619:
653:
poor-performing hospitals to lose up to 3% of their inpatient revenues, whereas hospitals that are able to decrease hospital-acquired infections can earn up to 3% in rewards. During the program's first two years, complication rates fell by 15.26% across all hospital-acquired conditions tracked by the state (including those not covered by the program), from a risk-adjusted complication rate of 2.38 per 1,000 people in 2009 to a rate of 2.02 in 2011. The 15.26% decline translates into more than $ 100 million in cost savings for the health care system in
Maryland, with the largest savings coming from avoidance of urinary tract infections,
154:, outpatient clinic, diagnostic laboratory or other clinical settings. A number of dynamic processes can bring contamination into operating rooms and other areas within nosocomial settings. Infection is spread to the susceptible patient in the clinical setting by various means. Healthcare staff also spread infection, in addition to contaminated equipment, bed linens, or air droplets. The infection can originate from the outside environment, another infected patient, staff that may be infected, or in some cases, the source of the infection cannot be determined. In some cases the microorganism originates from the patient's own
91:
1215:
36:
802:, and equipment or articles contaminated by them is an important component of infection control and isolation precautions. The spread of nosocomial infections, among immunocompromised patients is connected with health care workers' hand contamination in almost 40% of cases, and is a challenging problem in the modern hospitals. The best way for workers to overcome this problem is conducting correct hand-hygiene procedures; this is why the WHO launched in 2005 the GLOBAL Patient Safety Challenge.
1206:(CDC) estimated roughly 1.7 million hospital-associated infections, from all types of bacteria combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. Other estimates indicate 10%, or 2 million, patients a year become infected, with the annual cost ranging from $ 4.5 billion to $ 11 billion. In the US, the most frequent type of hospital infection is urinary tract infection (36%), followed by surgical site infection (20%), and bloodstream infection and pneumonia (both 11%).
4036:
6204:
806:
second group is represented by the permanent micro-organisms living on the skin surface (on the stratum corneum or immediately under it). They are capable of surviving on the human skin and to grow freely on it. They have low pathogenicity and infection rate, and they create a kind of protection from the colonization from other more pathogenic bacteria. The skin of workers is colonized by 3.9 Ă 10 â 4.6 Ă 10
6233:
1068:
that presents clinically two or more days after hospitalization. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as HAP in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The incidence of VAP is 10â30% among patients who require mechanical ventilation for >48 h. A standard treatment protocol is based on accurate diagnosis definitions, microbiological confirmation of VAP, and the administration of
771:.) Because agent and host factors are more difficult to control, interruption of transfer of microorganisms is directed primarily at transmission for example isolation of infectious cases in special hospitals and isolation of patient with infected wounds in special rooms also isolation of joint transplantation patients on specific rooms.
861:
providing sanitizing gel or wipes within reach of the bed, nurses were directly able to reduce infection rates. A study published in 2017 demonstrated this by improving patient education on both proper hand-washing procedure and important times to use sanitizer and successfully reduced the rate of enterococci and
502:, or dressings, or contaminated gloves that are not changed between patients. In addition, the improper use of saline flush syringes, vials, and bags has been implicated in disease transmission in the US, even when healthcare workers had access to gloves, disposable needles, intravenous devices, and flushes.
897:
infections. Second, gloves are worn to reduce the likelihood that microorganisms present on the hands of personnel will be transmitted to patients during invasive or other patient-care procedures that involve touching a patient's mucous membranes and nonintact skin. Third, they are worn to reduce the
888:
play an important role in reducing the risks of transmission of microorganisms. Gloves are worn for three important reasons in hospitals. First, they are worn to provide a protective barrier for personnel, preventing large scale contamination of the hands when touching blood, body fluids, secretions,
419:
or smaller in size} of evaporated droplets containing microorganisms that remain suspended in the air for long periods of time) or dust particles containing the infectious agent. Microorganisms carried in this manner can be dispersed widely by air currents and may become inhaled by a susceptible host
404:
Transmission occurs when droplets containing microbes from the infected person are propelled a short distance through the air and deposited on the patient's body; droplets are generated from the source person mainly by coughing, sneezing, and talking, and during the performance of certain procedures,
860:
Improving patient hand washing has also been shown to reduce the rate of nosocomial infection. Patients who are bed-bound often do not have as much access to clean their hands at mealtimes or after touching surfaces or handling waste such as tissues. By reinforcing the importance of handwashing and
1067:
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the second most common nosocomial infection and accounts for approximately one-fourth of all infections in the intensive care unit (ICU). HAP, or nosocomial pneumonia, is a lower respiratory infection that was not incubating at the time of hospital admission and
162:
after surgery or other procedures that compromise the protective skin barrier. Though the patient may have contracted the infection from their own skin, the infection is still considered nosocomial since it develops in the health care setting. Nosocomial infection tends to lack evidence that it was
652:
To reduce the number of hospital-acquired infections, the state of
Maryland implemented the Maryland Hospital-Acquired Conditions Program that provides financial rewards and penalties for individual hospitals. An adaptation of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services payment policy causes
856:
spp. The goal of hand hygiene is to eliminate the transient flora with a careful and proper performance of hand washing, using different kinds of soap, (normal and antiseptic), and alcohol-based gels. The main problems found in the practice of hand hygiene is connected with the lack of available
805:
Two categories of micro-organisms can be present on health care workers' hands: transient flora and resident flora. The first is represented by the micro-organisms taken by workers from the environment, and the bacteria in it are capable of surviving on the human skin and sometimes to grow. The
920:
Touch surfaces commonly found in hospital rooms, such as bed rails, call buttons, touch plates, chairs, door handles, light switches, grab rails, intravenous poles, dispensers (alcohol gel, paper towel, soap), dressing trolleys, and counter and table tops are known to be contaminated with
1117:
Estimates ranged from 6.7% in 1990 to 7.4% (patients may have several infections). At national level, prevalence among patients in health care facilities was 6.7% in 1996, 5.9% in 2001 and 5.0% in 2006. The rates for nosocomial infections were 7.6% in 1996, 6.4% in 2001 and 5.4% in 2006.
967:
There have been a number of studies evaluating the use of no-touch cleaning systems particularly the use of ultraviolet C devices. One review was inconclusive due to lack of, or of poor quality evidence. Other reviews have found some evidence, and growing evidence of their effectiveness.
1099:
The methods used differ from country to country (definitions used, type of nosocomial infections covered, health units surveyed, inclusion or exclusion of imported infections, etc.), so the international comparisons of nosocomial infection rates should be made with the utmost care.
1108:
In
Belgium, the prevalence of nosocomial infections is about 6.2%. Annually about 125,500 patients become infected by a nosocomial infection, resulting in almost 3000 deaths. The extra costs for the health insurance are estimated to be approximately âŹ400 million/year.
3712:
420:
within the same room or over a longer distance from the source patient, depending on environmental factors; therefore, special air-handling and ventilation are required to prevent airborne transmission. Microorganisms transmitted by airborne transmission include
1056:. In some cases, antibiotic resistance is spreading to Gram-negative bacteria that can infect people outside the hospital. "For gram-positives we need better drugs; for gram-negatives we need any drugs", said Brad Spellberg, an infectious-disease specialist at
3592:
Lyytikainen O, Kanerva M, Agthe N, Mottonen T and the Finish
Prevalence Survey Study Group. National Prevalence Survey on Nosocomial Infections in Finnish Acute Care Hospitals, 2005. 10th Epiet Scientific Seminar. Mahon, Menorca, Spain, 13â15 October 2005
1144:
Nosocomial infections are estimated to make patients stay in the hospital for four to five additional days. Around 2004â2005, about 9,000 people died each year with a nosocomial infection, of which about 4,200 would have survived without this infection.
1079:
One-third of nosocomial infections are considered preventable. The CDC estimates 687,000 people in the United States were infected by hospital-acquired infections in 2015, resulting in 72,000 deaths. The most common nosocomial infections are of the
484:
This involves a direct body surface-to-body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms between a susceptible host and an infected or colonized person, such as when a person turns a patient, gives a patient a bath, or performs other
3719:
736:
Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely isolated from infectious agents. Furthermore, patients are often prescribed antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs to help treat illness; this may increase the
661:
and other lung infections. If similar results could be achieved nationwide, the
Medicare program would save an estimated $ 1.3 billion over two years, while the US health care system as a whole would save $ 5.3 billion.
589:
Given the association between invasive devices and hospital-acquired infections, specific terms are used to delineate such infections to allow for monitoring and prevention. Noted device-associated infections include
3530:
3519:
3508:
489:
activities that require direct personal contact. Direct-contact transmission also can occur between two patients, with one serving as the source of the infectious microorganisms and the other as a susceptible host.
3468:
Lepoutre A, Branger B, Garreau N, Boulétreau A, Ayzac L, Carbonne A, Maugat S, Gayet S, Hommel C, Parneix P, Tran B pour le Réseau d'alerte, d'investigation et de surveillance des infections nosocomiales (Raisin).
3436:
Comité technique des infections nosocomiales (CTIN), Cellule infections nosocomiales, CClin Est, CClin Ouest, CClin Paris-Nord, CClin Sud-Est, CClin Sud-Ouest, avec la participation de 830 établissements de santé.
3976:
2056:
Conway Morris A, Kohler K, De Corte T, Ercole A, De Grooth HJ, Elbers PW, Povoa P, Morais R, Koulenti D, Jog S, Nielsen N, Jubb A, Cecconi M, De Waele J, for the ESICM UNITE COVID investigators (December 2022).
868:
All visitors must follow the same procedures as hospital staff to adequately control the spread of infections. Moreover, multidrug-resistant infections can leave the hospital and become part of the community
1161:
Since 2000, estimates show about a 6.7% infection rate, i.e. between 450,000 and 700,000 patients, which caused between 4,500 and 7,000 deaths. A survey in
Lombardy gave a rate of 4.9% of patients in 2000.
