Health communication

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specialized research program is the Health Communication Research Unit at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, aimed at studying the challenges to heath communication faced by cultural diversity. Due to there being a diverse culture that makes up the group of patients within the health care field, communication to other cultures has been taught and has been made a focus in health care training classes. Research suggests that nonverbal and verbal communication between health care professionals and patient can lead to improved patient outcomes. According to Atkin and Silk on page 496 some health care facilities, like hospitals are providing training and education materials to patients. The goal of hospitals doing this is to allow for patients to have a better outcome due to better communication skills. Over the years, there has been much research done on health communication. For example, researchers want to know if people are more effectively motivated by a positive message versus a negative message. Researchers examine ideas like, are people better motivated by ideas of wealth and safety or an idea of illness and death. Researchers are examining which dimensions of persuasive incentives are most influential: physical health versus economic, versus psychological, versus moral, versus social. (Atkin & Silk, 497) Impact of the Health Campaign-After research has been conducted and analyzed on the effects of health communication, it can be concluded that a health communication campaign that is requiring a behavior change causes the desired behavior change in about 7%-10% or more in the people who are in the campaign site than those who are in the control group. Also, the effects are stronger for adoption of a new behavior than cessation of a current behavior, about 12% higher.

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effects of smoking prevention varied. The Study's findings indicate that programs are implemented more effectively when they target youth through the media. The study involved two groups of students: one group received extensive media production through the school program, while the other only received the program for four years. The purpose of the program was to change the smoking behavior of the participants by emphasizing the benefits of quitting smoking, precisely the skill for refusing cigarettes and the perception for people their age not to smoke. A survey of the students was done at the end of the year, and it had a lasting effect on their perception of smoking. Furthermore, research demonstrates that widespread anti-tobacco media efforts in conjunction with other anti-tobacco control measures are associated with a decrease in smoking rates as well as an increase in the rate of smoking cessation. The study reveals, "the prevalence of smokers in the United States has declined over the past 40 years". The media campaign focuses on the success of smoking reduction. The campaign promotes the idea that people who are "exposed to the message have the motivation to seek additional information for quitting" and offers people who are attempting to quit the chance to be able to sustain self-restrain from smoking.

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provider are conversing about care, the patient takes about two to three minutes to express what they want to talk about, especially when the provider asks a question that requires them to be clear and detailed (Naughton). The healthcare provider interrupts what the patient is saying after about 23 seconds on average. A study differentiated between interruptions that are cooperative and disruptive. It implies that interruptions don't necessarily have to be intrusive they can also be cooperative, which means that the interruptions can be constitutive and, thus, can result in a continuance of the conversion process, In the study 84 natural interactions between the physicians and Patient the primary goal of classifying the interruption as cooperative or intrusive was conducted. The results show that 82.9% of 2,405 interruptions were cooperative instead of intrusive. Overall, the patient-centered model seeks to minimize disruptions in general. Offering medical professionals training programs based on the patient-centered model of health communication demonstrates the emphasis on interruption, with the main practice suggestion being that physicians should avoid interrupting the patient early in the interview.

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has been utilized to help address health conditions or habits contributing to adverse fatality-related effects. The Mediated campaign is the use of media to communicate with a broad audience and impart Knowledge or convince people of a particular point of view based on research that has contributed to the success of the behavior change campaign. A vast media campaign that includes bus signs, panel street signs, radio ads, television ads, and other advertisements with the primary objective of showing people a sign that includes the specific recommendation on fruit and vegetable consumption. Another method that was employed was calling random numbers to find out people's opinions regarding a balanced diet and regular exercise. "The percentage of respondents who considered walking to be very important increased." The recall's findings indicate that people's attitudes regarding walking and the eating of fruits and vegetables were generally more positive. The media has enhanced the campaign's attitude toward these two fundamental health-related behavioral changes. The results support that using media coverage can promote campaigns for healthy lifestyles.

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obtain relationship-based assistance, the clinical provider should involve the patient, family members, and other clinicians when making decisions under the relationship-centered care paradigm. While a relationship-based center developed to comprehend the patient, the relationship care center's methodology begins with implementing a patient care center that centralizes the patient. Relationship care encourages medical professionals to empathize with the patient. Relationship-centered care focuses more on empathizing with the patient due to their ability to Express their emotion. When the patient expresses their emotion, it helps both ways in terms of the health professional understanding the patient and serving the patient's needs. In the cognitive domain, medical professionals concentrate on the idea of the relationship center and emphasize providing medical information as well as patient education. Care involves mutual trust, respect, and acceptance in the emotional domain.

222:. The field of health communication has been growing and evolving in recent years. The field plays a role in health advancement with patients and medical professionals. Research shows health communication helps with behavioral change in humans and conveys specific policies with practices that can serve as an alternative to certain unhealthy behaviors. The health communication field is considered more a multidisciplinary field of research theory to encourage actions, practices, and evidence that contribute to improving the healthcare field. The use of various skills and techniques to enhance change among patients and many others and focus on behavioral and social changes to improve the public health outcome. 729: 454:

mainstream Health Communication in its emphasis on qualitative and interpretive methods, and its attention to the ideological processes that underpin shared understandings of health. Unlike much mainstream Health Communication, most Critical Health Communication holds that simply circulating better quality, or more visible message about health is not enough to meaningfully influence health outcomes or correct health care disparities. The first comprehensive review of Critical Health Communication was published in 2008, and since then the volume of Health Communication research taking a critical approach has steadily increased.

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interpersonal connections. A patient's communication with their healthcare team and vice versa, affects the outcome of their health. Strong, clear, and positive relationships with physicians can chronically improve and increase the condition of a certain patient. Through two approaches, the biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model; this can be successfully achieved. Evidence has shown that communication and its traditions have altered throughout the years. With the use of many new discoveries and the changes within our technology market, communication has severely improved and become instantaneous.

770:(e.g., physician, therapist, pharmacist) and an individual's social support system (family, friends, community). These connections can positively influence the individual's decision to make healthy choices. Patients are more prone to listen when they feel invested emotionally into the situation. If they feel as if they understand what is being said, they are more prone to make objective decisions based on the information heard. Two of the most prominent areas of study in interpersonal health communication are the patient-centered and the relationship centered models of care. 866:

left at a disadvantage due to this issue. The older adults comprise an age group that generally has the most chronic health conditions in comparison to other age groups, however studies have shown that this group has difficulty understanding written health materials, understanding health care and policies, and generally do not comprehend medical jargon. Such shortcomings of health communication may lead to increased hospitalizations, the inability to respond to and manage a disease or medical condition, and a generally declining health status.

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time to millions of people. This instant communication has resulted in a dramatic increase of social media being used as a means to connect about health on a global level. In recent years the upward trend to use social media during disaster and crisis times to share public health concerns can be followed. Using social media to upload content about health communication can also result in the rapid spread of misinformation. Many of these platforms have implemented fact checking statements to assist in ensuring information shared is credible.

