4354: 21 May 1952) ("It is not enough that the driver of plaintiff's automobile be able to begin to stop within the range of his lights, or that he exercise due diligence after seeing defendants' truck on the highway. He should have so driven that he could and would discover it, perform the manual acts necessary to stop, and bring the automobile to a complete stop within the range of his lights. When blinded by the lights of the oncoming car so that he could not see the required distance ahead, it was the duty of the driver within such distance from the point of blinding to bring his automobile to such control that he could stop immediately, and if he could not then see, he should have stopped. In failing to so drive he was guilty of negligence which patently caused or contributed to the collision with defendants' truck, resulting in injury to plaintiff."...it was his duty to anticipate presence of others, and hazards of the road, such as disabled vehicle, and, in the exercise of due care, to keep his automobile under such control as to be able to stop within the range of his lights").
446:
256:(dipped) and high (main) beams of a headlamp emitting from a single bulb. A similar design was introduced in 1925 by Guide Lamp called the "Duplo". In 1927 the foot-operated dimmer switch or dip switch was introduced and became standard for much of the century. 1933–1934 Packards featured tri-beam headlamps, the bulbs having three filaments. From highest to lowest, the beams were called "country passing", "country driving" and "city driving". The 1934 Nash also used a three-beam system, although in this case with bulbs of the conventional two-filament type, and the intermediate beam combined low beam on the driver's side with high beam on the passenger's side, so as to maximise the view of the roadside while minimizing glare toward oncoming traffic. The last vehicles with a foot-operated dimmer switch were the 1991
2379:, Lincoln, and Imperial. Basic implementations turn the headlights on at dusk and off at dawn. Modern implementations use sensors to detect the amount of exterior light. UN R48 has mandated the installation of automatic headlamps since 30 July 2016. With a daytime running lamp equipped and operated, the dipped beam headlamp should automatically turn on if the car is driving in less than 1,000 lux ambient conditions such as in a tunnel and in dark environments. While in such situations, a daytime running lamp would make glare more evident to the upcoming vehicle driver, which in turn would influence the upcoming vehicle driver's eyesight, such that, by automatically switching the daytime running lamp to the dipped-beam headlamp, the inherent safety defect could be solved and safety benefit ensured.
1423:, the high-beam filament is at the focal point and the low-beam filament is off focus. For use in right-traffic countries, the low-beam filament is positioned slightly upward, forward, and leftward of the focal point, so that when it is energized, the beam is widened and shifted slightly downward and rightward of the headlamp axis. Transverse-filament bulbs such as the 9004 can only be used with the filaments horizontal, but axial-filament bulbs can be rotated or "clocked" by the headlamp designer to optimize the beam pattern or to affect the traffic-handedness of the low beam. The latter is accomplished by clocking the low-beam filament in an upward-forward-leftward position to produce a right-traffic low beam, or in an upward-forward-rightward position to produce a left-traffic low beam.
1639:
configured to provide more light at the same power consumption as their lower-output plain tungsten counterparts. By contrast, many US-based designs are configured to reduce or minimize the power consumption while keeping light output above the legal minimum requirements; some US tungsten-halogen headlamp light sources produce less initial light than their non-halogen counterparts. A slight theoretical fuel economy benefit and reduced vehicle construction cost through lower wire and switch ratings were the claimed benefits when
American industry first chose how to implement tungsten-halogen technology. There was an improvement in seeing distance with US halogen high beams, which were permitted for the first time to produce 150,000
4281: 4 December 1928) ("It is settled in this State that it is negligence as a matter of law to drive an automobile at night at such speed that it cannot be stopped within the distance that objects can be seen ahead of it; and, if a driver's vision is obscured by the lights of an approaching car, it is his duty to slacken speed and have his car under such control that he can stop immediately if necessary. ... The rule adopted by this court does not raise merely a rebuttable presumption of negligence. It is a rule of safety. ... It is not enough that a driver be able to begin to stop within the range of his vision, or that he use diligence to stop after discerning an object. The rule makes no allowance for delay in action.").
468:
2189:
1320:
295:
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that causes glare, and for that reason has been largely rejected outside the US. In addition, the
American system makes it difficult to create markedly different low and high beam light distributions. The high beam is usually a rough copy of the low beam, shifted slightly upward and leftward. The European system traditionally produced low beams containing less overall light, because only 60% of the reflector's surface area is used to create the low beam. However, low beam focus and glare control are easier to achieve. In addition, the lower 40% of the reflector and lens are reserved for high beam formation, which facilitates the optimization of both low and high beams.
827:
2279:, with 25 individual LED segments. The system dims the light that would shine directly onto oncoming and preceding vehicles, but continues to cast its full light on the zones between and beside them. This works because the LED high beams are split into numerous individual light-emitting diodes. High-beam LEDs in both headlights are arranged in a matrix and adapt fully electronically to the surroundings in milliseconds. They are activated and deactivated or dimmed individually by a control unit. In addition, the headlights also function as a cornering light. Using predictive route data supplied by the
4308:
the rule constantly changes as the motorist proceeds, and is measured at any moment by the distance between the motorist's vehicle and the limit of his vision ahead, or by the distance between the vehicle and any intermediate discernible static or forward-moving object in the street or highway ahead constituting an obstruction in his path. Such rule requires a motorist in the exercise of due care at all times to see, or to know from having seen, that the road is clear or apparently clear and safe for travel, a sufficient distance ahead to make it apparently safe to advance at the speed employed.
116:
2426:
correctly regardless of load, a headlamp leveling system is required. The regulation stipulates a more stringent version of this anti-glare measure if the vehicle has headlamps with low beam light source(s) that produce more than 2,000 lumens – xenon bulbs and certain high-power halogens, for example. Such vehicles must be equipped with headlamp self-leveling systems that sense the vehicle's degree of squat due to cargo load and road inclination, and automatically adjust the headlamps' vertical aim to keep the beam correctly oriented without any action required by the driver.
1238:
4332: 1 October 1925) ("...every man must operate his automobile so that he can stop it within the range of his vision, whether it be daylight or darkness. It makes no difference what may obscure his vision, whether it be a brick wall or the darkness of nightfall. ... He must ... be able to see where he is going, and if his range of vision is 50 feet, if he can see 50 feet ahead of him, he must regulate his speed so that he can stop in a distance of 50 feet; if he can see 20 feet ahead of him, he must regulate his speed so that he can stop within 20 feet, and so on.").
1987:
2814:
1296:
457:
2321:
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beam intensity, but without the glare that would typically result from using uncontrolled high beams in traffic. This constantly changing beam pattern requires complex sensors, microprocessors, and actuators because the vehicles which must be shadowed out of the beam are constantly moving. The dynamic shadowing can be achieved with movable shadow masks shifted within the light path inside the headlamp. Or, the effect can be achieved by selectively darkening addressable LED emitters or reflector/mirror elements, a technique known as
2034:
698:
1120:
as regards traffic safety, though yellow light causes less discomfort glare than white light. Researchers note that tungsten filament lamps emit only a small amount of the blue light blocked by a selective-yellow filter, so such filtration makes only a small difference in the characteristics of the light output, and suggest that headlamps using newer kinds of sources such as metal halide (HID) bulbs may, through filtration, give off less visually distracting light while still having greater light output than halogen ones.
140:
1228:
378:
1487:
3011:) lenses can become cloudy and discoloured. This is due to oxidation of the painted-on lens hardcoat by ultraviolet light from the sun and the headlamp bulbs. If it is minor, it can be polished out using a reputable brand of a car polish that is intended for restoring the shine to chalked paint. In more advanced stages, the deterioration extends through the actual plastic material, rendering the headlamp useless and necessitating complete replacement. Sanding or aggressively polishing the lenses, or
817:
954:
drivers. This may be achieved by methods including adhering opaque decals or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens. Some projector-type headlamps can be made to produce a proper left- or right-traffic beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly. Many tungsten (pre-halogen) European-code headlamps made in France by Cibié, Marchal, and
Ducellier could be adjusted to produce either a left- or a right-traffic low beam by means of a two-position bulb holder.
1971:
1306:
887:
2393:
1497:
1807:
2094:/m versus 1400 lumens and 30 Mcd/m offered by halogen lamps. In a headlamp optic designed for use with an HID lamp, it produces more usable light. Studies have demonstrated drivers react faster and more accurately to roadway obstacles with good HID headlamps compared to halogen ones. Hence, good HID headlamps contribute to driving safety. The contrary argument is that glare from HID headlamps can reduce traffic safety by interfering with other drivers' vision.
9362:
3100:, restricting the use of lights on passenger vehicles in order to hinder detection by aerial reconnaissance and bombers. Blackouts (turning off lights) and brownouts (limiting light emissions by way of hoods and masks) were enforced in cities and coastal areas as protection against the night-time aerial attacks in both Axis and Allied countries. One of the first civilian examples of headlight covers was produced in NSW, Australia by the Read family dairy.
2497:
2181:
124:
9382:
47:
1100:
157:
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2505:
2444:
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935:
2615:, and actuators. Other AFS techniques include special auxiliary optical systems within a vehicle's headlamp housings. These auxiliary systems may be switched on and off as the vehicle and operating conditions call for light or darkness at the angles covered by the beam the auxiliary optics produce. A typical system measures steering angle and vehicle speed to swivel the headlamps. The most advanced AFS systems use
9372:
7696:
1687:
1675:
897:
511: in (146 mm) sealed beam on each side of the vehicle, was introduced on some 1957 Cadillac, Chrysler, DeSoto, and Nash models in states that permitted the new system. Separate low and high beam lamps eliminated the need for compromise in lens design and filament positioning required in a single unit. Other cars followed suit when all states permitted the new lamps by the time the 1958
389:
2558:
keeping the glass clear of mist/fog over the entire surface. The glasses have thin stripes on their surfaces that are heated by the headlight beams; however, the ducted warm air provides demisting when the headlamps are not turned on. The glasses' stripes on both D and SM cars appear similar to rear windshield glass electric defogger heating strips, but they are passive, not electrified.
2551:
design as their respective cars' headlamp leveling systems. The cables of the D system tended to rust in the cable sheaths while the SM system gradually leaked fluid, causing the long-range lamps to turn inward, looking "cross-eyed." A manual adjustment was provided but once it was to the end of its travel the system required refilling with fluid or replacement of the tubes and dashpots.
3069:, or a fixed or telescopic high-pressure sprayer which cleans the lenses with a spray of windshield washer fluid. Most recent lens cleaning systems are of the spray type because UN regulations do not permit mechanical cleaning systems (wipers) to be used with plastic-lens headlamps, and most recent headlamps have plastic lenses. Some cars with retractable headlamps, such as the original
1643:(cd) per vehicle, double the non-halogen limit of 75,000 cd but still well shy of the international European limit of 225,000 cd. After replaceable halogen bulbs were permitted in US headlamps in 1983, the development of US bulbs continued to favor long bulb life and low power consumption, while European designs continued to prioritise optical precision and maximum output.
2414:. Beginning in the 1970s, Germany and some other European countries began requiring remote-control headlamp leveling systems that permit the driver to lower the lamps' aim by means of a dashboard control lever or knob if the rear of the vehicle is weighted down with passengers or cargo, which would tend to raise the lamps' aim angle and create glare. Such systems typically use
1884:. This first system uses a built-in, non-replaceable bulb without a UV-blocking glass shield or touch-sensitive electrical safety cutout, designated D1 – a designation that would be recycled years later for a wholly different type of lamp. The AC ballast is about the size of a building brick. In 1996 the first American-made effort at HID headlamps was on the 1996–98
1615:
reduces the light output of the filament and blocks some of the light that would pass through an unblackened bulb glass, though blackening was less of a problem in sealed beam units; their large interior surface area minimized the thickness of the tungsten accumulation. For these reasons, plain tungsten filaments are all but obsolete in automotive headlamp service.
950:. Headlamps for use in left-traffic countries have low-beam headlamps that "dip to the left"; the light is distributed with a downward/leftward bias to show the driver the road and signs ahead without blinding oncoming traffic. Headlamps for right-traffic countries have low beams that "dip to the right", with most of their light directed downward/rightward.
4256: 16 August 1965) (""A person driving an automobile at 65 miles an hour on a highway on a dark night with his lights on low beam affording a forward vision of only about 100 feet was driving at a negligent and excessive speed which was inconsistent with any right of way that he might otherwise have had." (CA Reports Official Headnote #)"). See
675:. These composite headlamps were sometimes referred to as "Euro" headlamps since aerodynamic headlamps were common in Europe. Though conceptually similar to European headlamps with non-standardized shape and replaceable-bulb construction, these headlamps conform to the headlamp design, construction, and performance specifications of US
4934:
3015:, can buy some time, but doing so removes the protective coating from the lens, which when so stripped will deteriorate faster and more severely. Kits for a quality repair are available that allow the lens to be polished with progressively finer abrasives, and then be sprayed with an aerosol of ultra violet resistant clear coating.
1671:±10% @ 13.2 V), H8 (35 W @ 12.0 V, 800 lm ±15% @ 13.2 V), H9 (65 W @ 12.0 V, 2100 lm ±10% @ 13.2 V), and H11 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1350 lm ±10% @ 13.2 V). 24-volt versions of many bulb types are available for use in trucks, buses, and other commercial and military vehicles.
