304:
made by a single congressman/senator with a private interest in a particular medical issue. Finally, UHC only covers "accredited hospitals" but many rural health stations find the process of becoming accredited difficult and therefore patient services from these stations do not qualify for coverage. Statistics showed that 8 out of 10 Filipinos have had no medical check-up or physical examination in their life even with the addition of UHC. Progress toward effective and equitable UHC needs not only strong political commitment but also a coherent strategy to ensure different aspects of health systems are synchronized with each other and address core performance challenges. Deficits resulting from escalating costs by the system are a significant challenge in the face of increasing demands for comprehensive benefits such as hemodialysis, breast cancer treatments, and others.
191:
to build better facilities. In 1578, two wards of nipa and bamboo were constructed by
Clemente. Called the Hospital de los Indios Naturales, or Hospital de Naturales, the hospital flourished under Clemente. Friars tended to the sick, as well as their spiritual needs. The hospital also provided free medical supplies such as oils, herbs, and ointments. Hospital de Naturales was also able to provide medical supplies to other infirmaries and hospitals. Hospital De Naturales came under the patronage of King Philip II, earning it government subsidy. Protection was also guaranteed by the governor-general. Clemente died after 20 years of working at Hospital de Naturales. A few years after, a fire destroyed the hospital once more (the first time in 1583). The reconstruction of the hospital led to the development of the Hospital de San Lazaro.
212:
272:, Wood found the health status of the Philippines to be below par. Cases of typhoid, tuberculosis, and other preventable diseases were rampant. Facilities and trained medical personnel were insufficient to care for the almost ten million Filipinos. Under Wood's administration, importance was given to health education, especially for mothers and young children. Prevention rather than treatment was a key strategy, and Act No. 3029 required school children to go through a health examination at least once a year. There were also initiatives to increase the number of Filipino health workers, such as the establishment of the School of Public Health and Hygiene.
300:
the
Philippines to address their primary health needs. The goal of the UHC is to expand the health benefits package of previous PhilHealth including access to services in preventive, palliative, and rehabilitative medicine. Development of the bill was guided by the World Health Organization-Philippines who assisted by mediating public hearings and providing insight from successful implementations of UHC in other countries. UHC seeks to undo certain medical practices that were originally established during colonial times, namely the reliance on private healthcare and a weak system of public healthcare.
81:
has always been unable to keep up with the high standards of healthcare abroad. This low number of personnel can be attributed to the increase in migration and resignation of
Philippine nurses. Comparing data from 2014 between Philippines, United States of America, and Canada, Philippines only spent 4.7% of their GDP on health while USA and Canada spent 17.1% and 10.4%. Efforts are being performed to bridge the gap. On February 20, 2019, the Universal Health Care (UHC) Bill was signed into law, aiming to provide proper healthcare services for all.
