19:
290:
developed-world standards. Many medical treatments and diagnoses were unsophisticated and substandard (with doctors often making diagnoses by interviewing patients without conducting any medical tests), the standard of care provided by healthcare providers was poor, and there was a high risk of infection from surgery. The Soviet healthcare system was plagued by shortages of medical equipment, drugs, and diagnostic chemicals, and lacked many medications and medical technologies available in the
Western world. Its facilities had low technical standards, and medical personnel underwent mediocre training. Soviet hospitals also offered poor hotel amenities such as food and linen. Special hospitals and clinics existed for the
166:
there were 1.5 million sufferers in 1914. 10% of those recruited to the army had tuberculosis. Expenditure on healthcare at that time amounted to 91 kopeks per head of population. There were ten factories in Moscow with their own small hospital in 1903 and 274 had medical personnel on their site. From 1912 legislation encouraged the establishment of contributory hospital schemes. Before 1914 most medical supplies, dressings, drugs, equipment and instruments had been imported from
Germany. During the war mortality of the injured was very high. Most died from sepsis but more than 16% from typhus. As many as 10,000 doctors conscripted to the army died between 1914 and 1920.
355:
366:
326:
medical insurance (OMS) rather than just tax funding. This and the introduction of new free market providers was intended to promote both efficiency and patient choice. A purchaser-provider split was also expected to help facilitate the restructuring of care, as resources would migrate to where there was greatest demand, reduce the excess capacity in the hospital sector and stimulate the development of primary care. Finally, it was intended that insurance contributions would supplement budget revenues and thus help to maintain adequate levels of healthcare funding.
279:— centralized, integrated, and hierarchically organised with the government providing state-funded health care to all citizens. All health personnel were state employees. Control of communicable diseases had priority over non-communicable ones. On the whole, the Soviet system tended to prioritize primary care, and placed much emphasis on specialist and hospital care. P. Mihály, writing in 2000, characterized the original Semashko model as a "coherent, cost-effective system to cope with the medical necessities of its own time".
2685:
2667:
2649:
2631:
318:
5377:
260:
5406:
582:
743:
243:. The emergency service, Skoraya Medical Care, revived after 1917. By 1927 there were 50 stations offering basic medical aid to victims of road accidents and of accidents in public places and responding to medical emergencies. The Scientific Practical Skoraya Care Institute opened in 1932 in Leningrad, running training courses for doctors. 15% of the emergency work was with children under 14.
203:(RSFSR) and served in that role from 11 July 1918 until 25 January 1930. It was to be "responsible for all matters involving the people's health and for the establishment of all regulations (pertaining to it) with the aim of improving the health standards of the nation and of abolishing all conditions prejudicial to health" according to the
338:
effective choice of insurer, and in many places, no choice of health care provider either. The insurance companies have failed to develop as active, informed purchasers of health care services. Most are passive intermediaries, making money by simply channelling funds from regional OMS funds to healthcare providers.
545:, the government is implementing a number of programs designed to increase the birth rate and attract more immigrants to alleviate the problem. The government has doubled monthly child support payments and offered a one-time payment of 250,000 Rubles (around US$ 4,000) to women who had a second child since 2007.
572:
Soviet dental technology and dental health were considered notoriously bad. In 1991, the average 35-year-old had 12 to 14 cavities, fillings or missing teeth. Toothpaste was often not available, and toothbrushes did not conform to standards of modern dentistry. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
563:
In 2007, Russia saw the highest birth rate since the collapse of the USSR. The First Deputy PM also said about 20 billion rubles (about US$ 1 billion) will be invested in new prenatal centres in Russia in 2008–2009. Immigration is increasingly seen as necessary to sustain the country's population. By
60:
since 1993. In 2008, 621,000 doctors and 1.3 million nurses were employed in
Russian healthcare. The number of doctors per 10,000 people was 43.8, but only 12.1 in rural areas. The number of general practitioners as a share of the total number of doctors was 1.26 percent. There are about 9.3 beds per
289:
The effectiveness of the new model declined with under-investment, with the quality of care beginning to decline by the early 1980s, though in 1985 the Soviet Union had four times the number of doctors and hospital beds per head compared with the USA. The quality of Soviet medical care became low by
169:
However, in the field of school hygiene, tsarist Russia surpassed its
Western neighbors in the development and implementation of school hygiene measures to protect the health of children in the nation's schools. By 1900, Russia had endowed school doctors with more authority over school buildings and
165:
Some aspects of the healthcare conditions in
Tsarist Russia have been considered "appalling". In 1912, an interdepartmental commission concluded that 'a vast part of Russia has as yet absolutely no provisions for medical aid'. The All Russia League of Struggle Against Venereal Disease estimated that
282:
The integrated model achieved considerable success in dealing with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid fever and typhus. The Soviet healthcare system provided Soviet citizens with competent, free medical care and contributed to the improvement of health in the USSR. By the 1960s, life
246:
Spending on medical services increased from 140.2 million rubles per year to 384.9 million rubles between 1923 and 1927, but funding from that point barely kept up with population increases. By 1928 there were 158,514 hospital beds in urban areas, 59,230 in rural areas, 5,673 medical-centre beds in
178:
The
Bolsheviks announced in 1917 requirements for "comprehensive sanitary legislation", clean water supply, national canalisation and sanitary supervision over commercial and industrial enterprises and residential housing. The All—Russia Congress of Nurses Union, founded in 1917, in 1918 had 18,000
345:
the constitutional right to healthcare is "blocked by opaque and bureaucratic systems of planning and regulation", reimbursement rates which do not cover providers costs and high levels of informal payment to secure timely access. There is a "mosaic" of federal and state level agencies responsible
303:
between 1950 and 1980, the lack of money that had been going into health was patently obvious. Some of the smaller hospitals had no radiology services, and a few had inadequate heating or water. A 1989 survey found that 20% of
Russian hospitals did not have piped hot water and 3% did not even have
183:
announced a broad and comprehensive list of benefits to be covered by social insurance funds in
October 1917, including accident and sickness, health care, and maternity leave, but funding intended to come from employers was not available. By December 1917 benefits were restricted to wage earners.
1686:
In 1929 the government economic planning agency, Gosplan USSR, projected health spending to be 16% of total government budget, a 5.6% increase in the number of hospital beds and a 6.9% increase in the number of doctors but once again there was only a slight increase in per capita spending, around
746:
Graph 2. A – mining and quarrying; B – manufacturing; C – agriculture, hunting, and forestry; D– transport and communication; E – construction; F – production and dispensation of electricity, gas, and water; G – health and social services; H – Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles,
325:
The new Russia has changed to a mixed model of health care with private financing and provision running alongside state financing and provision. Article 41 of the 1993 constitution confirmed a citizen's right to healthcare and medical assistance free of charge. This is achieved through compulsory
230:
In 1923 there were 5440 physicians in Moscow. 4190 were salaried state physicians. 956 were registered as unemployed. Low salaries were often supplemented by private practice. In 1930 17.5% of Moscow doctors were in private practice. The number of medical students increased from 19,785 in 1913 to
226:
Most pharmacies and pharmaceutical factories were nationalised in 1917 but it was not a uniform process. In 1923 25% of pharmacies were still privately owned. There was heavy reliance on imported medicine and ingredients. 70% of all pharmaceuticals and 88% of drugs were produced locally by 1928.