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1139:. The requirement initially applied to vehicles registered for road use after April 1937, but was intended to extend to all vehicles through retrofitting of selective yellow lights on older vehicles, from the start of 1939. Later stages of the implementation were disrupted in September 1939 by the outbreak of
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There is no statute which governs the use of headlight covers throughout the United States. Most localities and municipalities will have laws which regulate the use of headlight covers and or tint and will specify the percentage of light that must pass through and/or the minimum distance from which a
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is a camera-driven dynamic lighting control strategy that selectively shades spots and slices out of the high beam pattern to protect other road users from glare, while continuously providing the driver with maximum seeing range. The area surrounding other road users is constantly illuminated at high
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The range of the beam can vary between 65 and 300 meters, depending on traffic conditions. In traffic, the low beam cutoff position is adjusted vertically to maximise seeing range while keeping glare out of leading and oncoming drivers' eyes. When no traffic is close enough for glare to be a problem,
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were providing output between halogen and HID headlamps, with system power consumption slightly lower than other headlamps, longer lifespans, and more flexible design possibilities. As LED technology continues to evolve, the performance of LED headlamps was predicted to improve to approach, meet, and
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for use in new lamp designs (though H2 bulbs are still manufactured for replacement purposes in existing lamps), but H1 and H3 remain current and these two bulbs were legalised in the United States in 1993. More recent single-filament bulb designs include the H7 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1500 lm
1523:
at the front of the lamp. A shade is located at the image plane, between the reflector and lens, and the projection of the top edge of this shade provides the low-beam cutoff. The shape of the shade edge and its exact position in the optical system determine the shape and sharpness of the cutoff. The
1473:
Complex-reflector technology in combination with new bulb designs such as H13 is enabling the creation of
European-type low and high beam patterns without the use of a Graves Shield, while the 1992 US approval of the H4 bulb has made traditionally European 60% / 40% optical area divisions for low and
1464:
Each system has its advantages and disadvantages. The
American system historically permitted a greater overall amount of light within the low beam, since the entire reflector and lens area is used, but at the same time, the American system has traditionally offered much less control over upward light
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of 165°. When the low beam filament is illuminated, this shield casts a shadow on the corresponding lower area of the reflector, blocking downward light rays that would otherwise strike the reflector and be cast above the horizon. The bulb is rotated (or "clocked") within the headlamp to position the
1214:
Though no longer required in France, selective yellow headlamps remain legal there; the current regulation stipulates that "every motor vehicle must be equipped, at the front, with two or four lights, creating in a forward direction selective yellow or white light permitting efficient illumination of
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light. A research experiment done in the UK in 1968 using tungsten (non-halogen) lamps found that visual acuity is about 3% better with selective yellow headlamps than with white ones of equal intensity. Research done in the
Netherlands in 1976 concluded that yellow and white headlamps are equivalent
787:
Modern headlamps are electrically operated, positioned in pairs, one or two on each side of the front of a vehicle. A headlamp system is required to produce a low and a high beam, which may be produced by multiple pairs of single-beam lamps or by a pair of dual-beam lamps, or a mix of single-beam and
637:
sealed-beam headlamps. This allowed manufacturers flexibility to lower the hoods on new cars. These could be placed in horizontal arrays or in vertically stacked pairs. As previously with round lamps, the US permitted only two standardized sizes of rectangular sealed-beam lamp: A system of two 200 by
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headlights illuminated dark roadways 25 percent further than their halogen counterparts, they still may fail to fully illuminate roadways at speeds greater than 45 mph. High-beam settings on these advanced headlights offered significant improvement over low-beam settings, lighting distances of up to
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HID headlamps are significantly more costly to produce, install, purchase, and repair. The extra cost of the HID lights may exceed the fuel cost savings through their reduced power consumption, though some of this cost disadvantage is offset by the longer lifespan of the HID bulb relative to halogen
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When a halogen headlamp is retrofitted with an HID bulb, light distribution and output are altered. In the United States, vehicle lighting that does not conform to FMVSS 108 is not street legal. Glare will be produced and the headlamp's type approval or certification becomes invalid with the altered
1694:
The first dual-filament halogen bulb to produce both a low and a high beam, the H4 (60/55 W @ 12 V, 1650/1000 lm ±15% @ 13.2 V), was released in 1971 and quickly became the predominant headlamp bulb throughout the world except in the United States, where the H4 is still not legal
1045:
Proponents of each headlamp system decry the other as inadequate and unsafe: US proponents of the SAE system claim that the ECE low beam cutoff gives short seeing distances and inadequate illumination for overhead road signs, while international proponents of the ECE system claim that the SAE system
1033:
ECE low beams are characterized by a distinct horizontal "cutoff" line at the top of the beam. Below the line is bright, and above is dark. On the side of the beam facing away from oncoming traffic (right in right-traffic countries, left in left-traffic countries), this cutoff sweeps or steps upward
4307:
It is negligence as a matter of law to drive a motor vehicle at such a rate of speed that it cannot be stopped in time to avoid an obstruction discernible within the driver's length of vision ahead of him. This rule is known generally as the 'assured clear distance ahead' rule * * * In application,
3003:
burns out, the entire sealed beam is replaced. Most vehicles in North
America made since the late 1980s use headlamp lens-reflector assemblies that are considered a part of the car, and just the bulb is replaced when it fails. Manufacturers vary the means by which the bulb is accessed and replaced.
2926:
to amend FMVSS 108 to allow the use of this technology, and set a two-year deadline for implementing this change. In
February 2022, the NHTSA amended FMVSS 108 allowing adaptive headlights for use in the US. However, the new regulations are quite different from the ones in effect in Europe and Asia
2717:
In 1956, the inventor Even P. Bone developed a system where a vane in front of each headlight moved automatically and caused a shadow in front of the approaching vehicle, allowing for high beam use without glare for the approaching driver. The system, called "Bone-Midland Lamps," was never taken up
2143:
to other road users. In North
America, ECE R48 does not apply and while lens cleaners and beam levelers are permitted, they are not required; HID headlamps are markedly less prevalent in the US, where they have produced significant glare complaints. Scientific study of headlamp glare has shown that
1381:
standing in for the size and shape of the completed package. In the latter case, the entire surface area is modified so as to produce individual segments of specifically calculated, complex contours. The shape of each segment is designed such that their cumulative effect produces the required light
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that is mandatory only in the US. Japan formerly had bespoke lighting regulations similar to the US standards, but for the left side of the road. However, Japan now adheres to the ECE standard. The differences between the SAE and ECE headlamp standards are primarily in the amount of glare permitted
953:
Within Europe, when driving a vehicle with right-traffic headlamps in a left-traffic country or vice versa for a limited time (as for example on vacation or in transit), it is a legal requirement to adjust the headlamps temporarily so that their wrong-side beam distribution does not dazzle oncoming
325:
headlamps were mandatory and intensity regulations were low. US lawmakers faced pressure to act, due both to lighting effectiveness and to vehicle aerodynamics/fuel savings. High-beam peak intensity, capped at 140,000 candela per side of the car in Europe, was limited in the United States to 37,500
2656:
lighting division. The GuideMatic had a more compact dashtop housing and a control knob that allowed the driver to adjust the system's sensitivity threshold to determine when the headlamps would be dipped from high to low beam in response to an oncoming vehicle. By the early 1970s, this option was
1210:
91/663, issued on 10 December 1991, specified white headlamps for all new vehicle type-approvals granted by the EC after 1 January 1993 and stipulated that from that date EC (later EU) member states would not be permitted to refuse entry of a vehicle meeting the lighting standards contained in the
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in 1934, when the academy recorded that the selective yellow light was less dazzling than white light and that the light diffused less in fog than green or blue lights. Yellow light was obtained by dint of yellow glass for the headlight bulb or lens, a yellow coating on a colourless bulb, lens, or
2703:
Though the systems based on photoresistors evolved, growing more compact and moving from the dashboard to a less conspicuous location behind the radiator grill, they were still unable to reliably discern headlamps from non-vehicular light sources such as streetlights. They also did not dip to low
1460:
H4 bulb of 1971. In 1992, US regulations were amended to permit the use of H4 bulbs redesignated HB2 and 9003, and with slightly different production tolerances stipulated. These are physically and electrically interchangeable with H4 bulbs. Similar optical techniques are used, but with different
1426:
The opposite tactic has also been employed in certain two-filament sealed beams. Placing the low beam filament at the focal point to maximize light collection by the reflector, and positioning the high beam filament slightly rearward-rightward-downward of the focal point. The relative directional
1405:
of headlights from oncoming traffic. Headlamps that satisfactorily illuminate the road ahead without causing glare have long been sought. The first solutions involved resistance-type dimming circuits, which decreased the intensity of the headlamps. This yielded to tilting reflectors, and later to
957:
Because wrong-side-of-road headlamps blind oncoming drivers and do not adequately light the driver's way, and blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps, some countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis
908:
High beam (main beam, driving beam, full beam) headlamps provide a bright, center-weighted distribution of light with no particular control of light directed towards other road users' eyes. As such, they are only suitable for use when alone on the road, as the glare they produce will dazzle other
842:
Low beam (dipped beam, passing beam, meeting beam) headlamps provide a distribution of light designed to provide forward and lateral illumination, with limits on light directed towards the eyes of other road users to control glare. This beam is intended for use whenever other vehicles are present
240:
made electric headlamps standard in 1908. A Birmingham, England firm called
Pockley Automobile Electric Lighting Syndicate marketed the world's first electric car-lights as a complete set in 1908, which consisted of headlamps, sidelamps, and tail lights that were powered by an eight-volt battery.
2578:
Beginning in the 2000s, there was a resurgence in interest in the idea of moving or optimizing the headlight beam in response not only to vehicular steering and suspension dynamics, but also to ambient weather and visibility conditions, vehicle speed, and road curvature and contour. A task force
2550:
The D series cars equipped with the system used cables connecting the long-range headlamps to a lever on the steering relay while the inner long-range headlamps on the SM used a sealed hydraulic system using a glycerin-based fluid instead of mechanical cables. Both these systems were of the same
1435:
The traditional European method of achieving low and high beams from a single bulb involves two filaments along the axis of the reflector. The high beam filament is on the focal point, while the low beam filament is approximately 1 cm forward of the focal point and 3 mm above the axis.
1090:
Headlamps are generally required to produce white light, according to both ECE and SAE standards. ECE Regulation 48 currently requires new vehicles to be equipped with headlamps emitting white light. Different headlamp technologies produce different characteristic types of white light; the white
3057:
on vehicles equipped with low-beam headlamps using light sources that have a reference luminous flux of 2,000 lumens or more. This includes all HID headlamps and some high-power halogen units. Some cars have lens cleaners fitted even where the regulations do not require them. North America, for
2557:
non-US market vehicles were equipped with heating of the headlamp cover glasses, this heat supplied by ducts carrying warm air from the radiator exhaust to the space between the headlamp lenses and the cover glasses. This provided demisting/defogging of the entire interior of the cover glasses,
2029:
lenses and reflector hardcoats. "S" lamps – D1S, D2S, D3S, and D4S – have a plain glass shield and are primarily used in projector-type optics. "R" lamps – D1R, D2R, D3R, and D4R – are designed for use in reflector-type headlamp optics. They have an opaque mask covering specific portions of the
1614:
or sealed beam. Compared to newer-technology light sources, tungsten filaments give off small amounts of light relative to the power they consume. Also, during the normal operation of such lamps, tungsten boils off the surface of the filament and condenses on the bulb glass, blackening it. This
1574:
Projector main headlamps appeared in 1981 on the Audi Quartz, a concept car designed by Pininfarina for Geneva Auto Salon. Developed more or less simultaneously in Germany by Hella and Bosch and in France by Cibié, the projector low beam permitted accurate beam focus and a much smaller-diameter
2425:
48, in force in most of the world outside North America, currently specifies a limited range within which the vertical aim of the headlamps must be maintained under various vehicle load conditions; if the vehicle isn't equipped with an adaptive suspension sufficient to keep the headlamps aimed
1824:
rather than a glowing filament. The high intensity of the arc comes from metallic salts that are vaporized within the arc chamber. These lamps have a higher efficacy than tungsten lamps. Because of the increased amounts of light available from HID lamps relative to halogen bulbs, HID headlamps
1393:, though glass and metal optic reflectors also exist. The reflective surface is vapour deposited aluminum, with a clear overcoating to prevent the extremely thin aluminium from oxidizing. Extremely tight tolerances must be maintained in the design and production of complex-reflector headlamps.