138:
2229:
2240:
95:
24:
299:
UHC automatically enrolls all
Filipino citizens in the National Health Insurance Program and expands the existing Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) coverage to include free medical consultations and laboratory tests. UHC strives to have health providers available to every family in
279:
became
Governor-General in 1932. He abolished several medical agencies and combined them under the Bureau of Health and Public Welfare. Roosevelt focused on educating the public on health. Through the Bureau of Health's pamphlet publication "The Health Messenger", public radio, posters, and festivals
190:
Fray Juan
Clemente, a 54-year-old botanist and lay brother, was instrumental in conception of the Hospital de Naturales. He often made medicine for the many people who begged outside the convent, until eventually the number of patients grew too large for accommodations. Clemente raised funds in order
173:
Built in Cebu in 1565, Hospital Real was the first hospital in the
Philippines. It was relocated to Manila to accompany the government. The hospital aimed to nurse the Spanish army and navy, those inflicted with disease, and military casualties. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi had permission from King Philip
235:
Despite
American efforts, public sanitation was dismal, and diseases were still spreading. Manila faced Bubonic plague; smallpox still spread in provinces; lepers roamed the streets. Laws requiring vaccination and isolation of infected were ignored by the public. On July 1, 1901, The Board of Health
252:
and the governance of
Governor-General Francis Harrison, the Filipinos were slowly allowed to practice self-governance. The Department of Public Instruction, one of the four executive departments of the government, was in charge of the Philippine Health Service. The Department of Public Instruction
80:
Health care in the
Philippines has been defined by the WHO as "fragmented", meaning there's a large gap between the quality and quantity of health services for the poor and the rich. With different reasons such as low budget, low number of personnel, or general neglect for the poor, the Philippines
303:
However, certain problems faced by PhilHealth continue to go unaddressed under the new UHC system. For example, UHC does not address the disparity between rural and urban settings, and the fact that rural settings have fewer healthcare resources. Another problem is that funding decisions are often
76:
defines health care as an overall maintenance and solution to the health needs of a person, family, or community. It is a system that addresses these health needs are fulfilled through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care. WHO states that the system needs financial stability,
174:
II to set up the hospital exclusively for Spanish soldiers and sailors, whereas it denied service to Spanish and mestizo women. Although Hospital Real received funding from the Spanish Government, it lacked finances, manpower, and supplies. Administration of Hospital Real was transferred to both
224:
After the end of Spanish rule, the Filipino Revolutionary Government was established, including a Bureau of Public Health. Although the Americans had been an ally in the fight against the Spaniards, the Americans soon seized control of the Philippines, with the mission to "uplift and civilize".
133:
Traditional Filipino medicinal herbs were used for a wide variety of ailments. Anonas leaves were applied to the stomach for indigestion. Betel-nuts leaves and areca nut leaves were common for injuries, chewed and then applied. Sambong was used to treat kidney stones, rheumatism, coughs, colds,
145:
Spanish historian Miguel de Loarca said the natives were "good physicians and had a remedy for every poison." The seeds of the igasud were chewed as an antidote for poison. It was renamed Pepita of San Ignacio by the Spanish. Other antidotes include boiled bark of palanigan and the bark of the
199:
Although previously the Hospital de Naturales, the hospital was renamed after Japanese emperor Iemitsu sent 150 lepers. Although viewed as a hostile act to the church for its growing influence in Japan, the lepers were taken care of by the hospital, the clergy, and the community. As such, the
204:. The Hospital de San Lazaro was demolished twice. Initially when the city of Dilao was threatened by invasion from Chinese pirate Chen Ch'e Kung, and finally after it was taken over and utilized by the British as a military vantage point. San Lazaro can now be found at
164:
As the Spanish were exposed to the unfamiliar environment of the Philippines, they were stricken with foreign disease. To combat this, they created hospitals specially for their health. Some of the first health institutions in the country were handled by Spanish friars.
232:, a Board of Health for supervising public health was established on September 29, 1898. The Board of Health's biggest challenge was smallpox, which they battled by standardizing vaccine production and campaigning for vaccination.
68:
varies with private, public and barangay health centers (many in rural municipalities). Most of the national burden of health care is provided by private health providers, with the cost shouldered by the state or by patients.
239:
The Insular Board of Health was given the power to draft legislation for sanitary and medical practices in the Philippines. They were tasked with studying diseases and prevention methods, as well as overseeing public health.
280:
for lectures on health, Roosevelt was able to increase public health awareness. On May 31, 1939, the Department of Health and Public Welfare was established through Commonwealth Act 430. By now, the
130:
Health care in the Philippines extends as far back as the 15th century. Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, life and by extension health care, was centered around the animate and inanimate world.
77:
well-trained human resources (along with proper salary), proper information/data, and proper maintenance of up to date facilities to be able to deliver quality services, medicine, and researches.
261:
was put up. The Filipinization of Health Services started when Dr. Vicente de Jesus, the first Filipino Assistant Director of the Department of Public Instruction, became Director in 1919.
1015:
Romualdez, Alberto G.; dela Rosa, Jennifer Frances E.; Flavier, Jonathan David A.; Quimbo, Stella Luz A.; Hartigan-Go, Kenneth Y.; Lagrada, Liezel P.; David, Lilibeth C. (2011).
