921:
447:
137:
935:
823:, until S. David Webb proposed that these North and South American fossil species were part of a single genus. This has been accepted by all subsequent researchers, although in 2013, Carolina Saldanha Scherer questioned the inclusion of a certain North American species and suggested that
1499:
1547:
1604:
Honey, J. H., J. A. Harrison, D. R. Prothero, and M. S. Stevens. 1998. Camelidae. pp. 439–462. In: Evolution of
Tertiary Mammals of North America, Eds: C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 691
1465:
Grayson, D. K. 1994. The extinct Late
Pleistocene mammals of the Great Basin. Pages 55–85 inNatural history of the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin ( K. T. Harper, J. L. ST. Clair, K. H. Thorne, and W. M. Hess, editors). University Press of Colorado,
473:
Remains of these species have been found in assorted locations around North
America, including Florida, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Arizona, Mexico, California, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Oregon, Colorado, and Washington. The "large-headed llama",
1376:
Marín-Leyva, Alejandro Hiram; Delgado-García, Sabrina; García-Zepeda, María Luisa; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; López-García, J. Ramón; Plata-Ramírez, Ramón Adrián; Meléndez-Herrera, Esperanza (2023-06-03).
463:
116:
955:
559:
515:
1628:
McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of
Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, NY, 631 pp. (camels - pp. 413–416).
511:
1500:"Stable isotopes, hypsodonty, and the paleodiet of Hemiauchenia (Mammalia: Camelidae): a morphological specialization creating ecological generalization"
1548:"Paleodiet of Lamini camelids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the Pleistocene of southern Brazil: insights from stable isotope analysis (δ 13 C, δ 18 O)"
1631:
Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Book of
Mammals, vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 837 – 1936. (camels - pp. 1072–1081)
1685:
1819:
1769:
1328:"Paleoenvironmental changes in the Brazilian Pampa based on carbon and oxygen stable isotope analysis of Pleistocene camelid tooth enamel"
1874:
1764:
1611:
Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene
Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, NY, 442 pp. (camels - 301, 306-307).
1759:
1879:
1744:
1672:
963:
1476:
1196:
757:
Native to the southern United States, spanning from
California to Florida, and as far north as Nebraska. Also present in Mexico.
1869:
1161:
1814:
1618:
1379:"Environmental inferences based on the dietary ecology of camelids from west-central Mexico during the Late Pleistocene"
1128:
1794:
1270:
1261:
1095:
1754:
989:"The Camelidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Quaternary of South America: Cladistic and Biogeographic Hypotheses"
376:
1784:
1608:
Hulbert, R. C. 1992. A checklist of the fossil vertebrates of
Florida. Papers in Florida Paleontology, no. 6:25-26.
1326:
Lopes, Renato
Pereira; Scherer, Carolina Saldanha; Pereira, Jamil Corrêa; Dillenburg, Sérgio Rebello (July 2023).
1804:
1517:
1278:
1839:
1779:
887:
797:, have been found. Depending on which source is consulted, these may or may not be considered legitimate taxa.
1307:
1031:"Description of a fossil camelid from the Pleistocene of Argentina, and a cladistic analysis of the Camelinae"
523:
1844:
1749:
1739:
1224:"Pliocene (latest Hemphillian and Blancan) vertebrate fossils from the Mangas Basin, southwestern New Mexico"
1849:
1859:
1854:
1789:
1178:
1145:
1112:
380:
136:
1546:
Carrasco, Thayara S.; Scherer, Carolina S.; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Buchmann, Francisco S. (12 April 2022).
1864:
1809:
1799:
1173:
1140:
1107:
940:
1429:"Trends in the paleodietary habits of fossil camels from the Tertiary and Quaternary of North America"
1378:
1774:
1428:
738:
Thought to have been browsers and mixed feeders. Suggested to be less closely related to modern
1716:
1640:
1552:
1504:
411:
387:
of the genus has been considered questionable, with phylogenetic analyses finding the genus to
1690:
1711:
1703:
519:
455:
435:
1561:
1440:
1390:
1339:
1042:
844:
731:
575:
371:
period about 10 million years ago. This genus diversified and entered South
America in the
768:
Despite being the earliest recognized species, general distinguishing characteristics for
8:
926:
395:, with some species suggested to be more closely related to living lamines than to other
253:
232:
1565:
1444:
1394:
1343:
1046:
1829:
1327:
1290:
1282:
1073:
1030:
328:
131:
1223:
1824:
1698:
1577:
1521:
1406:
1375:
1355:
1078:
1060:
1008:
988:
563:
1294:
1569:
1513:
1448:
1398:
1347:
1274:
1068:
1050:
1000:
734:(line where the bones of the jaw join together) with incisors in a vertical fashion
543:
527:
1615:
1402:
462:
1834:
1622:
1452:
1183:
1150:
1117:
696:
1663:
1055:
1004:
446:
1733:
1581:
1525:
1410:
1359:
1169:
1136:
1103:
1064:
1029:
Lynch, Sinéad; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R.; Balcarcel, Ana (December 2020).