337:
The resulting system is overly complex and very inefficient. It has little in common with the model envisaged by the reformers. Although there are more than 300 private insurers and numerous public ones in the market, real competition for patients is rare leaving most patients with little or no
518:
Since 1996 government health facilities have been allowed to offer private services, and since 2011 some private providers have been providing services to the state-insured. The private sector in Moscow has expanded rapidly. One chain, Doktor Ryadom, treats half its patients under the official
148:
since 2014, major cuts in health spending have resulted in a decline in the quality of service of the state healthcare system. About 40% of basic medical facilities have fewer staff than they are supposed to have, with others being closed down. Waiting periods for treatment have increased, and
131:
After the end of the Soviet Union, Russian healthcare became composed of state and private systems. Drastic cuts in funding to the state-run healthcare system brought declines in the quality of healthcare it provided. This made pricier private facilities competitive by marketing themselves as
449:
The
Russian health insurance market is oriented towards large companies, with corporate clients accounting for 90% of all the policies. Small and medium-sized enterprises are far less likely to provide healthcare. Some companies choose to offer health insurance only to selected categories of
735:
for many decades (1990–2010) ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 cases per 10,000 employees. For modern Russia it is typical to have huge differences in occupational morbidity rates among various industries, ranging from 0.02 per 10,000 workers in wholesale and retail to 30 per 10,000 workers in mining.
388:
In 2011, Moscow's government launched a major project known as UMIAS as part of its electronic healthcare initiative. UMIAS stands for
Integrated Medical Information and Analytical System of Moscow. The aim of the project is to make healthcare more convenient and accessible for Muscovites.
707:
The Soviet period is characterized as the period of development of hygiene in the country. The government was controlling the hygiene at all the organizations in USSR. The scientific research institute of hygiene and occupational health was established in Moscow in 1923, where the Soviet
308:
needed basic reconstruction. By 1997, five years after the reforms described below, WHO estimated health expenditure per capita in the Russian Federation in 1997 as 251 US dollars, as opposed to $ 1,211 in Spain, $ 1,193 in the UK, $ 1,539 in Finland and $ 3,724 in the United States.
453:
Most of the individuals who buy health insurance are related to people covered by employer-sponsored schemes, with the rest accounting for less than 2% of all policies. As companies cut back on their healthcare policies, employees in some cases resort to buying them individually.
333:
reported that the reforms only exasperated existing issues in the Soviet system. The population's health has deteriorated on virtually every measure. Private health care delivery has not managed to make many inroads and public provision of health care still predominates.
446:. The average yearly cost of an employer-sponsored scheme ranged from 30,000 to 40,000 rubles ($ 530 - $ 700) in 2016, while prices for individuals were about 30% higher. Critical conditions, such as cancer or heart disease, are often excluded from entry-level policies.
731:; the economic dependence of the medical organizations from the employer during the procedure of mandatory medical examinations; and fear of a worker losing his or her job. Due to the aforementioned reasons, the officially registered occupational morbidity rate in the
207:
in 1921. It established new organisations, sometimes replacing old ones: the All Russia Federated Union of Medical Workers, the Military Sanitary Board, the State Institute for Social Hygiene, the Petrograd Skoraya Emergency Care, and the Psychiatry Commission.
184:
Social insurance was re-organised as a five-tier sickness- and accident-benefit scheme which in principle included healthcare and medical treatment by October 1918. Ongoing problems in collecting contributions from employers continued at least until 1924.
376:
Starting 2000, there was significant growth in spending for public healthcare and in 2006 it exceed the pre-1991 level in real terms. Also life expectancy increased from 1991–93 levels, infant mortality rate dropped from 18.1 in 1995 to 8.4 in 2008.
630:
79:
in 2016 was 146.8 million. Among this population, the number of employed individuals reached 72.3 million, involved in the 99 main types of productive and nonproductive activities. In modern conditions, the world experts estimate the overall
622:
408:, has experienced sustained levels of growth, owing to dissatisfaction with the level of services provided by state hospitals. It was introduced in October 1992. Perceived advantages of private healthcare include access to modern
694:
72:, US$ 957 per person in 2013. About 48% comes from government sources which primarily come from medical insurance deductions from salaries. About 5% of the population, mostly in major cities, have voluntary health insurance.
238:
There were 12 bacteriological institutes in 1914. 25 more opened in the years up to 1937, some in the outlying regions such as the Regional Institute for Microbiology and Epidemiology in South East Russia which was based in
384:
which included a plan to double the wages of healthcare staff by 2018 and gradual privatisation of state health services. In November 2014 the wage rises in Moscow led to the closure of 15 hospitals and 7,000 redundancies.
2377:
431:, the proportion of companies offering health insurance fell from 36% to 32% in 2016. The number of people covered by a voluntary healthcare policy in Moscow was 3.1 million in 2014, or 20.8% of the population.
140:
bringing back higher funding to the state-owned healthcare system. The state healthcare system greatly improved throughout the 2000s, with health spending per person rising from $ 96 in 2000 to $ 957 in 2013.
1087:
Mazitova, Nailya N.; Simonova, Nadejda I.; Onyebeke, Lynn C.; Moskvichev, Andrey V.; Adeninskaya, Elena E.; Kretov, Andrey S.; Trofimova, Marina V.; Sabitova, Minzilya M.; Bushmanov, Andrey Yu (1 July 2015).
704:
In 1918 the Soviet Labour Code was written. In 1922 the Code was supplemented by regulations for: work in dangerous and hazardous conditions, labour of women and children, working night shifts, etc.
5047:
4982:
162:
The Medical Sanitary Workers Union was founded in 1820. Vaccination against smallpox was compulsory for children from 1885. The Russian Pharmacy Society for Mutual Assistance was founded in 1895.
1137:
1893:
1925:
515:
is unusual among large insurance companies in that individual customers account for 40% of the policies. Some insurance companies, such as Ingosstrakh, also own a network of clinics.
4489:
3257:
564:
2010, number of Russians dropped by 4.31% (4.87 million) from the year of 2000, during the period whole Russia's population died out just by 1.59% (from 145.17 to 142.86 million).
4669:
2369:
2222:
1411:
One of the first decrees signed by the Bolsheviks called for 'comprehensive sanitary legislation governing clean water, sewerage, industrial enterprises and residential housing.'
656:
in the process of labour activity which includes legal, socioeconomic, organizational, technical, sanitary, medical, treatment, preventive, rehabilitative and other measures.
427:
Revenues for the leading private medical institutions in the country reached €1 billion by 2014, with double-digit levels of growth in the previous years. As a result of the
4461:
4466:
477:
2090:
2000:
854:. It can be assumed that with the current system of diagnosis and registration of occupational diseases, the level of occupational morbidity will continue to decline.