2627:
Even when conditions would warrant the use of high-beam headlamps, drivers often do not use them. There have long been efforts, particularly in America, to devise an effective automatic beam selection system to relieve the driver of the need to select and activate the correct beam as traffic,
2105:
is the measure of how much light is produced versus how much energy is consumed. HID lamps give higher efficacy than halogen lamps. The highest-intensity halogen lamps, H9 and HIR1, produce 2100 to 2530 lumens from approximately 70 watts at 13.2 volts. A D2S HID bulb produces 3200 lumens from
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output per watt input, a tungsten-halogen lamp has a much longer brightness lifetime than similar filaments operating without the halogen regeneration cycle. At equal luminosity, the halogen-cycle bulbs also have longer lifetimes. European-designed halogen headlamp light sources are generally
255:
The Guide Lamp Company introduced "dipping" (low-beam) headlamps in 1915, but the 1917 Cadillac system allowed the light to be dipped using a lever inside the car rather than requiring the driver to stop and get out. The 1924 Bilux bulb was the first modern unit, having the light for both low
1177:
estimated that white headlamps produce 20 to 30 percent more light—though without explaining why this estimate was larger than the 15% to 18% value measured in formal research—and wanted drivers of their cars to get the benefits of extra illumination. More generally, country-specific vehicle
1698:
The first US halogen headlamp bulb, introduced in 1983, was the HB1/9004. It is a 12.8-volt, transverse dual-filament design that produces 700 lumens on low beam and 1200 lumens on high beam. The 9004 is rated for 65 watts (high beam) and 45 watts (low beam) at 12.8 volts. Other US approved
1076:
Headlamps must be kept in proper aim. Regulations for aim vary from country to country and from beam specification to beam specification. In the US, SAE standard headlamps are aimed without regard to headlamp mounting height. This gives vehicles with high-mounted headlamps a seeing distance
2311:
energy that can thaw built-up snow and ice off a headlamp lens and prevent further accumulation. LEDs do not. Some LED headlamps move heat from the heat sink on the back of the LEDs to the inner face of the front lens to warm it up, while on others no provision is made for lens thawing.
310:, also made extensive use of 7-inch sealed beams, though they were not mandated as they were in the United States. This headlamp format was not widely accepted in continental Europe, which found replaceable bulbs and variations in the size and shape of headlamps useful in car design.
1658:, and produces 1550 lumens ±15% when operated at 13.2 V. H2 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1820 lm @ 13.2 V) followed in 1964, and the transverse-filament H3 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1450 lm ±15%) in 1966. H1 still sees wide use in low beams, high beams and auxiliary
1695:
for automotive use. In 1989, the Americans created their own standard for a bulb called HB2: almost identical to H4 except with more stringent constraints on filament geometry and positional variance, and power consumption and light output expressed at the US test voltage of 12.8V.
1427:
shift between the two beams is the same with either technique – in a right-traffic country, the low beam is slightly downward-rightward and the high beam is slightly upward-leftward, relative to one another – but the lens optics must be matched to the filament placements selected.
2404:
was launched in France with a manual headlamp leveling system, controlled by the driver with a knob through a mechanical rod linkage. This allowed the driver to adjust the vertical aim of the headlamps to compensate for the passenger and cargo load in the vehicle. In 1954,
1474:
high beam common in the US. Therefore, the difference in active optical area and overall beam light content no longer necessarily exists between US and ECE beams. Dual-beam HID headlamps employing reflector technology have been made using adaptations of both techniques.
1376:
The optics to distribute the light in the desired pattern are designed into the reflector itself, rather than into the lens. Depending on the development tools and techniques in use, the reflector may be engineered from the start as a bespoke shape, or it may start as a
2867:' marketing name for a headlight control strategy that continuously automatically tailors the headlamp range so the beam just reaches other vehicles ahead, thus always ensuring maximum possible seeing range without glaring other road users. It was first launched in the
2429:
Leveling systems are not required by the North American regulations. A 2007 study, however, suggests automatic levelers on all headlamps, not just those with high-power light sources, would give drivers substantial safety benefits of better seeing and less glare.
1703:
bulbs include the HB3 (65 W, 12.8 V), HB4 (55 W, 12.8 V), and HB5 (65/55 watts, 12.8 V). All of the European-designed and internationally approved bulbs except H4 are presently approved for use in headlamps complying with US requirements.
1046:
produces too much glare. Comparative studies have repeatedly shown that there is little or no overall safety advantage to either SAE or ECE beams; the two systems' acceptance and rejection by various countries is based primarily on which system is already in use.
2661:, on which GuideMatic was available through 1988. The photosensor for this system used an amber lens, and the adoption of retro-reflective yellow road signs, such as for oncoming curves, caused them to dim prematurely - possibly leading to their discontinuation.
758:
Some hidden headlamps themselves do not move, but rather are covered when not in use by panels designed to blend in with the car's styling. When the lamps are switched on, the covers are swung out of the way, usually downward or upward, for example on the 1992
2921:
Until February 2022, this technology had been illegal in the US, as FMVSS 108 specifically stated that headlamps must have dedicated high and low beams to be deemed road-legal. An infrastructure bill enacted in November 2021 included language that directs the
1154:
The mandate was in effect until December 1992, so for many years yellow headlights visually marked French-registered cars wherever they were seen, though some French drivers are said to have switched to white headlamps despite the requirement for yellow ones.
1134:
In France, a statute passed in November 1936 based on advice from the Central Commission for Automobiles and for Traffic in General, required selective yellow headlights to be fitted. The mandate for yellow headlamps was enacted to reduce driver fatigue from
485:
headlamps on all vehicles—the only system allowed for 17 years. This requirement eliminated problems of tarnished reflectors by sealing them together with the bulbs. It also made aiming the headlight beams simpler and eliminated non-standard bulbs and lamps.
1030:
toward other drivers on low beam (SAE permits much more glare), the minimum amount of light required to be thrown straight down the road (SAE requires more), and the specific locations within the beam at which minimum and maximum light levels are specified.
4971:
2567:
364:
Beyond the engineering, performance, and regulatory-compliance aspects of headlamps, there is the consideration of the various ways they are designed and arranged on a motor vehicle. Headlamps were round for many years because that is the native shape of a
1009:
since February 2011. In addition to the EU and Canada, countries requiring DRL include Albania, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech republic, Colombia (no more from Aug/2011), Iceland, Israel, Macedonia, Norway, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, and Uruguay.
234:, and were optional. Two factors limited the widespread use of electric headlamps: the short life of filaments in the harsh automotive environment, and the difficulty of producing dynamos small enough, yet powerful enough to produce sufficient current.
804:. Low beams have stricter control of upward light, and direct most of their light downward and either rightward (in right-traffic countries) or leftward (in left-traffic countries), to provide forward visibility without excessive glare or backdazzle.
1570:
automobiles. It used an 85-watt transverse-filament tungsten-halogen bulb and was intended as a mid-beam, to extend the reach of the low beams during turnpike travel when low beams alone were inadequate but high beams would produce excessive glare.
4228:
The assured clear distance ahead (ACDA) rule holds the operator of a motor vehicle responsible to avoid collision with any obstacle that might appear in the vehicle's path. Although widely considered a fundamental responsibility of safe driving,
1924:. The ignitor is integrated into the bulb in D1 and D3 systems, and is either a separate unit or part of the ballast in D2 and D4 systems. The ballast controls the current to the bulb. The ignition and ballast operation proceeds in three stages:
1072:
headlamps on all vehicles between 1940 and 1983, and other countries such as Japan, United Kingdom, and Australia also made extensive use of sealed beams. In most other countries, and in the US since 1984, replaceable-bulb headlamps predominate.
750:
as they allowed low bonnet lines but raised the lights to the required height, but since 2004 no modern volume-produced car models use hidden headlamps because they present difficulties in complying with pedestrian-protection provisions added to
4997:
3037:
1579:
was the first volume-production car to use polyellipsoidal low beam headlamps. The main disadvantage of this type of headlamp is the need to accommodate the physical depth of the assembly, which may extend far back into the engine compartment.
3042:
3040:
3036:
403:
There was no requirement in Europe for headlamps of standardized size or shape, and lamps could be designed in any shape and size, as long as the lamps met the engineering and performance requirements contained in the applicable European
3041:
1077:
advantage, at the cost of increased glare to drivers in lower vehicles. By contrast, ECE headlamp aim angle is linked to headlamp mounting height, to give all vehicles roughly equal seeing distance and all drivers roughly equal glare.
1198:
to the cost of vehicle production. Addressing the French requirement for yellow lights (among other country-specific lighting requirements) was undertaken as part of an effort toward common vehicle technical standards throughout the
638:
142 mm (7.9 by 5.6 in) high/low beam units corresponding to the existing 7-inch round format, or a system of four 165 by 100 mm (6.5 by 3.9 in) units, two high/low and two high-beam. corresponding to the existing
493:
included a defining "cyclops-eye" feature: a third center-mounted headlight connected to the car's steering mechanism. It only illuminated if the steering was moved more than ten degrees off center and the high beams were turned on.
7596:
7544:
326:
candela on each side of the car until 1978, when the limit was raised to 75,000. An increase in high-beam intensity to take advantage of the higher allowance could not be achieved without a move to halogen technology, and so sealed-
2409:
introduced an automatic headlamp leveling system linked to the vehicle's suspension system to keep the headlamps correctly aimed regardless of vehicle load, without driver intervention. The first vehicle to be so equipped was the
2025:(UV) light, but none of it escapes the bulb, for a UV-absorbing hard glass shield is incorporated around the bulb's arc tube. This is important to prevent degradation of UV-sensitive components and materials in headlamps, such as
1863:
Regulations, even HID headlamps designed as such must be equipped with lens cleaning and automatic self-leveling systems, except on motorcycles. These systems are usually absent on vehicles not originally equipped with HID lamps.
1825:
producing a given beam pattern can be made smaller than halogen headlamps producing a comparable beam pattern. Alternatively, the larger size can be retained, in which case the HID headlamp can produce a more robust beam pattern.
5055:
4936:
Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1993: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, on H.R.
2648:
and associated circuitry were housed in a gunsight-like tube atop the dashboard. An amplifier module was located in the engine compartment that controlled the headlight relay using signals from the dashboard-mounted tube unit.
428:
in the United States where round lamps were required until 1975. Another early headlamp styling concept involved conventional round lamps faired into the car's bodywork with aerodynamic glass covers, such as those on the 1961
5197:
2708:
devised and refined a scanning automatic dimmer system impervious to streetlights and reflections, but no automaker purchased the rights, and the problematic photoresistor type remained on the market through the late 1980s.
3244:
as the first automobile close followed the carriage in design and construction, so the first lamp that was used on the automobile was the carriage lamp. These carriage lamps were found to be unsuitable for the fast-moving
2009:
HID headlamps produce between 2,800 and 3,500 lumens from between 35 and 38 watts of electrical power, while halogen filament headlamp bulbs produce between 700 and 2,100 lumens from between 40 and 72 watts at 12.8 V.
996:
of vehicles in motion during the daytime. Regional regulations govern how the DRL function may be provided. In Canada, the DRL function required on vehicles made or imported since 1990 can be provided by the headlamps, the
286:
from 1940, virtually freezing usable lighting technology in place until the 1970s for Americans. In 1957 the law changed to allow smaller 5.75-inch (146 mm) round sealed beams, two per side of the vehicle, and in 1974
593:
required all vehicles to have either the twin or quad round sealed beam headlamp system and prohibited any decorative or protective element in front of an operating headlamp. Glass-covered headlamps like those used on the
2073:(CRI) of tungsten-halogen headlamps (98) is much closer than that of HID headlamps (~75) to standardized sunlight (100). Studies have shown no significant safety effect of this degree of CRI variation in headlighting.
2583:
organization, composed primarily of European automakers, lighting companies and regulators began working to develop design and performance specifications for what is known as Adaptive Front-Lighting Systems, commonly
1904:'s takeover of Sylvania in 1997. All HID headlamps worldwide presently use the standardized AC-operated bulbs and ballasts. In 1999 the first worldwide HID headlights for both low and high beam were introduced on the
1418:
One filament is located at the focal point of the reflector. The other filament is shifted axially and radially away from the focal point. In most 2-filament sealed beams and in 2-filament replaceable bulbs of type
1943:
Initial phase: the bulb is driven with controlled overload. Because the arc is operated at high power, the temperature in the capsule rises quickly. The metallic salts vaporize, and the arc is intensified and made
2796:
cameras can detect and respond appropriately to leading and oncoming vehicles while disregarding streetlights, road signs, and other spurious signals. Camera-based beam selection was first released in 2005 on the
1409:
In a two-filament headlamp, there can only be one filament exactly at the focal point of the reflector. There are two primary means of producing two different beams from a two-filament bulb in a single reflector.
858:
specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cutoff preventing significant amounts of light from being cast into the eyes of drivers of preceding or oncoming cars. Control of glare is less strict in the North American
2539:
were equipped with an elaborate dynamic headlamp positioning system that adjusted the inboard headlamps' horizontal and vertical position in response to inputs from the vehicle's steering and suspension systems.
3107:
technologies and in the civilian sector as well. In addition to headlight covers' use in light reduction, they have also been employed to protect headlamps from damage in both civilian and combat environments.
3039:
1178:
technical regulations in Europe were regarded as a costly nuisance. In a survey published in 1988, automakers gave a range of responses when asked what it cost to supply a car with yellow headlamps for France.
6814:
5141:
Commission Directive of 10 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 76/756/EEC relating to the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on motor vehicles and their trailers
5631:
5085:
3026:. This can happen if water enters the headlamp, if bulbs of higher than specified wattage are installed, or simply with age and use. Reflectors thus degraded, if they cannot be cleaned, must be replaced.