4106: 881:) and online support groups (e.g., Association for Cancer Online Resources) have increased access to health information. The role of language in communication, especially related to the patients' preferred language physicians use to communicate with them in, also plays a role. Results of a 2019 systematic review found that limited English proficient (LEP) patients have improved health outcomes when they receive care from physicians fluent in the patients' own preferred language. The 116: 5597: 4451: 371:

communication encounter a wide range of employment opportunities spanning between the public, private, and volunteer sectors and have the opportunity for a large amount of career mobility. Examples of jobs in each of these categories include federal, state, and local health departments in the public sector, Pharmaceutical companies and large corporations in the private sector, and various non-profit organizations such as the

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the chance to be disputed by professionals. This issue may generate unwarranted panic amongst those who receive the messages and be an issue as technology continues to advance. An example of this may be observed in the ongoing distrust of vaccinations due to the publication of numerous messages that wrongly link the childhood measles-mumps-rubella (

903:. The speed with which this message spread due to new social networking technologies caused many parents to distrust vaccinations and therefore forgo having their children receive the vaccine. Although this panic is based on false information, many still harbor a lingering suspicion towards vaccinations and refuse them, which has caused a 445:

does misinformation contribute to vaccine hesitancy, social discrimination and stigma, but is also affected by the ongoing global trust crisis in science and official sources. This further contributes to behavioral and social divides and to increasing long-standing inequities. A narrative shift is essential to address these issues.

413:: intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, organizational, and societal. In each instance of health communication, there must be careful deliberation concerning the appropriate channel for messages to best reach the target audience, ranging from face-to-face interactions to television, Internet, and other forms of 874:

that practicing physicians improve their communication skills by attending webinars and on-site customized training programs. If physicians can improve their communication skills, they can ameliorate the problem of patient healthcare illiteracy and contribute to better patient adherence to medical advice.

979:) establishes the Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch (HCIRB) in their Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control. The National Cancer Institute identifies health communication as an extraordinay research opportunity for promoting cancer prevention and control. 713:

in 2001 reported many interesting statistics on the effectiveness of this strategy, such as that over half of regular prime time and daytime drama viewers have reported that they have learned something about health promotion or disease prevention from a TV show. Amongst this data, minority groups are

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to continue to produce new storylines on television and in film studios that will help to promote public health information. Some of the resources provided with this partnership include comprehensive "tip sheets" to provide writers with easy to access and trustworthy information on health issues, and

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A health campaign is an organization to change certain behaviors or show a different point of view on something in to persuade someone. Research shows how campaigns have effectively encouraged people to change an unhealthy health behavior that can potentially worsen their health. Health communication

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have recommended programs for improving physician communication with patients. One recommendation is to improve medical student training by adding lectures, workshops, and supervised encounters with patients to teach interpersonal and communication skills as a core competency. It is also recommended

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During the Covid-19 pandemic, it became clear that major topics in health communication include misinformation as well as the role of communication in addressing health inequities. Misinformation had a major impact on vaccine acceptance and people's adoption of pandemic prevention measures. Not only

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The International Association for Communication in Healthcare (EACH) is a global organization aimed at improving the health communication sector between practitioners and patients. One major program EACH offers is "tEACH". tEACH is a specific subgroup focused on aiding teachers across the globe with

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There are many purposes and reasons why health communication research is important and how it betters the health care field. The training programs of Health Care Professionals, or HCP, can be adapted and developed based on health communication research. (Atkin & Silk, 495) One major example of a

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The term health communications was used in 1961 when the National Health Council organized a National Health Forum to discuss challenges faced in the communications of health information (Helen, 1962). The term was used again in 1962 when Surgeon General Luther Terry organized a conference on health

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General health communication has origins dating as far back as the 4th century BC. Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates first began writing about the connection between diseases and the environment, laying the foundation for the modern understanding of transmittable diseases. Additionally, during the

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Mass communication is used to promote beneficial changes in behavior among members of populations. A major criticism of the use of mass media as a method of health communication is the unfortunate ability for false and misinformed messages to spread quickly through the mass media, before they have

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to health literacy, issues such as the use of unexplained medical jargon, ill-formed messages, and often a general educational gap have created barriers to patient healthcare literacy. Specifically, studies have been done amongst elderly populations in America to illustrate a common audience who is

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Relationship-centered care is characterized by the contributions of teamwork and understanding made between the patients and the physicians and their respective perceptions of the value of their relationships. The patient-medical professional relationship continues to be crucial. For the patient to

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As patient-centered communication and connection are essential, interruptions in health communication are researched. Healthcare professionals are given guidelines to adhere to since interruptions could render the patient-centered model less effective. Research shows when a patient and a healthcare

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Cigarette prevention programs have been provided to students from grades 6 to 8, which decreases student smoking at grade school. The study found that there was a long-term effect when smoking prevention was combined with other factors in a particular channel that influenced the youth. However, the

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The WHO's "Heatwave and Health" initiative was launched in 2021 in co-partnership with the Pan American Health Organization aimed at educating the public in South and Central-American countries about the hazards present from heatwaves. Awareness including what to do before and during a heatwave was

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Following the global outbreak of the Covid-19 Pandemic in 2019, the Chinese government under Xi Jinping issued a major health communication campaign titled the "Zero-COVID" policy. This new set of restrictions included lockdowns, stricter contact-tracing mechanisms, and increased testing to Chinese

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In 2018, four years after the first major outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo and UNICEF partnered together to raise awareness about the deadly virus in a multi-national effort reaching around 800,000 people in affected areas. Communication efforts about preventive

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Communicators need to continually synthesize knowledge from a range of other scholarly disciplines including marketing, psychology, and behavioral sciences. Once this information has been collected, professionals can choose from a variety of methods and strategies of communication that they believe

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The Society for Participatory Medicine (SPM) is established to promote participatory medicine by and among patients, caregivers and their medical teams and to promote clinical transparency among patients and their physicians through the exchange of information, via conferences, as well through the

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The Patient-centered Model focuses on the patient's understanding from the patient perspective. Healthcare professionals pay close attention to patients' worries, feelings, and opinions. In the patient care-centered model, given that the patient participates in developing, planning, and overseeing

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Using the entertainment industry as a platform for advocating health information and education is a communication strategy that has become increasingly popular. The most utilized strategy is for health communication professionals to create partnerships with storyline creators so that public health

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Alcohol abuse has been a problem within society for about as long as alcohol has been around. In the 19th century, the Women's Christian Temperance Union led a movement against alcohol abuse. They utilized mass communication to communicate the desired message. News papers and magazines allowed for

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Critical health communication refers to scholarship that interrogates "how meanings and enactments of health are tied to issues of power through the systematic construction and maintenance of inequalities." It examines links with culture, resources, and other social structures. It is distinct from

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has published review of research for providers of health information, on what happens when health information is not clear, how to help people understand health information, and which groups of the population may need extra support understanding health content. It covers research on using simple,

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Social media consists of websites and applications that enable users to create and share content including communication regarding health. As technology continues to evolve it expands the access to health information. Social media platforms allow for the distribution of health information in real

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significantly represented with well over half of African American and Hispanic viewers stating that they had either taken some form of preventative action after hearing about a health issue on TV, or that a TV storyline helped them to provide vital health information to a friend or family member.