208:. It is believed that the land on which the hospital stands belonged to a Chinese mestizo who suffered leprosy. His will stated that his lands be used to aid those with leprosy.
146:
bagosabak. While the Spanish were impressed by the medicinal knowledge of the Filipinos, they still believed that Western health care would have to be taught to the Filipinos.
1222:
45:
987:
2178:
2043:
1732:
1503:
1117:
1821:
1809:
1196:
236:
for the Philippine Islands was established. The Board soon became the Insular Board of Health as provincial and municipal boards were created.
1566:
1374:
179:
1571:
1265:
308:
2063:
1636:
1529:
1493:
1609:
1471:
1369:
1364:
1349:
1344:
157:
32:
1777:
1476:
1336:
1604:
2053:
1894:
1483:
2264:
1727:
1434:
1356:
335:
2058:
1916:
1792:
1407:
964:
940:
915:
890:
862:
837:
807:
779:
754:
726:
701:
676:
651:
626:
601:
576:
548:
520:
325:
2115:
2098:
1950:
1933:
1797:
1544:
1466:
1313:
397:"When the "heroes" "don't feel cared for": The migration and resignation of Philippine nurses amidst the COVID-19 pandemic"
340:
211:
2130:
1887:
1840:
1653:
1597:
1308:
1303:
2093:
1938:
1454:
1899:
1816:
1488:
1444:
1422:
1074:
Obermann, Konrad; Jowett, Matthew R.; Alcantara, Maria Ofelia O.; Banzon, Eduardo P.; Bodart, Claude (June 1, 2006).
1911:
1904:
1762:
1757:
1648:
1461:
1449:
1258:
2219:
2148:
2023:
1975:
1872:
1767:
1665:
1549:
1534:
1402:
1945:
1747:
1722:
1554:
1323:
1298:
2168:
2073:
1862:
1857:
1581:
1439:
1331:
1995:
1990:
1960:
1923:
1882:
1826:
1643:
1619:
1539:
1390:
330:
307:
Much of health care expenses are still shouldered by patients, according to the government research office
1118:"Health maintenance cooperative: an alternative model to universal healthcare coverage in the Philippines"
1985:
1980:
1852:
1787:
1742:
1626:
1517:
1498:
1427:
1251:
258:
2214:
2015:
1970:
1877:
1804:
1710:
1614:
1592:
1417:
1412:
1283:
370:
1075:
2110:
2033:
1928:
1782:
1752:
1737:
1631:
345:
320:
73:
2088:
2078:
2048:
2000:
1965:
1867:
281:
2153:
2028:
1685:
249:
37:
2183:
1692:
1561:
276:
269:
2068:
1140:"Challenges to Achieving Universal Health Coverage Throughout the World: A Systematic Review"
2243:
2083:
1670:
1658:
8:
2193:
2105:
1138:
Darrudi, Alireza; Ketabchi Khoonsari, Mohammad Hossein; Tajvar, Maryam (March 31, 2022).
108:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2233:
1955:
1172:
1139:
1051:
421:
396:
201:
2173:
1177:
1159:
1095:
960:
936:
911:
886:
858:
833:
803:
775:
750:
722:
697:
672:
647:
622:
597:
572:
544:
516:
426:
1091:
2143:
2038:
1167:
1151:
1087:
1043:
416:
408:
350:
2163:
2158:
2138:
2120:
1772:
1680:
1675:
385:
Systems." World Health Organization. January 18, 2018. Accessed March 29, 2019.
382:
229:
137:
1076:"Social health insurance in a developing country: The case of the Philippines"
1016:
2258:
1223:"PhilHealth members still pay out of pocket in spite of universal healthcare"
1163:
1099:
254:
178:
and the Confraternity of La Misericordia. Hospital Real was destroyed during
1181:
430:
369:"Primary Health Care." World Health Organization. Accessed March 29, 2019.