2030:
shield, which facilitates the optical creation of the light-dark boundary (cutoff) near the top of a low-beam light distribution. Automotive HID lamps emit considerable near-UV light, despite the shield.
6630:
2163:. Newer HID bulb designs D3R, D3S, D4R, and D4S which are in production since 2004 contain no mercury, but are not electrically or physically compatible with headlamps designed for previous bulb types.
1852:
light distribution, so the headlamp is no longer street-legal in some locales. In the US, suppliers, importers and vendors that offer non-compliant kits are subject to civil fines. By October 2004, the
1666:, as does H3. The H2 is no longer a current type, since it requires an intricate bulb holder interface to the lamp, has a short life and is difficult to handle. For those reasons, H2 was withdrawn from
519:
carried out design studies with the low beams in their conventional outboard location, and the high beams vertically stacked at the centerline of the car, but no such designs reached volume production.
3053:
Dirt buildup on headlamp lenses increases glare to other road users, even at levels too low to reduce seeing performance significantly for the driver. Therefore, headlamp lens cleaners are required by
5164:
6383:
7001:
1554:
headlamps in 1911, but following the electrification of vehicle lighting, this optical technique wasn't used for many decades. The first modern polyellipsoidal (projector) automotive lamp was the
2704:
beam when the driver approached a vehicle from behind, and they would spuriously dip to low beam in response to road sign reflections of the vehicle's own high beam headlamps. American inventor
3093:
of a car in order to reduce the percentage of light transmitted, to tint the color of the light transmitted, and/or to protect the lenses from stone chips, bug splatters, and minor abrasions.
3855:
7600:
7548:
1940:– which ionizes the xenon gas, creating a conducting channel between the tungsten electrodes. Electrical resistance is reduced within the channel, and current flows between the electrodes.
1123:
Selective yellow headlamps are no longer common, but are permitted in various countries throughout Europe as well as in non-European locales such as South Korea, Japan and New Zealand. In
6586:
1211:
amended document—so France would no longer be able to refuse entry to a vehicle with white headlights. The directive was adopted unanimously by the council, and hence with France's vote.
1151:
reflector, or a yellow filter between the bulb and the lens. Filtration losses reduced the emitted light intensity by about 18 percent, which might have contributed to the reduced glare.
622:
were no longer permitted, and vehicles had to be equipped with uncovered headlamps for the US market. This made it difficult for vehicles with headlamp configurations designed for good
2418:
at the headlamp and a rotary switch on the dash marked "0", "1", "2", "3" for different beam heights, "0" being the "normal" (and highest) position for when the car is lightly loaded.
1540:
or other surface treatments to reduce cutoff sharpness. Modern condenser lenses incorporate optical features specifically designed to direct some light upward towards the locations of
6322:
6256:
4466:
3415:
2875:
the system provides full high beam. Headlamps are adjusted every 40 milliseconds by a camera on the inside of the front windscreen which can determine distance to other vehicles. The
5900:
942:
changeover from left to right hand traffic. Opaque decal blocks the lens portion for low beam upkick to the right, and bears the warning: "Not to be removed before 3 September 1967".
1728:
or tubular. The reflected infrared radiation strikes the filament located at the center of the glass envelope, heating the filament to a greater degree than can be achieved through
664:
6718:
6143:
6112:
6081:
2299:
perhaps one day surpass that of HID headlamps. That occurred by mid-2013, when the Mercedes S-Class came with LED headlamps giving higher performance than comparable HID setups.
7377:
6286:
6197:
2871:
in 2009. It provides a continuous range of beam reach from a low-aimed low beam to a high-aimed high beam, rather than the traditional binary choice between low and high beams.
4811:
3038:
7666:
4793:
4775:
7269:
7299:
7239:
5962:
1091:
specification is quite large and permits a wide range of apparent colour from warm white (with a brown-orange-amber-yellow cast) to cold white (with a blue-violet cast).
6612:
3007:
Over time, the headlamp lens can deteriorate. It can become pitted due to abrasion of road sand and pebbles and can crack, admitting water into the headlamp. "Plastic" (
1860:
1948:
more complete. The resistance between the electrodes also falls; the electronic ballast control gear registers this and automatically switches to continuous operation.
4202:
Leibowitz, Herschel W.; Owens, D. Alfred; Tyrrell, Richard A. (1998). "The assured clear distance ahead rule: implications for nighttime traffic safety and the law".
6940:
2887:
also offer this technology. In the CLS, the adaptive high beam is realised with LED headlamps - the first vehicle producing all adaptive light functions with LEDs.
712:. They were mounted in the front fenders, which were smooth until the lights were cranked out—each with its own small dash-mounted crank—by the operator. They aided
6806:
1369:' Guide Lamp division in America had experimented with clear-lens complex-reflector lamps in the early 1970s and achieved promising results, but the US-market 1990
5635:
958:
within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic-handedness. North American vehicle owners sometimes privately import and install
5228:
84:
Headlamp performance has steadily improved throughout the automobile age, spurred by the great disparity between daytime and nighttime traffic fatalities: the US
1034:
to direct light to road signs and pedestrians. SAE low beams may or may not have a cutoff, and if a cutoff is present, it may be of two different general types:
683:
used outside North America. Nevertheless, this change to US regulations made it possible for headlamp styling in the US market to move closer to that in Europe.
7100:
Mefford, M.L.; Flannagan, M.J.; Bogard, S.E. (2006). Real-world use of high-beam headlamps (Report). University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
6352:
1005:, or by special daytime running lamps. Functionally dedicated daytime running lamps not involving the headlamps are required on all new cars first sold in the
267:
Directional lighting, using a switch and electromagnetically shifted reflector to illuminate the curbside only, was introduced in the rare, one-year-only 1935
4636:
1038:, which is conceptually similar to the ECE beam in that the cutoff is located at the top of the left side of the beam and aimed slightly below horizontal, or
2069:(SPD) of an automotive HID headlamp is discontinuous and spikey while the SPD of a filament lamp, like that of the sun, is a continuous curve. Moreover, the
1840:, as is commonly done in street lights and other stationary metal-halide lamp applications, causes lamps to take several minutes to reach their full output.
1650:
was the first tungsten-halogen headlamp light source. It was introduced in 1962 by a consortium of European bulb and headlamp makers. This bulb has a single
731:
and linkages to raise the lamps to an exact position to assure correct aiming despite ice, snow, and age. Some hidden headlamp designs, such as those on the
2021:, and the number is the type designator. The final letter describes the outer shield. The arc within an HID headlamp bulb generates considerable short-wave
1445:
Graves shield so as to allow light to strike a 15° wedge of the lower half of the reflector. This is used to create the upsweep or upstep characteristic of
6970:
4364:
3177:
2422:
2132:
1667:
1446:
1062:
1019:
752:
680:
445:
7897:
7009:
962:
headlamps on their car in the mistaken belief that the beam performance will be better, when in fact such misapplication is quite hazardous and illegal.
7429:
7728:
5979:
5846:"Glare from Headlamps and other Front Mounted Lamps Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment"
2953:
The first mechanically controlled (non-LED), glare-free high beam was Volkswagen's "Dynamic Light Assist" package, which was introduced in 2010 on the
321:. Shortly thereafter headlamps using the new light source were introduced in Europe. These were effectively prohibited in the US, where standard-size
6445:
2375:
Automatic systems for activating the headlamps have been available since the mid-1950s, originally only on luxury American models such as Cadillac's
2160:
1283:(shift) parts of the light laterally and vertically to provide the required light distribution pattern. Most sealed-beam headlamps have lens optics.
792:
for safe use when other vehicles are present on the road. Because there is no special control of upward light, high beams also cause backdazzle from
3982:
3625:
6475:
6223:
667:
to allow replaceable-bulb, nonstandard-shape, architectural headlamps with aerodynamic lenses that could for the first time be made of hard-coated
6910:
4292:
2139:
and automatic beam leveling control. Both of these measures are intended to reduce the tendency for high-output headlamps to cause high levels of
8325:
7031:
6574:
The 2008 Cadillac Escalade Platinum has earned the distinction of being the first production vehicle in the world with all - LED forward lighting
1437:
515:
were brought to market. The four-lamp system permitted more design flexibility and improved low and high beam performance. Auto stylists such as
6590:
3739:
Olson, Paul L. (19 December 1977). "The relative merits of different low beam headlighting systems - a review of the literature. Final report".
2671:-built vehicles were also available with the GM-made dimmers from the 1950s through the 1980s. A system called 'AutoDim' was offered on several
3914:
3077:
at the front of the lamp recess which automatically wipes the lenses as they are raised or lowered, although it does not provide washer fluid.
2923:
1853:
85:
7644:
7522:
4932:
1955:
has attained its nominal value. The ballast now supplies stable electrical power so the arc will not flicker. Stable operating voltage is 85
6743:
6264:
5908:
4474:
3419:
3383:
7326:
1836:
gas. The xenon gas allows the lamps to produce minimally adequate light immediately upon start, and shortens the run-up time. The usage of
1449:
low beam light distributions. The bulb's rotative position within the reflector depends on the type of beam pattern to be produced and the
207:
were popular in 1900s because the flame is resistant to wind and rain. Thick concave mirrors combined with magnifying lenses projected the
6880:
5874:
1900:, since reliability proved inferior to the AC systems. The Type 9500 system was not used on any other models, and was discontinued after
1346:
reflectors, which comprised parabolic sections of different focal length to improve the efficiency of light collection and distribution.
6769:
6692:
6297:
6151:
6120:
6089:
4515:
3103:
The use of headlight covers and the modification of light produced by vehicles continued in both the military's development of special
1323:
7381:
5502:
5415:"Development of Mr (Multi Reflector) Headlamp (Headlamp With Slant Angle of 60 Degrees, Contributable to Future Vehicle Body Styling)"
655:
The rectangular headlamp design became so prevalent in U.S.-made cars that only a few models continued using round headlamps by 1979.
570:
cars had the headlamps arranged diagonally with the low-beam lamps outboard and above the high-beam lamps. British cars including the
5959:
5797:
3059:
2544:
1536:
projectors. If the cutoff shade is fixed in the light path, separate high-beam lamps are required. The condenser lens may have minor
1054:
1026:
917:
864:
676:
630:
590:
88:
states that nearly half of all traffic-related fatalities occur in the dark, despite only 25% of traffic travelling during darkness.
6330:
3803:
1173:
Formal research found, at best, a small improvement in visual acuity with yellow rather than white headlights, and French automaker
173:
used carriage lamps, which proved unsuitable for travel at speed. The earliest lights used candles as the most common type of fuel.
4815:
313:
Technology moved forward in the rest of the world. In 1962 a European consortium of bulb- and headlamp-makers introduced the first
7670:
7147:
5022:
4797:
4779:
3089:
made from a variety of materials (e.g., metal, polycarbonate, ABS plastic or self-adhesive vinyl film) which are applied over the
8768:
7277:
7243:
4437:
2524:
was an early implementer of such a technique, producing in the 1930s a vehicle with a central directional headlamp. The American
2106:
approximately 42 watts during stable operation. The reduced power consumption means less fuel consumption, with resultant less CO
7303:
6793:
5845:
4686:
4153:, leaving drivers vulnerable at highway speeds...Additional testing found that while the advanced headlight technology found in
2144:
for any given intensity level, the light from HID headlamps is 40% more glaring than the light from tungsten-halogen headlamps.
7721:
1350:
technology allowed the development of reflector headlamps with nonparabolic, complex-shape reflectors. First commercialised by
1131:
still officially require selective yellow light from all vehicles' low beam and high beam headlamps, and fog lamps if present.
271:. Steering-linked lighting was featured on the 1947 Tucker Torpedo's center-mounted headlight and was later popularized by the
6616:
1962:
in D1 and D2 systems, 42 volts AC in D3 and D4 systems. The frequency of the square-wave alternating current is typically 400
974:
at speeds above 60 km/h (40 mph). It may be unsafe and, in a few areas, illegal to drive above this speed at night.
7700:
7570:
7193:
6540:
4575:
3706:
3357:
3332:
2359:
became the first production car to be sold with an auxiliary high-beam lamp based on this technology. The limited-production
8467:
2110:
emission per vehicle fitted with HID lighting (1.3 g/km assuming that 30% of an engine running time is with the lights on).
481:
In 1940, a consortium of state motor vehicle administrators standardized upon a system of two 7 in (178 mm) round
7352:
2845:
6948:
555:
models sold in America used this arrangement because their home-market replaceable-bulb headlamps were illegal in the US.
9240:
8435:
3127:
1589:
369:. Using principles of reflection, the simple symmetric round reflective surface projects light and helps focus the beam.