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Careers in the field of health communication range widely between the public, private, and volunteer sectors and professionals of health communication are distinctively trained to conduct communication research, develop successful and repeatable campaigns for health promotion and advocacy, and to

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in 1975. The research of health communication surrounds the development of effective messages about health, the dissemination of health-related information through broadcast, print, and electronic media, and the role of inter personal relationships in health communities. At the core of all of the

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Another increasingly important application of health communication has been in reaching students in the college community. The National College Health Assessment has measured that 92.5% of college students reported being in "good, very good, or excellent health", however college students seem to

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Because effective health communication must be tailored for the audience and the situation research into health communication seeks to refine communication strategies to inform people about ways to enhance health or avoid specific health risks. Academically, health communication is a discipline

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When assessing how affective a health campaign is, the key determinant is the degree of audience reception, the quality and quantity of the message, the dissemination channels, and the larger communication environment. It is possible that an audience can be more receptive to some messages than

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The social and cultural contexts in which health communication occurs are also widely diverse and can include (but are not limited to) homes, schools, doctor's offices, and workplaces, and messages must consider the variant levels of health literacy and education of their audience, as well as

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The Coalition for Health Communication (CHC) is established as an inter-organizational task force whose mission is to strengthen the identity and advance the field of health communication. CHC represents the ICA and NCA Health Communication Divisions and the APHA Health Communication Working

623:. Health messages were communicated via television, radio, newspaper, cookbooks, booklets, and bus cards. The three "communities" comprised three experimental communication strategies: a media-only campaign, a media campaign supplemented with face-to-face communication, and a no-intervention 466:

Communication is an enigma that is detrimental to the healthcare world and to the resulting health of a patient. Communication is an activity that involves oral speech, voice, tone, nonverbal body language, listening and more. It is a process for a mutual understanding to come at hand during

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and then focus within their field on either health or communication. Practitioners are pragmatic and draw from social-scientific scholarship, theories from the humanities, and professional fields such as education, management, law and marketing (Maibach 2008). Professionals trained in health

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Tailoring a health message is one strategy for persuasive health communication. For messages of health communication to reach selected audiences accurately and quickly, health communication professionals must assemble a collection of superior and audience appropriate information that target

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There are many challenges in communicating information about health to individuals. Some of the most essential issues have to do with the gap between individual health literacy and healthcare workers and institutions, as well as flaws in communicating health information through mass media.

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Health communication is additionally influenced by cultural values which in some cases can create a barrier in effective health communication. When the sender and receiver are from contrasting socioeconomic backgrounds, of a different race, or even vastly different ages, effective health

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Health communication is an area of research that focuses on the scope and implications of meaningful expressions and messages in situations or circumstances associated with health and health care. Health communication is considered an interdisciplinary field of research, encompassing

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Writers and storyline developers have an increased motivation to continue to incorporate public health information into their scripts with the creation of the Sentinel for Health Awards in 2000, which honors storylines that effectively promote health topics and audience awareness of

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battle serious problems with stress, depression, substance abuse, and a general lack of nutrition in comparison to other age groups and audiences. Professionals in health communication are actively striving for new ways to reach this at-risk audience in order to raise standards of

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communicated in the form of webinars, information YouTube videos, and website articles. The campaign additionally focused on developing and/or strengthening local governments knowledge on the matter and establishing public safety plans when heatwaves are imminent.

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communication is the idea of health and the emphasis of health. The goal of health communication research is to identify and provide better and more effective communication strategies that will improve the overall health of society. (Atkin & Silk, page 489)

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Baniya, S. (2022). Transnational assemblages in disaster response: Networked communities, technologies, and coalitional actions during global disasters. Technical Communication Quarterly, 0(0), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2022.2034973

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Finney Rutten, Lila J., Kelly D. Blake, Alexandra J. Greenberg-Worisek, Summer V. Allen, Richard P. Moser, and Bradford W. Hesse. "Online health information seeking among US adults: measuring progress toward a healthy people 2020 objective."

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their care, the healthcare provider views them as team members. It also shows how the healthcare team views the patient as a fellow member who can be helped to achieve a specific objective with a clear vision by exchanging information.

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Health communication relies on strong interpersonal communication in order to influence health decisions and behaviours. The most important of these relationships are the connection and interaction between an individual and their

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The National Cancer Institute establishes the Health Communication Intervention research program, funding seven multi-year research projects to study innovative strategies for communicating cancer information to diverse

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communication to discuss how various techniques can make health information available to the public (US Department of Health Education and Welfare, 1963). The term was adopted by members of an interest group at ICA,

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First serious efforts put forth by Home Controls' HealthComm Systems to educate consumers regarding affordable, unobtrusive home technology allowing the aging to remain at home for months or years longer than ever

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The American Academy on Physician and Patient (later renamed the American Academy on Communication in Healthcare) was established to promote research, education, and professional standards in patient-clinician

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The National Cancer Institute announced re-issuing of the national Centers of Excellent in Cancer Communication Research (CECCRs) program. They provided five years of funding for five research centers (at the

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One problem that health communication seeks to address is the gap that has formed between health literacy and the use of health communication. While the goal is that health communication will effectively

1060:, Colorado. The new CECCR program was designed to continue progress in advancing in health communication research and application, as well as to train the next generation of health communication scholars. 578:

citizens was aimed at attempting to stop the spread of Covid-19. The policy was relatively successful at slowing the spread of the virus, however, it did cause major food shortages and other problems.

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Edgar, Timothy; James N. Hyde (November 2004). "An Alumni-Based Evaluation of Graduate Training in Health Communication: Results of a Survey on Careers, Salaries, Competencies, and Emerging Trends".

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The National Cancer Institute announced establishment of four national Centers of Excellent in Cancer Communication Research (CECCRs) providing five year funding for research centers at the

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and the forefront of their message. Health communication professionals are constantly working to improve this type of risk communication in order to be prepared in the case of an emergency.

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venues to promote health information to a wide-ranging audience. As technologies expand, the platforms for health communication through media advocacy will undoubtedly expand as well.

627:. The experimented revealed that after one year, the most informed at-risk men were those in the second experimental group: they men consumed the media campaign and were attended by a 1025:(CDC) establishes the National Center for Health Marketing (NCHM)for promoting and conducting health marketing and communication research to support national health promotion efforts. 602:

In 1721, health communication was used to mitigate the smallpox epidemic in Boston. Cotton Mather, a political leader, used pamphlets and speeches to promote inoculation of smallpox.

1018:. The CECCR program was designed to make major advances in health communication research and application, as well as to train the next generation of health communication scholars. 736:

Media advocacy use strategic mass media tools combined with widespread organization in order to advocate for healthy public policies or lifestyles. This can include the use of

1577: 429:), online support groups (such as the Association for Cancer Online Resources), web portals, tailored information systems, telehealth programs, electronic health records, 518:

By creating one central message and then later making systematic alterations in order to better reach a certain audience segment, while retaining the same central message

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meetings and panels to discuss new information and resources. Some of the most notable examples of this method of communication in recent years have been with the films

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is a unique niche in healthcare that allows professionals to use communication strategies to inform and influence decisions and actions of the public to improve health.