265:
205:
412:
1274:
1155:
175:
490:
469:
444:
200:
Hospital de Naturales became known as the Hospital de San Lazaro, after
1243:
1125:
United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Social and Solidarity Economy
1055:
1031:
935:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 82.
910:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 78.
885:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 76.
857:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 70.
832:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 67.
802:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 61.
774:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 60.
749:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 55.
721:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 47.
696:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 46.
671:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 44.
646:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 34.
621:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 31.
596:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 30.
571:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 29.
543:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 25.
515:(2nd ed.). Cover & Pages Publishing Incorporated. p. 24.
284:
had been ratified, and the Philippines was on its way to independence.
931:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (August 11, 2023).
906:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (August 11, 2023).
881:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (August 11, 2023).
1047:
371:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/primary-health-care
296:
signed into law by President Duterte as the Republic Act No. 11223.
23:
1137:
1014:
2188:
2005:
1073:
243:
1197:"PhilHealth clarifies fund transfer to national government"
534:
532:
930:
905:
880:
853:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
852:
828:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
827:
798:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
797:
770:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
769:
745:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
744:
717:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
716:
692:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
691:
667:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
666:
642:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
641:
617:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
616:
592:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
591:
567:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
566:
539:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
538:
511:
Flores-Coscolluela, Celeste; Faustino, Edgar Ryan (2014).
510:
1127:: 1–8 – via Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan.
988:"UHC Act in the Philippines: a new dawn for health care"
529:
1032:"Public Health and Medical Services in the Philippines"
1019:(Report). World Health Organization. pp. 93–106.
2256:
1144:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
219:
125:
149:
287:
1259:
876:
874:
823:
821:
819:
793:
791:
740:
738:
562:
560:
309:Philippine Institute for Development Studies
1266:
1252:
1029:
871:
816:
788:
735:
1580:
1171:
1115:
557:
420:
394:
244:The Filipinization of Health: 1918 – 1941
194:
1273:
210:
185:
136:
48:of all important aspects of the article.
1221:Mirasol, Patricia (February 14, 2023).
1220:
2257:
1194:
982:
980:
978:
976:
336:History of medicine in the Philippines
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
1247:
1111:
1109:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1010:
1008:
326:Mental health care in the Philippines
341:Medical education in the Philippines
268:. Together with ex Governor-General
88:
17:
973:
215:Entrance to the San Lazaro Hospital
13:
1106:
1062:
1005:
14:
2276:
2239:
2238:
2227:
1116:Literatus, Rolan F. (May 2019).
168:
93:
22:
1214:
1188:
1131:
1092:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.047
1023:
949:
924:
899:
846:
763:
710:
685:
660:
635:
610:
585:
36:may be too short to adequately
504:
483:
462:
437:
388:
376:
363:
66:Health care in the Philippines
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
2265:Healthcare in the Philippines
1080:Social Science & Medicine
356:
220:The American Era: 1898 – 1918
180:an earthquake on June 3, 1863
134:hypertension, and diarrhea .
126:The Pre-Spanish Era: Pre 1565
1733:Business process outsourcing
1030:Deutschman, Zygmunt (1945).
959:(2nd ed.). p. 86.
331:Dentistry in the Philippines
150:The Spanish Era: 1565 – 1898
141:Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)
7:
314:
288:Universal Health Care: 2019
259:Philippine General Hospital
10:
2281:
470:"United States of America"
395:Alibudbud, Rowalt (2022).