7453:
7240:"Intelligent illumination technology ensures good vision | Daimler > Company > Tradition > Special Topics"
6662:
5414:
5371:
5290:
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which offers five different bi-xenon light functions, each of which is suited to typical driving or weather conditions:
2611:
Rather than the mechanical linkages employed in earlier directional-headlamp systems, AFS relies on electronic sensors,
8190:
6553:
5236:
5139:
4438:""Where Does The Glare Come From?" (NHTSA glare response + white paper on headlamp performance, glare, and regulation)"
4102:
2065:
of factory installed automotive HID headlamps is between 4200K while tungsten-halogen lamps are at 3000K to 3550K. The
788:
dual-beam lamps. High beams cast most of their light straight ahead, maximizing seeing distance but producing too much
775:, or by an electric motor as on various Chrysler products of the middle 1960s through late 1970s such as the 1966–1967
7325:
Seekircher, Jürgen; Woltermann, Bernd; Gern, Axel; Janssen, Reinhard; Mehren, Dirk; Lallinger, Martin (January 2009).
4933:
United States Congress Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Transportation and Related Agencies (1992).
4062:
2363:
LMX uses lasers for its spot lamp feature, providing illumination for high-speed driving in low-light conditions. The
7714:
5174:
5032:
4945:
3865:
3716:
3065:
Lens cleaning systems come in two main varieties: a small motor-driven rubber wiper or brush conceptually similar to
2779:
2483:
2159:. The disposal of mercury-containing vehicle parts is increasingly regulated throughout the world, for example under
1793:
8489:
8230:
7070:
6360:
5657:
4124:
2761:
1775:
8472:
7875:
6648:
6144:"In-traffic evaluations of high-intensity discharge headlamps: overall performance and color appearance of objects"
4659:
3452:
1022:
standard, which is allowed or required in virtually all industrialized countries except the United States, and the
6173:
4382:
4189:
The data shows a higher percentage of passenger vehicle occupants killed in speeding-related crashes at nighttime.
3657:
2118:
The average service life of an HID bulb is 2000 hours, compared to between 450 and 1000 hours for a halogen lamp.
1626:
technology (also called "quartz-halogen", "quartz-iodine", "iodine cycle", etc.) increases the effective luminous
1528:
actuated pivot to provide a low beam, and removed from the light path for the high beam. Such optics are known as
467:
54:'s front with an impractical number and variety of headlamps, added for decorative purposes and characteristic of
8733:
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8605:
8368:
8235:
6231:
4351:
3474:
3018:
The reflector, made out of vaporized aluminum deposited in an extremely thin layer on a metal, glass, or plastic
3004:
Headlamp aim must be properly checked and adjusted frequently, for misaimed lamps are dangerous and ineffective.
2188:
1058:
1023:
860:
523:
An example arrangement includes the stacking of two headlamps on each side, with low beams above high beams. The
298:
Two Mercedes-Benz SL: right with US-spec sealed beam type headlamps; left with normal headlamps for other markets
264:
were new for 1938 Cadillacs, and their 1954 "Autronic Eye" system automated the selection of high and low beams.
6978:
6005:
4734:
Icelandic Transport Authority US.321 Information on permitted headlight equipment on vehicles in Iceland.(46 KB)
4368:
4187:
The passenger vehicle occupant fatality rate at nighttime is about three times higher than the daytime rate. ...
3940:
2805:
systems by automakers worldwide. The headlights will dim when a bright reflection bounces off of a street sign.
1843:
The light from HID headlamps can exhibit a distinct bluish tint when compared with tungsten-filament headlamps.
9265:
8460:
8245:
6427:
4736:
4185:. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Center for Statistics and Analysis.
3531:
3269:
2880:
2757:
2465:
2288:
2265:
2049:
2002:
1771:
461:
330:
headlamps with internal halogen lamps became available for use on 1979 models in the United States. As of 2010
3582:
Neumann, Rainer; Woerner, B. (1993). "Litronic – New Automotive Headlamp Technology with Gas Discharge lamp".
2283:, the focus of the beam is shifted towards the bend even before the driver turns the steering wheel. In 2014:
2271:
In 2013 the first digitally controlled full-LED glare-free "Matrix LED" adaptive headlamps were introduced by
9343:
9260:
9177:
8455:
8255:
8162:
5658:"Driving lights-was Re: headlight laws was re improving lightoutput - rec.autos.driving | Google Groups"
4890:
Moore, David W. (June 1998). Headlamp History and Harmonization (Report). Transportation Research Institute.
4347:
3804:
General Motors Research Laboratories in collaboration with lighting engineers of Guide Lamp Division (1965).
3019:
3012:
2936:
2136:
1951:
Continuous operation: all metal salts are in the vapor phase, the arc has attained its stable shape, and the
1905:
1817:
1204:
855:
341:
6052:
1319:
9375:
8625:
7786:
3597:
2825:
2062:
1501:
971:
929:
831:
6453:
6113:"Colors of retroreflective traffic sign materials when illuminated by high-intensity-discharge headlights"
5707:
4610:
3961:
1456:
This system was first used with the tungsten incandescent Bilux/Duplo R2 bulb of 1954, and later with the
9124:
8761:
8517:
8285:
7466:
7404:
4706:
4253:
3629:
3257:
1945:
227:
66:
7919:
6483:
294:
9326:
6918:
4005:
Relative merits of the U.S. and ECE high-beam maximum intensities and of two- and four-headlamp systems
3475:
Relative Merits of the U.S. and ECE High-Beam Maximum Intensities and of Two- and Four-Headlamp Systems
2802:
2629:
1563:
1207:
1147:
876:
38:
8494:
5120:. Vol. 11. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. pp. 12, 54, 310–333
4076:
2516:
These provide improved lighting for cornering. Some automobiles have their headlamps connected to the
30:
This article is about the device for vehicles. For the personal lighting device worn on the head, see
9406:
8637:
8198:
8185:
7781:
6852:
6523:
5603:
5530:
4329:
4278:
4182:
4048:
2753:
2461:
2325:
1767:
275:. This made it possible to turn the light in the direction of travel when the steering wheel turned.
17:
6409:
5552:
4149:
illuminate unlit roadways at speeds as low as 40 mph. ...high-beam settings on halogen headlights...
8698:
7913:
7887:
6082:"Ranges of stop sign chromaticity under tungsten-halogen and high-intensity discharge illumination"
3302:
2973:
2742:
2528:
was likewise equipped with a third central headlamp connected mechanically to the steering system.
2364:
1756:
959:
743:
5960:
http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-614233-1-820664-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-854934-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html
3820:
1018:
There are two different beam pattern and headlamp construction standards in use in the world: The
449:
U.S. standard 7-inch headlamp combining low and high beam with turn signal lights below on a 1949
9081:
8558:
7842:
7500:
3137:
2746:
2454:
1978:
The command is often near the steering wheel and a specific indicator is shown on the dashboard.
1760:
1611:
739:
303:
69:
attached to the front of a vehicle to illuminate the road ahead. Headlamps are also often called
2983:
The first digitally controlled LED glare-free headlamps were introduced in 2013 on Audi A8. See
2066:
826:
9298:
8944:
8754:
8315:
8240:
6888:
6384:"LEDs for solid state lighting and other emerging applications: status, trends, and challenges"
4748:
4249:
3762:
Mead, Howard; Roper, Val J. (October 1956). "New 4-Lamp Dual Sealed-Beam Roadlighting System".
3086:
1450:
1373:
was first with clear-lens multi-reflector headlamps; these were developed by Stanley in Japan.
1065:
are in force either by reference or by incorporation in individual countries' vehicular codes.
947:
776:
583:
237:
144:
6837:
5878:
5828:
3889:
2571:
8819:
8728:
7209:
7134:
6794:
http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/bmw-i8-will-be-first-offer-new-laser-lighting-tech
6696:
6323:"KOITO and DENSO Develop World's First Mercury-Free High-Intensity Discharge Headlamp System"
3778:
2884:
2688:
2070:
2045:
1998:
1420:
1347:
607:
245:
96:
95:
are often used on bicycles, and are required in some jurisdictions. They can be powered by a
5778:
5760:
4860:
4496:
2652:
This pioneering setup gave way in 1958 to a system called 'GuideMatic' in reference to GM's
2227:. The high beam and turn signal functions used filament bulbs. The headlamp was supplied by
671:. This allowed the first US-market car since 1939 with replaceable bulb headlamps: the 1984
115:
9245:
8440:
7943:
7121:
5509:
4856:
3806:
Optics and Wheels: a story of lighting from the primitive torch to the sealed beam headlamp
2907:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2632:
introduced the first automatic headlight dimmer called the 'Autronic Eye' in 1952 on their
2228:
2209:
2042:
1995:
1917:
1732:
alone. The superheated filament emits more light without an increase in power consumption.
1559:
1386:
1334:
Starting in the 1980s, headlamp reflectors began to evolve beyond the simple stamped steel
1200:
1163:
989:
983:
747:
702:
559:
528:
334:
sealed beams dominate the sealed-beam market, which has declined steeply since replaceable-
128:
51:
6541:
http://www.magnetimarelli.com/excellence/technological-excellences/the-full-led-technology
5456:
2276:
1042:, which has the cutoff at the top of the right side of the beam and aimed at the horizon.
8:
9338:
9232:
9207:
9187:
9139:
8907:
8568:
8427:
7892:
7870:
5980:"Piercing the dark: Mercedes-Benz's vehicle lightings have come a long way – Part 1 of 2"
3132:
3023:
3000:
2813:
2798:
2349:
2280:
2224:
1986:
1959:
1603:
1268:
1264:
1050:
366:
5457:"100th anniversary | Chapter 4 1971-1990 Towards Becoming an Optoelectronics Enterprise"
1231:
Lens optics, side view. Light is dispersed vertically (shown) and laterally (not shown).
755:
regarding protuberances on car bodies to minimize injury to pedestrians struck by cars.
716:
when the headlamps were not in use and were among the Cord's signature design features.
9144:
9018:
8718:
8390:
8175:
8118:
8110:
7155:
5577:
4872:
4543:
3152:
3147:
3097:
2958:
2954:
2876:
2868:
2664:
2013:
Current-production bulb categories are D1S, D1R, D2S, D2R, D3S, D3R, D4S, and D4R. The
1881:
1576:
1390:
1295:
1237:
768:
536:
252:
electrical ignition and lighting system, forming the modern vehicle electrical system.
170:
31:
6505:
5849:
4444:
4408:
4215:
3289:
3285:
2972:
The first mechanically controlled LED glare-free headlamps were introduced in 2012 on
2619:
signals to anticipate changes in road curvature, rather than simply reacting to them.
9381:
9046:
8777:
8260:
8208:
8180:
8100:
7938:
7926:
7882:
7810:
7756:
7189:
7182:
7025:
6386:. In Ferguson, Ian T.; Carrano, John C.; Taguchi, Tsunemasa; Ashdown, Ian E. (eds.).
5816:
5170:
5028:
4941:
4876:
4683:
4298:
4219:
3861:
3712:
3353:
3328:
3265:
3172:
3066:
2962:
2525:
2376:
2250:
2239:
2156:
2102:
1952:
1885:
1877:
1829:
1828:
Automotive HID may be generically called "xenon headlamps", though they are actually
1729:
425:
349:
249:
7430:"Adaptive Headlights Will Finally Come to the US, Thanks to the Infrastructure Bill"
7045:
3321:
2644:
models; the feature was offered in other GM vehicles starting in 1953. The system's
2033:
735:
III, used a lever-operated mechanical linkage to raise the headlamps into position.
9310:
9293:
9086:
9051:
8861:
8851:
8814:
8543:
8477:
8407:
8358:
8090:
7909:
7798:
7793:
7101:
6391:
6026:
5935:
5426:
5383:
5345:
5302:
5271:
4891:
4864:
4651:
4581:(Report). UK Ministry of Transport Road Research Laboratory. LR 156. Archived from
4297:. Automobiles and Other Vehicles. Miamisburg, OH: LEXIS Publishing. p. § 720.
4211:
4008:
3744:
3509:
3162:
2927:
and prevent car manufacturers from easily adapting their systems to the US market.
2676:
2520:
mechanism so the lights will follow the movement of the front wheels. Czechoslovak
1717:
1651:
1245:. The flutes and prisms spread and distribute the light collected by the reflector.
1116:
1108:
738:
During the 1960s and 1970s, many notable sports cars used this feature such as the
697:
692:
672:
393:
132:
92:
7574:
4829:
4582:
2307:
Before LEDs, all light sources used in headlamps (tungsten, halogen, HID) emitted
2216:
released the first car with LED daytime running lights and directionals, the 2004
1856:
had investigated 24 suppliers and all resulted in termination of sale or recalls.
1227:
993:
456:
9255:
9182:
8998:
8927:
8703:
8662:
8620:
8615:
8450:
8270:
8047:
7776:
7751:
4740:
4690:
3679:
3275:
3227:
3142:
3096:
During World War II, civil and military authorities often enforced brownouts and
2966:
2601:
2521:
2320:
2246:
2235:
1888:, which uses reflector headlamps with an unmasked, integral-ignitor lamp made by
1873:
1547:
1541:
1461:
reflector or lens optics to create a US beam pattern rather than a European one.
913:
847:
797:
764:
619:
579:
532:
524:
409:
405:
377:
4999:
Official Journal of the European Communities: Information and notices, Volume 27
4637:"Driving in Snow: Effect of Headlamp Color at Mesopic and Photopic Light Levels"
2223:
In 2006 the first series-production LED low beams were factory-installed on the
2208:
concept car with LED headlights in 2003. Automotive headlamp applications using
1634:
filament: when operating at a higher filament temperature which results in more
1486:
1365:
were the first cars with complex-reflector headlamps with faceted optic lenses.