3833: 2417:"Media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations: What do we know, what do we need to learn, and what should we do now?" 3710:

Center for Excellence in Health Communication to Underserved Populations, The University of Kansas William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications

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Noar, Seth M.; Christina N. Benac; Melissa S. Harris (2007). "Does tailoring matter? Meta-analytic review of tailored print health behavior change interventions".

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tools and resources for promoting proper healthcare communication. The program consists of training modules, organized conferences, as well as project support.

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measures and safe practices regarding the virus included home visits by nurses, campaigns in major cities and markets, and broadcasting through mass media.

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2010. Volumes 1 and 2, Chapt. 11, p 11–20.

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others. The media channel and how the message is reached by the audience can affect the effectiveness of the health campaign. (Atkin & Silk, page 498)

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Hester, Eva Jackson (February 2009). "An Investigation of the Relationship Between Health Literacy and Social Communication Skills in Older Adults".

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The National Cancer Institute establishes the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) biennial representative national survey of consumer

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communication declines. This is a result of the fact that people tend to trust and be more open to ideas coming from someone similar to themselves.

3838: 3578: 3091:"The Influence of the Patient-Clinician Relationship on Healthcare Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 2083:

Zoller, Heather M.; Kline, Kimberly N. (January 2008). "Theoretical Contributions of Interpretive and Critical Research in Health Communication".

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Finney Rutten, Lila J.; Blake, Kelly D.; Greenberg-Worisek, Alexandra J.; Allen, Summer V.; Moser, Richard P.; Hesse, Bradford W. (2019-09-12).

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Hoang, U.; Luna, P.; Russell, P.; Bergonzi-King, L.; Ashton, J.; McCarthy, C.; Donovan, H.; Inman, P.; Seminog, O.; Botchway, S. (2018).

5442: 3601: 3591: 1022: 646: 526: 206:, and between doctor and patient. The purpose of disseminating health information is to influence personal health choices by improving 5707:"Transnational Assemblages in Disaster Response: Networked Communities, Technologies, and Coalitional Actions During Global Disasters" 809:

in myriad situations. One of health communication's most important applications has been throughout major Environmental events (e.g.

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messages, with qualifications in research, strategic development, and evaluating effectiveness. Health communication is taught in

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Health communication textbooks begin appearing: Kreps & Thornton (1984), Sharf (1984), and Northhouse & Northhouse (1985)

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late 18th century, British Navy surgeon James Lind began formally documenting mortality among sailors in his medical publication

2625:"First International Public Health Film Competition 2016—reflections on the development and use of competition judging criteria" 5452: 4768: 3682: 3488: 1468:"The Relation Between Health-Orientation, Provider-Patient Communication, and Satisfaction: An Individual-Difference Approach" 5510: 5417: 3623: 3509: 2777: 2681: 1688: 45: 5500: 3156:

Baxter, Leslie; Nichole Egbert; Evelyn Ho (Jan–Feb 2008). "Everyday Health Communication Experiences of College Students".

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Three-community study and the five-city project were experimental campaigns to inform middle-aged men about the causes of

5457: 5021: 4609: 4195: 3901: 3328:"A Systematic Review of the Impact of Patient–Physician Non-English Language Concordance on Quality of Care and Outcomes" 1105:(PHFS), an independent charity is established to promote conversations between the health and artistic communities about 955: 4525: 3731: 2491:""Cotton Mather, you dog, dam you! I'l inoculate you with this; with a pox to you": smallpox inoculation, Boston, 1721" 1384: 1227: 1053: 965: 934: 690: 511:

argues that health communication campaigns tend to organize their message for a diverse audience in one of three ways:

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Kelley, John M.; Kraft-Todd, Gordon; Schapira, Lidia; Kossowsky, Joe; Riess, Helen (2014-04-09). Timmer, Antje (ed.).

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The following are some key events in the development of health communication as a formal discipline since the 1970s.

650: 178: 160: 59: 4013: 3928: 999:, acquisition, and use to evaluate progress in cancer communication and to guide health communication intervention. 533:

throughout a campaign. This includes a variety of steps to ensure a well-developed message is being communicated:

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balanced language, finding the correct focus, alternative formats (e.g. videos, visuals), and online information.

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Schiavo, Renata; Eyal, Gil; Obregon, Rafael; Quinn, Sandra C.; Riess, Helen; Boston-Fisher, Nikita (2022-10-10).

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establishes the Therapeutic Communication Interest Group (which later became the "Health Communication" Division)

821:) and addressing the affected audience's questions and needs quickly and efficiently, keeping the protection of 5772: 5613: 5432: 5382: 5194: 5091: 4852: 4753: 4666: 4454: 3894: 1185: 942: 728: 558:

Assess the outcome and evaluate the effectiveness and impact of the campaign, noting if changes need to be made

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demographics, values, socioeconomic issues, and many other factors that may influence effective communication.

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USPHS. (1963). Surgeon General's Conference on Health Communications November 5–8, 1962. PHS publication, 5-8.

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messages in film, and to promote transparency in the portray of health messages to the general public through

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https://web.archive.org/web/20100122053253/http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/HTML/Volume1/11HealthCom.htm

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Botchway, Stella; Hoang, Uy (2016). "Reflections on the United Kingdom's first public health film festival".

1095: 976: 2319: 1954:"The science of trust: future directions, research gaps, and implications for health and risk communication" 5130: 4857: 4200: 4150: 4090: 3789:

Gateway to Health Communication & Social Marketing Practice, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

2806: 2296:"More than 300,000 people reached with awareness-raising campaign to contain deadly Ebola outbreak in DRC" 2269: 1827: 5277: 5170: 5081: 4894: 4882: 4791: 4480: 4180: 4165: 3998: 3993: 3988: 2592: 1671:

Atkin, Charles; Silk, Kami (2014). "Health Communication". In Stacks, Don W.; Salwen, Michael B. (eds.).

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Select channels and materials for communication in relation to what will most effectively reach audiences

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Develop and pretest message concepts to determine understanding, acceptance, and reaction to the message

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Cline R., American Public Health Association (APHA) Health Communication Working Group Brochure, 2003.

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population segments. Understanding the audience for the information is critical to effective delivery.

376: 1523:"Communication and Interprofessional Collaboration in Primary Care: From Ideal to Reality in Practice" 5706: 5469: 5464: 5332: 5031: 4738: 4696: 4660: 4567: 4286: 4155: 4120: 3458:

Brauser, Deborah (January 6, 2001). "Autism and MMR Vaccine Study an 'Elaborate Fraud,' Charger BMJ".

1522: 1308: 972: 694: 138: 51: 3570: 5307: 5006: 4718: 4614: 4048: 3978: 3933: 3687: 3280: 937:

forms the Commission for Health Communication, which later became the Health Communication Division

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Center for Health Communication, Moody College of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin

543:

Analyze the target audience by determining interests, attitudes, behaviors, benefits, and barriers

5578: 5505: 5337: 4220: 4205: 4043: 4033: 3326:

Diamond, Lisa; Izquierdo, Karen; Canfield, Dana; Matsoukas, Konstantina; Gany, Francesca (2019).

