703:
47:
1332:
1344:
1157:
144:
691:
836:
268:
8048:
256:
263:
the gut (5), develop into larvae in the intestine, and penetrate the blood vessel to enter lungs, where they develop further (6), after 10 to 14 days, penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat, and are re-swallowed (7). Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms (8). It takes 2 to 3 months for one complete cycle. Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years.
8060:
855:
respond to helminth infestation. It is well established that T helper 2 cells are the central players of protective immunity to helminths, while the roles for B cells and antibodies are context-dependent. Inflammation leads to encapsulation of egg deposits throughout the body. Helminths excrete into
262:
life cycle: Adult worms in the lumen of the small intestine (1). The female produces eggs (approximately 200,000 per day) that are excreted with the feces (2). Unfertilized eggs are harmless, but fertilized ones are infective after 18 days to several weeks (3). Infective eggs are ingested (4), enter
1444:
In 2014–15, the WHO estimated that approximately 2 billion people were infected with soil-transmitted helminthiases, 249 million with schistosomiasis, 56 million people with food-borne trematodiasis, 120 million with lymphatic filariasis, 37 million people with onchocerciasis, and 1 million people
1034:
increased fearfulness, inattentiveness, and decreased social responsiveness". Studies in the
Philippines and Indonesia found a significant correlation between helminthiasis and decreased memory and fluency. Large parasite burdens, particularly severe hookworm infections, are also associated with
1033:
Malnutrition due to helminths may affect cognitive function leading to low educational performance, decreased concentration and difficulty with abstract cognitive tasks. Iron deficiency in infants and preschoolers is associated with "lower scores ... on tests of mental and motor development ...
1497:
Even in areas of high prevalence, the frequency and severity of infection is not uniform within communities or families. A small proportion of community members harbour the majority of worms, and this depends on age. The maximum worm burden is at five to ten years of age, declining rapidly
1545:
estimated 5,500 direct deaths from schistosomiasis, while more than 200,000 people were estimated in 2013 to die annually from causes related to schistosomiasis. Another 20 million have severe consequences from the disease. It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.
1008:
may also cause anemia. Anemia has also been associated with reduced stamina for physical labor, a decline in the ability to learn new information, and apathy, irritability, and fatigue. A study of the effect of deworming and iron supplementation in 47 students from the
1331:
1455:
Because of their high mobility and lower standards of hygiene, school-age children are particularly vulnerable to helminthiasis. Most children from developing nations will have at least one infestation. Multi-species infections are very common.
1003:
feed directly on the blood of their hosts. Although the daily consumption of an individual worm (0.02–0.07 ml and 0.14–0.26 ml respectively) is small, the collective consumption under heavy infection can be clinically significant. Intestinal
883:
naive and experienced individuals, although the most recent
Cochrane review found some evidence that this approach might have favorable effects. Helminth infection also lowers the immune responses to vaccination for other diseases such as
4732:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
4470:
Under-nutrition and water, sanitation and hygiene - Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) play a fundamental role in improving nutritional outcomes. A successful global effort to tackle under-nutrition must include
301:
Of all the known helminth species, the most important helminths with respect to understanding their transmission pathways, their control, inactivation and enumeration in samples of human excreta from dried feces,
5579:
5564:
952:. Impaired nutrient uptake may result from direct damage to the intestinal mucosal wall or from more subtle changes such as chemical imbalances and changes in gut flora. Alternatively, the worms’ release of
710:
The signs and symptoms of helminthiasis depend on a number of factors including: the site of the infestation within the body; the type of worm involved; the number of worms and their volume; the type of
2220:
Maya C, Torner-Morales FJ, Lucario ES, Hernández E, Jiménez B (October 2012). "Viability of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs for different conditions of temperature, pH and dryness".
956:
to defend against the body's digestive processes may impair the breakdown of other nutrients. In addition, worm induced diarrhoea may shorten gut transit time, thus reducing absorption of nutrients.
2928:"Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children"
5163:
908:. Helminthiasis has been found to result in poor birth outcome, poor cognitive development, poor school and work performance, decreased productivity, poor socioeconomic development, and poverty.
702:
243:
Soil-transmitted helminthiases are responsible for parasitic infections in as much as a quarter of the human population worldwide. One well-known example of soil-transmitted helminthiases is
4833:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
932:. Worms compete directly with their hosts for nutrients, but the magnitude of this effect is likely minimal as the nutritional requirements of worms is relatively small. In pigs and humans,
232:
Helminthiasis has been found to result in poor birth outcome, poor cognitive development, poor school and work performance, poor socioeconomic development, and poverty. Chronic illness,
1530:(YLD) for the 13-year time period from 1990 to 2013 for all intestinal/nematode infections, and even a 74 percent (80 percent when age standardised) reduction in YLD from ascariasis.
1452:
because of a successful eradication campaign for that particular helminth, which is easier to eradicate than other helminths as it is transmitted only by drinking contaminated water.
1319:(WHO) with positive outcomes in many regions. Deworming programs can improve school attendance by 25 percent. Although deworming improves the health of an individual, outcomes from
46:
3849:
Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers
1522:(DALYS) to be lost, of which hookworm infections account for more than 3 million DALYS and ascaris infections more than 1 million. There are also signs of progress: The
4550:
Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ (May 2006). "Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm".
3500:
1498:
thereafter. Individual predisposition to helminthiasis for people with the same sanitation infrastructure and hygiene behavior is thought to result from differing
2913:
1510:. Because individuals are predisposed to a high or a low worm burden, the burden reacquired after successful treatment is proportional to that before treatment.
1315:, mass deworming treatments may be performed, particularly among school-age children, who are a high-risk group. Most of these initiatives are undertaken by the
5364:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
1323:
campaigns, such as reduced deaths or increases in cognitive ability, nutritional benefits, physical growth, and performance, are uncertain or not apparent.
5167:
1339:(ascaris infection) - Difficult surgical procedure in South Africa on a gangrenous piece of bowel that had to be cut out; live ascaris worms are emerging.
1196:
Disrupting the cycle of the worm will prevent infestation and re-infestation. Prevention of infection can largely be achieved by addressing the issues of
3006:
Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, Cooper ES, Bundy DA (February 1992). "Parasitic helminth infection and cognitive function in school children".
2134:
1121:
has a complex mode of transmission: it is acquired from drinking infested water or eating frogs and fish that contain (had eaten) infected crustaceans (
6901:
1401:
Trematode infections, such as schistosomiasis, and food-borne trematodiases, including fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and paragonimiasis
742:
infestation, the mass and volume of the worms may cause the outer layers of the intestinal wall, such as the muscular layer, to tear. This may lead to
567:
555:
715:
the infesting worms cause; and, the immunological response of the body. Where the burden of parasites in the body is light, there may be no symptoms.
7951:
1140:. In the developing world, the use of contaminated water is a major risk factor for infection. Infection can also take place through the practice of
226:
5966:
4224:
3198:
Pilotte N, Unnasch TR, Williams SA (October 2017). "The
Current Status of Molecular Xenomonitoring for Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis".
2707:
Natukunda, Agnes; Zirimenya, Ludoviko; Nassuuna, Jacent; Nkurunungi, Gyaviira; Cose, Stephen; Elliott, Alison M.; Webb, Emily L. (17 June 2022).
830:
573:
2969:"Improvements in cognitive performance for schoolchildren in Zaire, Africa, following an iron supplement and treatment for intestinal parasites"
7099:
2346:
Minciullo PL, Cascio A, David A, Pernice LM, Calapai G, Gangemi S (October 2012). "Anaphylaxis caused by helminths: review of the literature".
6988:
6761:
2824:
Please note that this estimate is less current than the
Watkins and Pollitt estimate, leading Levinger to underestimate the number infected.
7139:
7134:
8100:
2077:
1445:
with echinococcosis. Another source estimated a much higher figure of 3.5 billion infected with one or more soil-transmitted helminths.
4514:
2523:
Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL, Mabaso MH (June 2012). "Status of medical parasitology in South Africa: new challenges and missed opportunities".
4831:
Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death
Collaborators) (January 2015).
2840:
1176:, and in practice, is inaccurate for quantifying the eggs of schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths. Sophisticated tests such as
5288:
1690:
In moist rainy areas of the tropics and subtropics, in some areas of southern and eastern Europe and of the United States of
America
2488:
van Riet E, Hartgers FC, Yazdanbakhsh M (2007). "Chronic helminth infections induce immunomodulation: consequences and mechanisms".
1437:
collectively infect more than a quarter of the human population worldwide at any one time, far surpassing HIV and malaria together.
1148:. Soil is eaten, for example, by children or pregnant women to counteract a real or perceived deficiency of minerals in their diet.
856:
the intestine toxic substances after they feed. These substances then enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems of the host body.
5462:
5435:
8105:
7531:
5673:
5515:
4483:
4398:
4343:
4287:
2190:
1355:
occur, emergency surgery may be required. Patients who require non-emergency surgery, for instance for removal of worms from the
1054:
of contaminated vegetables, drinking water, and raw or undercooked meat. Contaminated food may contain eggs of nematodes such as
706:
Ascaris infection: Antimesenteric splitting of the outer layers of the bowel wall due to a large amount of ascaris (South Africa)
137:
7320:
7149:
5629:
8002:
7930:
5474:
5447:
4663:
4638:
5260:
4013:
Miguel E, Kremer M (2004). "Worms: Identifying
Impacts on Education and Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities".
3761:
3508:
971:. Anorexia might be a result of the body's immune response and the stress of combating infection. Specifically, some of the
7536:
5286:
WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of
Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater – Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture
2709:"The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
7568:
7325:
7251:
7104:
6931:
5022:
3789:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of artemisinin based therapies for the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis"
3530:
2559:
7978:
7290:
6923:
3860:
2780:
7390:
6754:
5499:
5185:
5102:"Application of Helminth ova infection dose curve to estimate the risks associated with biosolid application on soil"
4527:
4271:
3340:
400:
Helminthiases are classified as follows (the disease names end with "-sis" and the causative worms are in brackets):
4373:
8019:
7957:
6932:
1010:
5458:
Elisabetta
Profumo, Alessandra Ludovisi, Brigitta Buttari, Maria, Angeles Gomez Morales and Rachele Riganò (2014)
3927:
Bundy DA, Walson JL, Watkins KL (March 2013). "Worms, wisdom, and wealth: why deworming can make economic sense".