202:the patron saint of lepers
84:
2210:
2129:
2014:
1848:
1839:
1718:
1709:
1525:
1516:
1398:
1389:
1322:
1291:
1282:
1036:The Far Eastern Quarterly
957:A Legacy of Public Health
933:A Legacy of Public Health
908:A Legacy of Public Health
883:A Legacy of Public Health
855:A Legacy of Public Health
830:A Legacy of Public Health
800:A Legacy of Public Health
772:A Legacy of Public Health
747:A Legacy of Public Health
719:A Legacy of Public Health
694:A Legacy of Public Health
669:A Legacy of Public Health
644:A Legacy of Public Health
619:A Legacy of Public Health
594:A Legacy of Public Health
569:A Legacy of Public Health
541:A Legacy of Public Health
513:A Legacy of Public Health
449:World Health Organization
346:Barangay health volunteer
321:Health in the Philippines
102:This section needs to be
74:World Health Organization
1637:House of Representatives
1530:Administrative divisions
1017:Principal Health Reforms
401:Journal of Global Health
264:Succeeding Harrison was
257:, during whose term the
176:the Order of St. Francis
158:Spanish colonial period
2234:Philippines portal
1778:Science and technology
292:Universal Health Care
277:Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
230:General Wesley Merritt
216:
195:Hospital de San Lazaro
142:
2189:Sport and martial art
1605:Executive departments
1195:Villanueva, Rhodina.
413:10.7189/jogh.12.03011
214:
186:Hospital de Naturales
156:Further Information:
140:
2054:Fashion and clothing
1895:Environmental issues
1822:Water and sanitation
1659:Regional Trial Court
1504:World Heritage Sites
1227:BusinessWorld Online
1156:10.3961/jpmph.21.542
282:Tydings-McDuffie Act
2044:Cultural properties
1810:Tourist attractions
1357:Japanese occupation
2059:Historical markers
1917:Indigenous peoples
1793:Telecommunications
1567:Political families
1408:Biosphere reserves
1058:– via JSTOR.
217:
143:
2252:
2251:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2116:Traditional games
1951:Income inequality
1934:Human trafficking
1835:
1834:
1798:Telephone numbers
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1572:Political parties
1545:Foreign relations
1512:
1511:
1385:
1384:
1370:Marcos presidency
1361:Postcolonial era
1086:(12): 3177–3185.
966:978-971-784-003-1
942:978-971-784-003-1
917:978-971-784-003-1
892:978-971-784-003-1
864:978-971-784-003-1
839:978-971-784-003-1
809:978-971-784-003-1
781:978-971-784-003-1
756:978-971-784-003-1
728:978-971-784-003-1
703:978-971-784-003-1
678:978-971-784-003-1
653:978-971-784-003-1
628:978-971-784-003-1
603:978-971-784-003-1
578:978-971-784-003-1
550:978-971-784-003-1
522:978-971-784-003-1
255:Dr. Victor Heiser
123:
122:
63:
62:
2272:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2012:
2011:
1966:Overseas workers
1888:Higher education
1846:
1845:
1716:
1715:
1654:Court of Appeals
1610:Executive office
1578:
1577:
1523:
1522:
1396:
1395:
1337:Pre-colonial era
1289:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1071:
1060:
1059:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
984:
971:
970:
953:
947:
946:
928:
922:
921:
903:
897:
896:
878:
869:
868:
850:
844:
843:
825:
814:
813:
795:
786:
785:
767:
761:
760:
742:
733:
732:
714:
708:
707:
689:
683:
682:
664:
658:
657:
639:
633:
632:
614:
608:
607:
589:
583:
582:
564:
555:
554:
536:
527:
526:
508:
502:
501:
499:
497:
487:
481:
480:
478:
476:
466:
460:
459:
457:
455:
441:
435:
434:
424:
392:
386:
380:
374:
367:
351:Malasakit Center
118:
115:
109:
97:
96:
89:
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2228:
2226:
2198:
2125:
2094:Public holidays
2010:
1939:Sex trafficking
1831:
1697:
1615:Law enforcement
1576:
1508:
1472:Protected areas
1381:
1350:American period
1318:
1278:
1272:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1189:
1136:
1132:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1072:
1063:
1048:10.2307/2048965
1028:
1024:
1013:
1006:
996:
994:
986:
985:
974:
967:
955:
954:
950:
943:
929:
925:
918:
904:
900:
893:
879:
872:
865:
851:
847:
840:
826:
817:
810:
796:
789:
782:
768:
764:
757:
743:
736:
729:
715:
711:
704:
690:
686:
679:
665:
661:
654:
640:
636:
629:
615:
611:
604:
590:
586:
579:
565:
558:
551:
537:
530:
523:
509:
505:
495:
493:
489:
488:
484:
474:
472:
468:
467:
463:
453:
451:
443:
442:
438:
393:
389:
381:
377:
368:
364:
359:
317:
290:
253:was managed by
246:
222:
197:
188:
171:
152:
128:
119:
113:
110:
107:
98:
94:
87:
59:
53:
50:
43:
31:This article's
27:
12:
11:
5:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1900:Climate change
1892:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Transportation
1814:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1783:Stock exchange
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1477:National parks
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1445:Extreme points
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1423:Climate change
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:Fifth Republic
1372:
1367:
1365:Third Republic
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:Spanish period
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277: articles
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1213:
1187:
1150:(2): 125–133.