2405:
4547:
4514:
4446:
2618:
4484:
476:, which has a network of dialysis centers in the country. Fertility and maternity clinics are an important element of the Russian private healthcare network. The
247:
urban areas and 7,531 in rural areas, 18,241 maternity beds in urban areas and 9,097 in rural areas. 2000 new hospitals were built between 1928 and 1932. In 1929
1049:
5397:
5005:
3781:
878:
1159:
3474:
727:
and the low level of their education; inadequate medical regulations for conducting mandatory medical examinations and for diagnosis and registration of
1673:
1199:
5191:
4976:
3091:
500:
41:
2347:
2120:
2061:
18:
5392:
5026:
4988:
1642:
1129:
5410:
5036:
4932:
715:, the level of occupational morbidity in Russia has been lower than in most industrial countries. These levels are explained by a complex set of
512:
496:
1271:
5297:
4163:
4090:
608:
5000:
4950:
2187:
1960:
204:
1918:
1643:
Messel', Meer Abramovich; John E. Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences; Geographic Health Studies (1975).
4540:
2879:
200:
1885:
2971:
645:
428:
145:
2218:
2026:
615:
2931:
1167:
2149:
993:
3856:
1649:. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. pp. 5–7.
5381:
5170:
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3298:
3213:
2740:
2555:
458:
435:
5357:
5216:
4629:
4097:
3514:
2437:
128:
were reported, representing 5.5 cases per 100,000 in the general population, a rate much less than in many European countries.
2315:
2086:
1992:
4291:
3609:
3272:
2951:
2398:
1835:
1796:
1761:
1594:
1397:
1307:
1043:
3993:
5337:
4221:
3943:
3655:
2908:
1392:. California Series in Public Anthropology. Vol. 30. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 28.
1727:'the original Semashko model was a coherent, cost-effective system to cope with the medical necessities of its own time' .
286:
In the 1970s, a transition was made from the Semashko model to a model that emphasizes specialization in outpatient care.
4619:
3886:
2830:
272:
180:
5287:
4156:
3388:
3007:
2150:"Анализ рынка ДМС в России в 2011–2015 гг, прогноз на 2016–2020 гг, BusinesStat, 2016 - РБК маркетинговые исследования"
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5210:
5200:
4955:
3821:
3710:
3645:
2946:
2805:
1714:
1558:
381:
304:
piped cold water. 7% did not have a telephone. 17% lacked adequate sanitation facilities. Every seventh hospital and
2252:
4428:
4241:
3569:
3552:
3218:
2282:
4266:
3363:
2901:
1946:
712:
5387:
5252:
4907:
4644:
4556:
3968:
3594:
3027:
369:
116:
in which the levels of exposure in the workplace exceed the national hygienic standards. However, the level of
113:
2460:
5432:
5123:
4876:
4504:
4456:
4353:
4348:
4149:
3764:
3479:
3303:
3263:
3017:
2941:
2936:
2840:
2404:. Population Division; Department of Economic and Social Affairs; United Nations Secretariat. 6–8 July 2005.
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1195:
188:
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over the past few decades have declined, despite the continued increase in the proportion of jobs with poor
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4851:
4639:
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4030:
3933:
3584:
3534:
3398:
3243:
3208:
2891:
1346:"Nurturing a "Great Social Organism": School Hygiene, Body Politics, and the State in Late Imperial Russia"
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644:(Section X, Chapter 33, Article 209), the occupational health (or labour protection) – is a system of the
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4902:
4866:
4704:
4313:
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3557:
3464:
3418:
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3113:
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883:
868:
405:
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196:
45:
1589:. American university studies: Series IX, History, ISSN 0740-0462. Vol. 202. New York: Peter Lang.
84:
of the Russian working population (men 18–60 years, women 18–55 years) to be rather low due to the high
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235:
took over the Commissariat of Public Health in 1930 90% of the doctors in Russia worked for the State.
283:
and health expectancies in the Soviet Union approximated to those in the US and in non-Soviet Europe.
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4856:
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4689:
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2179:
2113:"РБК Исследования рынков . В 2014 г. численность пациентов ДМС в Москве составила 3,1 млн человек"
424:, as income levels in most of Russia are still too low to generate a significant level of demand.
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3740:
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1886:"HEALTHCARE REFORM IN RUSSIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT WORKING PAPERS No. 538"
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1608:
Higher pharmacy schools did emerge in Moscow, Leningrad, Khar'kov, Odessa, and some other cities.
1063:
955:
920:
873:
263:
1956 stamp with Red Cross and Red Crescent logo. The text reads, "Protect the health of workers!"
53:
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for specialist treatment. Private health insurance is most common in the larger cities such as
69:
49:
2690:
Roller about the medical center of life flowers. Primorsky Krai. Free port. Vladivostok. 2021.
1827:
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The video about the company PDC "Healthy Vessels". Primorsky Territory, free port. 2021.
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Popovich, L; Potapchik, E; Shishkin, S; Richardson, E; Vacroux, A; Mathivet, B (2011).
888:
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732:
641:
101:
97:
2563:
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More than 90% of all newly diagnosed occupational diseases are found in 4 industries:
296:
which offered a higher standard of care, but one still often below Western standards.
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The video about the company Arthrology. Primorsky Krai. Free port. Vladivostok. 2020.
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The video about the company DV clinic. Free port. G. Artem Primorsky Territory. 2024.
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children's bodies than in France, Germany and United Kingdom, and the United States.
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105:
1268:"Venereal Diseases | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
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For the most part, policies are funded by employers, though insurance can also be
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1090:"Current Status and Prospects of Occupational Medicine in the Russian Federation"
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358:
2399:"United Nations Expert Group Meeting On International Migration and Development"
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321:
A mobile clinic used to provide health care to people at remote railway stations
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patients have been forced to pay for more services that were previously free.
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A Comparative Approach to Policy Analysis: Health Care Policy in Four Nations
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A comparative approach to policy analysis: health care policy in four nations
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A comparative approach to policy analysis: health care policy in four nations
804:
790:
556:
Committee for Health Protection Nikolai Gerasimenko proposed reinstating the
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472:
conglomerate. Foreign healthcare providers with a presence in Russia include
421:
342:
216:
133:
2713:
2708:
1568:
275:(USSR, founded in 1922) developed a totally state-run health-care model—the
5232:
5206:
5196:
4789:
4729:
4699:
3911:
2896:
2886:
1586:
The Soviet pharmaceutical business during its first two decades (1917–1937)
1507:
1332:
The Soviet Pharmaceutical Business During the First Two Decades (1917–1937)
1295:
The Soviet pharmaceutical business during the first two decades (1917–1937)
1115:
1009:
840:
816:
720:
504:
292:
662:
was the first who started talking about occupational and labour health in
5242:
4709:
4604:
4599:
3106:
2913:
2790:
2244:
836:
828:
824:
772:
679:
637:
605:
508:
443:
2537:
1362:
1345:
708:
occupational health specialists got their qualifications and knowledge.