7578:
7546:
7541:
7375:
875:. There is conflicting information about whether deworming reduces HIV progression and viral load and increases
7636:
7246:
3358:"An in-depth analysis of a piece of shit: distribution of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm eggs in human stool"
2560:"Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis"
2382:
1569:
1542:
1523:
1519:
439:
206:
4681:"The global burden of disease study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases"
7434:
7144:
3465:
Hunt PW, Lello J (May 2012). "How to make DNA count: DNA-based diagnostic tools in veterinary parasitology".
3108:"Evidence for an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesian school children"
1527:
222:
5642:
3638:"Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2878:
Watkins WE, Pollitt E (March 1997). ""Stupidity or worms": do intestinal worms impair mental performance?".
255:
8085:
6747:
6132:
6826:
6469:
6118:
6025:
5666:
3107:
1384:
929:
214:
1627:
In moist, warm, tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central and South
America, and the Caribbean islands.
8095:
8038:
7556:
6998:
6981:
4232:
4128:"Public health deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas"
3964:"Controlling soil-transmitted helminthiasis in pre-school-age children through preventive chemotherapy"
1573:
3155:
Galán-Puchades MT (August 2019). "Dracunculiasis: water-borne anthroponosis vs. food-borne zoonosis".
2135:
Class Action: Improving School Performance in the Developing World through Better Health and Nutrition
7606:
6709:
6632:
6603:
4784:"Determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children"
2609:"Empiric deworming and CD4 count recovery in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy"
1706:
Tropical and subtropical areas, in particular sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, China and east Asia.
1669:
1343:
1316:
1156:
338:
4967:
4214:. Nutritional Intervention Research Unit of the South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
4027:
1168:
examination of their eggs (ova) found in faecal samples. The number of eggs is measured in units of
7561:
7526:
7521:
7516:
6715:
5810:
5754:
5594:
4051:
143:
4429:
3587:"Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis"
3302:
3057:
Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Acosta LP, Bellinger DC, Langdon GC, Manalo DL, et al. (May 2005).
1285:
is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis, taeniasis, and most types of food-borne trematodiases.
8110:
8007:
7940:
7921:
7717:
7689:
7651:
7646:
7626:
7154:
6844:
6652:
6447:
6436:
6020:
5960:
5946:
5769:
5748:
4891:
Thétiot-Laurent SA, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B (July 2013). "Schistosomiasis chemotherapy".
2926:
Stoltzfus RJ, Chway HM, Montresor A, Tielsch JM, Jape JK, Albonico M, Savioli L (February 2004).
1772:
1756:
1461:
218:
3847:
217:. These group of helminthiases have been targeted under the joint action of the world's leading
8080:
7988:
7917:
6916:
6864:
6550:
6345:
6198:
5888:
5883:
5874:
5850:
5659:
4679:
Hotez PJ, Alvarado M, Basáñez MG, Bolliger I, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, et al. (July 2014).
4022:
2607:
Lankowski AJ, Tsai AC, Kanyesigye M, Bwana M, Haberer JE, Wenger M, et al. (August 2014).
1948:
1352:
1347:
Piece of intestine, blocked by worms, surgically removed from a 3-year-old boy in South Africa.
1312:
1137:
984:
880:
852:
779:
527:
192:
3687:
Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Bacon KM, Beaumier C, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, et al. (April 2013).
7983:
7817:
7812:
7268:
7214:
7124:
6431:
5974:
5855:
5736:
3878:"A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: intervention for control and elimination"
3414:
Lustigman S, Prichard RK, Gazzinelli A, Grant WN, Boatin BA, McCarthy JS, Basáñez MG (2012).
1633:
1485:
1473:
999:
975:
released in the immune response to worm infestation have been linked to anorexia in animals.
344:
5651:
4533:
1160:
Identification and quantification of helminth eggs at UNAM university in Mexico City, Mexico
7866:
7807:
7598:
7241:
7119:
7070:
7037:
6971:
6683:
6510:
6350:
6324:
6306:
6076:
5229:
3800:
3015:
2847:
2229:
2050:
1886:
1582:
1395:
917:
414:
320:
277:
5362:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
5285:
4469:
4211:
8:
8115:
8090:
7789:
7755:
7641:
7464:
7407:
7402:
7353:
7184:
7052:
7024:
6976:
6778:
6770:
6722:
6697:
6624:
6291:
6240:
5815:
5796:
5742:
5731:
5583:
3876:
Prichard RK, Basáñez MG, Boatin BA, McCarthy JS, García HH, Yang GJ, et al. (2012).
1717:
1608:
1526:
published in 2015 estimates a 46 percent (59 percent when age standardised) reduction in
1188:
are also available; however, they are time-consuming, expensive and not always reliable.
1013:
found that the intervention improved cognitive function. Another study found that in 159
953:
937:
602:
475:
432:
379:
326:
7459:
7204:
5398:
4317:
3804:
3019:
2968:
2400:"Th2 and Th1 Responses: Clear and Hidden Sides of Immunity Against Intestinal Helminths"
2233:
7822:
7656:
7397:
7363:
7348:
7224:
7209:
7194:
7114:
7032:
6583:
6569:
6475:
6455:
6425:
6285:
6260:
6160:
6110:
6001:
5932:
5835:
5459:
5432:
5411:
5191:
4865:
4832:
4808:
4783:
4756:
4731:
4707:
4680:
4575:
4152:
4127:
4108:
3990:
3963:
3904:
3877:
3823:
3788:
3713:
3688:
3664:
3637:
3613:
3586:
3442:
3415:
3384:
3357:
3180:
3137:
3083:
3058:
3039:
2741:
2708:
2684:
2659:
2635:
2608:
2584:
2465:
2438:
2291:
2264:
1931:
1909:
1658:
1479:
1145:
993:
988:
960:
840:
763:
727:
626:
461:
332:
61:) in the small bowel of an infected person (X-ray image with barium as contrast medium)
5588:
5523:
5379:
4848:
4747:
4563:
4491:
4406:
4351:
4295:
3736:
3259:
3234:
2198:
1125:); and can also be transmitted from infected pets (cats and dogs). Roundworms such as
690:
7945:
7912:
7745:
7586:
7476:
7370:
7231:
7056:
7019:
6909:
5830:
5775:
5682:
5605:
5495:
5470:
5443:
5403:
5388:
5344:
5237:
The United Nations world water development report 2015: water for a sustainable world
5195:
5181:
5123:
5073:
4949:
4908:
4870:
4813:
4761:
4712:
4659:
4634:
4606:
4567:
4523:
4451:
4267:
4263:
4157:
4100:
4036:
3995:
3944:
3909:
3856:
3828:
3718:
3669:
3618:
3482:
3447:
3389:
3336:
3264:
3215:
3184:
3172:
3129:
3124:
3088:
3031:
2988:
2949:
2895:
2786:
2776:
2746:
2728:
2689:
2640:
2589:
2540:
2505:
2470:
2419:
2378:
2355:
2328:
2296:
2245:
2163:
1902:
1018:
543:
372:
132:
7891:
5305:
3141:
3043:
7871:
7856:
7712:
7573:
7486:
6816:
6616:
6609:
6489:
6103:
6071:
5415:
5393:
5383:
5375:
5336:
5173:
5113:
5063:
4939:
4900:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4803:
4795:
4751:
4743:
4702:
4692:
4579:
4559:
4441:
4259:
4188:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4112:
4090:
4032:
3985:
3975:
3936:
3899:
3889:
3818:
3808:
3708:
3700:
3659:
3649:
3608:
3598:
3560:
3474:
3437:
3427:
3379:
3369:
3254:
3246:
3207:
3164:
3119:
3078:
3070:
3023:
2980:
2939:
2887:
2775:(4 ed.). Galveston (TX): The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
2736:
2720:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2630:
2620:
2579:
2571:
2532:
2497:
2460:
2450:
2411:
2286:
2276:
2237:
1970:
1938:
1867:
1499:
1297:
and derivatives are proving to be candidates as drugs of choice for trematodiasis.
1235:
1022:
795:
480:
351:
283:
229:, which aimed to control or eradicate certain neglected tropical diseases by 2020.
74:
7412:
4513:
Montresor A, Crompton W, World Health Organization, Gyorkos TW, Savioli L (2002).
3704:
3585:
Ziegelbauer K, Speich B, Mäusezahl D, Bos R, Keiser J, Utzinger J (January 2012).
859:
Chronic immune responses to helminthiasis may lead to increased susceptibility to
8064:
7876:
7674:
7481:
7439:
7330:
7310:
7280:
7263:
7189:
7179:
7109:
7048:
7044:
6993:
6890:
6849:
6443:
6357:
6095:
6045:
6040:
5938:
5923:
5862:
5761:
5646:
5599:
5487:
5466:
5439:
5292:
5266:
4697:
4516:
Helminth Control in School-Age Children: A Guide for Managers of Control Programs
4512:
3980:
3962:
Albonico M, Allen H, Chitsulo L, Engels D, Gabrielli AF, Savioli L (March 2008).
3894:
3813:
3654:
3603:
3478:
3432:
3416:"A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases"
3374:
3330:
2625:
2455:
2241:
1841:
1503:
1467:
1438:
1209:
1185:
1047:
657:
633:
621:
561:
358:
210:
200:
164:
disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with
2891:
2501:
8052:
8013:
7740:
7631:
7591:
7471:
7297:
7236:
6859:
6854:
6839:
6575:
6538:
6483:
6298:
6277:
6246:
6204:
6083:
6032:
6011:
5980:
5952:
5895:
5822:
5624:
5610:
5340:
4996:
4126:
Taylor-Robinson DC, Maayan N, Donegan S, Chaplin M, Garner P (September 2019).