1012:
717:
706:
539:
364:
73:
581:
1082:
828:
815:
740:
652:
629:
601:
535:
392:
388:
266:
228:
1313:
507:
188:
48:
34:
1573:
115:
1677:
1286:
597:
Relatively low-crowned teeth (part of visible teeth ends close to gums)
93:
58:
551:
1351:
900:
425:
419:
384:
198:
148:
98:
42:
1634:
1657:
855:
teeth from the Touro Passo and Santa Vitória Formations of Brazil,
724:
710:
700:
668:
662:
656:
639:
636:
611:
605:
372:
168:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
555:
867:
860:
746:
626:
531:
368:
103:
78:
30:
848:
567:
483:
208:
178:
158:
1545:
1028:
1325:
1162:
1129:
1096:
894:
547:
431:
360:
478:, was widely distributed in North and Central America, with
1518:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0230:SIHATP>2.0.CO;2
1279:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0741:eropmc]2.0.co;2
1479:. University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History
891:
1195:
Hulbert Jr., Richard C.; Valdes, Natali (June 6, 2015).
482:
being known from the western United States and northern
890:
to mean "half-neckedness" or "half-carrying the neck";
402:
1427:
Semprebon, Gina M.; Rivals, Florent (September 2010).
916:
805:Prior to 1974, fossil specimens now thought to be
686:Possesses a larger skull relative to other species
1616:A New Species of Hemiauchenia (Camelidae; Lamini)
1433:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1194:
642:(teeth-spacing between incisors and molars) than
1731:
1426:
1301:
1247:Ruez, D. R. (2005-09-30). "Earliest Record of
1625:" Diss. University of Florida, 2003. Abstract
582:Distinguishing characteristics of members of
375:about 3-2 million years ago, as part of the
948:
1469:
843:was an intermediate feeder that preferred
781:Also, a few lesser known species, such as
114:
1072:
1054:
987:Scherer, Carolina Saldanha (March 2013).
847:with a hypsodont dentition. According to
800:
497:
441:
1251:(Mammalia, Camelidae) with Comments on "
461:
445:
1497:
986:
713:(its infant bicuspids were like molars)
506:in South America are restricted to the
430:, "neck"). Species are specified using
1732:
1639:
1638:
1422:
1420:
1371:
1369:
363:of laminoid camelids that evolved in
1820:Pleistocene mammals of South America
1770:Pleistocene mammals of North America
1246:
1240:
1024:
1022:
982:
980:
1221:
1203:. Florida Museum of Natural History
1155:
1122:
1089:
839:Over the Pliocene and Pleistocene,
410:The genus name is derived from the
383:at the end of the Pleistocene. The
13:
1598:
1498:Feranec, Robert S. (Spring 2003).
1417:
1366:
1271:Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
1262:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
678:
14:
1891:
1875:Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino
1765:Pliocene mammals of North America
1019:
977:
617:
454:(right) and other animals of the
377:Great American Biotic Interchange
123:Fossil skull of the type species
1760:Miocene mammals of North America
933:
919:
776:
135:
46:
1880:Ringold Formation Miocene Fauna
1745:Prehistoric Artiodactyla genera
1539:
1491:
1459:
1319:
490:has been found in Florida, and
293:(Gervais & Ameghino, 1880)
1215:
1188:
1035:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
993:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
880:
1:
1870:Fossil taxa described in 1880
1403:10.1080/08912963.2022.2073822
1332:Journal of Quaternary Science
912:
1815:Fossils of the United States
1453:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.033
905:, "carrying the neck high").
901:
760:
574:is suggested to have been a
438:names from other languages.
426:
420:
7:
1591:– via Cambridge Core.
1535:– via Cambridge Core.
1477:"Hemiauchenia macrocephala"
1197:"Hemiauchenia macrocephala"
524:Córdoba Province, Argentina
510:and have been found in the
458:fleeing a volcanic eruption
10:
1896:
1163:
1130:
1097:
1056:10.1186/s13358-020-00208-6
941:Prehistoric mammals portal
895:
610:Retention of lower third
604:(canine-like) upper first
589:
415:
1795:Pleistocene United States
1647:
1222:Heckert, Andrew B. Ph D.
