
877:10.3390/jcm11010172
237:acute kidney injury
110:acute kidney injury
1709:ASAIO Transactions
935:10.1007/bf01477940
514:10.1007/BF01477940
126:filtration circuit
2185:
2184:
2155:
2154:
2053:
2052:
2030:Revascularization
1625:978-3-540-15317-7
1359:978-1-4612-9422-1
1317:978-3-540-15317-7
987:978-3-540-15317-7
929:(22): 1121–1122.
508:(22): 1121–1122.
168:Hemodiafiltration
159:drives water and
140:) are removed by
91:
90:
16:Medical procedure
2210:
2160:Other diagnostic
2064:
2063:
1891:Carotid stenting
1851:Arterial disease
1847:
1846:
1829:Vascular surgery
1822:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1665:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1564:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1505:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1399:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1219:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1123:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1027:
1003:
997:
996:
995:
994:
961:
955:
954:
914:
908:
907:
897:
879:
855:
849:
848:
838:
814:
808:
807:
767:
761:
760:
750:
731:10.3310/ZXHI9396
709:
703:
702:
700:
699:
669:
663:
662:
634:
628:
627:
597:
591:
590:
554:
548:
547:
541:
533:
497:
491:
490:
450:
444:
443:
437:
429:
401:
395:
394:
358:
352:
351:
345:
337:
301:
84:edit on Wikidata
76:
50:
49:
31:
19:
18:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2151:
2130:
2107:
2059:Medical imaging
2049:
2025:Vascular access
1991:
1969:Aortic aneurysm
1963:
1930:
1897:
1859:Vascular bypass
1840:
1831:
1826:
1796:
1795:
1740:
1736:
1701:
1697:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1600:
1596:
1541:
1537:
1482:
1478:
1435:
1431:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1292:
1288:
1245:
1241:
1196:
1192:
1149:
1145:
1100:
1096:
1053:
1049:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
962:
958:
915:
911:
856:
852:
815:
811:
782:(7767): 75–79.
768:
764:
710:
706:
697:
695:
671:
670:
666:
635:
631:
598:
594:
555:
551:
535:
534:
498:
494:
451:
447:
431:
430:
402:
398:
359:
355:
339:
338:
302:
298:
293:
270:
245:
201:
192:
183:
174:ultrafiltration
170:
98:haemofiltration
87:
72:
45:
44:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2045:Vascular snare
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:Venous cutdown
1945:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1926:Vein stripping
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1903:Venous disease
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1874:Endarterectomy
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1734:
1715:(1): 414–417.
1695:
1636:
1624:
1594:
1535:
1496:(6): 257–264.
1476:
1449:(3): 427–430.
1429:
1370:
1358:
1328:
1316:
1286:
1259:(3): 427–430.
1239:
1210:(3): 220–222.
1190:
1163:(3): 427–430.
1143:
1114:(3): 220–222.
1094:
1067:(3): 427–430.
1047:
1018:(3): 220–222.
998:
986:
956:
909:
850:
809:
762:
704:
679:. 2022-09-22.
664:
645:(6): 810–818.
629:
610:(2): 223–247.
592:
565:(8): 781–789.
549:
492:
445:
412:(7): 793–805.
396:
369:(5): 651–659.
353:
295:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:Extracorporeal
281:
276:
269:
266:
244:
241:
200:
197:
191:
188:
182:
179:
169:
166:
106:intensive care
94:Hemofiltration
89:
88:
81:
78:
77:
70:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
42:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
22:Hemofiltration
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Sclerotherapy
1919:
1917:
1916:Laser surgery
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:ASAIO Journal
1440:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:ASAIO Journal
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:ASAIO Journal
1154:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:ASAIO Journal
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
989:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
905:
901:
896:
891:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
823:ASAIO Journal
820:
813:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:NIHR Evidence
674:
668:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
596:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
545:
539:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
449:
441:
435:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
357:
349:
343:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
300:
296:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
240:
238:
233:
230:and regional
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
205:
196:
187:
178:
175:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
138:ultrafiltrate
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
85:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
43:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2177:Toe pressure
2008:Cardioplegia
1751:
1747:
1737:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1629:, retrieved
1607:
1597:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1363:, retrieved
1341:
1331:
1321:, retrieved
1299:
1289:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1015:
1011:
1001:
991:, retrieved
969:
959:
926:
922:
912:
867:
863:
853:
826:
822:
812:
779:
775:
765:
725:(13): 1–58.
722:
718:
707:
696:. Retrieved
676:
667:
642:
638:
632:
607:
601:
595:
562:
558:
552:
538:cite journal
505:
501:
495:
462:
458:
448:
434:cite journal
409:
405:
399:
366:
362:
356:
342:cite journal
309:
305:
299:
274:Hemodialysis
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
224:circuit life
223:
221:
206:
202:
193:
184:
171:
146:
137:
133:
125:
97:
93:
92:
2121:Portography
2086:Aortography
2068:Angiography
1954:Arteriotomy
1869:Atherectomy
1864:Angioplasty
217:AV fistulas
2192:Categories
2167:Angioscopy
2135:Ultrasound
2113:Venography
1973:dissection
1959:Phlebotomy
1754:(1): 172.
1656:(1): 172.
1631:2023-10-05
1555:(1): 172.
1390:(1): 172.
1365:2023-10-05
1323:2023-10-05
993:2023-10-05
870:(1): 172.
776:The Lancet
698:2022-10-05
465:(1): 1–9.