3636:
Strunz EC, Addiss DG, Stocks ME, Ogden S, Utzinger J, Freeman MC (March 2014).
2660:"Antihelminthics in helminth-endemic areas: effects on HIV disease progression"
2118:
2027:
1873:
1796:
1742:
1449:
1320:
1306:
1258:
921:
695:
645:
587:
522:
510:
487:
427:
386:
293:
196:
5573:
4944:
4927:
3168:
3074:
2984:
2768:
2319:
Madiba TE, Hadley GP (February 1996). "Surgical management of worm volvulus".
8074:
7896:
7881:
7851:
7846:
7454:
7449:
7358:
7003:
6562:
6543:
6317:
6312:
6063:
6051:
5802:
4926:
Kheir MM, Eltoum IA, Saad AM, Ali MM, Baraka OZ, Homeida MM (February 1999).
4782:
Yap P, Fürst T, Müller I, Kriemler S, Utzinger J, Steinmann P (August 2012).
4258:. WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1–270.
3940:
3538:
3211:
2814:
2732:
2536:
2415:
1847:
1825:
1819:
1375:
areas including sub-Saharan Africa, central and east Asia, and the Americas.
1169:
949:
848:
718:
Certain worms may cause particular constellations of symptoms. For instance,
597:
591:
538:
497:
420:
393:
311:
303:
161:
7258:
5327:
Fenwick A (March 2012). "The global burden of neglected tropical diseases".
5052:"Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse"
3855:. WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1–61.
1925:
Largely in southern and eastern Asia but also in central and eastern Europe
7973:
7616:
7511:
7444:
7385:
7065:
6956:
6936:
6885:
6796:
6702:
6658:
6554:
6461:
6336:
5907:
5407:
5348:
5127:
5077:
4953:
4912:
4904:
4874:
4817:
4765:
4716:
4610:
4594:
4571:
4455:
4161:
4104:
3999:
3948:
3913:
3832:
3722:
3673:
3622:
3486:
3451:
3393:
3356:
Krauth SJ, Coulibaly JT, Knopp S, Traoré M, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J (2012).
3303:"Microbiological and health related perspectives of geophagia: an overview"
3219:
3176:
3133:
3092:
3027:
2953:
2944:
2927:
2790:
2750:
2693:
2644:
2593:
2544:
2509:
2474:
2423:
2399:
2359:
2300:
2249:
2167:
1892:
1790:
Not transmitted via soil and not classified as neglected tropical disease:
1356:
1282:
1252:
1224:
1181:
864:
835:
783:
767:
677:
638:
609:
515:
465:
451:
233:
5177:
4193:
4176:
3268:
3035:
2992:
2899:
2332:
2281:
7760:
7750:
7611:
7417:
7305:
7273:
7199:
7061:
6952:
6944:
6689:
6674:
6530:
6411:
6392:
6383:
6371:
6225:
6189:
6171:
6138:
6124:
5916:
5842:
5787:
5722:
5068:
5051:
3106:
Sakti H, Nokes C, Hertanto WS, Hendratno S, Hall A, Bundy DA (May 1999).
2439:"Context-dependent roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection"
1954:
1915:
1723:
1434:
1430:
1294:
1286:
1266:
1262:
1234:
Scientists are also searching for a vaccine against helminths, such as a
1213:
1173:
1035:
893:
885:
860:
799:
743:
662:
650:
491:
5118:
5101:
4256:
Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001 - 2011, strategic plan 2012 - 2020
2575:
2321:
South African Journal of Surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Chirurgie
1441:
is the second most prevalent parasitic disease of humans after malaria.
1404:
Tapeworm infections such as cysticercosis, taeniasis, and echinococcosis
1281:) are effective against adult and migrating larval stages of nematodes.
267:
7886:
7861:
7551:
7501:
6594:
6516:
6501:
6271:
6230:
4856:
3786:
3283:
3250:
2138:
1813:
Many regions of South-east Asia, Africa, and Central and South America
1711:
Not transmitted via soil but classified as neglected tropical disease:
1602:
Many regions of South-east Asia, Africa, and Central and South America
1372:
1336:
1278:
1217:
1201:
1165:
945:
916:
Helminthiasis may cause chronic illness through malnutrition including
550:
443:
409:
365:
307:
244:
165:
6739:
5556:
4446:
4177:"When Should Governments Subsidize Health? The Case of Mass Deworming"
4095:
4078:
2724:
500:(raccoon roundworm, may be transmitted to pets, livestock, and humans)
7935:
7506:
7379:
6948:
6806:
6216:
6059:
5712:
5707:
5634:
3059:"Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children"
1977:
1803:
1639:
1588:
1538:
As many as 135,000 die annually from soil transmitted helminthiasis.
1228:
1051:
972:
968:
941:
905:
791:
739:
719:
712:
534:
456:
184:
172:
20:
5363:
4890:
4428:
Ojha SC, Jaide C, Jinawath N, Rotjanapan P, Baral P (January 2014).
2706:
1518:
It is estimated that intestinal nematode infections cause 5 million
8047:
7777:
7770:
7765:
7735:
7491:
7427:
7422:
6869:
6811:
6786:
6643:
6524:
6416:
6365:
6180:
5694:
4999:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 10 January 2013
4125:
1675:
1614:
1507:
1290:
1270:
1177:
1141:
1122:
1005:
964:
809:
751:
747:
723:
614:
188:
176:
58:
4928:"Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study in Sudan"
3005:
2219:
7496:
6940:
6834:
6801:
6791:
6254:
5996:
5639:
5516:"Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) Fact sheet N°359 (Revised)"
5469:, Bentham e books, Bentham Science Publishers, Vol 2, pp. 69–91,
5262:
WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drug Use in Parasitic Diseases
4799:
4175:
Ahuja A, Baird S, Hicks JH, Kremer M, Miguel E, Powers S (2015).
2398:
Cortés A, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG, Toledo R (September 2017).
1746:
200,000 indirect deaths from "causes related to" Schistosomiasis
1679:
1368:
1274:
1205:
1014:
889:
872:
804:
180:
54:
3413:
7799:
7784:
7075:
5568:
3787:
Pérez del Villar L, Burguillo FJ, López-Abán J, Muro A (2012).
3056:
2397:
925:
813:
237:
40:
Worm infection, helminthosis, helminthiases, helminth infection
5164:"Wastewater use in agriculture: public health considerations."
5099:
2925:
1459:
The most common intestinal parasites in the United States are
7794:
7679:
7285:
7219:
5681:
3875:
3584:
2045:
2043:
1964:
Formerly widespread in India, west Africa and southern Sudan
1359:, can be pre-treated with the anthelmintic drug albendazole.
1223:
Further preventive measures include adherence to appropriate
1102:(crustaceans). Schistosomes and nematodes such as hookworms (
787:
775:
4678:
4549:
2822:. School Nutrition and Health Network Monograph Series, #1.
2606:
2487:
782:, and eyes. Signs of the body's immune response may include
101:
19:
This article is about the infection. For the organisms, see
7094:
5490:. In Kayser FH, Bienz KA, Eckert J, Zinkernagel RM (eds.).
5100:
Navarro I, Jiménez B, Lucario S, Cifuentes E (March 2009).
4729:
4656:
Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases
4631:
Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases
4427:
3961:
3105:
2345:
2154:
WHO (2012). "Research priorities for helminth infections".
1835:
South America, Southeast Asia, West Africa and East Africa
1652:
In tropical and subtropical countries (Sub-Saharan Africa)
1197:
771:
168:
107:
104:
83:
3355:
3282:
Harrison S, Deng A, Green B, Gorder C, Goodman MZ (2009).
2816:
Nutrition, Health, and Learning: Current Issues and Trends
2040:
3686:
2121:. World Health Organization, Technical Report Series 749.
2119:
Prevention and Control of Intestinal Parasitic Infections
876:
868:
113:
92:
5308:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-05-02
2657:
2348:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
213:
are the most important helminthiases, and are among the
5361:
3635:
3281:
2769:"87 (Helminths: Pathogenesis and Defenses by Wakelin D"
2658:
Means AR, Burns P, Sinclair D, Walson JL (April 2016).
1367:
Areas with the highest prevalence of helminthiasis are
5295:. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
4830:
4781:
3335:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, US. pp. 1–362.
3197:
2522:
2436:
1212:
is particularly called for, as is stopping the use of
1050:
in several ways. The most common infection is through
1038:, under-enrollment, and attrition in school children.
581:
271:
Collage of various helminth eggs, from left to right:
8036:
5023:"Irrigation in developing countries using wastewater"
4932:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4628:
4174:
3300:
3063:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2375:
Markell and Vogue's Medical Parasitology, 9th Edition
698:), worm coming out of the foot of an infected person.
403:
116:
110:
95:
77:
5546:
3578:
3501:"Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview"
2841:"World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health"
1082:. Raw or undercooked meats are the major sources of
86:
4379:. World Health Organization. March 2014. p. 22
3565:
United Nations Millennium Development Goals website
2078:"London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases"
504:
98:
89:
80:
4925:
3926:
2129:
2127:
2075:
1289:is also widely used in mass deworming programmes.
7952:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
5030:International Review for Environmental Strategies
4672:
4658:(9th ed.). New York: Saunders. p. 804.
4633:(9th ed.). New York: Saunders. p. 804.
4592:
2156:World Health Organization Technical Report Series
1513:
1231:of pets, and the proper disposal of their feces.
1017:schoolchildren, deworming led to better auditory
967:revealed spontaneous increases in appetite after
281:with larva hatching, sample of adult roundworms,
227:London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases
8072:
3680:
1492:
5431:Luke F. Pennington and Michael H. Hsieh (2014)
4997:"Parasites – Soil-transmitted Helminths (STHs)"
4629:Magill AJ, Hill DR, Solomon T, Ryan ET (2013).