1354:
under their Cibié brand, these headlamps would revolutionise automobile design.
9202:
9104:
9008:
9003:
8591:
8482:
8373:
8337:
8310:
8280:
8147:
7766:
7761:
6142:
Sivak, M.; Sato, T.; Battle, D.S.; Traube, E.C.; Flannagan, Michael J. (1993).
4868:
4365:"Lighting System and Retroreflective Devices (Standard 108) - Transport Canada"
4231:
the ACDA rule is routinely violated by most drivers under nighttime conditions.
4165:
3198:
3104:
3054:
2411:
2140:
2038:
1933:
1897:
1889:
1575:
optical package, though a much deeper one, for any given beam output. The 1986
1512:
1402:
1366:
1339:
1276:
1179:
1136:
1006:
816:
789:
772:
724:
720:
413:
353:
7490:
4467:"Prometheus, Bound: The Difference Between American and European Car Lighting"
4257:
2401:
2192:
Digitally controlled adaptive non-glare multi-LED headlamp technology, on the
1104:
497:
A system of four round lamps, rather than two, one high/low and one high-beam
421:
397:
149:
139:
9400:
9365:
9154:
9119:
9114:
9066:
9038:
9013:
8939:
8922:
8871:
8834:
8824:
8806:
8672:
8402:
8305:
8300:
8222:
8123:
8030:
8008:
7834:
7815:
7771:
7571:"The New Volkswagen Touareg SUV is One of the Safest Automobiles of All Time"
7177:
6670:
5966:
5728:
5481:
5434:
5391:
5333:
5310:
5259:
5024:
The European Automobile Industry: Multi Level Governance, Policy and Politics
4302:
3316:
3008:
2977:
2864:
2705:
2415:
2284:
2261:
2234:
In 2007 the first headlamps with all functions provided by LEDs, supplied by
2205:
2026:
1991:
1520:
1358:
1305:
1242:
1195:
1187:
1167:
1159:
886:
668:
595:
571:
552:
548:
430:
283:
257:
100:
91:
Other vehicles, such as trains and aircraft, are required to have headlamps.
7622:
5260:"Headlamp Developments With Dmc Reflectors Including Homofocal Arrangements"
3279:
3062:
does not require lens cleaners on any headlamps, though they are permitted.
2597:
2554:
2536:
2532:
2509:
2500:
Directional (steering) headlamp (middle) on a 1928 Willys-Knight 70A Touring
1362:
615:
382:
272:
9331:
9288:
9270:
9061:
9056:
9023:
8917:
8912:
8893:
8878:
8866:
8856:
8841:
8829:
8797:
8682:
8578:
8573:
8548:
8538:
8499:
8320:
8275:
8152:
8003:
7968:
7904:
7862:
7847:
7803:
6851:
Flannagan, Michael J.; Sivak, Michael; Schoettle, Brandon (November 2007).
4325:
3416:"Prometheus, Bound: The differences Between American and European Lighting"
3167:
2903:
2295:
2253:
Platinum became the first all-LED headlamps for the North American market.
2153:
2087:
1929:
1916:
HID headlamp bulbs do not run on low-voltage DC current, so they require a
1821:
1663:
1635:
1623:
1537:
1457:
1370:
1310:
1272:
1241:
A 7 in (180 mm) round sealed-beam headlamp with lens optics on a
1140:
760:
713:
709:
516:
314:
204:
191:
187:
5932:"Improved Projector Headlamps Using HID (Litronic) and Incandescent Bulbs"
5291:"Improvements in Low Beam Lighting Achieved by Complex Surface Reflectors"
5166:
The Case for Europe: Unity, Diversity, and Democracy in the European Union
4223:
4103:"Right Hand Drive Vehicles in a Left Hand Drive World | DriveSmartBC"
2392:
2131:
Vehicles equipped with HID headlamps (except motorcycles) are required by
1496:
81:
is the term for the beam of light produced and distributed by the device.
9385:
9197:
9192:
9129:
9109:
8980:
8723:
8677:
8553:
8412:
8140:
8135:
8095:
8067:
8062:
7993:
7988:
7973:
7852:
7106:
7078:
4896:
4655:
4274:
4026:
4012:
2996:
2915:
2911:
2022:
1994:
headlamp with "Quadrabeam"-styled HID low beams, halogen high beams, and
1872:
In 1992 the first production low beam HID headlamps were manufactured by
1811:
1806:
1069:
1002:
732:
623:
611:
482:
472:
471:
Rectangular sealed-beam headlamps with turn signal light below on a 1979
322:
288:
279:
231:
55:
8332:
7353:"Headlights are blinding us. Here's why it's mostly an American problem"
5289:
Schumacher, Thomas W.; Fratty, Hector; Dorleans, Guy (1 February 1987).
5112:
1721:
9159:
9076:
9028:
8975:
8888:
8883:
8667:
8533:
8528:
8417:
8380:
8363:
8295:
8290:
8265:
7960:
6853:"Benefits of Headlamp Leveling and Cleaning for Current U.S. Low Beams"
6353:"HID headlamp system has a newly developed mercury-free discharge bulb"
5934:. SAE Technical Paper Series (Report). Vol. 1. SAE International.
4911:
Jehu, V. J. (1954). "A comparison of yellow and white headlamp beams".
3748:
3157:
3070:
3047:
2641:
2612:
2496:
2468: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1937:
1280:
1215:
the road at night for a distance, in clear conditions, of 100 metres".
1191:
1183:
575:
512:
372:
327:
104:
6395:
6080:
Flannagan, Michael J.; Luoma, Juha; Gellatly, A.W.; Sivak, M. (1992).
5604:"BMW 7er, Modell E32, Pressestimmen zu den Innovationen (www.7er.com)"
4409:"Ya es ley el uso obligatorio de las luces bajas para circular de día"
4151:
may only provide enough light to safely stop at speeds of up to 48 mph
4145:, found in over 80 percent of vehicles on the road today, may fail to
2969:
introduced an identical bi-xenon system: "Adaptive High-beam System".
2547:
required this system to be removed from those models sold in the U.S.
2180:
2152:
HID headlamp bulb types D1R, D1S, D2R, D2S and 9500 contain the toxic
1970:
160:
1917 advertisement for the Corning Conaphore headlamp lens shown above
123:
9305:
8959:
8932:
8902:
8713:
8610:
8563:
8128:
8057:
8037:
6476:"New-generation LED headlamp prototype with performance equal to HID"
4183:"Passenger Vehicle Occupant Fatalities by Day and Night – A Contrast"
3199:"Passenger Vehicle Occupant Fatalities by Day and Night – A Contrast"
3090:
2645:
1713:
1551:
1099:
771:
vehicles of the late 1960s through early 1980s such as the 1967–1970
634:
599:
490:
434:
268:
212:
197:
46:
8746:
6174:"Evaluation of High Intensity Discharge Automotive Forward Lighting"
5002:. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 1984
4733:
2731:
2504:
2443:
2367:
employs laser headlights with a high beam range of over 600 meters.
1745:
1267:
or arc) is placed at or near the focus of a reflector, which may be
478:
Headlight design in the U.S. changed very little from 1940 to 1983.
218:
with gas feed pipes for lights as standard equipment for 1904 cars.
156:
9134:
8990:
8949:
8082:
8052:
8013:
7978:
7948:
7737:
5939:
5430:
5387:
5349:
5306:
5275:
3513:
3074:
2839:
2658:
2633:
2517:
2341:
2337:
2308:
1659:
1631:
1627:
1600:
1525:
1378:
1335:
1049:
In North America, the design, performance, and installation of all
998:
934:
916:
permit higher-intensity high-beam headlamps than are allowed under
603:
567:
544:
540:
450:
440:
261:
7405:"Adaptive driving beams are finally going to be legal in the U.S."
5969:
The history of the headlamp: From the candle lamp to motorway mode
5413:
Fujita, Takeshige; Ichihara, Takeo; Oyama, Hiroo (February 1987).
3480:(Report). University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
2406:
2264:
called the "Intelligent Light System" were introduced on the 2011
723:
and reservoirs, with associated plumbing and linkage, or electric
417:
282:
headlamp, one per side, was required for all vehicles sold in the
9071:
8954:
8846:
8397:
8342:
8042:
8020:
7495:
5114:
Research on the "Cost of Non-Europe": The EC 92 automobile sector
4063:"Changes to vehicle headlight policy. | Army Rumour Service"
2980:
introduced the same LED system: "Adaptive Highbeam Assist Plus".
2360:
2217:
2193:
2091:
1700:
1647:
1640:
1516:
1174:
1146:
The French yellow-light mandate was based on observations by the
1124:
939:
801:
345:
331:
318:
5931:
5229:"Headlamp Optical Systems Illustrated, Explained & Compared"
4613:(Report). SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research. 1976. 1976-2E
3303:"On Fire: Automotive Lighting History » NAPA Know How Blog"
875:"High beam" and "High beams" redirect here. For other uses, see
352:
was an early American effort at HIDs, and was the only car with
8025:
7983:
7695:
7324:
6881:"Myth or fact: The Citroën DS pioneered directional headlights"
5682:
4164:
even the most advanced headlights fall 60 percent short of the
2593:
2580:
2356:
2340:
that then emits a light. Laser lamps use half as much power as
1725:
1607:
1441:
1313:. The clear front cover lens serves only a protective function.
1128:
663:
In 1983, granting a 1981 petition from Ford Motor Company, the
658:
307:
4830:"Journal officiel de la République française. Lois et décrets"
2976:: "Selective Beam" (anti-dazzle high-beam assistant). In 2013
1686:
1674:
1436:
Below the low beam filament is a cup-shaped shield (called a "
1127:, yellow headlamps are allowed and the vehicle regulations in
896:
408:. Rectangular headlamps were first used in 1960, developed by
8708:
8072:
7998:
7327:"The Car Learns How to See - Camera-Based Assistance Systems"
6838:"Photonic technology of tomorrow for automatic driving today"
3323:
Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930 (A World of Wheels Series)
2637:
2333:
2212:(LEDs) have been undergoing development since 2004. In 2004,
1963:
1901:
1837:
1833:
1679:
1567:
1401:
Night driving is difficult and dangerous due to the blinding
1351:
946:
Most low-beam headlamps are specifically designed for use on
626:
performance to achieve it in their US-market configurations.
563:
7378:"Fascinating light - dynamics through technology and design"
6663:"Production LED headlamp technology & design as of 2007"
6631:"DVN Interview with Hella's Hans-Theo Dorissen, 2 June 2009"
4707:"New Zealand Vehicle Inspection Requirement Manual p. 4.1.2"
4270:
Ruth v. Vroom, 245 Mich. 88, 222 N. W. 155, 62 A. L. R. 1528
3658:"These 5 cars had quad headlights before they were in vogue"
3388:
The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
2824:
is a headlamp beam control system introduced in 2006 on the
2291:
in 2014, called Multibeam LED, with 24 individual segments.
2041:
The low beam features LED lighting, halogen high beams, and
1558:, an auxiliary headlamp produced in a joint venture between
923:
388:
381:
European (top) and US (bottom) headlamp configurations on a
226:
The first electric headlamps were introduced in 1898 on the
9149:
7706:
6410:"2003 Audi Nuvolari Concept | Car News | Auto123"
6079:
5632:"Dayton, David: Comments regarding NHTSA docket 8885, p. 5"
4383:"New cars equipped with daytime running lights as of today"
2898:
models with Xenon headlamps are offering a similar system:
2895:
2793:
2605:
2345:
2272:
2213:
1956:
1655:
728:
719:
Later hidden headlamps require one or more vacuum-operated
547:
followed two years later. Also in the 1965 model year, the
335:
196:
The earliest headlamps, fuelled by combustible gas such as
4290:
3857:
Today's Technician: Automotive Electricity and Electronics
3708:
Preston Tucker and His Battle to Build the Car of Tomorrow
970:
Vehicle headlamps have been found unable to illuminate an
8788:
2616:
2589:
2294:
As of 2010, LED headlamps such as those available on the
2048:
that also illuminate at a lower intensity to provide the
2001:
that also illuminate at a lower intensity to provide the
1712:
A further development of the tungsten-halogen bulb has a
1326:
reflector-optic headlamp (1926−1932) US-Patent 1.660.699.
793:
200:
6148:
University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
6117:
University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
6086:
University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
6060:
University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
6051:
Sivak, M.; Flannagan, Michael J.; Schoettle, B. (2006).
5288:
3808:. General Motors Public Relations Staff. pp. 23–25.
2801:
and has since then been incorporated into comprehensive
344:(HID) systems appeared in the early 1990s, first in the
7380:(Press release). Hella. 9 February 2010. Archived from
7256:
Intelligent illumination technology ensures good vision
6850:
6053:"Mercury-free HID headlamps: glare and color rendering"
6050:
5553:"BMW Ellipsoid Scheinwerfertechnik und BMW Servotronic"
2930:
2561:
1859:
In Europe and the many non-European countries applying
988:
Some countries require automobiles to be equipped with
7099:
6911:"Citroën DS, a Classic Car 20 Years Ahead of its Time"
6388:
Fifth International Conference on Solid State Lighting
6027:"49CFR564 Replaceable Bulb Headlamp Light Source List"
5875:"Be Careful: Dangerous Products! HID kits and the law"
4694:
Automobile Parts--Lighting and Light Signaling Devices
4574:
Christie, A.W.; Ashwood, J.E.; Symons, R.D.H. (1968).