1130:
1105:
1061:
1042:(2): 148–157.
1022:
1004:
972:
965:
948:
941:
923:
916:
898:
891:
870:
863:
845:
838:
815:
808:
787:
780:
762:
755:
734:
727:
709:
702:
684:
677:
659:
652:
634:
627:
609:
602:
584:
577:
556:
549:
528:
521:
503:
482:
461:
436:
387:
375:
361:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
316:
313:
289:
286:
270:William Forbes
245:
242:
221:
218:
196:
193:
187:
184:
170:
167:
162:
161:
151:
148:
127:
124:
121:
120:
101:
99:
92:
86:
83:
61:
60:
40:the key points
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2277:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Sign language
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:Ethnic groups
1910:
1906:
1905:Deforestation
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:National debt
1761:
1759:
1758:Fiscal policy
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Supreme Court
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:Island groups
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:Colonial era
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1009:
993:
989:
983:
981:
979:
977:
968:
962:
958:
952:
944:
938:
934:
927:
919:
913:
909:
902:
894:
888:
884:
877:
875:
866:
860:
856:
849:
841:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
811:
805:
801:
794:
792:
783:
777:
773:
766:
758:
752:
748:
741:
739:
730:
724:
720:
713:
705:
699:
695:
688:
680:
674:
670:
663:
655:
649:
645:
638:
630:
624:
620:
613:
605:
599:
595:
588:
580:
574:
570:
563:
561:
552:
546:
542:
535:
533:
524:
518:
514:
507:
492:
486:
471:
465:
450:
446:
445:"Philippines"
440:
432:
428:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
384:
379:
372:
366:
362:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
312:
310:
305:
301:
298:
295:
285:
283:
278:
273:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
251:
241:
237:
233:
231:
226:
213:
209:
207:
203:
192:
183:
181:
177:
169:Hospital Real
166:
160:
159:
154:
153:
147:
139:
135:
131:
117:
105:
100:
91:
90:
82:
78:
75:
70:
67:
57:
47:
41:
39:
34:
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2220:Bibliography
2149:Coat of arms
2121:Value system
2024:Architecture
1976:Prostitution
1873:Demographics
1743:Central bank
1686:Marine Corps
1666:Armed Forces
1550:Human rights
1535:Constitution
1484:Ramsar sites
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1201:Philstar.com
1200:
1190:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1124:
1083:
1079:
1039:
1035:
1025:
997:November 12,
995:. Retrieved
991:
956:
951:
932:
926:
907:
901:
882:
854:
848:
829:
799:
771:
765:
746:
718:
712:
693:
687:
668:
662:
643:
637:
618:
612:
593:
587:
568:
540:
512:
506:
494:. Retrieved
485:
473:. Retrieved
464:
452:. Retrieved
448:
439:
404:
400:
390:
378:
365:
306:
302:
297:
293:
291:
275:After Wood,
274:
266:Leonard Wood
263:
247:
238:
234:
227:
223:
206:Rizal Avenue
198:
189:
172:
163:
155:
144:
132:
129:
111:
103:
79:
71:
65:
64:
51:
35:
33:lead section
15:
1946:Immigration
1748:Child labor
1723:Agriculture
1693:Coast Guard
1627:Legislative
1562:Legal codes
1435:Earthquakes
1299:Archaeology
1275:Philippines
1232:December 9,
992:www.who.int
54:August 2020
2169:Great Seal
2106:Psychology
2069:Literature
2064:Inventions
1863:Corruption
1858:Censorship
1728:Automotive
1589:Executive
1582:Government
1440:Ecoregions
1332:Prehistory
1324:Chronology
357:References
248:Under the
114:April 2022
2099:Festivals
2084:Mythology
1996:Squatting
1991:Sexuality
1961:Languages
1883:Education
1827:ZIP codes
1671:Air Force
1620:President
1540:Elections
1494:Volcanoes
1467:Mountains
1391:Geography
1314:Political
1292:Overviews
1164:1975-8375
1100:0277-9536
407:: 03011.