291:References
142:convection
47:nephrology
1770:2077-0383
1729:0889-7190
1672:2077-0383
1571:2077-0383
1512:0391-3988
1463:1058-2916
1406:2077-0383
1273:1058-2916
1226:0310-057X
1177:1058-2916
1130:0310-057X
1081:1058-2916
1034:0310-057X
943:0023-2173
886:2077-0383
845:1058-2916
829:(2): 78.
796:0140-6736
739:1366-5278
693:252488546
487:233484979
40:Specialty
1936:Arterial
1886:Stenting
1837:Vascular
1788:35011913
1690:35011913
1589:35011913
1530:28574107
1471:28338479
1424:35011913
1281:28338479
1234:31200601
1185:28338479
1138:31200601
1089:28338479
1042:31200601
904:35011913
757:35212260
659:22226564
624:12053832
587:33160535
579:10447534
530:23461753
479:33934689
426:18285591
391:10197867
383:11369995
326:18382201
268:See also
149:dialysis
56:ICD-9-CM
1779:8745413
1681:8745413
1580:8745413
1521:6159848
1415:8745413
895:8745413
804:4113314
748:8899910
334:7896249
286:therapy
232:citrate
228:Heparin
161:solutes
100:, is a
96:, also
74:D006440
1942:access
1940:venous
1786:
1776:
1768:
1727:
1688:
1678:
1670:
1622:
1587:
1577:
1569:
1528:
1518:
1510:
1469:
1461:
1422:
1412:
1404:
1356:
1314:
1279:
1271:
1232:
1224:
1183:
1175:
1136:
1128:
1087:
1079:
1040:
1032:
984:
951:592681
949:
941:
902:
892:
884:
843:
802:
794:
755:
745:
737:
691:
657:
622:
585:
577:
528:
522:592681
520:
485:
477:
424:
389:
381:
332:
324:
147:As in
134:filter
118:sepsis
1996:Other
689:S2CID
583:S2CID
526:S2CID
483:S2CID
387:S2CID
330:S2CID
213:veins
132:(the
122:blood
82:[
61:39.95
1938:and
1839:and
1784:PMID
1766:ISSN
1725:ISSN
1686:PMID
1668:ISSN
1620:ISBN
1585:PMID
1567:ISSN
1526:PMID
1508:ISSN
1467:PMID
1459:ISSN
1420:PMID
1402:ISSN
1354:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1277:PMID
1269:ISSN
1230:PMID
1222:ISSN
1181:PMID
1173:ISSN
1134:PMID
1126:ISSN
1085:PMID
1077:ISSN
1038:PMID
1030:ISSN
982:ISBN
947:PMID
939:ISSN
900:PMID
882:ISSN
841:ISSN
800:PMID
792:ISSN
753:PMID
735:ISSN
655:PMID
620:PMID
575:PMID
544:link
518:PMID
475:PMID
440:link
422:PMID
406:JAMA
379:PMID
348:link
322:PMID
68:MeSH
1774:PMC
1756:doi
1717:doi
1676:PMC
1658:doi
1612:doi
1575:PMC
1557:doi
1516:PMC
1498:doi
1451:doi
1410:PMC
1392:doi
1346:doi
1304:doi
1261:doi
1212:doi
1165:doi
1116:doi
1069:doi
1020:doi
974:doi
931:doi
890:PMC
872:doi
831:doi
784:doi
780:300
743:PMC
727:doi
681:doi
647:doi
612:doi
567:doi
510:doi
467:doi
414:doi
410:299
371:doi
314:doi
116:or
2194::
1971:/
1782:.
1772:.
1764:.
1752:11
1750:.
1746:.
1723:.
1713:32
1711:.
1707:.
1684:.
1674:.
1666:.
1654:11
1652:.
1648:.
1618:,
1606:,
1583:.
1573:.
1565:.
1553:11
1551:.
1547:.
1524:.
1514:.
1506:.
1494:40
1492:.
1488:.
1465:.
1457:.
1447:64
1445:.
1441:.
1418:.
1408:.
1400:.
1388:11
1386:.
1382:.
1352:,
1340:,
1310:,
1298:,
1275:.
1267:.
1257:64
1255:.
1251:.
1228:.
1220:.
1208:47
1206:.
1202:.
1179:.
1171:.
1161:64
1159:.
1155:.
1132:.
1124:.
1112:47
1110:.
1106:.
1083:.
1075:.
1065:64
1063:.
1059:.
1036:.
1028:.
1016:47
1014:.
1010:.
980:,
968:,
945:.
937:.
927:55
925:.
921:.
898:.
888:.
880:.
868:11
866:.
862:.
839:.
827:42
825:.
821:.
798:.
790:.
778:.
774:.
751:.
741:.
733:.
723:26
721:.
717:.
687:.
675:.
653:.
643:59
641:.
618:.
608:18
606:.
581:.
573:.
563:25
561:.
540:}}
536:{{
524:.
516:.
506:55
504:.
481:.
473:.
463:22
461:.
457:.
436:}}
432:{{
420:.
408:.
385:.
377:.
367:25
365:.
344:}}
340:{{
328:.
320:.
310:36
308:.
1975::
1821:e
1814:t
1807:v
1790:.
1758::
1731:.
1719::
1692:.
1660::
1614::
1591:.
1559::
1532:.
1500::
1473:.
1453::
1426:.
1394::
1348::
1306::
1283:.
1263::
1236:.
1214::
1187:.
1167::
1140:.
1118::
1091:.
1071::
1044:.
1022::
976::
953:.
933::
906:.
874::
847:.
833::
806:.
786::
759:.
729::
701:.
683::
661:.
649::
626:.
614::
589:.
569::
546:)
532:.
512::
489:.
469::
442:)
428:.
416::
393:.
373::
350:)
336:.
316::
86:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