4195:
2566:
1468:
441:
Headlamp styling in the United States, 1940–1983
7637:
7615:
7597:"Phaeton debuts with new design and new technologies"
7300:"Adaptive Highbeam Assist - the Intelligent Headlamp"
6796:
BMW i8 will be first to offer new laser lighting tech
6141:
5198:"Section 1: Eclairage et signalisation des véhicules"
4847:
Nelson, J. H. (1 June 1957). "Automobile Headlamps".
4573:
4250:
236 Official California Appellate Reports 555
4201:
3022:, can become dirty, oxidised, or burnt, and lose its
2902:
with variable headlight range control. In Japan, the
2675:
models starting in the mid-1950s, and eventually the
2608:
have released vehicles equipped with AFS since 2003.
1013:
830:
Asymmetrical low beam illumination of road surface –
7264:
7262:
5708:"ECE Regulation 37 for motor vehicle filament bulbs"
5372:"Faceted Reflector Fog Lamp Eliminates Lens Fluting"
5334:"Complex Shape Headlamps: Eight Years of Experience"
5110:
4752:
4237:
4125:"AAA Tests Shine High-Beam on Headlight Limitations"
3206:
Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note (DOT HS 810 637)
3178:
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
1707:
1566:
and optionally installed in 1969 and 1970 full-size
1477:
1342:
was the first vehicle equipped with Lucas-Carello's
1055:
Federal and Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108
373:
Headlamp styling outside the United States, pre-1983
6744:"All-LED Projectors for Merc S-Class, 29 July 2013"
6719:"DVN Interview with AL's Michael Hamm, 8 July 2009"
6224:"Osram Automotive Lamps Lighting Programme 2005–06"
5412:
4174:
4154:
3598:"Content - The reflection property of the parabola"
1880:beginning in 1992 for optional availability on the
851:
7181:
4162:500 feet (equal to 55 mph). Despite the increase,
3890:"Bucking a Trend: The Round-Headlamp Cars of 1979"
3320:
2287:introduced a similar technology on the facelifted
1453:of the market for which the headlamp is intended.
900:Symmetrical high beam illumination of road surface
659:International headlamp styling, 1983–present
531:used this design starting in the 1963 model year;
460:Glass-covered 5¾" sealed beam headlamps on a 1965
110:
7276:(Press release). 12 November 2008. Archived from
7259:
5332:Blusseau, Eric; Mottet, Laurent (February 1997).
5020:
4544:"Headlamp aiming specifications & procedures"
4118:
4116:
1810:HID projector low beam headlamp illuminated on a
1735:
1599:The first electric headlamp light source was the
1061:technical standards. Elsewhere in the world, ECE
708:Hidden headlamps were introduced in 1936, on the
9398:
7545:"New Touareg takes the SUV idea into the future"
5021:Maloney, William A.; McLaughlin, Andrew (2005).
4940:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 516.
4928:
4926:
3626:"Illuminating! A Brief History of the Headlight"
1406:dual-filament bulbs with a high and a low beam.
1396:
216:calcium carbide acetylene gas generator cylinder
37:"Headlight" redirects here. For other uses, see
6543:The Full-LED Technology for Automotive Lighting
6257:"The Difference Between US and European Lights"
6006:"ECE Regulation 99 for motor vehicle HID bulbs"
5223:
5221:
5219:
4516:"International Newsmaker Q&A: Daniel Stern"
4180:
3620:
3618:
3196:
2995:Headlamp systems require periodic maintenance.
782:
230:from the Electric Vehicle Company of Hartford,
7270:"Daimler: New headlamp and night-view systems"
6873:
6613:"Multibeam LED headlamps: The future of light"
6506:"Lumileds LEDs used in Audi headlights - News"
6452:(Press release). 18 April 2005. Archived from
6110:
5331:
4966:
4964:
4181:Varghese, Cherian; Shankar, Umesh (May 2007).
4113:
3581:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3197:Varghese, Cherian; Shankar, Umesh (May 2007).
2924:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
527:used this arrangement in the 1957 model year.
127:One of the first optical headlamp lenses, the
86:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
8762:
7722:
7350:
6770:"Laser light assists Audi drivers at Le Mans"
6623:
6615:(Press release). 4 March 2016. Archived from
6279:
5744:
5677:
5675:
5370:Donohue, R.J.; Joseph, B.W. (February 1973).
5369:
4923:
4611:White or Yellow Light for Vehicle Head-Lamps?
4313:
6799:
5901:"Nhtsa Illegal Lighting Crackdown Continues"
5798:"The Rebirth of the Incandescent Light Bulb"
5796:Group, Techbriefs Media (31 December 2012).
5503:"Chrysler/Sylvania Super-Lite turnpike beam"
5216:
4812:"LégiMonaco - Code De La Route - Article 84"
4794:"LégiMonaco - Code De La Route - Article 75"
4776:"LégiMonaco - Code De La Route - Article 76"
4335:
4262:
4258:California Official Reports: Online Opinions
3909:
3907:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3615:
2512:– the driver can see clearly through curves.
2387:
1610:or inert-gas atmosphere inside the headlamp
1511:In this system a filament is located at one
1162:in the automobile sector; French politician
843:ahead, whether oncoming or being overtaken.
278:The standardized 7-inch (178 mm) round
7030:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5162:
5156:
4961:
4744:Information on allowed headlight equipment.
4634:
4605:
4603:
3577:
3575:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3366:
3264:(Reprint of both volumes). Astragal Press.
2808:
2760:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2622:
1774:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1190:said the additional cost was marginal, and
679:rather than the internationalized European
551:had concealable stacked headlamps. Various
8769:
8755:
7729:
7715:
5771:
5672:
5626:
5624:
4464:
4029:. UK Automobile Association. 1 August 2012
3853:
3058:example, does not use UN regulations, and
2918:offer the technology on top level models.
7427:
7351:Valdes-Dapena, Peter (15 February 2024).
7346:
7344:
7105:
6111:Flannagan, Michael J.; Sivak, M. (1989).
5869:
5867:
5840:
5838:
5204:(in French). Code de la route. Legifrance
4895:
4432:
4430:
3915:"Whatever Happened to Pop-Up Headlights?"
3904:
3761:
3704:
3655:
3644:
2780:Learn how and when to remove this message
2484:Learn how and when to remove this message
2256:In 2010 the first all-LED headlamps with
1896:. This was the only system to operate on
1794:Learn how and when to remove this message
924:Compatibility with traffic directionality
677:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108
591:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108
181:
119:Ford Model T with acetylene gas headlamps
6390:. Vol. 5941. SPIE. p. 594101.
5531:"Guide: Audi Quattro Pininfarina Quartz"
5169:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 47.
4600:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4122:
3572:
3552:
3503:
3492:
3401:
3315:
3033:
2812:
2565:
2503:
2495:
2433:
2391:
2319:
2187:
2179:
2032:
1985:
1969:
1805:
1685:
1673:
1654:filament that consumes 55 watts at 12.0
1495:
1485:
1318:
1304:
1294:
1236:
1226:
1115:Previous ECE regulations also permitted
1098:
938:Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before
933:
895:
885:
825:
815:
763:. The door mechanism may be actuated by
696:
558:In the late 1950s and early 1960s, some
466:
455:
444:
387:
376:
293:
211:. A number of car manufacturers offered
155:
138:
122:
114:
45:
7176:
6835:
6767:
6398:– via www.spiedigitallibrary.org.
6382:Craford, M. George (2 September 2005).
6381:
5929:
5745:International, Grosvenor Press (1990).
5621:
5257:
5132:
4684:Japanese Industrial Standard JIS D-5500
4630:
4628:
4513:
3779:"Why Cars are Going to Four Headlights"
3776:
3508:(Technical report). SAE International.
3466:
1385:Modern reflectors are commonly made of
14:
9399:
7402:
7341:
5864:
5835:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
4846:
4538:
4536:
4489:
4427:
4284:
3818:
3525:
3523:
3347:
3256:
3117:vehicle's headlights must be visible.
2721:
2695:throughout the 1960s and early 1970s.
2508:Directional (steering) headlamps on a
2370:
2332:A laser lamp uses mirrors to direct a
2257:
2242:sports car (except in North America).
2097:
2086:Automotive HID lamps offer about 3000
1279:optics moulded into the headlamp lens
203:or oil, operated from the late 1880s.
77:is the term for the device itself and
27:Lamp mounted in the front of a vehicle
8776:
8750:
7710:
7525:. Driving Vision News. 31 August 2010
7503:from the original on 17 November 2021
7428:Holdereth, Peter (15 November 2021).
6768:Herndon, Virginia (20 January 2014).
5795:
4889:
4635:Bullough, John; Rea, Mark S. (2001).
4562:
4514:Guyette, James E. (19 October 2012).
4245:Bove v. Beckman, 236 Cal. App. 2d 555
4142:
4002:
3887:
3743:. Highway Safety Research Institute.
3738:
3529:
3472:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3381:
3250:
2712:
2628:weather, and road conditions change.
753:international auto safety regulations
652: in (146 mm) round format.
291:sealed beams were permitted as well.
9371:
7667:"ARE BLACK HEADLIGHT COVERS ILLEGAL"
6558:Automotive Engineering International
4910:
4625:
4168:that the full light of day provides.
3532:"Headlamp History and Harmonization"
3384:"Headlamp History and Harmonization"
3225:
2931:Glare-free high beam and pixel light
2855:
2846:Advanced front-lighting system (AFS)
2758:adding citations to reliable sources
2725:
2657:withdrawn from all GM models except
2562:Adaptive front-lighting system (AFS)
2466:adding citations to reliable sources
2437:
1920:with either an internal or external
1772:adding citations to reliable sources
1739:
1158:The requirement was criticised as a
1001:, steady-lit operation of the front
665:US headlamp regulations were amended
221:
9344:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
6999:
5693:
4533:
3563:
3520:
2817:Intelligent Light System on A-Class
2683:models offered it as well. Premium
2382:
2081:
1618:
1590:List of automotive light bulb types
1469:Developments in the 1990s and 2000s
1286:
1271:or of non-parabolic complex shape.
1186:said there was no additional cost,
1094:
686:
359:
302:Britain, Australia, and some other
24:
5584:. Spiegel Online. 8 September 1986
5533:. Supercar Nostalgia. 16 July 2019
5258:Spencer, Charles (February 1984).
4576:Visual Acuity in Yellow Headlights
4204:Accident Analysis & Prevention
3892:. The Daily Drive - Consumer Guide
3777:Rowsome, Frank Jr. (August 1956).
3434:
2570:Advanced front-lighting system on
2147:
1724:. The glass in such a bulb may be
1550:introduced ellipsoidal optics for
1430:
1413:
1253:
1218:
1014:Construction, performance, and aim
856:high-intensity discharge headlamps
586:used such an arrangement as well.
338:headlamps were permitted in 1983.
25:
9418:
7688:
7210:"Built in Visor Shades Headlamps"
7077:. 27 January 2012. Archived from
6817:from the original on 30 July 2017
6589:. 16 October 2014. Archived from
5907:. 19 October 2004. Archived from
5163:Schoutheete, Philippe de (2000).
5092:. Vol. 322. 1992. p. 86
4814:. 20 January 2021. Archived from
3860:. Cengage Learning. p. 210.
2890:This technology is also known as
2792:Present systems based on imaging
2698:
1708:Halogen infrared reflective (HIR)
1478:Projector (polyellipsoidal) lamps
977:
73:, but in the most precise usage,
9380:
9370:
9361:
9360:
8787:Part of a series of articles on
7694:
7659:
7589:
7563:
7537:
7515:
7483:
7459:
7447:
7421:
7403:Palmer, Zac (16 November 2021).
7396:
7370:
7318:
7292:
7232:
7202:
7170:
7148:"Jacob Rabinow - patent 2917664"
7140:
7128:
7114:
7093:
7063:
7038:
6993:
6971:"First Drive: 2004 Lexus RX 330"
6963:
6933:
6903:
6844:
6829:
6811:Rolls-Royce Motor Cars PressClub
6787:
6761:
6736:
6711:
6685:
6655:
6605:
6579:
6546:
6534:
6516:
6498:
6468:
6438:
6420:
6402:
6375:
6345:
6315:
6249:
6216:
6190:
6166:
6135:
6104:
6073:
6044:
6019:
5998:
5972:
5953:
5923:
5893:
4849:Lighting Research and Technology
4465:Grueninger, Wes (5 March 2008).
4343:Morris v. Jenrette Transport Co.
4291:Lawyers Cooperative Publishing.
4141:AAA's test results suggest that
4131:. AAA Automotive Research Center
3819:Forkum, Allen (1 October 2018).
3705:Lehto, Steve; Leno, Jay (2016).