3328:
3235:"Clinical and laboratory aspects of filariasis"
2124:
1448:In 2014, only 148 people were reported to have
831:Effects of parasitic worms on the immune system
694:Example clinical photo: Guinea worm infection (
250:
5161:
5016:
5014:
4490:. WHO Media Centre. March 2014. Archived from
3531:"Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction"
3154:
2966:
2877:
2557:
2437:Zaini A, Good-Jacobson KL, Zaph C (May 2021).
2372:
2133:Del Rosso, Joy Miller and Tonia Marek (1996).
1383:Some types of helminthiases are classified as
1378:
1293:is commonly used for veterinary nematodiasis.
762:As pathogens in the body, helminths induce an
225:through a project launched in 2012 called the
16:Any macroparasitic disease caused by helminths
6917:
6755:
5667:
4593:Kucik CJ, Martin GL, Sortor BV (March 2004).
4421:
4206:
4204:
3561:"Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability"
3275:
3232:
1269:) are the first line treatment of intestinal
1164:Specific helminths can be identified through
4586:
4434:Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
4405:. WHO Media Centre. May 2015. Archived from
4350:. WHO Media centre. May 2015. Archived from
4294:. WHO Media Centre. May 2015. Archived from
4012:
3112:Tropical Medicine & International Health
2318:
5011:
4132:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3332:Handbook of Helminthiasis for Public Health
3301:Bisi-Johnson MA, Obi CL, Ekosse GE (2010).
2664:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1351:If complications of helminthiasis, such as
959:Malnutrition due to worms can give rise to
794:. An example of the immune response is the
670:
240:are further examples of secondary effects.
6924:
6910:
6762:
6748:
6170:
5674:
5660:
5265:. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Archived from
4886:
4884:
4430:"Geohelminths: public health significance"
4225:"Fact sheets: neglected tropical diseases"
4201:
3629:
2838:
2262:
1277:infections. Macrocyclic lactones (such as
203:, where they induce physiological damage.
142:
45:
5635:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
5397:
5387:
5117:
5067:
4943:
4864:
4807:
4755:
4706:
4696:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4445:
4374:"A global brief on vector-borne diseases"
4212:Worms in SA's children - MRC Policy Brief
4192:
4151:
4094:
4026:
3989:
3979:
3903:
3893:
3822:
3812:
3712:
3663:
3653:
3612:
3602:
3464:
3441:
3431:
3383:
3373:
3258:
3123:
3082:
2943:
2740:
2683:
2634:
2624:
2583:
2564:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2464:
2454:
2290:
2280:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2149:
2147:
2117:Report of a WHO Expert Committee (1987).
1959:Negligible thanks to eradication program
757:
5508:
4506:
2812:
1342:
1330:
1155:
834:
701:
689:
266:
254:
6769:
5494:. Stuttgart: Thieme. pp. 560–562.
5460:Immune Response to Parasitic Infections
5433:Immune Response to Parasitic Infections
5355:
5326:
5320:
5172:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
5049:
5020:
4960:
4881:
3324:
3322:
3320:
2914:Human Nutrition and Parasitic Infection
904:Chronic helminthiasis may cause severe
8073:
5485:
5442:, Bentham e books, Vol 2, pp. 93–124,
5239:. Barcelona, Spain: UNESCO publishing.
5227:
5157:
4777:
4775:
4730:Vos, Theo; et al. (August 2015).
4653:
4617:
4484:"Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)"
4366:
4076:
4006:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2762:
2760:
2191:"Soil-transmitted helminth infections"
2174:
2144:
2076:London Declaration (30 January 2012).
802:. Another example is the migration of
318:soil-transmitted helminths, including
199:, but they may also burrow into other
175:. There are numerous species of these
6905:
6743:
5655:
5427:
5425:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5045:
5043:
4991:
4989:
4049:
3233:Nanduri J, Kazura JW (January 1989).
2834:
2832:
2766:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1313:regions where helminthiasis is common
685:
3317:
2967:Boivin MJ, Giordani B (April 1993).
2366:
2314:
2312:
2310:
1750:In tropical and subtropical regions
1398:, dracunculiasis, and onchocerciasis
1144:, which is not uncommon in parts of
1028:
819:
179:, which are broadly classified into
5640:Global Atlas of Helminth Infections
5479:
5258:
4772:
4647:
4253:
4056:Development Impact blog, World Bank
3845:
3505:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
3400:
3294:
2999:
2960:
2864:
2797:
2757:
2339:
2162:(972): xv–xvii, 1–174, back cover.
2153:
839:Micrograph of cut section of human
582:Trematode infection (trematodiasis)
13:
8101:Conditions diagnosed by stool test
7979:Eradication of infectious diseases
7736:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
5422:
5273:
5243:
5202:
5134:
5084:
5040:
4986:
4231:. WHO Media Centre. Archived from
2829:
2094:
1764:112 (in Sub-Saharan Africa alone)
899:
733:
404:Roundworm infection (nematodiasis)
14:
8127:
7569:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
5542:
5230:"Water for People Water for Life"
4788:Journal of Visualized Experiments
4210:Fincham, J., Dhansay, A. (2006).
2307:
1300:
1114:can penetrate the skin directly.
1046:Helminths are transmitted to the
824:
8058:
8046:
7958:Alternative vaccination schedule
6933:Artificial induction of immunity
4685:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
4318:"Foodborne trematode infections"
4037:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00481.x
3968:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3882:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3420:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3362:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3307:African Journal of Biotechnology
3125:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00410.x
3008:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2613:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2443:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1413:The soil-transmitted helminths (
1172:. However, it does not quantify
1011:Democratic Republic of the Congo
505:Tapeworm infection (cestodiasis)
73:
5522:. February 2016. Archived from
5452:
5298:
4919:
4824:
4723:
4543:
4476:
4468:Velleman, Y., Pugh, I. (2013).
4462:
4391:
4336:
4310:
4280:
4247:
4217:
4168:
4119:
4070:
4043:
3955:
3920:
3869:
3839:
3780:
3754:
3729:
3553:
3523:
3493:
3458:
3349:
3329:Crompton DW, Savioli L (2007).
3226:
3191:
3148:
3099:
3050:
2973:Journal of Pediatric Psychology
2919:
2906:
2700:
2651:
2600:
2551:
2516:
2481:
2430:
2391:
2373:John DT, William Jr AP (2006).
1362:
1041:
987:. This is most severe in heavy
911:
8106:Intestinal infectious diseases
7790:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
4181:The World Bank Economic Review
4144:10.1002/14651858.CD000371.pub7
3768:. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp
2676:10.1002/14651858.CD006419.pub4
2265:"Neurocysticercosis: a review"
2256:
2213:
2069:
1646:576–740 (hookworm in general)
1570:Soil transmitted helminthiasis
1558:Infections (million per year)
1543:Global Burden of Disease Study
1524:Global Burden of Disease Study
1520:disability-adjusted life years
1514:Disability-adjusted life years
1391:Soil-transmitted helminthiases
1246:
1021:and scanning and retrieval of
440:Soil-transmitted helminthiasis
223:non-governmental organizations
207:Soil-transmitted helminthiasis
1:
7326:Group B streptococcal disease
7145:Vaccines for Children Program
5380:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
5169:Encyclopedia of Water Science
5162:Jiménez B, Navarro I (2007).
4968:"Neglected Tropical Diseases"
4849:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
4748:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4
4595:"Common intestinal parasites"
4564:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4
4522:. World Health Organization.
3705:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.034
3284:"Contaminated drinking water"
3239:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2916:. Cambridge University Press.
2558:Borkow G, Bentwich Z (2000).
2051:"Neglected Tropical Diseases"
2033:
2007:Total (number of infections)
1493:Variations within communities
1408:
1394:Roundworm infections such as
1191:
1025:over a period of nine-weeks.
963:. A study of 459 children in
324:(the most common worldwide),
6133:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
5056:Water Science and Technology
4698:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865
3981:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000126
3895:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001549
3814:10.1371/journal.pone.0045867
3689:"The Human Hookworm Vaccine"
3655:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620
3604:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162
3479:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.055
3433:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001582
3375:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001969
2626:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003036
2456:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009340
2327:(1): 33–5, discussion 35–6.
2242:10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.014
2141:, Directions in Development.
1241:
1227:, wearing of shoes, regular
1151:
251:Types of parasitic helminths
7:
6470:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
6119:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
5106:Journal of Water and Health
3766:The Merck Veterinary Manual
3762:"Overview of Anthelmintics"
2912:Crompton, D. W. T. (1993).
2892:10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.171
2502:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.009
2377:. Saunders Elsevier Press.
2021:
1741:12,000 150,000 deaths from
1528:years lived with disability
1385:neglected tropical diseases
1379:Neglected tropical diseases
930:protein-energy malnutrition
770:changes occur in the skin,
215:neglected tropical diseases
10:
8132:
5341:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015
4488:Fact sheet N°359 (Revised)
2197:. May 2015. Archived from
1987:Rural communities in Asia
1574:neglected tropical disease
1326:
1304:
1250:
1086:(pork, beef and venison),
828:
798:reaction that may lead to
766:response. Immune-mediated
18:
7997:
7966:
7905:
7837:
7728:
7700:
7667:
7341:
7172:
7165:
7084:
7012:
6964:
6878:
6845:African sleeping sickness
6825:
6777:
6710:Capillaria philippinensis
6673:
6642:
6633:Halicephalobus gingivalis
6604:Strongyloides stercoralis
6593:
6500:
6410:
6382:
6335:
6224:
6215:
6188:
6179:
6157:
6094:
6010:
5995:
5906:
5873:
5786:
5721:
5706:
5693:
5550:
5520:World Health Organization
5166:. In Jorgensen SE (ed.).