317:
5342:
5292:
5262:
5237:
4759:
4749:
4624:
4614:
4594:
4584:
4141:
3135:
2795:
2785:
2474:"LABOUR CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION NO. 197-FZ OF DECEMBER 30, 2001"
2274:
2245:"В Петербурге составили рейтинг страховщиков, работающих в системе ДМС"
666:. In his book (1763) "First foundations of metallurgy or ore affairs"
626:
619:
612:
553:
519:
insurance scheme at low cost and the other half privately at a profit.
305:
108:. According to official government statistics, 1 of every 3 workers in
89:
57:
4983:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
2523:
2486:
1942:
1160:"Putin's Cutbacks in Health Care Send Russian Mortality Rates Back Up"
5063:
5031:
4769:
4579:
2780:
2703:
2467:
2341:"Childless Russian families to pay taxes for their social inaction,"
800:
268:
259:
212:
192:
1754:
Models of disequilibrium and shortage in centrally planned economies
251:
projected health spending to be 16% of the total government budget.
5307:
4794:
4664:
2344:"Childless Russian families to pay taxes for their social inaction"
2087:"Все меньше компаний приобретают полисы ДМС для сотрудников – НАФИ"
991:
780:
742:
649:
2718:
1086:
674:
process for people working in the mountains, how to improve their
573:
dental skills, products and technology has improved dramatically.
3258:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3140:
1890:
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1450:. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. p. 166.
776:
683:
671:
601:
492:
469:
248:
240:
23:
2488:
Mikhail Lomonosov First foundations of metallurgy or ore affairs
2054:"Рейтинг РБК: 25 крупнейших частных медицинских компаний России"
191:
was established. A Council of Medical Departments was set up in
5093:
2749:
1993:"ДМС в России - добровольное медицинское страхование - MetLife"
762:
675:
653:
417:
121:
109:
81:
32:
1474:"Propagandizing the Healthy, Bolshevik Life in the Early USSR"
581:
299:
Despite a doubling in the number of hospital beds and doctors
215:
for workers was set up, followed in 1925 by the world's first
2461:"Dentistry in Russia is finally leaving the Dark Ages behind"
1130:"In Putin's Russia, Universal Health Care Is for All Who Pay"
832:
488:
487:
Leading providers of healthcare insurance in Russia included
220:
2430:"Росстат опубликовал окончательные итоги переписи населения"
747:
motorcycles, household goods and personal items; I – Others.
1700:
560:, which ended in 1992. So far, it has not been reinstated.
330:
62:
2370:"Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007"
686:
at a work place was established as one of the subjects in
442:, who are required to purchase health insurance to obtain
1788:
Ukraine: Movement without Change, Change without Movement
481:
392:
The private health insurance market, known in Russian as
199:
was appointed People's Commissar of Public Health of the
136:
resigned, privatization was no longer the priority, with
1646:
Urban emergency medical service of the city of Leningrad
697:
was one of the laws enacted first after the fall of the
227:
Local pharmacy schools were established in many cities.
88:, significantly higher male mortality level, and a high
2476:
Signed by President of the Russian Federation V. Putin.
2023:"За медуслуги платят более половины российских горожан"
1389:
Blind Spot: How Neoliberalism Infiltrated Global Health
1756:. Charemza, W. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 447.
1248:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
1225:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
457:
The largest private healthcare provider by revenue is
361:
development in Russia by gender and type of settlement
5006:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1082:
1080:
960:
925:
879:
List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy
1553:. Kiev: Politvidav Ukraini Publishers. p. 139.
670:
first touched the issue of organization of work and
723:problems: an insufficient number of specialists in
124:remains extremely low. In 2014, only 8175 cases of
5192:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
4977:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
4555:
1077:
843:. Detailed numbers are introduced in the Graph 2.
600:. This notion can be translated and explained as
5424:
4989:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
2081:
2079:
1582:
5037:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
1548:
2538:"Occupational hygiene and health care history"
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
26:is the most common type of ambulance in Russia
5001:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
4951:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
4541:
4157:
2734:
2076:
1620:Sigerist, Henry Ernest; Older, Julia (1947).
1619:
1520:
1423:Sigerist, Henry Ernest; Older, Julia (1947).
1422:
948:
2219:"Спрос на платные медицинские услуги растет"
2048:
2046:
2044:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1935:
1913:
1911:
1872:"The Constitution of the Russian Federation"
1826:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p.
1549:Lazebnyk, Stanislav; Orlenko, Pavlo (1989).
438:. Another important market for insurers are
201:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2502:Heller, P. R. (1951). "Soviet Labour Law".
1791:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 91.
1706:The Social Crisis in the Russian Federation
1624:. New York: The Citadel Press. p. 53.
1427:. New York: The Citadel Press. p. 77.
1016:
231:63,162 in 1928 and to 76,027 by 1932. When
132:providing better-quality healthcare. After
4645:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
4548:
4534:
4164:
4150:
2741:
2727:
2314:—Federal Research Division. October 2006.
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
1919:"Public Spending in Russia for Healthcare"
994:"Russian Federation. Health system review"
815:All the other procents are shared between
480:network of clinics accounts for 9% of all
2458:
2337:
2335:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2041:
1978:
1908:
1497:
1385:
1361:
1343:
1105:
404:) to distinguish it from state-sponsored
402:добровольное медицинское страхование, ДМС
42:Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund
4171:
2237:
2172:
1243:
1220:
1031:
741:
580:
364:
353:
316:
258:
17:
5171:Immediately dangerous to life or health
3394:Collective Security Treaty Organization
2135:
2105:
1943:"Russian State Institute of Demography"
1670:"Health Reform in Revolutionary Russia"
1622:Medicine and health in the Soviet Union
1527:Medicine and Health in the Soviet Union
1425:Medicine and health in the Soviet Union
1196:"Health Reform in Revolutionary Russia"
985:
40:, is provided by the state through the
5425:
5358:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
4630:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2501:
2332:
2202:
1784:
1709:. Paris: OECD Publishing. p. 95.
1667:
1468:
1291:
1193:
1180:Introduced in the 1810s. Kan, Sergei:
1035:In Search of the Perfect Health System
576:
349:
312:
173:
68:Expenditure on healthcare was 6.5% of
61:thousand population—nearly double the
50:Constitution of the Russian Federation
4529:
4145:
2952:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
2722:
2380:from the original on January 10, 2009
1896:from the original on 13 November 2016
1819:
1751:
1445:
969:
931:
5405:
5048:Working Environment Convention, 1977
4091:Unified Sports Classification System
1699:
1448:Labour policy in the USSR, 1917–1928
1038:. London: Palgrave. pp. 81–84.
971:[rɐˈsʲijskəjəfʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]
846:Occupational morbidity rates in the
592:There is no standard definition of "
503:as well as the formerly state-owned
5217:Workers' right to access the toilet
2748:
2411:from the original on 2 January 2008
1676:from the original on 30 August 2017
1202:from the original on 30 August 2017
1064:"Russian Statistical Yearbook 2018"
522:
273:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
181:The People's Commissariat of Labour
13:
5288:International Chemical Safety Card
3389:Commonwealth of Independent States
2704:World Health Organization – Russia
2491:(in Russian) – via prlib.ru.