372:, that can reduce infections that are unexposed to blood-borne antibiotics. Introducing antibiotics, including ethanol, into the catheter (without flushing it into the bloodstream) reduces the formation of
1339:
Rosenthal VD, Bijie H, Maki DG, Mehta Y, Apisarnthanarak A, Medeiros EA, Leblebicioglu H, Fisher D, Ălvarez-Moreno C, Khader IA, MartĂnez MD, Cuellar LE, Navoa-Ng JA, Abouqal R, Garcell HG (June 2012).
857:
sinks and time-consuming performance of hand washing. An easy way to resolve this problem could be the use of alcohol-based hand rubs, because of faster application compared to correct hand-washing.
3427:
Quenon JL, Gottot S, Duneton P, Lariven S, Carlet J, RĂ©gnier B, BrĂŒcker G. EnquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales en France : HĂŽpital Propre (octobre 1990). BEH n° 39/1993.
5874:
5809:
2175:
Maes M, Higginson E, Pereira-Dias J, Curran MD, Parmar S, Khokhar F, Cuchet-Lourenço D, Lux J, Sharma-Hajela S, Ravenhill B, Hamed I, Heales L, Mahroof R, Soderholm A, Forrest S (December 2021).
917:
patients are at enhanced risk for contracting nosocomial infections. Patients with hospital-acquired infections are predominantly hospitalized in different types of intensive care units (ICUs).
513:
Alongside reducing vectors for transmission, patient susceptibility to hospital-acquired infections needs to be considered. Factors which render patients at greater risk of infections include:
5160:
749:
Sterilization goes further than just sanitizing. It kills all microorganisms on equipment and surfaces through exposure to chemicals, ionizing radiation, dry heat, or steam under pressure.
2576:"Performance Feedback, Ultraviolet Cleaning Device, and Dedicated Housekeeping Team Significantly Improve Room Cleaning, Reduce Potential for Spread of Common, Dangerous Infection"
5496:
786:
from one person to another or from one site to another on the same patient. Washing hands as promptly and thoroughly as possible between patient contacts and after contact with
3563:
902:
can transmit those micro-organisms to another patient. In this situation, gloves must be changed between patient contacts, and hands should be washed after gloves are removed.
2116:
Conway Morris A, Datta D, Shankar-Hari M, Stephen J, Weir CJ, Rennie J, Antonelli J, Bateman A, Warner N, Judge K, Keenan J, Wang A, Burpee T, Brown KA, Lewis SM (May 2018).
1052:, bloodstream, and other parts of the body. Their cell structures make them more difficult to attack with antibiotics than Gram-positive organisms like methicillin-resistant
949:. This is why touch surfaces in hospital rooms can serve as sources, or reservoirs, for the spread of bacteria from the hands of healthcare workers and visitors to patients.
3661:
3527:
3516:
3505:
2935:
U.S. Department of
Defense-funded clinical trials, as presented at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy in Washington, D.C., 28 October 2008
637:
sectors, and evidence-based management can be a feasible approach. For those with ventilator-associated or hospital-acquired pneumonia, controlling and monitoring hospital
3080:
Weber DJ, Kanamori H, Rutala WA (August 2016). "'No touch' technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems".
4909:
4540:
3305:
Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2001). "Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia".
6271:
5374:
2417:
2640:
2343:"Pilot study to evaluate 3 hygiene protocols on the reduction of bacterial load on the hands of veterinary staff performing routine equine physical examinations"
721:
vapor has been clinically proven to reduce infection rates and risk of acquisition. Hydrogen peroxide is effective against endospore-forming bacteria, such as
7155:
6224:
5832:
3473:
3583:, Office parlementaire d'évaluation des politiques de santé, juin 2006, 290 pp. (III.5. Quelle est l'estimation de la mortalité attribuable aux IN ?).
3484:
2575:
2439:
McBryde ES, Bradley LC, Whitby M, McElwain DL (October 2004). "An investigation of contact transmission of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus".
6018:
5803:
4205:
603:
686:
by all medical personnel before and after each patient contact is one of the most effective ways to combat nosocomial infections. More careful use of
4300:
6219:
5853:
5815:
1194:
the most common types of infections reported. In 2018, it was reported that in-hospital infections had risen from 5,972 in 2008 to 48,815 in 2017.
913:
are known to survive on inanimate "touch" surfaces for extended periods of time. This can be especially troublesome in hospital environments where
53:
17:
3418:
Federaal
Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (2009) Nosocomiale Infecties in België, deel II: Impact op Mortaliteit en Kosten. KCE-rapport 102A.
6237:
5863:
5759:
1410:"Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: An imperative for intentional crowd control"
725:, where alcohol has been shown to be ineffective. Ultraviolet cleaning devices may also be used to disinfect the rooms of patients infected with
763:
Isolation is the implementation of isolating precautions designed to prevent transmission of microorganisms by common routes in hospitals. (See
706:
are caused by a breach of these protocols, it is common that affected patients make medical negligence claims against the hospital in question.
7593:
6124:
709:
Sanitizing surfaces is part of control measures to reduce nosocomial infections in health care environments. Modern sanitizing methods such as
5827:
5777:
4157:
2887:"Analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria in 3223 patients with hospital-acquired infections (HAI) from a tertiary general hospital in China"
890:
2236:"Healthcare-associated infections acquired in intensive care units. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2017. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019"
7147:
6264:
5367:
498:
This involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object, usually inanimate, such as contaminated instruments,
4578:
981:
928:
595:
284:
3041:"Portable Ultraviolet Light Surface-Disinfecting Devices for Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Health Technology Assessment"
448:
This applies to microorganisms transmitted to the host by contaminated items, such as food, water, medications, devices, and equipment.
5241:
1203:
607:
172:
8001:
3560:
3622:
Lizioli A, Privitera G, Alliata E, Antonietta Banfi E, Boselli L, Panceri M, Perna M, Porretta A, Santini M, Carreri V (June 2003).
3441:
5186:
4995:
4266:
1319:
3817:
3665:
1137:(10.2%), other respiratory infections (6.8%) and bacterial infections / blood poisoning (6.4%). The rates among adult patients in
6257:
6208:
5997:
5360:
5246:
4406:
4210:
2815:
576:
The use of antibiotics does not, itself, increase risk of hospital-acquired infections, but does contribute to the prevalence of
3125:"Effectiveness of ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems for terminal room decontamination: Focus on clinical trials"
7928:
7915:
6529:
6285:
6184:
6043:
5456:
5091:
4070:
3899:
3452:
1182:
reported the prevalence rate of hospital-acquired infections in
England was 6.4% in 2011, against a rate of 8.2% in 2006, with
365:
108:
7200:
5191:
5165:
5025:
4293:
1695:"Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Overview, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
368:
have recently been identified with hospital-acquired infections. To deal with this complication, procedures are used, called
6542:
3745:
7717:
7175:
6164:
5096:
151:
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infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Nosocomial infections can cause severe
6854:
5446:
5155:
5124:
5086:
5035:
4501:
4486:
4426:
3820:
market is forecasted to reach $ 4,386.6 million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 7.6% during 2017â2023, P&S Intelligence
263:
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322:
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3683:
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7345:
6037:
6027:
5782:
5311:
5261:
4899:
4596:
3882:
3004:
Weber DJ, Rutala, WA (May 2013). "Self-disinfecting surfaces: review of current methodologies and future prospects".
1839:
1037:
hospitals "are now resistant to virtually all modern antibiotics, and those supergerms are now spreading worldwide."
935:
340:
6955:
2059:"Co-infection and ICU-acquired infection in COIVD-19 ICU patients: a secondary analysis of the UNITE-COVID data set"
7986:
7889:
7429:
6836:
6452:
5271:
5106:
5040:
4286:
2418:"Statewide, All-Payer Financial Incentives Significantly Reduce Hospital-Acquired Conditions in Maryland Hospitals"
1342:"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004â2009"
464:
Contact transmission is divided into two subgroups: direct-contact transmission and indirect-contact transmission.
3470:
694:, is also considered vital. As many hospital-acquired infections caused by bacteria such as methicillin-resistant
7023:
5266:
5045:
4742:
4601:
4534:
2816:"Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens;Needlestick and Other Sharps Injuries; Final Rule. â 66:5317â5325"
2723:
Haverstick, Stacy, Goodrich, Cara, Freeman, Regi, James, Shandra, Kullar, Rajkiran, Ahrens, Melissa (June 2017).
2597:
KolĂĄr M, UrbĂĄnek K, LĂĄtal T (May 2001). "Antibiotic selective pressure and development of bacterial resistance".
2499:
2476:"Chapter 14. Impact of Changes in Antibiotic Use Practices on Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistanceâ
1013:
591:
241:
3480:, Surveillance nationale des maladies infectieuses, 2001â2003. Institut de veille sanitaire, sept. 2005, 11 pp.
2235:
7996:
7764:
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7059:
6490:
6214:
6079:
5734:
5471:
5383:
5030:
4873:
3481:
1057:
768:
7732:
6430:
5950:
5703:
5301:
5170:
4380:
4363:
4200:
2875:
Michels, H.T. (2006), Anti-Microbial Characteristics of Copper, ASTM Standardization News, October, pp. 28â31
7981:
7976:
7759:
6912:
6675:
6390:
5992:
5925:
5678:
5466:
5337:
5316:
5291:
4988:
4357:
1868:"Elimination of Bloodstream Infections Associated with Candida albicans Biofilm in Intravascular Catheters"
1469:"Discrete room pressure drops predict door openings and contamination levels in the operating room setting"
1261:
that it was the medical students who somehow were infecting the women after labor. He instituted mandatory
1191:
675:
315:
6584:
3713:"English National Point Prevalence Survey on Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use, 2011"
7801:
7672:
7608:
7576:
7524:
6803:
6129:
5821:
5729:
5693:
4783:
4717:
4231:
1183:
236:
1012:-type antibacterials need to be used. "In many respects it's far worse than MRSA", said a specialist at
7357:
6770:
6510:
6189:
6094:
5868:
5571:
5306:
4375:
4320:
4063:
1341:
812:
428:
1230:
was working at a Vienna maternity hospital. He was "shocked" by the death rate of women who developed
618:
163:
present when the patient entered the healthcare setting, thus meaning it was acquired post-admission.