4945:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.307
4599:American Family Physician
4264:10665/78074?mode=full
4229:World Health Organization
4077:Hawkes N (January 2012).
3169:10.1017/S0022149X19000713
3075:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.72.540
2269:TheScientificWorldJournal
2006:
1924:
1919:
1877:
1834:
1789:
1740:
1710:
1670:Strongyloides stercoralis
1651:
1643:
1638:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1533:
1317:World Health Organization
1138:transmitted by mosquitoes
1078:; and trematodes such as
978:
339:Strongyloides stercoralis
191:. They often live in the
131:
65:
53:
44:
36:
31:
7321:Clostridioides difficile
6716:Intestinal capillariasis
5811:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
5021:Jiménez B (March 2006).
4473:. WaterAid and Share, UK
4324:. WHO Media Centre. 2014
3941:10.1016/j.pt.2012.12.003
3212:10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.008
3157:Journal of Helminthology
2932:The Journal of Nutrition
2537:10.1016/j.pt.2012.03.005
2416:10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.004
671:Acanthocephala infection
219:pharmaceutical companies
7579:Tick-borne encephalitis
6891:Priority review voucher
6703:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
6653:Enterobius vermicularis
6448:Cutaneous larva migrans
6021:Echinococcus granulosus
5961:Heterophyes heterophyes
5947:Gastrodiscoides hominis
5770:Trichobilharzia regenti
5228:Connor R (March 2015).
4052:"Economist, World Bank"
3467:Veterinary Parasitology
2985:10.1093/jpepsy/18.2.249
1773:Echinococcus granulosus
1757:Schistosoma haematobium
1561:Direct deaths per year
1462:Enterobius vermicularis
7989:List of vaccine topics
6989:Mathematical modelling
6551:Visceral larva migrans
6346:Gnathostoma spinigerum
6199:Dracunculus medinensis
6105:Diphyllobothrium latum
5884:Paragonimus westermani
5851:Opisthorchis viverrini
5306:"Parasites – Hookworm"
4905:10.1002/anie.201208390
4344:"Lymphatic filariasis"
4050:Evans D (2015-08-04).
3929:Trends in Parasitology
3200:Trends in Parasitology
3028:10.1098/rspb.1992.0011
2880:Psychological Bulletin
2525:Trends in Parasitology
2404:Trends in Parasitology
2263:Del Brutto OH (2012).
1949:Dracunculus medinensis
1353:intestinal obstruction
1348:
1340:
1161:
985:iron-deficiency anemia
844:
780:central nervous system
758:Immunological response
707:
699:
298:
264:
193:gastrointestinal tract
7984:Vaccinate Your Family
7435:Japanese encephalitis
6432:Ancylostoma duodenale
5975:Metagonimus yokogawai
5389:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
5178:10.1201/9781351235860
1785:Developing countries
1634:Ancylostoma duodenale
1572:(STH) (classified as
1564:Regions where common
1486:Entamoeba histolytica
1474:Ancylostoma duodenale
1346:
1334:
1159:
1000:Ancylostoma duodenale
838:
812:of the lungs causing
705:
693:
470:Ancylostoma duodenale
345:Ancylostoma duodenale
270:
258:
7867:John Franklin Enders
6684:Trichinella spiralis
6511:Ascaris lumbricoides
6325:Lymphatic filariasis
6307:Wuchereria bancrofti
5492:Medical Microbiology
5069:10.2166/wst.2007.046
4409:on February 21, 2014
4079:"Deworming debunked"
3699:(Suppl 2): B227-32.
2945:10.1093/jn/134.2.348
2773:Medical Microbiology
2010:Approx. 3.5 billion
1887:Hymenolepis diminuta
1583:Ascaris lumbricoides
1396:lymphatic filariasis
983:Helminths may cause
918:vitamin deficiencies
738:In extreme cases of
448:Ascaris lumbricoides
415:Wuchereria bancrofti
321:Ascaris lumbricoides
278:Ascaris lumbricoides
8086:Foodborne illnesses
7053:Virus-like particle
6977:Vaccine ingredients
6779:Diseases of poverty
6771:Diseases of poverty
6698:Trichuris trichiura
6625:Trichostrongyliasis
6241:Onchocerca volvulus
5797:Clonorchis sinensis
5732:Schistosoma mansoni
5713:Trematode infection
5630:European Commission
5119:10.2166/wh.2009.113
4235:on January 24, 2011
4194:10.1093/wber/lhv008
4187:(suppl 1): S9–S24.
3805:2012PLoSO...745867P
3020:1992RSPSB.247...77N
2813:Levinger B (1992).
2713:Parasite Immunology
2282:10.1100/2012/159821
2234:2012WatRe..46.4770M
1718:Schistosoma mansoni
1609:Trichuris trichiura
1208:. The reduction of
1186:molecular diagnosis
1066:; cestodes such as
989:hookworm infections
954:protease inhibitors
938:lactose intolerance
936:has been linked to
843:showing a pin worm.
808:larvae through the
603:Clonorchis sinensis
476:Trichostrongyliasis
433:Onchocerca volvulus
380:Schistosoma mansoni
327:Trichuris trichiura
297:with larva hatching
289:Schistosoma mansoni
138:Infectious diseases
57:worms (one type of
8024:Never to phase III
7823:Hexavalent vaccine
7637:Epstein–Barr virus
7532:Oxford–AstraZeneca
7225:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
6827:Neglected diseases
6812:Diarrheal diseases
6584:Parascaris equorum
6570:Dioctophyme renale
6476:Angiostrongyliasis
6456:Necator americanus
6426:Hookworm infection
6286:Dirofilaria repens
6111:Diphyllobothriasis
6002:Tapeworm infection
5933:Fasciolopsis buski
5645:2015-11-08 at the
5625:Information at WHO
5465:2014-12-07 at the
5438:2014-12-07 at the
5374:(9859): 2095–128.
5291:2014-10-17 at the
5050:Jimenez B (2007).
4089:(jan02 1): e8558.
3511:on 7 November 2017
3251:10.1128/CMR.2.1.39
2201:on August 20, 2012
1932:Fasciolopsis buski
1910:Fascioloides magna
1659:Necator americanus
1504:nutritional status
1480:Necator americanus
1349:
1341:
1178:serological assays
1162:
1146:sub-Saharan Africa
994:Necator americanus
845:
754:of the intestine.
728:neurocysticercosis
708:
700:
686:Signs and symptoms
627:Fasciolopsis buski
462:hookworm infection
333:Necator americanus
299:
265:
8096:Tropical diseases
8034:
8033:
7946:Vaccines and SIDS
7833:
7832:
7607:Hepatitis A and B
7583:Varicella zoster
7045:Subunit/component
6899:
6898:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6669:
6668:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6027:E. multilocularis
5991:
5990:
5831:Fasciola hepatica
5683:Parasitic disease
5620:
5619:
5486:Eckert J (2005).
5475:978-1-60805-148-9
5448:978-1-60805-148-9
4893:Angewandte Chemie
4843:(9963): 117–171.
4742:(9995): 743–800.
4665:978-1-4160-4390-4
4654:Magill A (2013).
4640:978-1-4160-4390-4
4558:(9521): 1521–32.
4447:10.3855/jidc.3183
4096:10.1136/bmj.e8558
2725:10.1111/pim.12939
2019:
2018:
1903:Fasciola hepatica
1737:(210 "affected")
1695:All STH together
1090:(pork and bear),
1029:Cognitive changes
1019:short-term memory
820:Secondary effects
373:Fasciola hepatica
151:
150:
26:Medical condition
8123:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8051:
8050:
8042:
7925:MMR autism fraud
7872:Maurice Hilleman
7857:Hilary Koprowski
7170:
7169:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6903:
6902:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6741:
6740:
6618:Trichostrongylus
6610:Strongyloidiasis
6490:Metastrongylosis
6222:
6221:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6176:
6168:
6167:
6072:Hymenolepis nana
6008:
6007:
5908:Intestinal fluke
5719:
5718:
5704:
5703:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5548:
5547:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5526:on July 30, 2013
5512:
5506:
5505:
5483:
5477:
5456:
5450:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5401:
5391:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5302:
5296:
5282:
5271:
5270:
5256:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5225:
5200:
5199:
5159:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5097:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5062:(1–2): 485–493.
5047:
5038:
5037:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4700:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4626:
4615:
4614:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4539:on 18 July 2004.
4538:
4532:. Archived from
4521:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4494:on July 30, 2013
4480:
4474:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4403:Fact sheet N°377
4399:"Echinococcosis"
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4348:Fact sheet N°102
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4298:on June 14, 2004
4284:
4278:
4277:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4221:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4138:(11): CD000371.
4123:
4117:
4116:
4098:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3816:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3657:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3606:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3541:on 24 April 2015
3537:. Archived from
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3507:. Archived from
3497:
3491:
3490:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3435:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3326:
3315:
3314:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3127:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2846:. Archived from
2845:
2839:The World Bank.
2836:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2810:
2795:
2794:
2767:Baron S (1996).