2285:from the original on 25 April 2017
2275:""Ингосстраху" требуются пациенты"
2255:from the original on 24 April 2017
2225:from the original on 24 April 2017
2190:from the original on 24 April 2017
2123:from the original on 24 April 2017
2093:from the original on 24 April 2017
2029:from the original on 24 April 2017
2003:from the original on 24 April 2017
1140:from the original on 25 April 2017
693:The law about 8-hours working day
688:Saint Petersburg Mining University
254:
14:
5444:
5298:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
4956:International Labour Organization
2604:
2064:from the original on 1 March 2017
1478:American Journal of Public Health
484:treatment cycles in the country.
380:In May 2012 Putin signed the May
5404:
5376:
5375:
2683:
2665:
2647:
2629:
2440:from the original on 27 May 2015
1949:from the original on 2011-05-14.
1931:from the original on 2016-03-03.
1752:Davis, Christopher, ed. (1989).
1672:. Socialist Health Association.
1298:. New York: Peter Lang. p.
1198:. Socialist Health Association.
1052:from the original on 2017-04-24.
548:In 2006, the Minister of Health
468:, whose main shareholder is the
346:for managing the public system.
211:In 1920 the world's first state
2585:"Стр. 64 - 8 часов - Апрель'15"
2577:
2556:"History of the labour hygiene"
2548:
2530:
2495:
2479:
2452:
2422:
2391:
2362:
2350:from the original on 2013-06-03
2321:from the original on 2008-01-02
2297:
2267:
2015:
1953:
1878:
1864:
1852:
1820:Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004).
1813:
1778:
1745:
1732:
1692:
1668:Khwaja, Barbara (26 May 2017).
1661:
1636:
1613:
1583:Schaeffer Conroy, Mary (2006).
1575:
1542:
1514:
1462:
1439:
1416:
1378:
1337:
1324:
1292:Conroy, Mary Schaeffer (2006).
1285:
1274:from the original on 2017-06-13
1260:
1237:
1214:
1194:Khwaja, Barbara (26 May 2017).
1187:
713:dissolution of the Soviet Union
558:Soviet-era tax on childlessness
5253:Environment, health and safety
4908:Occupational health psychology
4557:Occupational safety and health
2025:. Vedomosti. 24 October 2011.
1823:Daily life in the Soviet Union
1350:History of Education Quarterly
1174:
1152:
1122:
1056:
938:
905:
631:(Медико-социальная экспертиза)
370:Far Eastern Federal University
205:Council of People's Commissars
157:
1:
5124:Personal protective equipment
4877:Workplace health surveillance
3299:Political abuse of psychiatry
1859:WHO: World Health Report 2000
1551:Ukraine questions and answers
979:
189:Commissariat of Public Health
5166:Standard operating procedure
5099:Hierarchy of hazard controls
4852:Hierarchy of hazard controls
3944:Traditions and superstitions
2562:(in Russian). Archived from
998:Health Systems in Transition
695:(Восьмичасовой рабочий день)
682:. From the end of 1800s the
623:(Производственная санитария)
567:
223:, for agricultural workers.
44:, and regulated through the
7:
5303:NIOSH air filtration rating
4995:Health and Safety Executive
4903:Occupational health nursing
4867:Occupational exposure limit
4705:Hospital-acquired infection
4670:Exposure to human nail dust
3610:Water supply and sanitation
2709:Medical Tourism Association
2359:(accessed January 3, 2010.)
1530:. Citadel Press. p. 25
1386:Keshavjee, Salmaan (2014).
1244:Leichter, Howard M (1980).
1221:Leichter, Howard M (1980).
961:
926:
869:List of hospitals in Russia
857:
757:% of occupational diseases
678:, and how to ventilate the
552:and Deputy Chairman of the
543:Russia's demographic crisis
406:Mandatory Medical Insurance
10:
5449:
5363:Workplace health promotion
5268:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
5042:Worker Protection Standard
4745:Noise-induced hearing loss
1107:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.10.002
884:Russian Ministry of Health
526:
429:financial crisis in Russia
394:voluntary health insurance
152:
114:harmful working conditions
96:, especially those of the
5371:
5225:
5179:
5056:
5019:
4969:
4961:World Health Organization
4943:
4931:
4885:
4872:Occupational epidemiology
4857:Prevention through design
4808:
4715:Laboratory animal allergy
4640:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
4615:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
4563:
4475:
4437:
4179:
4110:
3867:
3631:
3622:
3455:
3446:
3199:
3190:
2998:
2989:
2924:
2766:
2757:
2714:Major Hospitals in Russia
2682:
2664:
2646:
2628:
2616:
2611:
2516:10.1080/09668135108409794
2305:"Country Profile: Russia"
949:
915:
401:
5278:Hostile work environment
5258:Environmental toxicology
5151:Redundancy (engineering)
4765:Repetitive strain injury
3384:Prime Minister of Russia
2621:Official YouTube Channel
2180:"Куда идти прикрепиться"
1490:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304049
1446:Dewar, Margaret (1956).
1330:Schaeffer Conroy, Mary:
899:
664:pre-revolutionary Russia
179:members in 56 branches.
146:Russian financial crisis
94:noncommunicable diseases
5323:Quality of working life
5109:Administrative controls
3822:Social entrepreneurship
3711:Forced public apologies
3646:Anti-American sentiment
1524:; Older, Julia (1947).
1344:Fumurescu, Ana (2022).
1094:Annals of Global Health
1032:Britnell, Mark (2015).
962:Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
874:Mental health in Russia
4918:Occupational therapist
4898:Industrial engineering
4690:Glassblower's cataract
4655:Decompression sickness
4222:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3570:Social security system
3553:Science and technology
3219:Classified information
3045:Central Russian Upland
2619:Made in FarEast Arctik
1785:Dyczok, Marta (2013).
1522:Sigerist, Henry Ernest
1170:on September 20, 2016.
1004:(7): 1–190, xiii–xiv.
823:, and dispensation of
748:
589:
533:Demographics of Russia
436:purchased individually
373:
362:
322:
264:
118:occupational morbidity
70:Gross Domestic Product
27:
5388:Occupational diseases
5353:Workers' compensation
4913:Occupational medicine
4775:Silo-filler's disease
4740:Mule spinners' cancer
4173:Healthcare in Europe
4031:Russian tsars regalia
3364:Intelligence agencies
3087:Great Russian Regions
2831:Expansion (1500-1800)
2346:. 15 September 2006.
1738:Leichter, Howard M.:
745:
729:occupational diseases
725:occupational medicine
584:
541:In an effort to stem
368:
357:
320:
262:
126:occupational diseases
21:
5433:Healthcare in Russia
5114:Engineering controls
5089:Emergency evacuation
4893:Environmental health
4660:De Quervain syndrome
4650:Concussions in sport
4098:World Heritage sites
3475:Droughts and famines
3028:Environmental issues
2776:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2376:. February 2, 2008.