7861:
7851:
7546:
7482:
7205:
7170:
6973:
6950:
6736:
6549:
5787:
5698:
5683:
5546:
5541:
5516:
5281:
5276:
4904:
4700:
4695:
4646:
540:
3561:« Surveillance des infections nosocomiales en réanimation adulte. France, résultats 2007 »
2526:"Survival of nosocomial bacteria and spores on surfaces and inactivation by hydrogen peroxide vapor"
1091:
An alternative treatment targeting localised infections is the use of irradiation by ultraviolet C.
458:
This occurs when vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other vermin transmit microorganisms.
396:
The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact.
90:
7991:
7679:
7541:
7416:
7270:
6385:
6375:
6179:
6104:
6084:
5977:
5601:
5591:
5566:
5020:
4183:
3991:
2118:"Cell-surface signatures of immune dysfunction risk-stratify critically ill patients: INFECT study"
1179:
577:
544:
348:
212:
2382:
Katz JD (September 2004). "Hand washing and hand disinfection: more than your mother taught you".
2294:
Chan PC, Huang LM, Lin HC, et al. (April 2007). "Control of an outbreak of pandrug-resistant
7866:
7784:
7650:
7180:
6978:
6685:
6623:
6457:
6425:
6149:
5935:
5296:
5256:
4981:
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4626:
4309:
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1187:
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992:
758:
570:
566:
307:
248:
223:
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159:
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facility. To emphasize both hospital and nonhospital settings, it is sometimes instead called a
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7238:
6988:
6861:
6467:
6324:
6314:
5744:
5724:
5511:
5481:
5286:
5101:
4878:
4680:
4178:
1270:
1214:
988:
977:
602:. Surveillance for these infections is commonly undertaken and reported by bodies such as the
522:
300:
47:
7774:
7406:
7275:
6783:
6690:
6609:
5739:
5196:
5004:
4883:
4804:
4226:
4194:
4056:
3767:
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (March 2007).
3684:"RĂ©sultats de l'enquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales de 2004 (snip04)"
1025:
898:
likelihood that the hands of personnel contaminated with micro-organisms from a patient or a
764:
530:
453:
410:
278:
6554:
3211:"Treatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia"
1712:
Su LH, Ou JT, Leu HS, Chiang PC, Chiu YP, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, Chiu CH, Chu C (1 October 2003).
941:. Objects in closest proximity to patients have the highest levels of methicillin-resistant
7856:
7749:
7695:
7623:
7613:
7305:
7160:
7033:
6640:
6249:
5940:
5915:
5719:
5636:
5486:
5476:
5436:
5391:
5068:
4735:
4555:
3372:"Ultraviolet C irradiation: an alternative antimicrobial approach to localized infections?"
876:
It is unclear whether or not nail polish or rings affected surgical wound infection rates.
870:
782:
frequently is called the single most important measure to reduce the risks of transmitting
222:
In the UK about 300,000 patients were affected in 2017, and this was estimated to cost the
3183:
2722:
1659:
8:
7943:
7933:
7899:
7504:
6942:
6778:
6589:
6074:
5957:
5945:
5910:
5688:
5673:
5666:
5646:
5416:
5398:
5332:
5139:
4778:
4685:
4606:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4434:
4351:
4335:
4096:
4020:
3438:
3250:
1694:
894:
807:
3251:"Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia"
2947:"Bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment in the intensive care unit"
2341:
Traub-Dargatz JL, Weese JS, Rousseau JD, Dunowska M, Morley PS, Dargatz DA (July 2006).
1714:"Extended Epidemic of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Serratia marcescens"
7667:
7662:
7571:
7551:
7185:
7028:
6993:
6847:
6813:
6363:
6109:
6013:
5930:
5749:
5251:
5134:
4827:
4658:
4591:
4508:
4469:
4444:
4369:
4152:
3927:
3855:
3795:
3768:
3624:"Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italy: result from the Lombardy survey in 2000"
3396:
3371:
3330:
3151:
3124:
3123:
Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Anderson DJ, Chen LF, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Boyce JM (2 May 2016).
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2913:
2886:
2792:
2765:
2724:
2552:
2525:
2359:
2342:
2323:
2211:
2176:
2152:
2117:
2093:
2058:
2030:
2003:
1979:
1952:
1902:
1867:
1807:
1772:
1634:
1607:
1606:
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (2007).
1580:
1545:
1490:
1449:
1436:
1409:
952:
A number of compounds can decrease the risk of bacteria growing on surfaces including:
914:
638:
534:
192:
175:
estimated that roughly 1.7 million healthcare-associated infections, from all types of
6599:
4040:
3639:
2854:
2670:
2610:
1748:
1713:
7953:
7894:
7754:
7707:
7509:
7011:
6680:
6670:
6660:
6645:
6462:
6445:
6309:
6159:
5972:
5651:
5626:
5521:
5506:
5201:
5129:
4930:
4676:
4476:
4454:
4439:
4330:
4241:
4188:
3935:
3919:
3878:
3847:
3800:
3643:
3401:
3322:
3318:
3287:
3266:"Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective"
3232:
3156:
3097:
3062:
3021:
2986:
2968:
2918:
2858:
2797:
2746:
2705:
2684:"Alcohol-Based Handrub Improves Compliance With Hand Hygiene in Intensive Care Units"
2622:
2614:
2557:
2456:
2399:
2364:
2315:
2276:
2264:
2216:
2198:
2157:
2139:
2098:
2080:
2035:
1984:
1907:
1889:
1835:
1812:
1794:
1753:
1735:
1730:
1668:
1639:
1585:
1567:
1520:
1494:
1453:
1441:
1364:
1304:
738:
718:
671:
626:
562:
499:
147:
103:
3931:
3859:
3449:
3334:
3109:
2327:
7948:
7884:
7871:
7700:
7689:
7581:
7561:
7396:
7310:
7285:
7016:
6963:
6902:
6793:
6440:
6368:
5900:
5895:
5561:
5501:
4788:
4459:
3911:
3839:
3790:
3780:
3635:
3623:
3391:
3383:
3314:
3277:
3222:
3146:
3136:
3089:
3052:
3013:
2976:
2958:
2908:
2898:
2850:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2736:
2695:
2606:
2547:
2537:
2448:
2391:
2354:
2307:
2233:
2206:
2188:
2147:
2129:
2088:
2070:
2025:
2015:
1974:
1964:
1897:
1879:
1802:
1784:
1743:
1725:
1629:
1619:
1575:
1557:
1480:
1431:
1421:
1356:
1223:
552:
329:
293:
3581:« Rapport sur la politique de lutte contre les infections nosocomiales »
3471:
DeuxiĂšme enquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales, France, 2001
2669:
World Alliance for patient safety. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care.
2475:
1382:
1170:
Estimates range between 2 and 14%. A national survey gave a rate of 7.2% in 2004.
7816:
7811:
7655:
7603:
7411:
7388:
7233:
7210:
6594:
6559:
6435:
6380:
6174:
6154:
5982:
5661:
5656:
5611:
5352:
5055:
4814:
4712:
4586:
4147:
3996:
3769:"Estimating Health Care-Associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002"
3567:
3534:
3523:
3512:
3488:
3477:
3456:
3445:
3348:
3093:
1294:
1254:
1235:
1231:
1134:
910:
630:
258:
253:
208:
155:
6564:
3843:
2700:
2683:
1608:"Estimating Healthcare-associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002"
1485:
1468:
7846:
7779:
7722:
7494:
7383:
7375:
7300:
7253:
7248:
7195:
6919:
6700:
6695:
6655:
6604:
6569:
6407:
6343:
6139:
6099:
5987:
5967:
5962:
5581:
5461:
5116:
4925:
4768:
4545:
4262:
4116:
4106:
3785:
3580:
3141:
3017:
2452:
2193:
2075:
1624:
1512:
1426:
1360:
1138:
923:
885:
683:
518:
415:
Dissemination can be either airborne droplet nuclei (small-particle residue {5
3915:
3830:
Kadar N (January 2019). "Rediscovering Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818â1865)".
3548:
EnquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales, France, juin 2006
3502:
EnquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales, France, juin 2006
3282:
3265:
2963:
2395:
2134:
7970:
7727:
7684:
7643:
7536:
7519:
7477:
7190:
6741:
6710:
6331:
6144:
5905:
5606:
5551:
5213:
4653:
4636:
4121:
4101:
2972:
2903:
2618:
2202:
2143:
2084:
1893:
1884:
1798:
1739:
1672:
1571:
1278:
1266:
1081:
1073:
1049:
1020:
889:
excretions, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin. In the United States, the
687:
599:
196:
176:
6577:
3985:
1234:. He documented that mortality was three times higher in the ward where the
1008:
bacteria are evolving and becoming immune to antibiotics, so in many cases,
7938:
7876:
7638:
7618:
7566:
7514:
7465:
7265:
7215:
6826:
6397:
6059:
6033:
6023:
5616:
5556:
5526:
5078:
5063:
4962:
4863:
4730:
4722:
4668:
4570:
4560:
4464:
4421:
4416:
4246:
4173:
4142:
4091:
3851:
3804:
3746:"Deadly hospital infections quadruple as staff struggle to fight superbugs"
3695:
3647:
3405:
3326:
3291:
3236:
3160:
3101:
3066:
3025:
2990:
2922:
2862:
2801:
2750:
2709:
2626:
2561:
2460:
2403:
2368:
2319:
2280:
2220:
2161:
2102:
2039:
2020:
1988:
1911:
1816:
1757:
1643:
1589:
1524:
1445:
1368:
1314:
1309:
1262:
1250:
1227:
996:. While antibiotic drugs to treat diseases caused by methicillin-resistant
679:
646:
335:
4278:
3923:
2177:"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19"
1925:
7831:
7633:
7556:
7531:
7280:
7260:
7165:
7125:
7049:
6420:
6415:
6336:
6319:
6069:
5536:
5431:
5426:
5012:
4973:
4945:
4868:
4449:
4126:
2542:
2485:
Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices
1773:"Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East"
1562:
1126:
779:
634:
486:
139:
4035:
2483:
1953:"Antibiotic lock therapy: review of technique and logistical challenges"
1789:
1040:
The bacteria, classified as Gram-negative because of their color on the
934:(one of the most virulent strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria) and
561:
Presence of indwelling devices which breach natural defences, including
7769:
7744:
7712:
7489:
7470:
7460:
7448:
7295:
6907:
6879:
6705:
6665:
6169:
6119:
6089:
6064:
5586:
5576:
5451:
5441:
5421:
5411:
5208:
4952:
4935:
4847:
4763:
4707:
4513:
3621:
3387:
3264:
Torres A, Ewig S, Lode H, Carlet J, European HAP working group (2009).