2764:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2316:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2195:Fact sheet N°366
2187:
2172:
2171:
2151:
2142:
2131:
2122:
2115:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2047:
1982:1–3 ("several")
1971:Trichostrongylus
1939:intestinal fluke
1868:Hymenolepis nana
1552:Helminth genera
1549:
1548:
1500:immunocompetence
1387:. They include:
1236:hookworm vaccine
1174:mixed infections
1092:Diphyllobothrium
1023:long-term memory
861:other infections
796:hypersensitivity
481:Trichostrongylus
460:infection), and
442:– this includes
352:Hymenolepis nana
284:Hymenolepis nana
156:, also known as
147:
146:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
49:
29:
28:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8059:
8057:
8045:
8037:
8035:
8030:
8029:
8014:Clinical trials
7993:
7962:
7901:
7877:Stanley Plotkin
7839:
7829:
7741:Cancer vaccines
7724:
7718:Schistosomiasis
7696:
7690:Trypanosomiasis
7663:
7627:Cytomegalovirus
7537:Pfizer–BioNTech
7337:
7161:
7110:Vaccine wastage
7080:
7008:
6960:
6930:
6900:
6895:
6874:
6860:River blindness
6850:Schistosomiasis
6821:
6773:
6768:
6738:
6729:
6665:
6638:
6589:
6496:
6444:Ancylostomiasis
6414:
6398:
6378:
6358:Gnathostomiasis
6331:
6228:
6211:
6162:
6159:
6145:
6096:Pseudophyllidea
6090:
6041:Taenia saginata
5999:
5987:
5939:Fasciolopsiasis
5924:Echinostomiasis
5902:
5869:
5863:Opisthorchiasis
5782:
5762:Schistosomiasis
5756:S. intercalatum
5710:
5708:Fluke/trematode
5699:
5696:
5689:
5680:
5647:Wayback Machine
5621:
5616:
5615:
5559:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5484:
5480:
5467:Wayback Machine
5457:
5453:
5440:Wayback Machine
5430:
5423:
5360:
5356:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5293:Wayback Machine
5283:
5274:
5257:
5244:
5232:
5226:
5203:
5188:
5160:
5135:
5098:
5085:
5048:
5041:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4924:
4920:
4899:(31): 7936–56.
4889:
4882:
4829:
4825:
4780:
4773:
4728:
4724:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4627:
4618:
4591:
4587:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4463:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4322:Factsheet N°368
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4292:Fact sheet N°94
4286:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4209:
4202:
4173:
4169:
4124:
4120:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4028:10.1.1.336.7123
4011:
4007:
3960:
3956:
3925:
3921:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3737:"Anthelmintics"
3735:
3734:
3730:
3685:
3681:
3648:(3): e1001620.
3634:
3630:
3597:(1): e1001162.
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3463:
3459:
3412:
3401:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3318:
3299:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3231:
3227:
3206:(10): 788–798.
3196:
3192:
3153:
3149:
3104:
3100:
3055:
3051:
3014:(1319): 77–81.
3004:
3000:
2965:
2961:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2907:
2876:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2819:
2811:
2798:
2783:
2765:
2758:
2705:
2701:
2670:(4): CD006419.
2656:
2652:
2605:
2601:
2556:
2552:
2521:
2517:
2486:
2482:
2449:(5): e0009340.
2435:
2431:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2371:
2367:
2344:
2340:
2317:
2308:
2261:
2257:
2228:(15): 4770–82.
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2175:
2152:
2145:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2024:
1907:
1842:Taenia saginata
1536:
1516:
1508:genetic factors
1495:
1468:Giardia lamblia
1439:Schistosomiasis
1415:A. lumbricoides
1411:
1381:
1365:
1329:
1309:
1303:
1257:Broad-spectrum
1255:
1249:
1244:
1210:open defecation
1194:
1154:
1117:The roundworm,
1044:
1031:
981:
914:
902:
900:Chronic illness
833:
827:
822:
760:
736:
734:Mass and volume
688:
673:
660:/bilharziasis (
658:Schistosomiasis
634:Opisthorchiasis
622:Fasciolopsiasis
584:
507:
484:spp. infection)
406:
359:Taenia saginata
253:
211:schistosomiasis
141:
127:
76:
72:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8129:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8111:Abdominal pain
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8068:
8067:
8055:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7970:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7892:Katalin Karikó
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7843:
7841:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7738:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7706:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7671:
7669:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7647:Herpes simplex
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7601:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7547:Sinopharm BIBP
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7497:Bharat Biotech
7494:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7356:
7351:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7300:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7125:Vaccine injury
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7088:
7086:
7085:Administration
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7059:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6929:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6906:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6855:Dracunculiasis
6852:
6847:
6842:
6840:Chagas disease
6837:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6767:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6744:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6679:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6648:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6599:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6576:Dioctophymosis
6566:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6539:Toxocara canis
6535:
6534:
6533:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6506:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6484:Metastrongylus
6480:
6479:
6478:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6438:A. braziliense
6428:
6422:
6420:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6388:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6341:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6299:Dirofilariasis
6289:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6278:Mansonelliasis
6268:
6267:
6266:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6247:Onchocerciasis
6236:
6234:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6205:Dracunculiasis
6194:
6192:
6183:
6174:
6165:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6100:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6084:Hymenolepiasis
6068:
6067:
6066:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6033:Echinococcosis
6016:
6014:
6012:Cyclophyllidea
6005:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5981:Metagonimiasis
5971:
5970:
5969:
5967:Heterophyiasis
5957:
5956:
5955:
5953:Amphistomiasis
5943:
5942:
5941:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5896:Paragonimiasis
5879:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5823:Dicrocoeliasis
5807:
5806:
5805:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5776:Swimmer's itch
5766:
5765:
5764:
5750:S. haematobium
5727:
5725:
5716:
5701:
5691:
5690:
5679:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5602:
5591:
5576:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:Classification
5544:
5543:External links
5541:
5538:
5537:
5507:
5500:
5478:
5451:
5421:
5354:
5335:(3): 233–236.
5319:
5297:
5272:
5269:on 2009-05-08.
5242:
5201:
5186:
5133:
5083:
5039:
5010:
4985:
4959:
4918:
4880:
4823:
4771:
4722:
4671:
4664:
4646:
4639:
4616:
4585:
4542:
4528:
4505:
4475:
4461:
4420:
4390:
4365:
4354:on May 2, 2004
4335:
4309:
4279:
4272:
4246:
4216:
4200:
4167:
4118:
4069:
4042:
4021:(1): 159–217.
4005:
3954:
3919:
3868:
3862:978-9241547109
3861:
3838:
3779:
3753:
3728:
3679:
3628:
3577:
3552:
3522:
3492:
3473:(1–2): 101–8.
3457:
3399:
3348:
3341:
3316:
3313:(36): 5784–91.
3293:
3274:
3225:
3190:
3147:
3098:
3069:(5): 540–548.
3049:
2998:
2959:
2918:
2905:
2863:
2828:
2796:
2782:978-0963117212
2781:
2756:
2699:
2650:
2599:
2570:(11): 1368–9.
2550:
2515:
2480:
2429:
2410:(9): 678–693.
2390:
2383:
2365:
2354:(11): 1513–8.
2338:
2306:
2255:
2222:Water Research
2212:
2173:
2143:
2123:
2093:
2068:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:Kato technique
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:Dwarf tapeworm
1871:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1854:(all types of
1850:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:Toxocara canis
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1743:kidney failure
1739:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1541:The 1990–2013
1535:
1532:
1515:
1512:
1494:
1491:
1450:dracunculiasis
1435:filarial worms
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1361:
1328:
1325:
1321:mass deworming
1307:Mass deworming
1305:Main article:
1302:
1301:Mass deworming
1299:
1259:benzimidazoles
1251:Main article:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1193:
1190:
1153:
1150:
1131:Wuchereria and
1043:
1040:
1030:
1027:
980:
977:
922:stunted growth
913:
910:
901:
898:
881:antiretroviral
849:T helper cells
826:
825:Immune changes
823:
821:
818:
759:
756:
735:
732:
696:dracunculiasis
687:
684:
683:
682:
672:
669:
668:
667:
655:
646:Paragonimiasis
643:
631:
619:
607:
595:
588:Amphistomiasis
583:
580:
579:
578:
548:
532:
523:Hymenolepiasis
520:
511:Echinococcosis
506:
503:
502:
501:
495:
488:Dracunculiasis
485:
473:
437:
428:Onchocerciasis
425:
405:
402:
398:
397:
390:
387:Toxocara canis
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
294:Toxocara canis
273:Trichosomoides
252:
249:
162:macroparasitic
158:worm infection
149:
148:
135:
129:
128:
126:
125:
69:
67:
63:
62:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8128:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:Helminthiases
8079:
8078:
8076:
8066:
8056:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7965:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7897:Drew Weissman
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7882:H. Fred Clark
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7852:Louis Pasteur
7850:
7848:
7847:Edward Jenner
7845:
7844:
7842:
7836:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7818:DTwP-HepB-Hib
7816:
7814:
7813:DTaP-IPV-HepB
7811:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7804:combination:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7702:Helminthiasis
7699:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7666:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7603:combination:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7306:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
7304:
7303:
7302:combination:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7215:Meningococcus
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7205:Leptospirosis
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7140:Vaccine court
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7095:GAVI Alliance
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6922:
6920:
6915:
6913:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6879:Miscellaneous
6877:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6865:Leishmaniasis
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6753:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6726:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6563:Baylisascaris
6560:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6313:Brugia malayi
6309:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6156:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6064:Cysticercosis
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5890:P. kellicotti
5886:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5803:Clonorchiasis
5801:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5697:platyhelminth
5692:
5688:
5687:helminthiases
5684:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5503:
5501:9781588902450
5497:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5329:Public Health
5323:
5307:
5301:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5187:9781351235860
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5015:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4974:. 6 June 2011
4973:
4969:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4938:(2): 307–10.
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4794:(66): e3966.
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4776:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4608:
4605:(5): 1161–8.
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4535:
4531:
4529:9789241545563
4525:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4375:
4369:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4273:9789241503174
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3799:(9): e45867.
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:PLOS Medicine
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:PLOS Medicine
3588:
3581:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3368:(12): e1969.
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3342:9781420004946
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3288:Charity Water
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3118:(5): 322–34.
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:(2): 249–64.
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2938:(2): 348–56.
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:(2): 171–91.
2885:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2853:on 2014-02-25
2849:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:(9): e12939.
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:(6): 475–90.