950:Российская Федерация
894:Russian Medical Fund
77:population of Russia
22:Ambulance car-based
5248:Effects of overtime
5131:Job safety analysis
5119:Hazard substitution
5084:Emergency procedure
4862:Exposure assessment
4847:Occupational stress
4840:Psychosocial hazard
4820:Occupational hazard
4685:Flock worker's lung
4438:States with limited
3949:Forms of addressing
3558:Academy of Sciences
3515:Financial districts
3379:President of Russia
3304:Political divisions
3264:Freedom of assembly
3146:West Siberian Plain
2892:Great Patriotic War
2853:February Revolution
2312:Library of Congress
2281:. 20 January 2011.
2249:Страхование сегодня
2221:. 9 November 2015.
1363:10.1017/heq.2021.58
594:occupational health
577:Occupational health
350:Recent developments
313:Reform in 1991–1993
233:Mikhail Vladimirsky
174:Early Soviet period
5283:Indoor air quality
5187:Diving regulations
5104:Hazard elimination
4923:Safety engineering
3999:Russian given name
3585:Telecommunications
3535:Petroleum industry
3399:State of emergency
3244:Far-right politics
3209:Capital punishment
3055:Meshchera Lowlands
2909:Russian Federation
2865:October Revolution
2463:. Chicago Tribune.
2459:Niedowski (2007).
2374:The Economic Times
2279:Коммерсантъ (Омск)
933:[rɐˈsʲijə]
889:Abortion in Russia
852:working conditions
848:Russian Federation
749:
733:Russian Federation
642:Russian Federation
590:
587:working conditions
374:
363:
323:
267:As a self-defined
265:
56:the right to free
46:Ministry of Health
38:Russian Federation
28:
5420:
5419:
5333:Safety data sheet
5146:Operations manual
5027:Bangladesh Accord
5015:
5014:
4825:Biological hazard
4523:
4522:
4139:
4138:
4106:
4105:
3686:Domestic violence
3618:
3617:
3540:Russian oligarchs
3465:Aircraft industry
3442:
3441:
3419:Mass surveillance
3409:Search and rescue
3374:Political parties
3254:Foreign relations
3186:
3185:
2985:
2984:
2977:Historical cities
2836:Tsardom of Russia
2700:
2699:
2089:. 4 August 2016.
1837:978-0-313-31628-9
1798:978-1-134-43262-2
1763:978-0-412-28420-5
1596:978-0-8204-7899-9
1484:(11): 1718–1724.
1472:(November 2017).
1470:Starks, Tricia A.
1399:978-0-520-95873-9
1309:978-0-8204-7899-9
1045:978-1-137-49661-4
959:
924:
813:
812:
668:Mikhail Lomonosov
660:Mikhail Lomonosov
440:immigrant workers
410:medical equipment
52:has provided all
5440:
5408:
5407:
5379:
5378:
5074:Contingency plan
5069:Code of practice
4941:
4940:
4735:Metal fume fever
4550:
4543:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4476:Dependencies and
4180:Sovereign states
4166:
4159:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4119:
4066:Russian language
4009:National symbols
3629:
3628:
3548:
3505:Fishing industry
3495:Economic regions
3490:Defence industry
3453:
3452:
3197:
3196:
3151:Russian Far East
3050:Northwest Russia
3008:Cities and towns
2996:
2995:
2858:Russian Republic
2764:
2763:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2560:ogigienetruda.ru
2552:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2156:. Archived from
2154:marketing.rbc.ru
2146:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2117:marketing.rbc.ru
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1166:. Archived from
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1071:geohistory.today
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1029:
1014:
1013:
989:
974:
973:
968:
964:
954:
952:
951:
942:
936:
935:
929:
919:
917:
909:
864:Health in Russia
839:, fisheries and
751:
750:
629:at a work place
598:Russian language
523:Pro-natal policy
501:AlfaStrakhovanie
478:Mother and Child
467:
403:
197:Nikolai Semashko
106:digestive system
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5367:
5348:Toxic workplace
5328:Risk management
5221:
5175:
5156:Risk assessment
5052:
5011:
4965:
4936:
4927:
4881:
4835:Physical hazard
4830:Chemical hazard
4811:
4804:
4569:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4524:
4519:
4477:
4471:
4457:Northern Cyprus
4439:
4433:
4354:North Macedonia
4175:
4170:
4140:
4135:
4122:
4115:
4102:
4061:Public holidays
4056:Political jokes
4041:Personification
3994:Names of Russia
3863:
3782:Life expectancy
3614:
3546:
3438:
3289:Law enforcement
3182:
3168:Protected areas
3065:Smolensk Upland
3060:Oka–Don Lowland
3040:European Russia
2981:
2920:
2806:Mongol invasion
2753:
2747:
2689:
2684:
2671:
2666:
2653:
2648:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2612:External videos
2607:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2500:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1961:"EMIAS, Moscow"
1959:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1838:
1818:
1814:
1799:
1783:
1779:
1764:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1697:
1693:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1662:
1641:
1637:
1618:
1614:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1561:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1467:
1463:
1444:
1440:
1421:
1417:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1383:
1379:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1310:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1242:
1238:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1136:. 13 May 2015.
1128:
1127:
1123:
1085:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1046:
1030:
1017:
990:
986:
982:
977:
966:
943:
939:
910:
906:
902:
860:
609:(Гигиена труда)
579:
570:
550:Mikhail Zurabov
539:
537:Aging of Europe
525:
461:
359:Life expectancy
352:
315:
277:Semashko system
257:
255:Semashko system
176:
160:
155:
12:
11:
5:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5338:Source control
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5313:Process safety
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5273:Health physics
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5204:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:Safety culture
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Permit To Work
5138:
5136:Lockout-tagout
5133:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
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5050:
5045:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4938:
4929:
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4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4816:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4800:Writer's cramp
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4755:Pneumoconiosis
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:Lead poisoning
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Golfer's elbow
4692:
4687:
4682:
4680:Fiddler's neck
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Chronic stress
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:Cardiovascular
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4478:other entities
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4429:United Kingdom
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4242:Czech Republic
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
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3941:
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3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3575:Space industry
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:Urban planning
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3249:Federal budget
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:North Caucasus
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3092:Highest points
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3037:
3035:Extreme points
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
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2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2848:Russian Empire
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752: articles
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2680:
2679:
2662:
2661:
2644:
2643:
2626:
2625:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2605:External links
2603:
2601:
2600:
2576:
2547:
2529:
2504:Soviet Studies
2494:
2478:
2466:
2451:
2421:
2390:
2361:
2331:
2296:
2266:
2236:
2201:
2171:
2134:
2104:
2075:
2040:
2014:
1999:(in Russian).
1977:
1952:
1934:
1907:
1877:
1863:
1851:
1836:
1812:
1797:
1777:
1762:
1744:
1731:
1715:
1691:
1660:
1635:
1612:
1595:
1574:
1559:
1541:
1513:
1461:
1438:
1415:
1398:
1377:
1336:
1323:
1308:
1284:
1259:
1236:
1213:
1186:
1182:Memory Eternal
1173:
1151:
1121:
1100:(4): 576–586.