2945:
Russotto V, Cortegiani A, Raineri SM, Giarratano A (10 December 2015).
2766:"Removal of nail polish and finger rings to prevent surgical infection"
2741:
1969:
1258:
1041:
791:
783:
691:
422:
416:
5810:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
3968:
27:
Infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility
7841:
7320:
6353:
6348:
6281:
5890:
5858:
5596:
5406:
5218:
4940:
4822:
4758:
4015:
2115:
1085:
1045:
1009:
961:
799:
795:
658:
642:
437:
200:
131:
2839:"The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces"
2234:
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (October 2019).
1546:"Hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care settings"
1141:
were 13.5% in 2004, 14.6% in 2005, 14.1% in 2006 and 14.4% in 2007.
7824:
7739:
7315:
7290:
7243:
6788:
6358:
6301:
6134:
5621:
5491:
4842:
4793:
4773:
4631:
4550:
4325:
3227:
3210:
2944:
2311:
1069:
1034:
976:
Two of the bacteria species most likely to infect patients are the
713:
have been effective against gastroenteritis, methicillin-resistant
556:
548:
180:
135:
2340:
7628:
7499:
6752:
5161:
Leukotriene receptor antagonist-associated ChurgâStrauss syndrome
4957:
4837:
2725:"Patients' Hand Washing and Reducing Hospital-Acquired Infection"
2055:
1282:
1274:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
were delivering babies than in the next ward that was staffed by
1218:
Mortality rates 1841â1846 in two clinics documented by Semmelweis
710:
433:
373:
3439:
EnquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales,1996
3351:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 November 2022
7836:
7401:
7054:
6650:
5920:
4411:
4048:
3980:
2298:
colonization and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit".
2174:
1299:
1129:(14.7%), infections of surgery site (14.2%). Infections of the
957:
953:
899:
654:
526:
188:
1660:"Doctors Struggle to Treat Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections"
7065:
2578:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 15 January 2014
787:
184:
125:
6279:
2438:
641:
needs to be on agenda in management, whereas for nosocomial
6518:
4832:
4518:
3766:
3570:, Institut de veille sanitaire, September 2009, ii + 60 pp.
2885:
Wang M, Wei H, Zhao Y, Shang L, Di L, Lyu C, Liu J (2019).
1605:
1130:
4910:
European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
3370:
Dai T, Vrahas MS, Murray CK, Hamblin MR (February 2012).
3304:
2420:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 3 July 2013
2641:"The Different Methods of Sterilizing Medical Equipment"
1245:. The medical students were also routinely working with
3900:"Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology"
3122:
2265:"Control and management of hospital indoor air quality"
1407:
1338:
3369:
2681:
2002:
Jain SK, Persaud D, Perl TM, et al. (July 2005).
1926:"Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)"
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1510:
1265:
in May 1847 and infection rates dropped dramatically.
5833:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4541:
Critical illnessârelated corticosteroid insufficiency
1000:
are available, few effective drugs are available for
810:/cm. The microbes comprising the resident flora are:
711:
Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems
187:
combined, caused or contributed to 99,000 deaths. In
44:
A request that this article title be changed to
3958:
3263:
3184:"Rising Threat of Infections Unfazed by Antibiotics"
3079:
1848:
1693:Burke A Cunha (30 July 2018). John L Brusch (ed.).
678:, washing, and other preventive measures. Thorough
146:. Such an infection can be acquired in a hospital,
6019:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
5804:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
5382:
4206:Political abuse of psychiatry in the United States
3182:
2836:
1658:
893:has mandated wearing gloves to reduce the risk of
873:if steps are not taken to stop this transmission.
604:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
580:amongst patients with hospital-acquired infections
3877:. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
3603:L'Italie scandalisée par "l'hÎpital de l'horreur"
3208:
2682:Hugonnet S, Perneger TV, Pittet D (13 May 2002).
2596:
1019:Another growing disease, especially prevalent in
625:Controlling nosocomial infection is to implement
517:Receipt of immunosuppressive medications such as
98:Contaminated surfaces increase cross-transmission
7968:
5816:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
2884:
2763:
1473:Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management
1466:
1153:Rate was estimated at 8.5% of patients in 2005.
1023:hospitals, is the drug-resistant, Gram-negative
211:and other parts of the body. Many types display
5864:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
3898:Wyklicky H, Skopec M (SeptemberâOctober 1983).
3349:"Healthcare-Associated Infections: Data Portal"
3003:
2001:
1950:
1865:
1519:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
594:, catheter-associated blood stream infections,
584:
3897:
3038:
1121:In 2006, the most common infection sites were
670:Hospitals have sanitation protocols regarding
264:Central line-associated blood stream infection
6631:
6265:
5828:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
5778:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
5368:
4989:
4294:
4158:Prescription drug prices in the United States
4064:
3818:Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) diagnostics
2599:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
2488:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1711:
1692:
891:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
3506:Volume 1 â MĂ©thodes, rĂ©sultats, perspectives
2480:and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)"
2473:
2293:
1408:Carroll GT, Kirschman DL, Mammana A (2022).
596:catheter-associated urinary tract infections
61:this article until the discussion is closed.
4308:
3872:
3662:"Facts sheet - Swiss Hand Hygiene Campaign"
3448:, BEH n° 36/1997, 2 September 1997, 4 pp..
3045:Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series
2770:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2523:
1995:
1076:as initial empirical antibiotic treatment.
6272:
6258:
5472:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
5375:
5361:
5242:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
5003:
4996:
4982:
4301:
4287:
4071:
4057:
3718:. Health Protection Agency. Archived from
3707:
3705:
2843:International Journal of Food Microbiology
1543:
1511:Monegro AF, Muppidi V, Regunath H (2020),
1204:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
608:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
539:Impaired immunity due to diseases such as
173:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
89:
3794:
3784:
3681:
3395:
3281:
3226:
3150:
3140:
3056:
2980:
2962:
2912:
2902:
2891:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
2791:
2781:
2764:Arrowsmith VA, Taylor R (4 August 2014).
2740:
2699:
2551:
2541:
2358:
2262:
2210:
2192:
2151:
2133:
2092:
2074:
2029:
2019:
1978:
1968:
1901:
1883:
1806:
1788:
1747:
1729:
1633:
1623:
1579:
1561:
1484:
1435:
1425:
1064:, a book about drug-resistant pathogens.
905:
508:
5187:Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome
1320:Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
1213:
741:for the emergence of resistant strains.
617:
370:intravascular antimicrobial lock therapy
7346:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
6519:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
5998:Immediately dangerous to life or health
5247:Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption
4211:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia
3702:
3376:Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy
3180:
2381:
2287:
1656:
14:
7969:
7929:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
7821:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
6185:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
5457:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
5092:Chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3082:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
2256:
171:During 2002 in the United States, the
84:HAI (Healthcare-Associated Infections)
6253:
5356:
5192:Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome
5166:Methotrexate-induced papular eruption
5026:Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome
4977:
4282:
4052:
3829:
3743:
3209:Torres A, Ferrer M, Badia JR (2010).
3129:American Journal of Infection Control
3073:
3006:American Journal of Infection Control
2837:Wilks S, Michels H, Keevil C (2005).
2334:
2051:
2049:
2004:"Nosocomial malaria and saline flush"
1944:
1770:
1349:American Journal of Infection Control
195:have been conducted, the category of
7176:Compartmental models in epidemiology
6232:
5875:Working Environment Convention, 1977
5097:Scleroderma-like reaction to taxanes
4789:Recombinant activated protein C
3116:
2524:Otter JA, French GL (January 2009).
2375:
1829:
1601:
1599:
1506:
1504:
1029:. An estimated more than 20% of the
840:spp., while transient organisms are
29:
6044:Workers' right to access the toilet
5156:Adverse reaction to biologic agents
5125:Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis
5087:Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema
5036:Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones
4502:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
4487:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
4427:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
3363:
3167:
3032:
1834:. London: Swift Press. p. 71.
1544:Sydnor ER, Perl TM (January 2011).
1277:in 1865 by identifying that it was
24:
6115:International Chemical Safety Card
2046:
25:
8013:
6125:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
5783:International Labour Organization
5312:HIV disease-related drug reaction
5262:Drug-related gingival hyperplasia
4900:Society of Critical Care Medicine
4597:Ventilator-associated lung injury
3954:
2855:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021
1596:
1501:
1467:Carroll GT, Kirschman DL (2022).