2495:
2491:
2490:Immunobiology
2484:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2079:
2072:
2057:. 6 June 2011
2056:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1848:Beef tapeworm
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Pork tapeworm
1824:
1822:
1821:
1820:Taenia solium
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:All types of
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:1500 to 2000
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:807 to 1,121
1593:1000 to 1450
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:A. duodenale)
1424:
1423:N. americanus
1420:
1416:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:antigen tests
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:eggs per gram
1167:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:are directly
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1112:Strongyloides
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
950:malabsorption
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
909:
907:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
854:
850:
842:
837:
832:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:, intestine,
777:
773:
769:
765:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
704:
697:
692:
680:
679:
675:
674:
665:
664:
659:
656:
653:
652:
647:
644:
641:
640:
635:
632:
629:
628:
623:
620:
617:
616:
611:
608:
605:
604:
599:
598:Clonorchiasis
596:
593:
589:
586:
585:
576:
575:
570:
569:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
549:
546:
545:
540:
539:cysticercosis
536:
533:
530:
529:
524:
521:
518:
517:
512:
509:
508:
499:
498:Baylisascaris
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:
482:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
435:
434:
429:
426:
423:
422:
421:Brugia malayi
417:
416:
411:
408:
407:
401:
396:
395:
394:Toxocara cati
391:
389:
388:
384:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
368:
367:
363:
361:
360:
356:
354:
353:
349:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
313:
312:sewage sludge
309:
305:
304:faecal sludge
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
279:
274:
269:
261:
257:
248:
246:
241:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Helminthiasis
145:
139:
136:
134:
130:
121:
71:
70:
68:
66:Pronunciation
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
32:Helminthiasis
30:
22:
7974:Epidemiology
7950:
7922:
7808:DTaP-IPV/Hib
7701:
7599:Yellow fever
7512:EpiVacCorona
7269:Tuberculosis
7242:Pneumococcal
7210:Lyme disease
7038:Heterologous
6937:Immunization
6886:Malnutrition
6797:Tuberculosis
6723:
6708:
6696:
6682:
6659:Enterobiasis
6651:
6631:
6617:
6602:
6582:
6568:
6561:
6555:Toxocariasis
6544:
6537:
6523:
6509:
6482:
6468:
6462:Necatoriasis
6454:
6437:
6430:
6391:
6364:
6351:
6344:
6337:Thelazioidea
6318:
6311:
6305:
6292:
6284:
6270:
6261:
6253:
6239:
6197:
6131:
6117:
6104:
6077:
6070:
6052:
6046:
6039:
6026:
6019:
5973:
5959:
5945:
5931:
5922:
5915:
5889:
5882:
5856:
5849:
5837:F. gigantica
5836:
5829:
5816:
5809:
5795:
5768:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5738:S. japonicum
5737:
5730:
5686:
5604:
5593:
5578:
5563:
5528:. Retrieved
5524:the original
5519:
5510:
5491:
5481:
5454:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5300:
5284:WHO (2006).
5267:the original
5261:
5259:WHO (1995).
5236:
5168:
5112:(1): 31–44.
5109:
5105:
5059:
5055:
5036:(2): 229–50.
5033:
5029:
5001:. Retrieved
4976:. Retrieved
4971:
4962:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4896:
4892:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4800:10.3791/3966
4791:
4787:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4691:(7): e2865.
4688:
4684:
4674:
4655:
4649:
4630:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4534:the original
4515:
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4492:the original
4487:
4478:
4464:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4411:. Retrieved
4407:the original
4402:
4393:
4381:. Retrieved
4368:
4356:. Retrieved
4352:the original
4347:
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4321:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4296:the original
4291:
4282:
4255:
4254:WHO (2013).
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4233:the original
4228:
4219:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4060:. Retrieved
4058:. World Bank
4055:
4045:
4018:
4015:Econometrica
4014:
4008:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3935:(3): 142–8.
3932:
3928:
3922:
3888:(4): e1549.
3885:
3881:
3871:
3848:
3846:WHO (2006).
3841:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3765:
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:
3731:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3564:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3539:the original
3534:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3509:the original
3504:
3495:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3426:(4): e1582.
3423:
3419:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3331:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3287:
3277:
3245:(1): 39–50.
3242:
3238:
3228:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2908:
2883:
2879:
2855:. Retrieved
2848:the original
2823:
2815:
2772:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2619:(8): e3036.
2616:
2612:
2602:
2576:10665/268007
2567:
2563:
2553:
2531:(6): 217–9.
2528:
2524:
2518:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2374:
2368:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2324:
2320:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:the original
2194:
2159:
2155:
2084:. Retrieved
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2054:
1969:
1947:
1930:
1908:
1901:
1893:Rat tapeworm
1885:
1866:
1858:: 40 to 60)
1855:
1853:
1840:
1818:
1795:
1771:
1755:
1745:
1736:
1733:
1730:Schistosoma
1729:
1716:
1668:
1657:
1645:
1644:900 to 1300
1632:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1555:Common name
1540:
1537:
1517:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1431:schistosomes
1426:
1422:
1419:T. trichiura
1418:
1414:
1412:
1382:
1366:
1363:Epidemiology
1357:biliary tree
1350:
1310:
1295:Artemisinins
1283:Praziquantel
1256:
1253:Anthelmintic
1233:
1225:food hygiene
1222:
1195:
1163:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:(fish), and
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:Echinococcus
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1042:Transmission
1032:
998:
992:
982:
958:
933:
915:
912:Malnutrition
903:
865:tuberculosis
858:
846:
803:
784:eosinophilia
768:inflammatory
761:
737:
722:can lead to
717:
709:
678:Moniliformis
676:
661:
649:
639:Opisthorchis
637:
625:
613:
610:Fascioliasis
601:
572:
568:T. glomerata
566:
560:
556:T. multiceps
554:
542:
526:
516:Echinococcus
514:
479:
469:
466:necatoriasis
455:
452:trichuriasis
450:infection),
447:
431:
419:
413:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
300:
292:
288:
282:
276:
272:
259:
242:
234:malnutrition
231:
205:
157:
153:
152:
8010:from market
7906:Controversy
7840:researchers
7756:Hepatitis B
7642:Hepatitis C
7587:Chicken pox
7413:Hepatitis E
7408:Hepatitis B
7403:Hepatitis A
7354:Chikungunya
7331:Shigellosis
7185:Brucellosis
7071:Therapeutic
7025:Inactivated
6965:Development
6953:Inoculation
6945:Vaccination
6724:C. hepatica
6690:Trichinosis
6675:Adenophorea
6531:Anisakiasis
6412:Strongylida
6393:Gongylonema
6384:Spiruroidea
6372:Thelaziasis
6352:G. hispidum
6226:Filarioidea
6190:Camallanida
6172:Secernentea
6139:Sparganosis
6125:Sparganosis
6078:H. diminuta
6047:T. asiatica
5917:Echinostoma
5857:O. felineus
5843:Fasciolosis
5788:Liver fluke
5723:Blood fluke
5488:"Helminths"
5312:20 December
5003:20 December
4978:28 November
4857:11655/15525
4440:(1): 5–16.
3974:(3): e126.
3772:17 November
3746:17 November
2061:28 November
1955:Guinea worm
1916:Liver fluke
1735:160 to 200
1724:Blood fluke
1373:subtropical
1335:Example of
1287:Oxamniquine
1267:mebendazole
1263:albendazole
1247:Medications
1214:human waste
1166:microscopic
1119:Dracunculus
1104:Ancylostoma
1100:Paragonimus
1088:Trichinella
1072:Hymenolepis
1036:absenteeism
894:Hepatitis B
853:eosinophils
847:In humans,
800:anaphylaxis
744:peritonitis
663:Schistosoma
651:Paragonimus
592:amphistomes
562:T. serialis
528:Hymenolepis
492:guinea worm
171:, known as
37:Other names
8116:Sanitation
8091:Ascaridida
8075:Categories
7941:Thiomersal
7887:Paul Offit
7862:Jonas Salk
7838:Inventors/
7709:research:
7686:research:
7623:research:
7552:Skycovione
7542:Sanofi–GSK
7487:SARS-CoV-2
7398:Hantavirus
7364:rVSV-ZEBOV
7349:Adenovirus
7317:research:
7195:Diphtheria
7033:Attenuated
6595:Rhabditida
6517:Ascariasis
6502:Ascaridida
6293:D. immitis
6272:Mansonella
6264:filariasis
6231:Filariasis
6158:Roundworm/
5875:Lung fluke
5744:S. mekongi
5685:caused by
5606:DiseasesDB
5530:7 February
4498:6 December
4413:7 February
4358:7 February
4328:7 February
4302:7 February
4239:6 December
2857:2014-10-21
2384:0721647936
2275:: 159821.