1005:10.1007/s10914-012-9203-4
956:"Paleobiology Database -
886:These are used to form a
468:Hemiauchenia macrocephala
334:
327:
245:
240:
132:Scientific classification
130:
122:
113:
23:
1755:Pleistocene Artiodactyla
873:
403:Broad features of genus
16:Extinct genus of mammals
1785:Pleistocene El Salvador
1179:A Greek–English Lexicon
1146:A Greek–English Lexicon
1113:A Greek–English Lexicon
834:
1805:Fossils of El Salvador
801:Classification history
516:Agua Blanca Formations
498:South American fossils
470:
459:
442:North American fossils
424:, "half"-) and αὐχήν (
1840:Pleistocene Argentina
1780:Neogene United States
1712:Paleobiology Database
1170:Liddell, Henry George
1137:Liddell, Henry George
1104:Liddell, Henry George
632:where typically found
572:Hemiauchenia paradoxa
560:Touro Passo Formation
520:Buenos Aires Province
465:
456:Rattlesnake Formation
449:
125:Hemiauchenia paradoxa
1845:Fossils of Argentina
1750:Miocene Artiodactyla
1740:Prehistoric camelids
732:mandibular symphysis
674:Lower crowned molars
1850:Pleistocene Bolivia
1614:Meachen, Julie A. "
1574:10.1017/pab.2022.10
1566:2022Pbio...48..513C
1445:2010PPP...295..131S
1395:2023HBio...35.1011M
1344:2023JQS....38..702L
1047:2020SwJP..139....8L
927:Paleontology portal
809:were classified as
692:Large skeletal size
1860:Pleistocene Brazil
1855:Fossils of Bolivia
1790:Pleistocene Mexico
1621:2021-12-13 at the
1383:Historical Biology
689:Long, robust limbs
471:
460:
1865:Fossils of Brazil
1810:Fossils of Mexico
1800:Fossils of Canada
1727:
1726:
1699:Open Tree of Life
1641:Taxon identifiers
795:H. guanajuatensis
772:are little known.
709:deciduous second
671:present or absent
564:Rio Grande do Sul
492:H. guanajuatensis
352:
351:
347:
341:
321:
308:H. guanajuatensis
294:
286:
278:
270:
257:
236:
1887:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1636:
1635:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1439:(1–2): 131–145.
1424:
1415:
1414:
1389:(6): 1011–1027.
1373:
1364:
1363:
1352:10.1002/jqs.3502
1323:
1317:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1192:
1186:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1058:
1026:
1017:
1016:
984:
975:
974:
972:
971:
962:. Archived from
952:
943:
938:
937:
936:
929:
924:
923:
922:
906:
904:
898:
897:
884:
859:was primarily a
528:Tarija Formation
429:
423:
417:
345:
339:
315:
292:
284:
276:
264:
251:
227:
220:
140:
139:
118:
108:
45:
41:10.3–0.012
35:Late Pleistocene
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1643:
1623:Wayback Machine
1601:
1599:Further reading
1596:
1586:
1584:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1425:
1418:
1374:
1367:
1324:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1228:libres.uncg.edu
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1184:Perseus Project
1160:
1156:
1151:Perseus Project
1127:
1123:
1118:Perseus Project
1094:
1090:
1027:
1020:
985:
978:
969:
967:
954:
953:
949:
939:
934:
932:
925:
920:
918:
915:
910:
909:
885:
881:
876:
866:
837:
803:
787:H. seymourensis
779:
765:
723:Thick layer of
683:
680:H. macrocephala
644:H. macrocephala
622:
594:
587:
500:
476:H. macrocephala
450:Restoration of
444:
408:
298:H. seymourensis
285:(Matthew, 1909)
258:
249:H. macrocephala
226:
218:
134:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
37:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Neogene Mexico
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1560:(3): 513–526.
1538:
1512:(2): 230–242.
1490:
1468:
1458:
1416:
1365:
1338:(5): 702–718.