1173:
657:and other severe infections, and
578:Antimicrobial resistant organisms
8002:Healthcare-associated infections
7925:Economics of Infectious Diseases
6231:
6203:
6202:
5272:Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
5107:Exudative hyponychial dermatitis
4078:
4034:
3319:10.1097/00003246-200106000-00003
1951:Justo JA, Bookstaver PB (2014).
1731:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4726-4732.2003
1718:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1197:
744:
34:
18:Healthcare-associated infections
5267:Drug-induced lichenoid reaction
4602:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
4535:Critical illness polyneuropathy
4136:Economic and financial concerns
3891:
3866:
3823:
3811:
3760:
3737:
3675:
3654:
3615:
3596:
3586:
3573:
3553:
3540:
3494:
3462:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3341:
3298:
3257:
3243:
3202:
2997:
2938:
2929:
2878:
2869:
2830:
2808:
2757:
2716:
2675:
2663:
2633:
2590:
2568:
2517:
2492:
2467:
2432:
2410:
2263:Leung M, Chan AH (March 2006).
2227:
2168:
2109:
1918:
1823:
1764:
1705:
1094:
1014:Case Western Reserve University
717:, and influenza agents. Use of
600:device-associated ventriculitis
592:ventilator-associated pneumonia
468:Routes of contact transmission
360:
242:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
144:healthcare-associated infection
7934:Infectious disease informatics
7765:Transmission-based precautions
6080:Environment, health and safety
5735:Occupational health psychology
5384:Occupational safety and health
5031:Urticarial erythema multiforme
3181:Pollack A (26 February 2010).
2783:10.1002/14651858.CD003325.pub3
2384:Anesthesiol Clin North America
1866:Akbari F, Kjellerup B (2015).
1686:
1657:Pollack A (26 February 2010).
1650:
1537:
1513:"Hospital Acquired Infections"
1460:
1401:
1375:
1332:
1165:
774:
769:Transmission-based precautions
495:Indirect-contact transmission
13:
1:
7351:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
7126:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
6487:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
5951:Personal protective equipment
5704:Workplace health surveillance
5302:Linear IgA bullous dermatosis
5171:Adverse reaction to cytokines
4381:Geriatric intensive-care unit
4364:Pediatric intensive care unit
4201:Political abuse of psychiatry
4039:The dictionary definition of
3640:10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00078-1
3628:Journal of Hospital Infection
3546:Institut de veille sanitaire
3500:Institut de veille sanitaire
2688:Archives of Internal Medicine
2647:. 31 May 2013. Archived from
2611:10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00317-X
2441:Journal of Hospital Infection
2300:Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
1957:Infection and Drug Resistance
1777:Infection and Drug Resistance
1771:Nimer NA (25 February 2022).
1550:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1325:
884:In addition to hand washing,
665:
649:protocol has to be enforced.
613:
130:, meaning "hospital"), is an
6913:Aerosol-generating procedure
6691:Silent/Subclinical infection
6391:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5993:Standard operating procedure
5926:Hierarchy of hazard controls
5679:Hierarchy of hazard controls
5338:Serum sickness-like reaction
5317:Photosensitive drug reaction
4784:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
4727:Nutritional supplementation
4358:Neonatal intensive care unit
3875:Fundamentals of microbiology
3550:, Vol. 1, Tableau 31, p. 24.
3215:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3094:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000284
2500:"Hospital Negligence Claims"
1084:, surgical site and various
971:
752:
585:Device-associated infections
481:Direct-contact transmission
445:Common vehicle transmission
380:Main routes of transmission
316:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
270:
126:
7:
7577:Vaccine-preventable disease
7525:Monoclonal antibody therapy
6130:NIOSH air filtration rating
5822:Health and Safety Executive
5730:Occupational health nursing
5694:Occupational exposure limit
5532:Hospital-acquired infection
5497:Exposure to human nail dust
5046:JarischâHerxheimer reaction
4884:Water-electrolyte imbalance
4718:Early goal-directed therapy
4237:Hospital-acquired infection
4232:Hospital-acquired pneumonia
3844:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1084
3744:Bagot M (24 October 2018).
3664:(in French). Archived from
2701:10.1001/archinte.162.9.1037
1486:10.1016/j.pcorm.2022.100291
1288:
1253:with a similar hospital in
850:Acinetobacter, Enterobacter
237:Hospital-acquired pneumonia
118:hospital-acquired infection
10:
8018:
7718:Respiratory source control
6190:Workplace health promotion
6095:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
5869:Worker Protection Standard
5572:Noise-induced hearing loss
5307:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
4736:Total parenteral nutrition
4669:Life-supporting treatments
4376:Critical illness insurance
3786:10.1177/003335490712200205
3142:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.11.015
3018:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.005
2453:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.06.010
2194:10.1186/s13054-021-03460-5
2076:10.1186/s13054-022-04108-8
1625:10.1177/003335490712200205
1427:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8
1361:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.020
1281:that were associated with
1209:
1148:
1103:
1058:HarborâUCLA Medical Center
813:Staphylococcus epidermidis
756:
698:, methicillin-susceptible
525:as part of treatments for
429:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
166:
7908:
7862:Global Health Initiatives
7852:Evolutionary epidemiology
7800:
7592:
7547:Post-exposure prophylaxis
7483:Antimicrobial stewardship
7441:
7428:
7333:
7224:
7206:Multiplicity of infection
7171:Basic reproduction number
7146:
7118:
7104:
7090:
7074:
7042:
7004:
6947:Percutaneous inoculation
6933:
6895:
6888:
6870:
6802:
6769:
6762:
6726:
6719:
6622:
6509:
6431:Hostâpathogen interaction
6406:
6300:
6293:
6198:
6052:
6006:
5883:
5846:
5796:
5788:World Health Organization
5770:
5758:
5712:
5699:Occupational epidemiology
5684:Prevention through design
5635:
5542:Laboratory animal allergy
5467:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
5442:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
5390:
5325:
5282:Drug-induced pigmentation
5277:Drug-induced nail changes
5234:
5227:
5179:
5148:
5115:
5077:
5054:
5011:
4918:
4905:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
4892:
4856:
4813:
4751:
4701:Ventricular assist device
4696:Intra-aortic balloon pump
4667:
4647:Pulmonary artery catheter
4619:
4569:
4527:
4396:
4389:
4344:
4316:
4255:
4219:
4166:
4135:
4084:
4006:
3962:
3916:10.1017/S0195941700059762
3566:12 September 2009 at the
3526:, mars 2009, ii + 91 pp.
3515:, mars 2009, ii + 81 pp.
3455:25 September 2009 at the
3283:10.1007/s00134-008-1336-9
3039:Health Quality O (2018).
2964:10.1186/s40560-015-0120-5
2951:Journal of Intensive Care
2482:. In Markowitz AJ (ed.).
2396:10.1016/j.atc.2004.04.002
2135:10.1007/s00134-018-5247-0
1414:Patient Safety in Surgery
1383:"HAI Data and Statistics"
1112:
945:and vancomycin-resistant
879:
729:or methicillin-resistant
541:haematological malignancy
454:Vector borne transmission
226:about ÂŁ1 billion a year.
102:
97:
88:
80:
75:
7680:Protective sequestration
7542:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
6833:Generational difference
6386:Horizontal gene transfer
6376:Antimicrobial resistance
6105:Hostile work environment
6085:Environmental toxicology
5978:Redundancy (engineering)
5592:Repetitive strain injury
5292:StevensâJohnson syndrome
5021:Penicillin drug reaction
4184:Compulsory sterilization
3694:(1): 1â4. Archived from
3682:Sax H, Pittet D (2005).
3476:26 November 2009 at the
2904:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3826
1885:10.3390/pathogens4030457
1192:surgical site infections
1180:Health Protection Agency
1156:
1123:urinary tract infections
567:central venous catheters
545:primary immunodeficiency
355:
229:
213:antimicrobial resistance
7987:Intensive care medicine
7867:Microbial phylogenetics
7785:Wastewater surveillance
7306:Geographic distribution
7181:Critical community size
6979:Surgical site infection
6827:Iatrogenic/Medical care
6746:Microbial translocation
6742:Endogenous reactivation
6737:Normal flora overgrowth
6686:Opportunistic infection
6458:Opportunistic infection
6150:Quality of working life
5936:Administrative controls
5297:Injection site reaction
5257:Drug-induced angioedema
5235:Skin and body membranes
4799:Stress ulcer prevention
4743:Therapeutic hypothermia
4642:Central venous catheter
4310:Intensive care medicine
4112:Unnecessary health care
3270:Intensive Care Medicine
2296:Acinetobacter baumannii
2122:Intensive Care Medicine
993:Acinetobacter baumannii
759:Isolation (health care)
523:immunosuppressive drugs
308:Acinetobacter baumannii
249:Urinary tract infection
215:, which can complicate
152:rehabilitation facility
7939:Microbial bioterrorism
7562:efficacy/effectiveness
6970:Surgical intervention
6862:Breakthrough infection
6484:Genetic predisposition
6468:Susceptible individual
6315:Germ theory of disease
5745:Occupational therapist
5725:Industrial engineering
5517:Glassblower's cataract
5482:Decompression sickness
5287:Drug-induced urticaria
5102:Hydroxyurea dermopathy
5005:Adverse drug reactions
4874:Level of consciousness
4681:mechanical ventilation
4579:Methicillin-resistant
4179:Sluggish schizophrenia
3873:Pommerville J (2014).
3832:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
3533:7 October 2009 at the
3528:SynthÚse des résultats
3522:7 October 2009 at the
3511:7 October 2009 at the
3444:11 August 2009 at the
3307:Critical Care Medicine
2645:Gibraltar Laboratories
2021:10.3201/eid1107.050092
1273:and began his work on
1271:germ theory of disease
1219:
1048:and infections of the
982:methicillin-resistant
929:methicillin-resistant
906:Antimicrobial surfaces
818:Staphylococcus hominis
622:
509:Patient susceptibility
405:such as bronchoscopy.
301:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
285:Methicillin-resistant
203:and infections of the
134:that is acquired in a
7997:Occupational diseases
7775:Universal precautions
6733:Endogenous overgrowth
6585:Poultry and livestock
6215:Occupational diseases
6180:Workers' compensation
5740:Occupational medicine
5602:Silo-filler's disease
5567:Mule spinners' cancer
5197:Vaccine adverse event
4581:Staphylococcus aureus
4256:Records and histories
4227:Adverse drug reaction
4195:The Protest Psychosis
3773:Public Health Reports
3671:on 30 September 2007.
3487:8 August 2009 at the
2478:Clostridium difficile
2474:Lautenbach E (2001).
1612:Public Health Reports
1217:
1054:Staphylococcus aureus
1026:Klebsiella pneumoniae
998:Staphylococcus aureus
984:Staphylococcus aureus
943:Staphylococcus aureus
936:vancomycin-resistant
931:Staphylococcus aureus
863:Staphylococcus aureus
846:Klebsiella pneumoniae
842:Staphylococcus aureus
765:Universal precautions
731:Staphylococcus aureus
727:Clostridium difficile
723:Clostridium difficile
715:Staphylococcus aureus
704:Clostridium difficile
700:Staphylococcus aureus
696:Staphylococcus aureus
621:
531:organ transplantation
411:Airborne transmission
401:Droplet transmission
393:Contact transmission
366:In-dwelling catheters
349:Legionnaires' disease
341:Vancomycin-resistant
323:Clostridium difficile
287:Staphylococcus aureus
279:Staphylococcus aureus
7877:Genomic reassortment
7857:Genetic epidemiology
7696:Health communication
7624:Flattening the curve
7614:Disease surveillance
7397:Systemic/Generalized
7161:Animal disease model
6641:Asymptomatic carrier
5941:Engineering controls
5916:Emergency evacuation
5720:Environmental health
5487:De Quervain syndrome
5477:Concussions in sport
5069:Steroid folliculitis
4556:Stress hyperglycemia
4397:Organ system failure
4331:Medical specialities
3698:on 11 November 2007.
2543:10.1128/JCM.02004-08
2504:PatientClaimLine.com
2008:Emerging Infect. Dis
1563:10.1128/CMR.00027-10
1060:, and the author of
122:nosocomial infection
76:Nosocomial infection
48:Nosocomial infection
7982:Infectious diseases
7977:Health care quality
7944:Pandemic prevention
7900:Viral phylodynamics
7881:Re-emerging disease
7770:Travel restrictions
6974:Postoperative wound
6943:Blood-borne disease
6925:Respiratory droplet
6837:Vertical/Congenital
6822:Nosocomial/Hospital
6779:Spillover infection
6075:Effects of overtime
5958:Job safety analysis
5946:Hazard substitution
5911:Emergency procedure
5689:Exposure assessment
5674:Occupational stress
5667:Psychosocial hazard
5647:Occupational hazard
5512:Flock worker's lung
5333:Fixed drug reaction
4919:Related specialties
4879:Acidâbase imbalance
4815:ICU scoring systems
4686:Tracheal intubation
4497:Respiratory failure
4492:Acute liver failure
4482:Acute renal failure
4352:Intensive care unit
4336:Respiratory therapy
4097:Medical malpractice
3537:, Mars 2009, 11 pp.
3135:(5 Suppl): e77â84.
2729:Critical Care Nurse
1790:10.2147/IDR.S351755
1044:, can cause severe
895:bloodborne pathogen
784:skin microorganisms
555:, including severe
535:autoimmune diseases
469:
381:
7890:Selection pressure
7186:Force of infection
6814:Contagious disease
6749:Endogenous seeding
6646:Chain of infection
6570:Injection drug use
6481:Vaccination status
6364:Case fatality rate
6282:infectious disease
6110:Indoor air quality
6014:Diving regulations
5931:Hazard elimination
5750:Safety engineering
5135:Vitamin K reaction
4828:Glasgow Coma Scale
4779:Intravenous fluids
4659:Screening cultures
4627:Arterial blood gas
4592:Refeeding syndrome
4509:Neonatal infection
4470:Vasodilatory shock
4445:Distributive shock
4370:Coronary care unit
4153:Financial toxicity
4007:External resources
3725:on 8 December 2015
3609:, 17 January 2007
3559:RĂ©seau REA-Raisin
3517:Volume 2 â Annexes
3388:10.1586/eri.11.166
3253:. 17 October 2021.
3189:The New York Times
3012:(5 Suppl): S31-5.
2742:10.4037/ccn2017694
2651:on 6 December 2018
2530:J. Clin. Microbiol
1970:10.2147/IDR.S51388
1665:The New York Times
1251:rates of infection
1249:. He compared the
1220:
739:selection pressure
639:indoor air quality
623:
563:endotracheal tubes
467:
379:
120:, also known as a
109:Infectious disease
7964:
7963:
7954:Tropical medicine
7895:Synthetic biology
7796:
7795:
7755:Social distancing
7708:Outbreak response
7329:
7328:
7156:Agent-based model
7142:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7133:
6681:Natural reservoir
6671:Infectious period
6661:Incubation period
6618:
6617:
6574:Natural disaster
6543:Tropical diseases
6526:Biodiversity loss
6463:Risk of infection
6453:Microbiome health
6446:Immunosuppression
6247:
6246:
6160:Safety data sheet
5973:Operations manual
5854:Bangladesh Accord
5842:
5841:
5652:Biological hazard
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5252:Drug-induced acne
5202:Eczema vaccinatum
5130:Warfarin necrosis
4971:
4970:
4931:Internal medicine
4677:Airway management
4615:
4614:
4455:Obstructive shock
4440:Cardiogenic shock
4276:
4275:
4242:Iatrogenic anemia
4189:Physician gag law
4030:
4029:
2390:(3): 457â71, vi.
1724:(10): 4726â4732.
1389:. 10 January 2018
1305:Infection control
1184:respiratory tract
826:Propionibacterium
733:after discharge.
719:hydrogen peroxide
571:urinary catheters
506:
505:
462:
461:
191:, where hospital
114:
113:
70:Medical condition
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
8009:
7949:Tropical disease
7885:Reverse zoonosis
7872:One Health Model
7701:Health education
7690:Community health
7609:Cordon sanitaire
7582:Ring vaccination
7552:Repurposed drugs
7439:
7438:
7358:Gastrointestinal
7201:Machine learning
7005:Gastrointestinal
6956:Intravenous line
6893:
6892:
6807:/Cross-infection
6794:Reverse zoonosis
6767:
6766:
6724:
6723:
6629:
6628:
6610:War and conflict
6478:Nutrition status
6441:Immunodeficiency
6298:
6297:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6235:
6234:
6206:
6205:
5901:Contingency plan
5896:Code of practice
5768:
5767:
5562:Metal fume fever
5377:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5232:
5231:
5140:Texier's disease
5041:Red man syndrome
4998:
4991:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4692:Cardiac devices
4546:Decubitus ulcers
4460:Neurogenic shock
4394:
4393:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4220:Related concerns
4073:
4066:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4038:
3960:
3959:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3934:. Archived from
3895:
3889:
3888:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3788:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3579:Vasselle, Alain
3577:
3571:
3557:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3498:
3492:
3466:
3460:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3313:(6): 1109â1115.
3302:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2966:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2694:(9): 1037â1043.
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2196:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2137:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2078:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2023:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1887:
1863:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1792:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1733:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1565:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1346:
1336:
1236:medical students
1224:Ignaz Semmelweis
690:agents, such as
633:measures to the
553:critical illness
470:
466:
382:
378:
330:Escherichia coli
294:Candida albicans
129:
124:(from the Greek
93:
73:
72:
54:under discussion
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8006:
7992:Medical hygiene
7967:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7904:
7817:Antigenic shift
7812:Antigenic drift
7803:
7792:
7656:Barrier nursing
7604:Contact tracing
7595:
7588:
7433:
7431:
7424:
7335:
7325:
7226:
7220:
7211:Serial interval
7130:
7114:
7105:Cervico-vaginal
7100:
7091:Trans-placental
7086:
7070:
7038:
7000:
6936:Vascular system
6935:
6929:
6884:
6872:
6866:
6806:
6798:
6758:
6715:
6633:
6614:
6505:
6436:Immune response
6402:
6381:Drug resistance
6325:Infectious dose
6289:
6278:
6248:
6243:
6194:
6175:Toxic workplace
6155:Risk management
6048:
6002:
5983:Risk assessment
5879:
5838:
5792:
5763:
5754:
5708:
5662:Physical hazard
5657:Chemical hazard
5638:
5631:
5396:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5351:
5342:
5321:
5223:
5175:
5144:
5111:
5073:
5050:
5007:
5002:
4972:
4967:
4914:
4888:
4852:
4809:
4769:Antithrombotics
4747:
4731:Enteral feeding
4713:Kidney dialysis
4663:
4611:
4587:Oxygen toxicity
4565:
4523:
4385:
4340:
4312:
4307:
4277:
4272:
4251:
4215:
4167:Political abuse
4162:
4148:Balance billing
4131:
4080:
4077:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4002:
4001:
3971:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3938:on 4 April 2008
3896:
3892:
3885:
3871:
3867:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3605:, Ăric Jozsef,
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3574:
3568:Wayback Machine
3558:
3554:
3545:
3541:
3535:Wayback Machine
3524:Wayback Machine
3513:Wayback Machine
3499:
3495:
3489:Wayback Machine
3478:Wayback Machine
3467:
3463:
3457:Wayback Machine
3446:Wayback Machine
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3303:
3299:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3179:
3168:
3121:
3117:
3078:
3074:
3037:
3033:
3002:
2998:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2776:(8): CD003325.