294:(UHC) was
250:Jones Law
38:summarize
2259:Category
2244:Category
2174:Language
1986:Religion
1981:Refugees
1924:Genetics
1853:Abortion
1788:Taxation
1644:Judicial
1518:Politics
1499:Wildlife
1428:Typhoons
1309:Military
1206:July 11,
1182:35391524
496:April 6,
491:"Canada"
475:April 6,
454:April 6,
431:35604059
383:"Health
315:See also
2215:Outline
2131:Symbols
2039:Cuisine
2016:Culture
1971:Poverty
1956:Kinship
1878:Divorce
1841:Society
1805:Tourism
1711:Economy
1593:Cabinet
1455:islands
1418:Climate
1413:Borders
1304:Economy
1284:History
1173:8995934
1056:2048965
422:9126038
104:updated
85:History
2159:Flower
2139:Anthem
2111:Sports
2034:Cinema
1929:Health
1753:Energy
1738:Census
1632:Senate
1489:Rivers
1180:
1170:
1162:
1098:
1054:
963:
939:
914:
889:
861:
836:
806:
778:
753:
725:
700:
675:
650:
625:
600:
575:
547:
519:
429:
419:
228:Under
2179:Motto
2079:Music
2074:Media
2049:Dance
2006:Pinoy
2001:Women
1868:Crime
1768:Labor
1598:lists
1462:Lakes
1121:(PDF)
1052:JSTOR
2194:Tree
2154:Flag
2144:Bird
2089:Name
2029:Arts
1773:Peso
1681:Navy
1676:Army
1555:LGBT
1403:Bays
1234:2023
1208:2024
1178:PMID
1160:ISSN
1096:ISSN
999:2023
961:ISBN
937:ISBN
912:ISBN
887:ISBN
859:ISBN
834:ISBN
804:ISBN
776:ISBN
751:ISBN
723:ISBN
698:ISBN
673:ISBN
648:ISBN
623:ISBN
598:ISBN
573:ISBN
545:ISBN
517:ISBN
498:2019
477:2019
456:2019
427:PMID
72:The
2164:Gem
1168:PMC
1152:doi
1088:doi
1044:doi
417:PMC
409:doi
2261::
1225:.
1199:.
1176:.
1166:.
1158:.
1148:55
1146:.
1142:.
1123:.
1108:^
1094:.
1084:62
1082:.
1078:.
1064:^
1050:.
1038:.
1034:.
1007:^
990:.
975:^
873:^
818:^
790:^
737:^
559:^
531:^
447:.
425:.
415:.
403:.
399:.
311:.
182:.
1267:e
1260:t
1253:v
1236:.
1210:.
1184:.
1154::
1102:.
1090::
1046::
1040:4
1001:.
969:.
945:.
920:.
895:.
867:.
842:.
812:.
784:.
759:.
731:.
706:.
681:.
656:.
631:.
606:.
581:.
553:.
525:.
500:.
479:.
458:.
433:.
411::
405:2
373:.
116:)
112:(
106:.
56:)
52:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