1318:
1300:
1257:guanajuatensis
1239:
1214:
1201:Florida Museum
1187:
1154:
1121:
1088:
1018:
976:
946:
945:
944:
930:
914:
911:
908:
907:
902:hypsēlauchenía
878:
877:
875:
872:
864:
836:
833:
802:
799:
778:
775:
774:
773:
764:
759:
736:
735:
728:
721:
714:
703:
695:Presence of a
693:
690:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
672:
665:
661:Absent second
659:
650:
633:
621:
619:H. blancoensis
616:
615:
614:
608:
598:
593:
588:
586:
580:
499:
496:
443:
440:
434:adjectives or
407:
401:
381:became extinct
350:
349:
332:
331:
325:
324:
323:
322:
310:
305:
300:
295:
287:
279:
274:H. blancoensis
271:
259:
243:
242:
238:
237:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
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120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1892:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1478:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:Scott, Robert
1171:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:Scott, Robert
1138:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:Scott, Robert
1105:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
966:on 2012-10-16
965:
961:
959:
951:
947:
942:
931:
928:
917:
903:
893:
889:
888:feminine noun
883:
879:
871:
869:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:Other species
771:
767:
766:
763:
758:
755:
753:
749:
748:
743:
742:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
704:
702:
699:upper second
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
681:
673:
670:
667:Upper third
666:
664:
660:
658:
655:upper first
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1649:Hemiauchenia
1648:
1585:. Retrieved
1557:
1553:Paleobiology
1551:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1509:
1505:Paleobiology
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1493:
1481:. Retrieved
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1309:Hemiauchenia
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964:the original
958:Hemiauchenia
957:
950:
882:
856:
852:
851:analyses of
841:Hemiauchenia
840:
838:
829:paraphyletic
825:Hemiauchenia
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811:Holomeniscus
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727:on the teeth
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584:Hemiauchenia
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504:Hemiauchenia
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452:Hemiauchenia
451:
409:
405:Hemiauchenia
404:
396:
393:polyphyletic
389:paraphyletic
379:. The genus
356:Hemiauchenia
355:
354:
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343:Holomeniscus
342:
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189:Artiodactyla
124:
25:Hemiauchenia
24:
18:
1314:Fossilworks
1273:: 741–744.
1164:ὑψηλαυχενία
960:basic info"
896:ὑψηλαυχενία
857:H. paradoxa
853:H. paradoxa
783:H. paradoxa
752:H. paradoxa
627:Blancan Age
508:Pleistocene
502:Fossils of
494:in Mexico.
397:Hemiaucenia
290:H. paradoxa
31:Mid Miocene
1734:Categories
1253:Palaeolama
1249:Palaeolama
1233:2022-01-17
970:2009-11-15
913:References
821:Tanupolama
791:H. edensis
707:molariform
653:Caniniform
637:mandibular
625:Named for
602:caniniform
558:, and the
340:Stock 1928
337:Tanupolama
303:H. edensis
1830:Ensenadan
1582:0094-8373
1526:0094-8373
1411:0891-2963
1360:0267-8179
1065:1664-2376
1013:1064-7554
770:H. minima
762:H. minima
697:deciduous
544:Los Lagos
488:H. minima
466:Skull of
436:Latinised
399:species.
385:monophyly
346:Cope 1884
262:H. minima
199:Camelidae
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
1825:Lujanian
1664:Q1883304
1658:Wikidata
1619:Archived
1295:86522528
1083:33133011
1041:(1): 5.
845:browsing
725:cementum
711:premolar
701:premolar
669:premolar
663:premolar
657:premolar
640:diastema
635:Shorter
612:premolar
606:premolar
329:Synonyms
313:H. mirim
241:Species
233:Ameghino
195:Family:
179:Mammalia
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
1704:3611516
1691:1119574
1678:4835772
1562:Bibcode
1441:Bibcode
1391:Bibcode
1340:Bibcode
1287:4524496
1182:at the
1149:at the
1116:at the
1074:7590954
1043:Bibcode
868:grasses
747:Vicugna
718:crowned
648:H. vera
630:stratum
591:H. vera
576:browser
552:Paraíba
536:Pilauco
532:Bolivia
480:H. vera
369:Miocene
367:in the
320:, 2022
282:H. vera
269:, 1886)
256:, 1893)
229:Gervais
215:Genus:
205:Tribe:
185:Order:
175:Class:
1835:Uquian
1580:
1524:
1483:23 May
1466:Niwot.
1409:
1358:
1293:
1285:
1207:16 May
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861:grazer
819:, and
730:Broad
720:molars
705:Fully
600:Large
568:Brazil
540:Osorno
526:, the
484:Mexico
427:auchēn
318:et al.
316:Greco
235:, 1880
231:&
209:Lamini
1717:42528
1686:IRMNG
1587:5 May
1531:6 May
1291:S2CID
1283:JSTOR
1269:(3).
1131:αὐχήν
874:Notes
750:than
716:High-
556:Ceará
548:Chile
512:Luján
432:Latin
421:hēmi-
361:genus
359:is a
267:Leidy
1673:GBIF
1589:2024
1578:ISSN
1533:2024
1522:ISSN
1485:2016
1407:ISSN
1356:ISSN
1316:.org
1209:2021
1098:ἡμι-
1079:PMID
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1009:ISSN
863:of C
835:Diet
816:Lama
793:and
754:is.
744:and
741:Lama
646:and
550:and
522:and
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254:Cope
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1570:doi
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