2139:World Bank
2034:References
2015:Worldwide
2002:Worldwide
1973:orientalis
1687:Thousands
1684:50 to 100
1409:Prevalence
1337:ascariasis
1279:ivermectin
1218:fertilizer
1202:sanitation
1192:Prevention
1134:Onchocerca
1096:Clonorchis
1060:Enterobius
1048:final host
948:, and fat
946:amino acid
879:counts in
829:See also:
740:intestinal
666:infection)
654:infection)
642:infection)
630:infection)
618:infection)
606:infection)
594:infection)
577:infection)
551:Coenurosis
547:infection)
531:infection)
519:infection)
494:infection)
472:infection)
464:(includes
444:ascariasis
436:infection)
424:infection)
410:Filariasis
366:Enterobius
308:wastewater
245:ascariasis
189:roundworms
8020:Phase III
8008:Withdrawn
7936:Pox party
7746:ALVAC-CEA
7668:Protozoan
7557:Sputnik V
7507:CoronaVac
7477:Rotavirus
7380:Pandemrix
7232:Pertussis
7173:Bacterial
7057:Synthetic
7020:Conjugate
6972:Adjuvants
6949:Infection
6807:Pneumonia
6319:B. timori
6217:Spirurida
6163:infection
6060:Taeniasis
6053:T. solium
5817:D. hospes
5700:infection
5695:Flatworm/
5196:199087706
4288:"Malaria"
4023:CiteSeerX
3741:Drugs.com
3185:201274949
2733:0141-9838
1978:Roundworm
1804:roundworm
1732:together:
1589:Roundworm
1271:roundworm
1261:(such as
1242:Treatment
1229:deworming
1152:Diagnosis
1064:Trichuris
1052:ingestion
973:cytokines
969:deworming
942:vitamin A
906:morbidity
792:arthritis
720:taeniasis
681:infection
574:T. brauni
535:Taeniasis
457:Trichuris
195:of their
181:tapeworms
177:parasites
173:helminths
166:parasitic
160:, is any
133:Specialty
21:Helminths
8065:Medicine
7778:Prostvac
7771:Gardasil
7766:Cervarix
7713:Hookworm
7592:Shingles
7574:Smallpox
7492:Corbevax
7428:Gardasil
7423:Cervarix
7166:Vaccines
7120:Schedule
7091:Global:
6999:Timeline
6941:Vaccines
6870:Trachoma
6644:Oxyurida
6525:Anisakis
6417:hookworm
6366:Thelazia
6181:Spiruria
6161:Nematode
5643:Archived
5463:Archived
5436:Archived
5408:23245604
5399:10790329
5349:22325616
5289:Archived
5128:18957773
5078:17305174
4954:10072156
4913:23813602
4875:25530442
4818:22951972
4766:26063472
4717:25058013
4611:15023017
4572:16679166
4456:24423707
4162:31508807
4105:23284157
4062:5 August
4000:18365031
3949:23332661
3914:22545163
3833:23029285
3793:PLOS ONE
3723:23598487
3674:24667810
3623:22291577
3570:27 April
3545:27 April
3515:27 April
3487:22169224
3452:22545164
3394:23285307
3220:28756911
3177:31434586
3142:16553760
3134:10402967
3093:15891127
3044:22199934
2954:14747671
2791:21413312
2751:35712983
2694:27075622
2645:25101890
2594:11143198
2545:22525798
2510:17544832
2475:33983946
2424:28566191
2360:23111963
2301:22312322
2250:22794801
2168:23420950
2086:26 March
2022:See also
1703:135,000
1676:Hookworm
1640:Hookworm
1621:604–795
1615:Whipworm
1369:tropical
1291:Pyrantel
1275:tapeworm
1200:—water,
1142:geophagy
1123:copepods
1094:(fish),
1080:Fasciola
1015:Jamaican
1006:whipworm
965:Zanzibar
961:anorexia
863:such as
841:appendix
752:gangrene
748:volvulus
724:seizures
615:Fasciola
59:helminth
8053:Biology
8039:Portals
7967:Related
7913:General
7675:Malaria
7562:Valneva
7527:Novavax
7522:Moderna
7517:Janssen
7502:CanSino
7482:Rubella
7440:Measles
7311:Td/Tdap
7281:Typhoid
7264:Tetanus
7259:Q fever
7190:Cholera
7180:Anthrax
7049:Peptide
7013:Classes
6994:Storage
6835:Cholera
6802:Measles
6792:Malaria
6545:T. cati
6262:Loa loa
6255:Loa loa
5997:Cestoda
5600:D006373
5416:1541253
4972:cdc.gov
4866:4340604
4809:3486755
4757:4561509
4708:4109880
4580:8425278
4383:8 March
4153:6737502
4113:5568263
3991:2274864
3905:3335868
3824:3448694
3801:Bibcode
3714:3988917
3693:Vaccine
3665:3965411
3614:3265535
3443:3335854
3385:3527364
3269:2644023
3163:: e76.
3084:1382476
3036:1349184
3016:Bibcode
2993:8492277
2900:9100486
2742:9542036
2685:4963621
2636:4125278
2585:2560630
2466:8118336
2333:8629187
2292:3261519
2230:Bibcode
2205:30 June
2055:cdc.gov
1680:pinworm
1599:20,000
1327:Surgery
1206:hygiene
1108:Necator
1056:Ascaris
934:Ascaris
890:measles
873:malaria
810:bronchi
805:Ascaris
726:due to
260:Ascaris
55:Ascaris
8003:WHO-EM
7923:Lancet
7800:TA-NIC
7785:NicVAX
7632:Dengue
7472:Rabies
7298:Typhus
7237:Plague
7115:Policy
7076:Toxoid
7004:Trials
6817:Plague
6055:(pork)
5498:
5473:
5446:
5414:
5406:
5396:
5368:Lancet
5347:
5194:
5184:
5126:
5076:
4952:
4911:
4873:
4863:
4837:Lancet
4816:
4806:
4764:
4754:
4736:Lancet
4715:
4705:
4662:
4637:
4609:
4578:
4570:
4552:Lancet
4526:
4454:
4270:
4160:
4150:
4111:
4103:
4025:
3998:
3988:
3947:
3912:
3902:
3859:
3831:
3821:
3721:
3711:
3672:
3662:
3621:
3611:
3535:UNICEF
3485:
3450:
3440:
3392:
3382:
3339:
3267:
3260:358099
3257:
3218:
3183:
3175:
3140:
3132:
3091:
3081:
3042:
3034:
2991:
2952:
2898:
2789:
2779:
2749:
2739:
2731:
2692:
2682:
2643:
2633:
2592:
2582:
2543:
2508:
2473:
2463:
2422:
2381:
2358:
2331:
2299:
2289:
2248:
2166:
2137:. The
1992:Other
1937:Giant
1856:Taenia
1534:Deaths
1506:, and
1483:, and
1433:, and
1184:, and
1127:Brugia
1110:) and
1084:Taenia
1074:, and
1068:Taenia
1062:, and
979:Anemia
928:, and
926:anemia
892:, and
871:, and
814:asthma
790:, and
764:immune
750:, and
713:damage
571:, and
544:Taenia
310:, and
238:anemia
236:, and
201:organs
187:, and
185:flukes
140:
124:
7931:NCVIA
7795:TA-CD
7729:Other
7680:RTS,S
7460:Sabin
7455:Polio
7450:Mumps
7359:Ebola
7342:Viral
7291:ViCPS
7286:Ty21a
7220:MeNZB
7150:VAERS
7100:NITAG
7029:Live
5611:28826
5589:128.9
5574:B83.9
5412:S2CID
5233:(PDF)
5192:S2CID
5026:(PDF)
4576:S2CID
4537:(PDF)
4520:(PDF)
4377:(PDF)
4109:S2CID
3853:(PDF)
3181:S2CID
3138:S2CID
3040:S2CID
2851:(PDF)
2844:(PDF)
2820:(PDF)
2081:(PDF)
991:, as
788:edema
776:liver
314:are:
275:egg,
197:hosts
169:worms
7657:Zika
7617:MMRV
7465:Salk
7445:Mpox
7391:LAIV
7386:H5N1
7376:H1N1
7252:PPSV
7135:ACIP
7131:US:
7105:SAGE
7066:mRNA
6982:list
6787:AIDS
6620:spp.
5595:MeSH
5584:9-CM
5532:2016
5496:ISBN
5471:ISBN
5444:ISBN
5404:PMID
5345:PMID
5314:2014
5182:ISBN
5124:PMID
5074:PMID
5005:2014
4980:2014
4950:PMID
4909:PMID
4871:PMID
4814:PMID
4762:PMID
4713:PMID
4660:ISBN
4635:ISBN
4607:PMID
4568:PMID
4524:ISBN
4500:2014
4471:WASH
4452:PMID
4415:2016
4385:2016
4360:2016
4330:2016
4304:2016
4268:ISBN
4241:2014
4158:PMID
4101:PMID
4064:2015
3996:PMID
3945:PMID
3910:PMID
3857:ISBN
3829:PMID
3774:2014
3748:2014
3719:PMID
3670:PMID
3619:PMID
3572:2015
3547:2015
3517:2015
3483:PMID
3448:PMID
3390:PMID
3337:ISBN
3265:PMID
3216:PMID
3173:PMID
3130:PMID
3089:PMID
3032:PMID
2995:. 2.
2989:PMID
2950:PMID
2896:PMID
2787:PMID
2777:ISBN
2747:PMID
2729:ISSN
2690:PMID
2668:2016
2641:PMID
2590:PMID
2541:PMID
2506:PMID
2471:PMID
2420:PMID
2379:ISBN
2356:PMID
2329:PMID
2297:PMID
2273:2012
2246:PMID
2207:2015
2164:PMID
2088:2013
2063:2014
1997:100
1878:100
1802:Dog
1619:500
1371:and
1273:and
1265:and
1204:and
1198:WASH
1106:and
997:and
940:and
851:and
772:lung
468:and
342:and
291:and
221:and
209:and
7918:MMR
7761:HPV
7751:BCG
7652:HIV
7612:MMR
7418:HPV
7371:Flu
7274:BCG
7247:PCV
7200:Hib
7155:VSD
7062:DNA
6957:J07
5580:ICD
5565:ICD
5394:PMC
5384:hdl
5376:doi
5372:380
5337:doi
5333:126
5174:doi
5114:doi
5064:doi
4940:doi
4901:doi
4861:PMC
4853:hdl
4845:doi
4841:385
4804:PMC
4796:doi
4752:PMC
4744:doi
4740:386
4703:PMC
4693:doi
4560:doi
4556:367
4442:doi
4260:hdl
4189:doi
4148:PMC
4140:doi
4091:doi
4087:346
4083:BMJ
4033:doi
3986:PMC
3976:doi
3937:doi
3900:PMC
3890:doi
3819:PMC
3809:doi
3709:PMC
3701:doi
3660:PMC
3650:doi
3609:PMC
3599:doi
3475:doi
3471:186
3438:PMC
3428:doi
3380:PMC
3370:doi
3255:PMC
3247:doi
3208:doi
3165:doi
3120:doi
3079:PMC
3071:doi
3024:doi
3012:247
2981:doi
2940:doi
2936:134
2888:doi
2884:121
2737:PMC
2721:doi
2680:PMC
2672:doi
2631:PMC
2621:doi
2580:PMC
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