1076:
1055:
1044:
1015:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:
937:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
859:
856:
811:
810:
807:
805:communications
797:
796:
793:
787:
786:
783:
769:
768:
765:
759:
758:
755:
699:Russian Empire
616:(Охрана труда)
578:
575:
569:
566:
524:
521:
372:Medical Center
351:
348:
314:
311:
256:
253:
175:
172:
159:
156:
154:
151:
138:Vladimir Putin
112:is exposed to
86:mortality rate
31:Healthcare in
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5445:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5413:
5412:
5403:
5399:
5398:Organizations
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
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5351:
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5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:Public health
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
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5289:
5286:
5284:
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5269:
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5261:
5259:
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5249:
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5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5211:United States
5208:
5205:
5202:
5201:United States
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
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5157:
5154:
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5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:Diving safety
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:International
4942:
4939:
4937:organizations
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4810:Occupational
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Sports injury
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Low back pain
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:Farmer's lung
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4565:Occupational
4562:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Faroe Islands
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:South Ossetia
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Liechtenstein
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Seven Wonders
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Playing cards
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
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3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3741:Mental health
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Ethnic groups
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
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3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
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3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Civil defense
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Media freedom
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Criminal code
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Civil Service
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Russian state
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2590:
2589:www.8hours.ru
2586:
2580:
2566:on 2019-09-05
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:(4): 378–86.
2509:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2160:on 2017-04-24
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1718:
1716:9789264192454
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1560:9785319003867
1556:
1552:
1545:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1255:
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1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1161:
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1139:
1135:
1134:Bloomberg.com
1131:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
984:
972:
963:
957:
946:
941:
934:
928:
922:
913:
908:
904:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
855:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
799:
798:
794:
792:
791:Manufacturing
789:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
753:
752:
744:
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:socioeconomic
714:
709:
705:
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:According to
634:
632:
628:
624:
621:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
583:
574:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
538:
534:
530:
529:Russian Cross
520:
516:
514:
513:RESO-Garantia
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:RESO-Garantia
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
460:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
422:St Petersburg
419:
415:
414:waiting lists
411:
407:
399:
395:
390:
386:
383:
378:
371:
367:
360:
356:
347:
344:
343:Mark Britnell
341:According to
339:
335:
332:
327:
319:
310:
307:
302:
297:
295:
294:
287:
284:
280:
278:
274:
271:society, the
270:
261:
252:
250:
244:
242:
236:
234:
228:
224:
222:
218:
217:health resort
214:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
182:
171:
167:
163:
150:
147:
142:
139:
135:
134:Boris Yeltsin
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
73:
71:
66:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
25:
20:
16:
5409:
5380:
5207:Right to sit
5197:Potty parity
4790:Tennis elbow
4785:Surfer's ear
4730:Mesothelioma
4700:Hearing loss
4467:Transnistria
4378:
4019:Coat of arms
3979:Martial arts
3887:Army culture
3877:Architecture
3847:Witch trials
3802:Prostitution
3748:Human rights
3730:
3681:Demographics
3595:Trade unions
3565:Shipbuilding
3525:Homelessness
3485:Central Bank
3480:Car industry
3319:Conservatism
3229:Constitution
3224:Conscription
2897:Eastern Bloc
2887:Soviet Union
2880:Russian SFSR
2810:Feudal Rus'
2623:(in Russian)
2592:. Retrieved
2588:
2579:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:the original
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2487:
2481:
2469:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2373:
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2323:. Retrieved
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2278:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2248:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2192:. Retrieved
2183:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2153:
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2066:. Retrieved
2057:
2031:. Retrieved
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1996:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1937:
1898:. Retrieved
1889:
1880:
1866:
1861:, pp 192-195
1854:
1822:
1815:
1787:
1780:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1720:. Retrieved
1705:
1694:
1685:
1678:. Retrieved
1663:
1645:
1638:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1600:. Retrieved
1585:
1577:
1550:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1526:
1516:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1447:
1441:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1403:. Retrieved
1388:
1380:
1356:(1): 61–83.
1353:
1349:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1294:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1262:
1245:
1239:
1222:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1189:
1181:
1176:
1168:the original
1163:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1133:
1124:
1097:
1093:
1070:
1058:
1034:
1001:
997:
987:
940:
907:
845:
841:fish farming
817:construction
814:
738:
721:psychosocial
710:
706:
703:
692:
658:
646:preservation
635:
591:
571:
562:
547:
540:
517:
505:Rosgosstrakh
486:
456:
452:
448:
444:work permits
433:
426:
412:and shorter
393:
391:
387:
379:
375:
340:
336:
328:
324:
300:
298:
293:nomenklatura
291:
288:
285:
281:
266:
245:
237:
229:
225:
210:
187:In 1918 the
186:
177:
168:
164:
161:
143:
130:
74:
67:
37:
30:
29:
15:
5243:Drug policy
5180:Legislation
4886:Professions
4710:Indium lung
4605:Brucellosis
4600:Berylliosis
4505:Isle of Man
4440:recognition
4414:Switzerland
4349:Netherlands
4071:tea culture
3924:Fairy tales
3787:Open access
3760:Immigration
3721:Gun control
3460:Agriculture
3429:Term limits
3339:Martial law
3334:Nationalism
3329:Irredentism
3324:Imperialism
3107:Caspian Sea
3023:Environment
3018:Earthquakes
2914:Union State
2902:Dissolution
2801:Kievan Rus'
2791:Early Slavs
1900:12 November
1698:Quoted in:
1602:22 December
1534:22 December
1405:22 December
837:health care
825:electricity
773:Agriculture
652:' life and
638:Labour Code
509:Ingosstrakh
462: [
450:employees.
158:Tsarist era
144:Due to the
102:respiratory
98:circulatory
5343:Toxic tort
5293:Job strain
5263:Ergonomics
5238:Break room
4760:Radium jaw
4750:Phossy jaw
4625:Chalicosis
4595:Barotrauma
4585:Asbestosis
4384:San Marino
4344:Montenegro
4324:Luxembourg
4304:Kazakhstan
4207:Azerbaijan
4076:Television
4051:Philosophy
3984:Mass media
3974:Literature
3969:Inventions
3731:Healthcare
3666:Corruption
3656:Censorship
3547:(currency)
3424:Separatism
3369:Opposition
3354:Neo-Nazism
3344:Monarchism
3314:Liberalism
3309:Propaganda
3269:Government
3136:North Asia
2937:Journalism
2796:East Slavs
2786:Sarmatians
2594:2024-09-08
2570:2019-09-14
2415:2007-12-27
2384:2008-03-11
2354:2013-01-21
2325:2007-12-27
2184:Газета РБК
1965:Infomatika
1722:2018-11-21
1278:2017-06-26
980:References
821:production
711:After the
627:inspection
620:sanitation
618:, working
613:protection
585:Dangerous
554:State Duma
527:See also:
306:polyclinic
301:per capita
90:prevalence
75:The total
58:healthcare
5064:Checklist
5032:ISO 45001
5020:Standards
4770:Silicosis
4580:Acrodynia
4495:Gibraltar
4319:Lithuania
3934:Festivals
3827:Sociology
3777:Languages
3696:Education
3600:Transport
3434:Terrorism
3279:Judiciary
3273:Apparatus
3239:Elections
3204:Anarchism
3178:Far North
3129:Volcanoes
3114:Mountains
2991:Geography
2870:Civil war
2781:Scythians
1970:27 August
1846:863808526
1807:862613488
1772:260151881
1655:609575886
1630:610758721
1581:Compare:
1456:877346228
1433:610758721
1384:Compare:
1372:246488902
1318:977750545
1254:609576408
1231:609576408
1164:Jamestown
956:romanized
921:romanized
801:Transport
650:employees
625:, health
611:, labour
568:Dentistry
474:Fresenius
269:socialist
213:rest-home
193:Petrograd
92:of major
65:average.