2762:
2758:
2721:
2717:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2472:
2468:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2380:
2376:
2339:
2335:
2292:
2288:
2269:Med. Sci. Monit
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2173:
2169:
2114:
2110:
2054:
2047:
2000:
1996:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1864:
1849:
1842:
1830:Hunt J (2022).
1828:
1824:
1769:
1765:
1710:
1706:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1655:
1651:
1604:
1597:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1509:
1502:
1465:
1461:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1295:Cubicle curtain
1291:
1255:Dublin, Ireland
1232:puerperal fever
1212:
1200:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1135:mucous membrane
1115:
1106:
1097:
974:
915:immunodeficient
911:Micro-organisms
908:
882:
830:Corynebacterium
777:
761:
755:
747:
668:
616:
587:
519:glucocorticoids
511:
363:
358:
353:
273:
268:
259:Puerperal fever
254:Gastroenteritis
232:
169:
156:skin microbiota
71:
62:
46:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8015:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7847:Emergent virus
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7819:
7814:
7808:
7806:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7782:
7780:Vector control
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7723:N95 respirator
7715:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7665:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7596:pharmaceutical
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7463:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7445:
7443:
7442:Pharmaceutical
7436:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7393:Cardiovascular
7391:
7386:
7381:
7378:
7373:
7372:Nervous system
7370:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7339:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7196:Infection rate
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7152:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7078:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7008:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6958:
6953:
6951:Injection site
6945:
6939:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6920:Dental aerosol
6917:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6876:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6842:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6816:
6810:
6808:
6804:Human-to-human
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6730:
6728:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6701:Super-spreader
6698:
6696:Superinfection
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6605:Vector control
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6534:Climate zones
6532:
6530:Climate change
6527:
6524:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6346:
6344:Quorum sensing
6341:
6340:
6339:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6277:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6165:Source control
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6140:Process safety
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6100:Health physics
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6031:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5988:Safety culture
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5968:Permit To Work
5965:
5963:Lockout-tagout
5960:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5765:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5643:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5627:Writer's cramp
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5582:Pneumoconiosis
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5547:Lead poisoning
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:Golfer's elbow
5519:
5514:
5509:
5507:Fiddler's neck
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5462:Chronic stress
5459:
5454:
5449:
5447:Cardiovascular
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5117:Anticoagulants
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4926:Anesthesiology
4922:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:APACHE II
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4654:Blood cultures
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4403:Shock sequence
4400:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:Health science
4317:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4263:Drug pollution
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Adverse effect
4114:
4109:
4107:Patient safety
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:article/967022
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3988:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:Classification
3956:
3955:External links
3953:
3950:
3949:
3904:Infect Control
3890:
3883:
3865:
3822:
3810:
3779:(2): 160â166.
3759:
3748:. Daily Mirror
3736:
3701:
3674:
3653:
3634:(2): 141â148.
3614:
3595:
3585:
3572:
3552:
3539:
3493:
3461:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3362:
3340:
3297:
3256:
3242:
3228:10.1086/653049
3201:
3166:
3115:
3072:
3031:
2996:
2937:
2928:
2877:
2868:
2849:(3): 445â454.
2829:
2807:
2756:
2715:
2674:
2662:
2632:
2605:(5): 357â363.
2589:
2567:
2516:
2491:
2466:
2431:
2409:
2374:
2333:
2312:10.1086/513120
2286:
2275:(3): SR17â23.
2255:
2226:
2167:
2128:(5): 627â635.
2108:
2045:
1994:
1943:
1932:. 19 July 2017
1917:
1878:(3): 457â469.
1847:
1840:
1822:
1763:
1704:
1685:
1649:
1618:(2): 160â166.
1595:
1556:(1): 141â173.
1536:
1500:
1459:
1400:
1374:
1355:(5): 396â407.
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1279:microorganisms
1226:, a Hungarian
1211:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1175:
1174:United Kingdom
1172:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1139:intensive care
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1033:infections in
973:
970:
924:Staphylococcus
907:
904:
881:
878:
834:Dermobacterium
776:
773:
757:Main article:
754:
751:
746:
743:
682:and/or use of
667:
664:
615:
612:
586:
583:
582:
581:
574:
559:
537:
510:
507:
504:
503:
496:
492:
491:
482:
478:
477:
474:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
442:
441:
413:
407:
406:
402:
398:
397:
394:
390:
389:
386:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:
346:
338:
333:
326:
319:
312:
304:
297:
290:
282:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
245:
244:
233:
231:
228:
177:microorganisms
168:
165:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
69:
64:
63:
60:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7799:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7760:Sterilization
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7728:Surgical mask
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7685:Public health
7683:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7591:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7537:Phage therapy
7535:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7520:Immunotherapy
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7478:Antimicrobial
7476:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7427:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7369:Genitourinary
7368:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7332:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:in population
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7191:Herd immunity
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:Genitourinary
7073:
7067:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7017:Contamination
7015:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6985:Vector-borne
6984:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6771:Cross-species
6768:
6765:
6761:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6711:Window period
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6676:Latent period
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:Deforestation
6553:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6500:Stress levels
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6332:Pathogenicity
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6263:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6240:
6239:
6230:
6226:
6225:Organizations
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:Public health
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6038:United States
6035:
6032:
6029:
6028:United States
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:Diving safety
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:International
5769:
5766:
5764:organizations
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5637:Occupational
5634:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Sports injury
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5552:Low back pain
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5502:Farmer's lung
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5392:Occupational
5389:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5214:Halogenoderma
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:Organisations
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:SAPS III
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Arterial line
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:Complications
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Organ failure
4475:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Severe sepsis
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:General terms
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Patient abuse
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Medical error
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4045:at Wiktionary
4044:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:(5): 367â70.
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3884:9781449647964
3880:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3747:
3740:
3721:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3690:(in French).
3689:
3685:
3678:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3382:(2): 185â95.
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:(4): 424â31.
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:Critical Care
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:Critical Care
2060:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2014:(7): 1097â9.
2013:
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1272:
1269:proposed the
1268:
1267:Louis Pasteur
1264:
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1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1198:United States
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:urinary tract
1185:
1181:
1178:In 2012, the
1171:
1163:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:urinary tract
1077:
1075:
1074:ciprofloxacin
1071:
1065:
1063:
1062:Rising Plague
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:urinary tract
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:New York City
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Acinetobacter
1003:
1002:Acinetobacter
999:
995:
994:
990:
989:Gram-negative
986:
985:
979:
978:Gram-positive
969:
965:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
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809:
803:
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797:
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789:
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781:
772:
770:
766:
760:
750:
745:Sterilization
742:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:antimicrobial
685:
681:
677:
676:sterilization
673:
663:
660:
656:
650:
648:
645:infection, a
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
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238:
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227:
225:
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218:
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210:
206:
205:urinary tract
202:
198:
197:gram-negative
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
161:
160:opportunistic
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
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128:
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119:
110:
107:
105:
101:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
74:
68:
58:
56:
55:
51:
49:
41:
32:
31:
19:
7668:Notification
7639:Hand washing
7634:Food hygiene
7619:Disinfection
7515:Immunization
7466:Anthelmintic
7454:prophylactic
7342:Respiratory
7266:Hyperendemic
7216:WAIFW matrix
6871:Environment-
6821:
6624:Transmission
6600:Urbanization
6398:Host tropism
6294:Determinants
6280:Concepts in
6236:
6207:
6034:Right to sit
6024:Potty parity
5617:Tennis elbow
5612:Surfer's ear
5557:Mesothelioma
5531:
5527:Hearing loss
5149:Immunologics
5079:Chemotherapy
5064:Steroid acne
4963:Traumatology
4864:Hemodynamics
4838:SAPS II
4805:Vasopressors
4723:Induced coma
4580:
4571:Iatrogenesis
4561:Stress ulcer
4465:Spinal shock
4422:Septic shock
4247:Hand washing
4236:
4193:
4174:Drapetomania
4143:Medical debt
4092:Iatrogenesis
4079:Medical harm
4041:
4014:
3990:
3975:
3940:. Retrieved
3936:the original
3907:
3903:
3893:
3874:
3868:
3838:(1): 26â39.
3835:
3831:
3825:
3813:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3720:the original
3696:the original
3691:
3687:
3677:
3666:the original
3656:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3575:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3501:
3496:
3464:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3343:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3245:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2931:
2897:(1): 86â93.
2894:
2890:
2880:
2871:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2810:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2735:(3): e1âe8.
2732:
2728:
2718:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:the original
2644:
2635:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2570:
2536:(1): 205â7.
2533:
2529:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:
2494:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2447:(2): 104â8.
2444:
2440:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2412:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2353:(7): 671â6.
2350:
2346:
2336:
2306:(4): 423â9.
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2243:European CDC
2242:
2229:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2066:
2062:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1929:
1920:
1875:
1871:
1831:
1825:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1698:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1664:
1652:
1615:
1611:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1528:, retrieved
1516:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1352:
1348:
1334:
1315:Phototherapy
1310:Iatrogenesis
1263:hand-washing
1259:hypothesized
1228:obstetrician
1221:
1201:
1177:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1143:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1095:Epidemiology
1090:
1078:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
983:
975:
966:
951:
947:Enterococcus
946:
942:
938:Enterococcus
937:
930:
922:
919:
909:
883:
875:
867:
862:
859:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
804:
778:
762:
748:
735:
730:
726:
722:
714:
708:
703:
699:
695:
684:alcohol rubs
680:hand washing
674:, equipment
669:
651:
647:hand hygiene
624:
588:
512:
487:patient-care
476:Description
463:
427:
421:
388:Description
369:
364:
361:Transmission
343:Enterococcus
342:
336:Tuberculosis
328:
321:
314:
306:
299:
292:
286:
277:
221:
179:, including
170:
148:nursing home
143:
121:
117:
115:
67:
45:
43:
7921:Eradication
7832:Biosecurity
7557:Vaccination
7532:Inoculation
7510:Drug safety
7505:Combination
7432:and Control
7380:Soft tissue
7334:Anatomical
7301:Seasonality
7281:Mesoendemic
7261:Holoendemic
7254:Farr's laws
7166:Attack rate
6964:Animal bite
6960:Insect bite
6896:Respiratory
6523:Air quality
6511:Environment
6421:Comorbidity
6337:Attack rate
6320:Infectivity
6070:Drug policy
6007:Legislation
5713:Professions
5537:Indium lung
5432:Brucellosis
5427:Berylliosis
5180:Other drugs
5013:Antibiotics
4946:Pulmonology
4869:Hypotension
4764:Antibiotics
4607:Dialytrauma
4450:Anaphylaxis
4127:Never event
3942:28 November
3729:28 November
3611:(in French)
3276:(1): 9â29.