1045: 1033: 1007: 552:

Implement communication with selected audience and monitor exposures and reactions to the message

537:

Reviewing background information to define what the problem is and who is affected by the problem

487:

Health Communication campaigns are arguably the most utilized and effective method for spreading

372: 343:

and doctoral programs. The Coalition for Health Communication maintains a list of such programs.

4296: 3435: 3418: 3217: 3200: 5601: 5573: 5352: 5076: 4562: 4473: 4391: 3799:

Health Communication Research Centre, Cardiff School of English, Communication & Philosophy

3764:

Center for Public Health Readiness and Communication, Drexel University School of Public Health

3275: 1467: 1165: 1049: 1015: 1011: 620: 3839:

Lerner Center for Public Health Promotion, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

3611: 134: 96: 5558: 5342: 4877: 4778: 4671: 4520: 4215: 4145: 4018: 3917: 2764:, Boca Raton : Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2020.: Productivity Press, pp. 3–9, 508: 475:, entertainment advocacy, media advocacy, new technologies, and interpersonal communication. 421:

communication technologies, particularly through the development of health websites (such as

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Schiavo, R. Health Communication: From Theory to Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007.

3489:

https://web.archive.org/web/20190119083227/http://www.healthcommunication.net/APHA/APHA.html

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Scholars and practitioners in health communication are often trained in disciplines such as

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The first dedicated Ph.D. program in Health and Strategic Communication is offered by the

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Plug, Ilona; van Dulmen, Sandra; Stommel, Wyke; olde Hartman, Tim C.; Das, Enny (2022).

2222:

Beaudoin, Christopher E.; Fernandez, Carolyn; Wall, Jerry L.; Farley, Thomas A. (2007).

5744: 5682: 5647: 5165: 4748: 4597: 4210: 4185: 4160: 4085: 4028: 3565: 3399: 3360: 3327: 3293: 3181: 3133: 3090: 3066: 3031: 2921: 2889:"Physicians' and Patients' Interruptions in Clinical Practice: A Quantitative Analysis" 2888: 2859: 2824: 2783: 2733: 2698: 2654: 2574: 2523: 2490: 2151: 2108: 2038: 1989: 1934: 1805: 1675:. Communication Theory and Methodology (Second ed.). Routledge. pp. 489–503. 1558: 1521:

Fox, Stephanie; Gaboury, Isabelle; Chiocchio, François; Vachon, Brigitte (2021-01-28).

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was established to examine the role of health communication in public health promotion.

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Teresa L. Thompson; Alicia Dorsey; Roxanne Parrott; Katherine Miller (1 April 2003).

3505: 3440: 3403: 3365: 3347: 3297: 3230: 3222: 3173: 3138: 3120: 3071: 3053: 3048: 3009: 3001: 2957: 2926: 2908: 2864: 2846: 2800: 2787: 2773: 2738: 2720: 2677: 2646: 2566: 2528: 2510: 2444: 2436: 2416: 2388: 2251: 2243: 2201: 2193: 2143: 2112: 2100: 2042: 2030: 1993: 1981: 1973: 1938: 1926: 1885: 1797: 1759: 1751: 1684: 1591: 1562: 1550: 1542: 1495: 1487: 1448: 1380: 1357: 1275: 1057: 745: 732:

Some health organizations manage text messaging services to help people avoid smoking

430: 87: 3185: 2578: 2432: 2155: 1809: 1507: 5726: 5718: 5677: 5659: 5492: 5245: 5204: 5016: 4991: 4803: 4733: 4577: 4366: 4058: 3692: 3560: 3538: 3430: 3391: 3355: 3339: 3285: 3212: 3165: 3128: 3110: 3061: 3043: 2991: 2916: 2900: 2854: 2836: 2765: 2728: 2710: 2658: 2636: 2558: 2518: 2502: 2428: 2380: 2277: 2235: 2185: 2135: 2096: 2092: 2020: 1965: 1916: 1789: 1741: 1676: 1583: 1534: 1479: 1438: 1430: 1347: 1195: 1160: 1150: 1140: 723: 693:, the International Health Film Festival, the Global Health Film Initiative of the 410: 311: 203: 195: 5722: 4291: 3693:

Applied Research on Communication in Health Group, University of Otago, Wellington

2223: 2025: 2008: 1969: 1921: 1904: 1538: 1068:

distribution of correspondence and other written materials. The SPM publishes the

335:

are specifically trained in methods and strategies for effective communication of

5553: 5255: 5058: 5051: 4986: 4926: 4808: 4798: 4728: 4701: 4686: 4641: 4631: 4582: 4401: 4361: 4351: 4341: 4276: 4266: 4256: 4251: 4078: 3873: 3855: 3844:

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Health Communication Activities

3753: 3716: 3704: 3613: 3115: 2239: 1730:"Promoting Effective Communication for Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation" 1180: 1155: 959: 855: 500: 207: 91: 3798: 2996: 2979: 2173: 2139: 1953: 1117:, as well through the distribution of correspondence and peer-reviewed research. 540:

Setting communication objectives and proposing a plan to meet the wanted outcome

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in the college setting and to promote a healthier life style amongst students.

737: 710: 645:

information can be incorporated into within the plot of a television show. The

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Graduate Program in Health Communication, Tufts University School of Medicine

3351: 3289: 3226: 3124: 3057: 3005: 2980:"Relationship-centered care: A new paradigm for population health management" 2912: 2850: 2757: 2724: 2562: 2514: 2506: 2440: 2415:

Niederdeppe, Jeff; Kuang, Xiaodong; Crock, Brittney; Skelton, Ashley (2008).

2247: 2197: 2104: 2034: 1977: 1930: 1755: 1546: 1491: 1419:"The Contributions of Health Communication to Eliminating Health Disparities" 1361: 1190: 1135: 1106: 904: 830: 822: 806: 706: 624: 488: 406: 395: 363: 336: 272: 239: 199: 3778: 3542: 2841: 2769: 2715: 2641: 2624: 1434: 954:

Undergraduate and graduate health communication majors begin to be offered.

649:

has formed a strong partnership with Hollywood, Health, and Society, at the

437:(cell phones, PDAs, etc.) means that the potential media are ever changing. 5691: 5568: 4996: 4845: 4835: 4813: 4743: 4636: 4550: 4396: 4336: 4326: 4271: 3973: 3958: 3788: 3535:

Health communication research : a guide to developments and directions

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Center for Health Communication, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

2384: 1680: 1587: 5563: 5260: 4958: 4867: 4830: 4376: 3983: 1261:"Communication as an Essential Component of Environmental Health Science" 958:

offers the first Master of Science in health communication together with

896: 521:

By creating distinctly different messages for different audience segments

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Parvis, Leo (Jul–Aug 2002). "How to Benefit From Health Communication".

402:

evaluate how effective these strategies have been for future campaigns.