36:, or the
5427:Category
5393:Journals
5382:Category
5308:Overwork
5226:See also
4979:(Canada)
4970:National
4933:Agencies
4795:Tinnitus
4665:Erethism
4572:injuries
4567:diseases
4515:Svalbard
4500:Guernsey
4447:Abkhazia
4399:Slovenia
4394:Slovakia
4369:Portugal
4227:Bulgaria
4126:Category
4004:Nobility
3964:Internet
3959:Heraldry
3954:Graffiti
3939:Folklore
3882:Armorial
3812:Religion
3797:Polygamy
3736:HIV/AIDS
3716:Funerals
3706:Feminism
3676:Deafness
3661:Citizens
3651:Cannabis
3636:Abortion
3580:Taxation
3520:Gambling
3510:Forestry
3359:Military
3192:Politics
3173:Wildlife
3119:Caucasus
3082:Glaciers
2962:Military
2947:Internet
2925:By topic
2819:Vladimir
2814:Novgorod
2768:Timeline
2542:irioh.ru
2444:24 April
2438:Archived
2406:Archived
2378:Archived
2348:Archived
2316:Archived
2289:24 April
2283:Archived
2259:23 April
2253:Archived
2229:23 April
2223:Archived
2194:23 April
2188:Archived
2164:23 April
2127:23 April
2121:Archived
2097:23 April
2091:Archived
2068:23 April
2062:Archived
2033:24 April
2027:Archived
2007:23 April
2001:Archived
1947:Archived
1926:Archived
1894:Archived
1742:, p. 226
1703:(2001).
1674:Archived
1569:21949577
1508:28933923
1272:Archived
1200:Archived
1144:24 April
1138:Archived
1116:26709290
1050:Archived
1010:22455875
858:See also
781:forestry
754:Industry
672:recovery
54:citizens
5411:Commons
4991:(Spain)
4985:(Italy)
4812:hygiene
4610:Burnout
4424:Ukraine
4374:Romania
4334:Moldova
4292:Ireland
4287:Iceland
4282:Hungary
4272:Germany
4267:Georgia
4257:Finland
4252:Estonia
4247:Denmark
4232:Croatia
4217:Belgium
4212:Belarus
4202:Austria
4197:Armenia
4192:Andorra
4187:Albania
4117:Outline
3929:Fashion
3919:Fashion
3907:Cuisine
3869:Culture
3857:in army
3842:Wedding
3837:Suicide
3832:Smoking
3817:Slavery
3792:Orphans
3765:Illegal
3641:Alcohol
3624:Society
3590:Tourism
3470:Banking
3448:Economy
3293:Prisons
3141:Siberia
3097:Islands
3077:Geology
3013:Climate
3003:Borders
2967:Outline
2942:Judaism
2932:Economy
2759:History
2695:YouTube
2677:YouTube
2659:YouTube
2641:YouTube
1997:MetLife
1499:5637674
1334:, p. 32
1184:, p. 95
945:Russian
927:Rossiya
923::
912:Russian
777:hunting
684:hygiene
640:of the
633:, etc.
602:hygiene
493:Allianz
470:Sistema
398:Russian
382:Decrees
249:Gosplan
241:Saratov
153:History
24:GAZelle
5094:Hazard
5057:Safety
4590:Asthma
4510:Jersey
4452:Kosovo
4419:Turkey
4409:Sweden
4389:Serbia
4379:Russia
4364:Poland
4359:Norway
4339:Monaco
4309:Latvia
4277:Greece
4262:France
4237:Cyprus
4131:Portal
4086:Sports
4014:Anthem
3902:Cinema
3897:Ballet
3807:Racism
3770:Labour
3726:Health
3691:Doping
3545:Ruble
3530:Mining
3500:Energy
3163:Rivers
3072:Fjords
2972:Postal
2824:Moscow
2750:Russia
2524:149075
2522:
1844:
1834:
1805:
1795:
1770:
1760:
1713:
1680:26 May
1653:
1628:
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1567:
1557:
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1396:
1370:
1316:
1306:
1252:
1229:
1206:26 May
1114:
1042:
1008:
947::
916:Россия
779:, and
763:Mining
676:safety
654:health
606:labour
535:, and
418:Moscow
122:Russia
110:Russia
104:, and
82:health
48:. The
33:Russia
5233:Break
4485:Åland
4404:Spain
4329:Malta
4299:Italy
4036:Opera
3989:Music
3852:Women
3753:LGBTQ
3671:Crime
3605:Waste
3124:Urals
3102:Lakes
2520:JSTOR
2409:(PDF)
2402:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
2308:(PDF)
1929:(PDF)
1922:(PDF)
1368:S2CID
1067:(PDF)
900:Notes
833:water
767:68.4
680:mines
596:" in
489:Sogaz
466:]
459:Medsi
221:Yalta
219:, in
5044:(US)
5008:(US)
4997:(UK)
4935:and
4570:and
4024:Flag
3912:Wine
3892:Arts
2957:LGBT
2841:Army
2446:2017
2291:2017
2261:2017
2231:2017
2196:2017
2166:2017
2129:2017
2099:2017
2070:2017
2035:2017
2009:2017
1972:2019
1902:2016
1842:OCLC
1832:ISBN
1803:OCLC
1793:ISBN
1768:OCLC
1758:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1701:OECD
1682:2017
1651:OCLC
1626:OCLC
1604:2018
1591:ISBN
1565:OCLC
1555:ISBN
1536:2018
1504:PMID
1452:OCLC
1429:OCLC
1407:2018
1394:ISBN
1314:OCLC
1304:ISBN
1250:OCLC
1227:OCLC
1208:2017
1146:2017
1112:PMID
1040:ISBN
1006:PMID
967:IPA:
831:and
809:6.6
803:and
795:7.5
785:8.3
719:and
507:and
420:and
331:OECD
329:The
63:OECD
3284:Law
2693:on
2675:on
2657:on
2639:on
2617:on
2512:doi
2434:РБК
2058:РБК
1828:191
1687:2%.
1494:PMC
1486:doi
1482:107
1358:doi
1102:doi
829:gas
648:of
604:of
482:IVF
120:in
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