3046:Headlamp washers in action on a
3029:
2999:headlamps are modular; when the
2730:
2442:
2121:
1744:
1583:
1309:A reflector-optic headlamp on a
306:countries, as well as Japan and
8246:Parabolic aluminized reflector
7599:(Press release). Archived from
7573:(Press release). Archived from
7547:(Press release). Archived from
7046:"AFS on Opel/Vauxhall Insignia"
5789:
5753:
5738:
5721:
5650:
5596:
5570:
5545:
5523:
5495:
5474:
5449:
5419:Society of Automotive Engineers
5406:
5376:Society of Automotive Engineers
5363:
5338:Society of Automotive Engineers
5325:
5295:Society of Automotive Engineers
5282:
5264:Society of Automotive Engineers
5251:
5190:
5104:
5078:
5048:
5014:
4990:
4904:
4883:
4840:
4822:
4804:
4786:
4768:
4727:
4699:
4677:
4507:
4458:
4401:
4375:
4357:
4352:Supreme Court of North Carolina
4123:McKernan, Megan (13 May 2015).
4095:
4069:
4055:
4041:
4019:
3996:
3975:
3954:
3933:
3888:Appel, Tom (5 September 2017).
3881:
3847:
3838:
3825:AutoGraphic's Automotive Report
3812:
3797:
3770:
3755:
3732:
3698:
3672:
3656:Rosenberg, Diego (1 May 2020).
3590:
2691:models offered a system called
2453:needs additional citations for
2344:. They were first developed by
1846:
1194:said yellow headlamps added 28
1080:
111:History of automotive headlamps
8191:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
7645:"World War II headlight cover"
6836:Bumbeck, Mike (21 June 2016).
6359:. 27 July 2004. Archived from
5421:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
5378:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
5340:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
5297:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
5266:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
4796:. 3 March 2016. Archived from
4778:. 3 March 2016. Archived from
4367:. 21 June 2013. Archived from
4321:Gleason v. Lowe, 232 Mich. 300
3341:
3309:
3295:
3219:
3190:
2324:Audi Matrix Laser headlamp at
2302:
2137:headlamp lens cleaning systems
1818:High-intensity discharge lamps
1736:High-intensity discharge (HID)
1519:reflector and has a condenser
1258:
633:was amended in 1974 to permit
317:for vehicle headlamp use, the
13:
1:
9178:Approach and departure angles
6807:"The new Rolls-Royce Phantom"
6564:. SAE International: 20. 2008
5749:. Century Press. p. 264.
5747:Automotive Design Engineering
5111:Ludvigsen Associates (1988).
4216:10.1016/S0001-4575(97)00067-5
4077:"Headlamp traffic-handedness"
3584:Automotive Design Engineering
3530:Moore, David W. (June 1998).
3506:Halogen Sealed Beam Headlamps
3473:Rumar, Kåre (November 2000).
3382:Moore, David W. (June 1998).
3184:
3013:plastic headlight restoration
2937:Outline of object recognition
2238:, were introduced on the V10
2076:
1981:
1906:Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215)
1397:Dual-beam reflector headlamps
1063:internationalized regulations
589:In 1968, the newly initiated
135:"Noviol" glass version shown.
7736:
7184:Inventing for Fun and Profit
6695:. TreeHugger. Archived from
6587:"Audi Matrix LED Headlights"
5578:"AUTOMOBILE: Goldene Finger"
5060:International Trade Reporter
4389:(Press release). 13 May 2014
4027:"Driving Abroad: Headlights"
3105:blackout head and tail light
2826:Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211)
2348:for use as headlamps in the
2113:
2063:correlated color temperature
1932:pulse is used to produce an
1911:
1820:(HID) produce light with an
1111:headlamps and auxiliary lamp
972:assured clear distance ahead
930:Right- and left-hand traffic
870:
783:Regulations and requirements
176:
99:or a small generator like a
7:
9241:Automotive light bulb types
8436:Automotive light bulb types
8286:Intelligent street lighting
7523:"Adaptive Lighting Systems"
7329:. Springer Automotive Media
6693:"LED Headlights Introduced"
4415:(in Spanish). 9 August 2001
3504:Ehrhardt, Ralph A. (1979).
3120:
3111:
2199:
2067:spectral power distribution
1974:Headlight indicator example
1936:– in a manner similar to a
1594:
1490:Projector optics, side view
1299:Reflector optics, side view
965:
863:beam standard contained in
807:
796:, rain and snow due to the
248:integrated their vehicle's
10:
9423:
8199:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
7931:
6524:"Hella Develops Audi LEDs"
6446:"Hella LED Headlamp Study"
5027:. Routledge. p. 183.
4869:10.1177/147715355702200601
4696:p. 5, sec. 4.4.2, table #4
4644:SAE Technical Paper Series
4254:California Appellate Court
3854:Hollembeak, Barry (2010).
2965:. In 2012, the facelifted
2934:
1867:
1587:
1524:shade may be lowered by a
1359:Dodge Monaco/Eagle Premier
1148:French Academy of Sciences
981:
927:
918:North American regulations
877:High beam (disambiguation)
874:
690:
392:Rectangular headlamp with
185:
164:
39:Headlight (disambiguation)
36:
29:
9356:
9319:
9281:
9231:
9220:
9170:
9097:
9037:
8989:
8968:
8805:
8796:
8784:
8691:
8646:
8638:Stage lighting instrument
8587:
8510:
8426:
8351:
8221:
8161:
8109:
8081:
7959:
7861:
7833:
7824:
7744:
5729:"H4, HB2, and 9003 bulbs"
4330:Supreme Court of Michigan
4279:Supreme Court of Michigan
3087:aftermarket modifications
3080:
2718:by any car manufacturer.
2388:Headlamp leveling systems
2326:Consumer Electronics Show
2225:Lexus LS 600h / LS 600h L
2135:also to be equipped with
1500:Projector headlamps on a
1391:injection moulded plastic
1053:devices are regulated by
948:only one side of the road
9261:high-intensity discharge
8699:Battlefield illumination
8456:high-intensity discharge
7888:Electrochemiluminescence
7491:"Mobileye & Visteon"
6198:"VISION Congress report"
5930:Neumann, Rainer (1994).
5086:"Science and Technology"
4158:
3711:. Chicago Review Press.
3348:Walker, Richard (1999).
2984:
2861:Adaptive Highbeam Assist
2851:Cornering light function
2822:Intelligent Light System
2809:Intelligent Light System
2623:Automatic beam switching
2588:. Manufacturers such as
2365:Rolls-Royce Phantom VIII
2315:
2126:
2056:
1085:
744:Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer
342:High-intensity discharge
147:with Woodlite headlamps
8559:Electroluminescent wire
7188:. San Francisco Press.
6941:"EUREKA AFS task force"
6428:"Audi Nuvolari quattro"
5877:. Hella. Archived from
5482:"H4 vs. 9003/HB2 bulbs"
4861:2014LR&T...46...20S
4855:(6 IEStrans): 141–163.
4739:3 December 2013 at the
4548:Danielsternlighting.com
4081:Danielsternlighting.com
3262:A Treatise on Carriages
3138:Automotive night vision
2990:
2894:(ADB). Since 2010 some
2844:Active light function (
2166:
740:Chevrolet Corvette (C3)
8945:Stressed member engine
8241:Multifaceted reflector
7669:. 2014. Archived from
6510:Compound Semiconductor
6287:"What Is Glare? p. 24"
4972:"Rallying to the Call"
4689:15 August 2007 at the
4294:New York Jurisprudence
3821:"1957 Nash Ambassador"
3680:"How Tucker Cars Work"
3539:Motor Vehicle Lighting
3226:Gray, William (1907).
3050:
2892:Adaptive Driving Beams
2818:
2693:Automatic Beam Control
2575:
2513:
2501:
2397:
2329:
2249:headlamps on the 2009
2236:AL-Automotive Lighting
2196:
2185:
2175:
2053:
2046:daytime running lights
2006:
1999:daytime running lights
1975:
1814:
1691:
1683:
1504:
1491:
1451:traffic directionality
1382:distribution pattern.
1327:
1314:
1300:
1246:
1232:
1112:
1051:motor vehicle lighting
992:(DRL) to increase the
990:daytime running lights
943:
901:
891:
835:
821:
705:
701:Pop-up headlamps on a
584:Bentley S3 Continental
475:
464:
453:
400:
385:
299:
182:Acetylene Gas headlamp
161:
153:
136:
120:
58:
9077:Windshield/windscreen
8631:ellipsoidal reflector
8236:Ellipsoidal reflector
7920:Fluorescent induction
7898:field-induced polymer
7467:"Lighting technology"
6915:vintagecars.about.com
6748:Drivingvisionnews.com
6723:Drivingvisionnews.com
6649:registration required
6635:Drivingvisionnews.com
6202:Drivingvisionnews.com
4765:Retrieved 2013-11-25.
4746:Umferðastofa Íslands
4714:Landtransport.govt.nz
4326:232 Mich. 300
3128:Automotive lamp types
3045:
2816:
2569:
2507:
2499:
2434:Directional headlamps
2395:
2323:
2210:light-emitting diodes
2191:
2183:
2071:color rendering index
2036:
1989:
1973:
1809:
1689:
1677:
1544:overhead road signs.
1502:Mercedes Benz C-Class
1499:
1489:
1322:
1308:
1298:
1240:
1230:
1102:
1057:, which incorporates
960:Japanese-market (JDM)
937:
899:
889:
829:
819:
700:
470:
459:
448:
391:
380:
297:
228:Columbia Electric Car
209:acetylene flame light
159:
150:U.S. patent 1,679,108
142:
126:
118:
49:
9246:Daytime running lamp
8468:Rear position lights
8441:Daytime running lamp
8369:Mechanically powered
8256:Aviation obstruction
7703:at Wikimedia Commons
7701:Automobile headlamps
7220:(2): 70. August 1956
6456:on 13 September 2005
5965:30 December 2014 at
5852:on 27 September 2011
5313:on 26 September 2009
4656:10.4271/2001-01-0320
4348:235 N.C. 568
4275:245 Mich. 88
4003:Rumar, Kåre (2000).
3350:The Eventful Century
3085:Headlamp covers are
2943:glare-free high beam
2908:Toyota Crown Majesta
2754:improve this section
2462:improve this article
2229:Koito Industries Ltd
2050:front position light
2003:front position light
1768:improve this section
1716:coating that passes
1560:Chrysler Corporation
1164:Jean-Claude Martinez
984:Daytime running lamp
748:Lamborghini Countach
260:and E-Series vans.
9208:Weight distribution
9140:Omniview technology
7876:Electron-stimulated
7499:. 9 December 2009.
7306:on 21 February 2014
7246:on 28 December 2014
7012:on 14 February 2012
6981:on 25 February 2007
6951:on 19 February 2012
6673:on 23 November 2010
6486:on 24 December 2010
6228:Friarsmarketing.com
6031:Fmvss108.tripod.com
5783:www.regulations.gov
5765:www.regulations.gov
5687:www.regulations.gov
4818:on 20 January 2021.
4755:on 22 November 2013
4665:on 23 February 2006
4520:Searchautoparts.com
4501:www.regulations.gov
3941:"UN Regulation 112"
3352:. Reader's Digest.
3133:Automotive lighting
2799:Jeep Grand Cherokee
2722:Camera-based dimmer
2371:Automatic headlamps
2350:24 Hours of Le Mans
2281:MMI navigation plus
2184:LED headlamp inside
2098:Efficacy and output
1421:9004, 9007, and H13
1387:compression-moulded
1361:twins and European
1357:The 1987 US-market
820:ECE dipped/low beam
367:parabolic reflector
205:Acetylene gas lamps
171:horseless carriages
9327:Registration plate
8719:Luminous gemstones
7893:Electroluminescent
7871:Cathodoluminescent
7384:on 2 February 2014
7280:on 2 February 2014
6593:on 16 October 2014
6357:Goliath.ecnext.com
6303:on 21 October 2011
6204:. 2 September 2008
6154:on 19 October 2015
6123:on 19 October 2015
6092:on 19 October 2015
5827:has generic name (
5557:bmw-grouparchiv.de
5202:legifrance.gouv.fr
4913:Light and Lighting
4836:. 5 November 1936.
4143:halogen headlights
3962:"UN Regulation 98"
3632:on 1 December 2017
3305:. 27 January 2015.
3153:Headlight flashing
3148:Headlamp (outdoor)
3051:
2955:Volkswagen Touareg
2819:
2713:Bone-Midland lamps
2576:
2514:
2502:
2421:Internationalized
2398:
2330:
2275:on the facelifted
2258:adaptive high beam
2197:
2186:
2161:US EPA regulations
2054:
2007:
1976:
1830:metal-halide lamps
1815:
1722:infrared radiation
1692:
1684:
1577:BMW 7 Series (E32)
1505:
1492:
1328:
1315:
1301:
1247:
1233:
1201:European Community
1166:described it as a
1113:
944:
902:
892:
890:ECE high/main beam
852:filament headlamps
846:The international
836:
822:
706:
476:
465:
454:
433:, and on pre-1967
401:
386:
300:
162:
154:
137:
121:
59:
32:Headlamp (outdoor)
9394:
9393:
9352:
9351:
9216:
9215:
9047:