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Health Communication Research Center, The Missouri School of Journalism

3758: 3747:

The Center for Health & Risk Communication, George Mason University

3313:

Physician Communication with Patients: Research Findings and Challenges

2125: 1849: 1746: 1729: 810: 414: 359: 3784:

Centre for Health Communication and Participation, La Trobe University

1306: 16:

The study and practice of communicating promotional health information

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International Communication Association, Health Communication Section

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American Public Health Association Health Communication Working Group

2904: 1087: 555:

Ensure information is available in the language of intended audiences

355: 3880: 2606: 773: 5153: 4906: 4540: 4510: 3866: 3726: 3709: 3497: 3419:"The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior" 2007:

Schiavo, Renata; Wye, Gretchen Van; Manoncourt, Erma (2022-01-02).

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is established to study health and health care in the Internet age.

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Health communication has become essential in promoting the general

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Center for Health Communications Research, University of Michigan

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Thompson, Teresa (1999). "Chapter 1". In Whaley, Bryan B. (ed.).

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and scholars of health communication emphasize the importance of

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officially recognized health communication in 1975; in 1997, the

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Center for Health and Risk Communication, University of Maryland

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focused specifically on health films have been organised by the

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University of Georgia Center for Health and Risk Communications

1728:

Grossbach, Irene; Stranberg, Sarah; Chlan, Linda (2011-06-01).

900: 492: 306: 3768: 5282: 3823: 3741: 3155: 2622: 2174:"Health Communication Campaigns and Their Impact on Behavior" 940:

First peer reviewed journal devoted to health communication,

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FHI 360 Center for Global Health Communication and Marketing

3698:

Center for Communication and Health, Northwestern University

3598:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Educational. (in Chinese and English) 2414: 310:

Core Competencies of SACCIA Model for Safe Communication by

5408:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

5214: 2221: 2060:""Doing" Critical Health Communication. A Forum on Methods" 1673:

An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research

1416: 491:

messages, especially in endorsing disease prevention (e.g.

229:

increase audience knowledge and awareness of a health issue

3834:

Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs

3384:"Health information: are you getting your message across?" 1704: 3828: 3736: 3199:

Kreuter, Matthew W.; McClure, Stephanie M. (2004-04-01).

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Freimuth, Vicki S.; Sandra Crouse Quinn (December 2004).

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By catering to the common denominator within the audience

3814:

Health information: are you getting your message across?

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The Annenberg Public Policy Center, Health Communication

3498:

Thompson, Teresa; Roxanne Parrott; Jon Nussbaum (2011).

1218: 1216: 3746: 2460: 2458: 1951: 1727: 471:

would best convey their message. These methods include

232:

influence behaviors and attitudes toward a health issue

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Why Health Communication is Important in Public Health

3032:"Relationship-centered Care. A Constructive Reframing" 883:

National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)

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World Health Organization's (WHO) Heatwave Initiative

2085:

Annals of the International Communication Association

1213: 499:) and in general health promotion and wellness (e.g. 3803: 3608:. Hong Kong: KAI Education. (in Chinese and English) 2455: 2006: 877:

In some populations, health-related websites (e.g.,

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to spread messages from person to person, and using

394:

categorized health communication as a discipline of

2618: 2616: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1582:(1. ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 3–40. 1259:Beato, Ricardo R.; Jana Telfer (July–August 2010). 2054: 2052: 1779: 3416: 3315:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 222–238. 3251:, Finnegan JR (1996). ".". In Burleson, B (ed.). 3247: 774:Types of interpersonal health communication model 5759: 2613: 2224:"Promoting Healthy Eating and Physical Activity" 1655: 1642:. Internet Archive. The National Health Council. 1258: 899:) vaccination with the development and onset of 448: 238:demonstrate the benefits of behavior changes to 2049: 1579:The nature and language of illness explanations 681:and spreading cancer awareness. More recently, 405:Clear communication is essential to successful 245:advocate a position on a health issue or policy 3501:The Routledge Handbook of Health Communication 3198: 2946:"Patient-Centered Communication: Basic Skills" 964:The Health Communication Working Group of the 791: 760: 248:increase demand or support for health services 4481: 3902: 3804:Health and Science Communications Association 3549: 3201:"The Role of Culture in Health Communication" 2593:"The APHA Global Public Health Film Festival" 2548: 2544: 2542: 1465: 849: 597: 123:The examples and perspective in this article 3732:Center for Health Communication Intervention 3310: 3030:Beach, Mary Catherine; Inui, Thomas (2006). 1307:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1077:Murrow Center for Media and Health Promotion 611:the promotion of the anti-alcohol movement. 225:Health communication may variously seek to: 3436:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090824 3218:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123000 2977: 2676:(1 ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. 2178:Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2082: 1824:"Graduate Programs in Health Communication" 194:is the study and practice of communicating 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5443:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4488: 4474: 3909: 3895: 2539: 2377:Behavioral Sciences, Communication Studies 1635: 1023:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 647:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 527:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 257:enhance effectiveness in health care teams 5730: 5681: 5663: 5403:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5393:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 3916: 3564: 3434: 3359: 3279: 3216: 3132: 3114: 3065: 3047: 3029: 2995: 2920: 2858: 2840: 2732: 2714: 2640: 2522: 2270:"Advancing Equity In The Pandemic Treaty" 2024: 1920: 1745: 1670: 1442: 1351: 1333: 778: 634: 614: 457: 261: 251:argue against misconceptions about health 179:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 2822: 2696: 2466:"When Cotton Mather Fought The Smallpox" 1575: 727: 665:in understanding the spread of disease, 305: 5448:Health departments in the United States 3829:International Communication Association 3577: 3457: 2228:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1902: 1639:Better Communications for Better Health 922:International Communication Association 562: 388:International Communication Association 295:International Communication Association 5760: 5704: 5453:Council on Education for Public Health 3824:Institute for Healthcare Communication 3769:Coalition for Healthcare Communication 3265: 3255:. SAGE Publications. pp. 187–227. 3025: 3023: 2978:Nundy, Shantanu; Oswald, John (2014). 2973: 2971: 2943: 2755: 2370: 2320:"What Is China's 'Zero-COVID' Policy?" 2171: 2013:Journal of Communication in Healthcare 1958:Journal of Communication in Healthcare 1909:Journal of Communication in Healthcare 1875: 1871: 1869: 910: 639: 5511:Professional degrees of public health 5418:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 4469: 3890: 3596:Jiankang chuanbo yu gonggong weisheng 3529: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2818: 2816: 2674:Communication in health organizations 2671: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2366: 2364: 2217: 2215: 2167: 2165: 1775: 1773: 1613:"The History of Health Communication" 1610: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 673:in Asperger's Syndrome, and with the 5608: 5501:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 3615:The Handbook of Health Communication 3537:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 3332:Journal of General Internal Medicine 3036:Journal of General Internal Medicine 2488: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1374: 989:Journal of Medical Internet Research 109: 66: 25: 5620: 4769:Workers' right to access the toilet 4610:Human right to water and sanitation 3742:Center for Health Literacy, MAXIMUS 3451: 3259: 3020: 2968: 1866: 1816: 956:Tufts University School of Medicine 717: 589:The prevention of cigarette smoking 13: 3158:Journal of American College Health 3149: 2875: 2813: 2401: 2371:Hornik, Robert, ed. (2002-01-01). 2361: 2212: 2162: 1770: 1334:Egelhofer, Marc (September 2007). 1322: 1293: 1241: 1228:National Communication Association 1054:Washington University in St. Louis 966:American Public Health Association 935:National Communication Association 869:To redress these problems, health 691:American Public Health Association 392:American Public Health Association 14: 5784: 5711:Technical Communication Quarterly 5042:Commercial determinants of health 4495: 3652: 3268:Communication Disorders Quarterly 2495:Quality and Safety in Health Care 2282:10.1377/forefront.20230504.241626 1423:American Journal of Public Health 1393: 1379:. London: Sage Publications Ltd. 1070:Journal of Participatory Medicine 651:University of Southern California 574:China's 2019 "Zero-COVID" Policy 254:improve patient-provider dialogue 41:This article has multiple issues. 5619: 5607: 5596: 5595: 4625:National public health institute 4450: 4449: 4104: 3794:Health Communication Partnership 3417:Abroms, LC; Maibach, EW (2008). 3049:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00302.x 2825:"Patient-Centered Communication" 2823:Naughton, Cynthia (2018-02-13). 2699:"Patient-Centered Communication" 2697:Naughton, Cynthia (2018-02-13). 2607:"Global Health Film | Home" 1466:Dutta-Bergman, Mohan J. (2005). 1377:Communicating health and illness 605: 398:Education and Health Promotion. 114: 71: 30: 5698: 5639: 5022:Open-source healthcare software 4764:Sociology of health and illness 3969:Computer-mediated communication 3867:Journal of Health Communication 3462: 3410: 3376: 3319: 3304: 3241: 3192: 3082: 2944:Hashim, M. Jawad (2017-01-01). 2937: 2749: 2690: 2665: 2599: 2585: 2482: 2433:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.037 2337: 2312: 2288: 2262: 2119: 2076: 2000: 1945: 1896: 1878:Journal of Environmental Health 1842: 1782:Journal of Health Communication 1721: 1697: 1646: 1629: 1611:Dlima, Schenelle (2021-01-29). 1604: 1268:Journal of Environmental Health 1115:international film competitions 1088:Center for Health Communication 949:Journal of Health Communication 800: 751: 409:practice at every level of the 49:or discuss these issues on the 5383:Caribbean Public Health Agency 5195:Sexually transmitted infection 5092:Statistical hypothesis testing 4853:Occupational safety and health 4754:Sexual and reproductive health 4667:Occupational safety and health 3423:Annual Review of Public Health 3205:Annual Review of Public Health 2756:Frezza, Eldo E. (2019-08-22), 2097:10.1080/23808985.2008.11679076 1903:Schiavo, Renata (2021-10-02). 1569: 1514: 1459: 1368: 1186:Problematic integration theory 1092:Moody College of Communication 417:. The recent explosion of new 196:promotional health information 21:Health Communication (journal) 19:For the academic journal, see 1: 5723:10.1080/10572252.2022.2034973 5037:Social determinants of health 3491:. Retrieved in January 2010. 2893:The Annals of Family Medicine 2551:Perspectives in Public Health 2421:Social Science & Medicine 2373:"Public Health Communication" 2026:10.1080/17538068.2022.2037349 1970:10.1080/17538068.2022.2121199 1922:10.1080/17538068.2021.2002592 1539:10.1080/10410236.2019.1666499 1309:"Health Communication Basics" 1202: 1096:University of Texas at Austin 977:National Institutes of Health 889: 836: 709:issues. Surveys conducted by 449:Critical health communication 235:demonstrate healthy practices 5705:Baniya, Sweta (2022-10-02). 5097:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 4858:Human factors and ergonomics 4091:Text and conversation theory 3116:10.1371/journal.pone.0094207 2240:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.002 1036:Department of Communication. 567:2014 African Ebola Outbreak 478: 97:help to improve this article 7: 5278:Good manufacturing practice 5082:Randomized controlled trial 3774:Ebola Communication Network 3644:134, no. 6 (2019): 617-625. 3606:Yi bing goutong zhi duoshao 2997:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2014.09.003 2762:Patient-Centered Healthcare 2140:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.673 1123: 1081:Washington State University 871:communication professionals 792:Relationship centered model 761:Interpersonal communication 382: 333:communication professionals 326: 301: 137:, discuss the issue on the 10: 5791: 5348:Theory of planned behavior 5273:Good agricultural practice 5178:Public health surveillance 5070:epidemiological statistics 4714:Public health intervention 3881:Public Health Film Society 3618:. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. 3474: 3396:10.3310/nihrevidence_51109 3344:10.1007/s11606-019-04847-5 3170:10.3200/jach.56.44.427-436 2190:10.1016/j.jneb.2006.09.004 2172:Snyder, Leslie B. (2007). 