3221:: S48âS53.
3051:(1): 1â73.
2347:Can. Vet. J
1783:: 631â639.
1678:15 November
1166:Switzerland
1127:pneumopathy
980:strains of
822:Microccocus
792:body fluids
780:Handwashing
775:Handwashing
692:antibiotics
635:health care
209:bloodstream
158:, becoming
127:nosokomeion
81:Other names
59:do not move
7971:Categories
7804:infections
7745:Sanitation
7713:Quarantine
7572:resistance
7490:Antiseptic
7471:Ascaricide
7461:Antifungal
7449:Antibiotic
7430:Prevention
7363:Intestinal
7296:Prevalence
7276:Inequality
7225:Occurrence
7024:Breastmilk
6908:Bioaerosol
6880:Sapronosis
6855:Horizontal
6727:Endogenous
6706:Viral load
6666:Index case
6170:Toxic tort
6120:Job strain
6090:Ergonomics
6065:Break room
5587:Radium jaw
5577:Phossy jaw
5452:Chalicosis
5422:Barotrauma
5412:Asbestosis
5209:Bromoderma
4953:Pediatrics
4936:Cardiology
4857:Physiology
4759:Analgesics
4708:Chest tube
4537:/ myopathy
4514:Polytrauma
4390:Conditions
4042:nosocomial
3752:2 December
3688:Swiss-NOSO
3607:Libération
3194:27 October
2818:. Osha.gov
2655:6 December
2582:20 January
2069:(1): 236.
1963:: 343â63.
1936:13 January
1530:1 February
1517:StatPearls
1479:: 100291.
1393:13 January
1326:References
1086:pneumonias
1042:Gram stain
1031:Klebsiella
962:germicides
838:Pitosporum
800:excretions
796:secretions
666:Sanitation
614:Prevention
423:Legionella
140:healthcare
7916:Discovery
7842:Disease X
7802:Emerging
7750:Screening
7651:Isolation
7495:Antiviral
7321:Twindemic
7271:Incidence
7148:Modelling
7111:Perinatal
7043:Cutaneous
6934:Linked to
6844:Perinatal
6763:Exogenous
6755:formation
6497:Pregnancy
6354:Endotoxin
6349:Virulence
5891:Checklist
5859:ISO 45001
5847:Standards
5597:Silicosis
5407:Acrodynia
5219:Iododerma
4941:Neurology
4794:Sedatives
4774:Inotropes
4620:Diagnosis
4016:eMedicine
2973:2052-0492
2619:0924-8579
2509:21 August
2248:15 August
2203:1364-8535
2187:(1): 25.
2144:0342-4642
2085:1364-8535
1894:2076-0817
1872:Pathogens
1799:1178-6973
1740:0095-1137
1673:0362-4331
1572:1098-6618
1495:252640995
1454:253556197
1420:(1): 35.
1240:midwifery
1222:In 1841,
1125:(30.3%),
1046:pneumonia
1010:polymyxin
972:Treatment
753:Isolation
659:pneumonia
643:rotavirus
440:viruses.
438:varicella
271:Organisms
217:treatment
201:pneumonia
138:or other
132:infection
104:Specialty
57:. Please
7825:EARS-Net
7740:Safe sex
7692:services
7663:Lockdown
7434:measures
7336:location
7316:Syndemic
7311:Sporadic
7291:Pandemic
7286:Outbreak
7244:Epidemic
7097:Prenatal
6989:Mosquito
6873:to-human
6848:Neonatal
6841:Prenatal
6789:Zoonosis
6634:concepts
6565:Humidity
6550:Commerce
6426:Diabetes
6359:Exotoxin
6220:Journals
6209:Category
6135:Overwork
6053:See also
5806:(Canada)
5797:National
5760:Agencies
5622:Tinnitus
5492:Erethism
5399:injuries
5394:diseases
5056:Hormones
4632:Catheter
4551:Fungemia
4326:Medicine
4085:Concepts
3932:25830725
3860:53567650
3852:30444981
3805:17357358
3648:12818589
3564:Archived
3531:Archived
3520:Archived
3509:Archived
3485:Archived
3474:Archived
3453:Archived
3442:Archived
3406:22339192
3355:1 August
3335:19045707
3327:11395584
3292:18989656
3237:20597672
3161:27131140
3110:23252531
3102:27257798
3067:29487629
3026:23622745
2991:26693023
2923:30579325
2863:16253366
2802:25089848
2751:28572111
2710:11996615
2627:11337221
2562:18971364
2461:15474180
2404:15325713
2369:16898109
2328:25876369
2320:17385148
2281:16501436
2221:33430915
2162:29915941
2103:35922860
2040:16022788
1989:25548523
1912:26131615
1817:35241915
1758:14532211
1699:Webscape
1644:17357358
1590:21233510
1525:28722887
1446:36397098
1369:21908073
1289:See also
1247:cadavers
1243:students
1070:imipenem
1035:Brooklyn
672:uniforms
557:COVID-19
549:HIV/AIDS
432:and the
374:biofilms
181:bacteria
136:hospital
7629:Hygiene
7567:booster
7500:Asepsis
7239:Endemic
7234:Cluster
6818:Source
6753:Biofilm
6590:Poverty
6560:Ecology
6538:El Niño
6491:Smoking
6369:factors
6310:Biofilm
6286:Outline
6238:Commons
5818:(Spain)
5812:(Italy)
5639:hygiene
5437:Burnout
5228:General
4958:Surgery
3997:D003428
3924:6354955
3796:1820440
3397:3292282
3152:7132689
3058:5824029
2982:4676153
2914:6387671
2822:11 July
2793:7163182
2553:2620839
2360:1482439
2212:7797892
2153:6006236
2094:9347163
2031:3371795
1980:4271721
1930:cdc.gov
1903:4584267
1808:8887909
1635:1820440
1581:3021207
1437:9672642
1387:cdc.gov
1283:disease
1275:cholera
1210:History
1149:Finland
1104:Belgium
854:Candida
500:needles
434:rubeola
193:surveys
167:Effects
7837:CRISPR
7789:Zoning
7644:Gloves
7055:Fomite
6889:Routes
6784:Vector
6651:Fomite
6632:Basic
6595:Travel
6475:Gender
5921:Hazard
5884:Safety
5417:Asthma
4433:Other
4412:Sepsis
4366:(PICU)
4360:(NICU)
3930:
3922:
3881:
3858:
3850:
3803:
3793:
3669:(.doc)
3646:
3482:Résumé
3450:Résumé
3404:
3394:
3333:
3325:
3290:
3235:
3159:
3149:
3108:
3100:
3065:
3055:
3024:
2989:
2979:
2971:
2957:: 54.
2921:
2911:
2861:
2800:
2790:
2749:
2708:
2672:. 2009
2625:
2617:
2560:
2550:
2459:
2424:6 July
2402:
2367:
2357:
2326:
2318:
2279:
2219:
2209:
2201:
2160:
2150:
2142:
2101:
2091:
2083:
2038:
2028:
1987:
1977:
1910:
1900:
1892:
1838:
1815:
1805:
1797:
1756:
1749:254321
1746:
1738:
1671:
1642:
1632:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1523:
1493:
1452:
1444:
1434:
1367:
1300:ESKAPE
1257:, and
1113:France
987:, and
960:, and
958:silver
954:copper
900:fomite
886:gloves
880:Gloves
848:, and
844:, and
836:, and
820:, and
702:, and
655:sepsis
527:cancer
473:Route
385:Route
189:Europe
7909:Other
7417:Fetus
7412:Mouth
7407:Tooth
7402:Blood
7389:Joint
7249:Curve
7119:Other
7066:wound
7064:Open
7034:Feces
7029:Water
6720:Modes
6578:Flood
6302:Agent
6060:Break
5326:Other
4801:drugs
4752:Drugs
4435:shock
4372:(CCU)
4354:(ICU)
3928:S2CID
3856:S2CID
3723:(PDF)
3716:(PDF)
3331:S2CID
3106:S2CID
2324:S2CID
2239:(PDF)
1491:S2CID
1450:S2CID
1345:(PDF)
1157:Italy
1072:plus
871:flora
788:blood
356:Cause
230:Types
185:fungi
7673:list
7594:Non-
7384:Bone
7376:Skin
7060:Soil
7050:Burn
7012:Food
6994:Tick
6656:Host
6416:Burn
6408:Host
5871:(US)
5835:(US)
5824:(UK)
5762:and
5397:and
4848:SOFA
4833:PIM2
4679:and
4519:Coma
4407:SIRS
4267:List
3992:MeSH
3944:2015
3920:PMID
3879:ISBN
3848:PMID
3801:PMID
3754:2018
3731:2015
3644:PMID
3402:PMID
3357:2023
3323:PMID
3288:PMID
3233:PMID
3196:2022
3157:PMID
3098:PMID
3063:PMID
3022:PMID
2987:PMID
2969:ISSN
2919:PMID
2859:PMID
2824:2011
2798:PMID
2774:2014
2747:PMID
2706:PMID
2657:2018
2623:PMID
2615:ISSN
2584:2014
2558:PMID
2511:2019
2457:PMID
2426:2013
2400:PMID
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