1103:Public Health Film Society 1100: 1085: 1074: 1066: 1062: 1042:University of Pennsylvania 1038: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1004:University of Pennsylvania 1001: 997:health information seeking 994: 985: 981: 970: 963: 953: 946:. Followed in 1996 by the 939: 933: 930: 926: 920: 853: 850:Literacy-communication gap 721: 699:Public Health Film Society 598:American smallpox epidemic 377:American Heart Association 18: 5591: 5526: 5485: 5470:World Toilet Organization 5465:World Health Organization 5372: 5361: 5298: 5223: 5139: 5067: 5032:Public health informatics 4972: 4777: 4739:Right to rest and leisure 4568:Globalization and disease 4503: 4445: 4234: 4113: 4102: 3942: 3924: 3673:Resources in your library 3253:Communication Yearbook 19 2950:American Family Physician 1794:10.1080/10810730590904553 1484:10.1207/s15327027hc1803_6 973:National Cancer Institute 695:Royal Society of Medicine 379:in the volunteer sector. 5665:10.1177/0033354919874074 5516:Schools of public health 5308:Diffusion of innovations 5007:Health impact assessment 4719:Public health laboratory 4615:Management of depression 4049:Nonviolent communication 3979:History of communication 3584:Communication for Health 3311:Christianson JB (2012). 3290:10.1177/1525740108324040 2805:: CS1 maint: location ( 2629:Journal of Public Health 2563:10.1177/1757913915619120 2507:10.1136/qshc.2003.008797 2470:www.americanheritage.com 2064:Frontiers Research Topic 1705:"Home - Wits University" 1224:"What is Communication?" 1207: 5579:Social hygiene movement 5506:Doctor of Public Health 5338:Social cognitive theory 5140:Infectious and epidemic 4922:Fecal–oral transmission 4044:Nonverbal communication 4034:Models of communication 3543:10.1145/1125451.1125549 2842:10.3390/pharmacy6010018 2770:10.4324/9780429032226-1 2758:"Patient-Centered Care" 2716:10.3390/pharmacy6010018 1435:10.2105/ajph.94.12.2053 1046:University of Wisconsin 1034:George Mason University 1008:University of Wisconsin 373:American Cancer Society 5574:Germ theory of disease 5353:Transtheoretical model 2489:Best, M (2004-02-01). 2345:"Heatwaves and Health" 2128:Psychological Bulletin 1375:Gwyn, Richard (2002). 1353:10.1002/biot.200790098 1166:Healthy People program 1090:is established in the 1050:University of Michigan 1016:Saint Louis University 1012:University of Michigan 779:Patient-centered model 733: 635:Communication channels 621:cardiovascular disease 615:Cardiovascular disease 458:Strategies and methods 315: 285:Treatise of the Scurvy 262:Definition and origins 5773:Communication studies 5652:Public Health Reports 5458:Public Health Service 5343:Social norms approach 5333:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 4779:Preventive healthcare 4672:Pharmaceutical policy 4521:Chief Medical Officer 4196:Mediated cross-border 3918:Communication studies 3642:Public Health Reports 2672:Apker, Julie (2011). 2642:10.1093/pubmed/fdx022 2385:10.4324/9781410603029 1681:10.4324/9780203887011 1588:10.4324/9781410601056 1340:Biotechnology Journal 854:Further information: 731: 509:Institute of Medicine 425:, Health finder, and 352:communication studies 309: 277:communication studies 220:communication studies 5768:Health communication 5534:Sara Josephine Baker 5433:Public Health Agency 5318:Health communication 5183:Disease surveillance 5149:Asymptomatic carrier 5131:Statistical software 4819:Preventive nutrition 4647:Medical anthropology 4536:Environmental health 4131:Communication theory 4126:Communication design 3664:Health communication 1617:Saathealth Spotlight 1527:Health Communication 1472:Health Communication 943:Health Communication 768:health care provider 629:health care provider 563:Historical campaigns 212:Health communication 192:Health communication 143:create a new article 135:improve this article 125:may not represent a 90:to meet Knowledge's 5544:Carl Rogers Darnall 5539:Samuel Jay Crumbine 5313:Health belief model 5166:Notifiable diseases 5102:Regression analysis 4937:Waterborne diseases 4526:Cultural competence 3553:; Lapinski (2009). 3107:2014PLoSO...994207K 1734:Critical Care Nurse 1636:Helen Neal (1962). 1171:Medical social work 911:Historical timeline 640:Entertainment media 505:reproductive health 5142:disease prevention 5077:Case–control study 4749:Security of person 4598:Health care reform 4161:Discourse analysis 4086:Telecommunications 4029:Meta-communication 3872:2013-05-02 at the 3854:2017-11-13 at the 3752:2011-09-03 at the 3715:2015-09-06 at the 3703:2016-04-09 at the 3573:on April 14, 2009. 2326:. 28 November 2022 1830:on 7 November 2018 1747:10.4037/ccn2010728 1176:Medical literature 1079:is established at 734: 654:Norman Lear Center 531:strategic planning 316: 5635: 5634: 5587: 5586: 5497:Higher education 5328:Positive deviance 5323:Health psychology 5299:Health behavioral 5226:safety management 5200:Social distancing 4974:Population health 4954:Smoking cessation 4902:Pharmacovigilance 4873:Injury prevention 4841:Infection control 4759:Social psychology 4709:Prisoners' rights 4652:Medical sociology 4620:Public health law 4516:Biological hazard 4463: 4462: 3659:Library resources 3625:978-1-4106-0768-3 3511:978-0-203-84606-3 3468:Kreps et al. 1998 2779:978-0-429-03222-6 2683:978-0-745-64754-8 1850:"Teaching - EACH" 1690:978-0-8058-6381-9 1429:(12): 2053–2055. 1058:Kaiser Permanente 746:social networking 431:social networking 189: 188: 181: 171: 170: 163: 145:, as appropriate. 108: 107: 92:quality standards 64: 5780: 5753: 5752: 5734: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5667: 5643: 5623: 5622: 5611: 5610: 5599: 5598: 5493:Health education 5370: 5369: 5224:Food hygiene and 5205:Tropical disease 5017:Infant mortality 4992:Community health 4868:Controlled Drugs 4804:Health promotion 4734:Right to housing 4578:Health economics 4490: 4483: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4453: 4452: 4108: 4059:Public relations 3954:Biocommunication 3911: 3904: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3604:. (Ed.) (2009). 3594:. (Ed.) (2009). 3588: 3574: 3569:. Archived from 3568: 3546: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3514:. Archived from 3469: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3390:. 13 June 2022. 3380: 3374: 3373: 3363: 3338:(8): 1591–1606. 3323: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3283: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3220: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3136: 3118: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3051: 3027: 3018: 3017: 2999: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2905:10.1370/afm.2846 2884: 2873: 2872: 2862: 2844: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2718: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2644: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2526: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2462: 2453: 2452: 2427:(9): 1343–1355. 2412: 2399: 2398: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2028: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1924: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1826:. 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5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5376: 5374: 5367: 5362:Organizations, 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5118: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5068:Biological and 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5034: 5029: 5027:Multimorbidity 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4964:Vector control 4961: 4956: 4951: 4949:School hygiene 4946: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4932:Sanitary sewer 4929: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4890:Patient safety 4887: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4573:Harm reduction 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4201:Organizational 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4151:Cross-cultural 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3999:Intrapersonal 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3863: 3858: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653:External links 3651: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3624: 3609: 3599: 3589: 3579:Maibach, E. W. 3575: 3547: 3527: 3510: 3504:(2 ed.). 3495: 3492: 3485: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3461: 3450: 3409: 3375: 3318: 3303: 3281:10.1.1.666.701 3274:(2): 112–119. 3258: 3240: 3211:(1): 439–455. 3191: 3164:(4): 427–435. 3148: 3081: 3019: 2990:(4): 216–219. 2967: 2936: 2899:(5): 423–429. 2874: 2812: 2778: 2748: 2689: 2682: 2664: 2612: 2598: 2584: 2538: 2481: 2454: 2400: 2393: 2360: 2336: 2311: 2300:www.unicef.org 2287: 2276:. 2023-05-09. 2274:Health Affairs 2261: 2234:(3): 217–223. 2211: 2184:(2): S32–S40. 2161: 2134:(4): 673–693. 2118: 2075: 2048: 1999: 1964:(4): 245–259. 1944: 1915:(4): 269–270. 1895: 1865: 1841: 1815: 1769: 1720: 1709:www.wits.ac.za 1696: 1689: 1654: 1645: 1628: 1603: 1596: 1568: 1533:(2): 125–135. 1513: 1478:(3): 291–303. 1458: 1392: 1386:978-0761964759 1385: 1367: 1321: 1292: 1240: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1111:film festivals 1099: 1084: 1073: 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5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5549:Joseph Lister 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5428:Health Canada 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373:Organizations 5371: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5297: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5210:Vaccine trial 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5087:Relative risk 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5047:Health equity 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5012:Health system 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Global health 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982:Biostatistics 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4770: 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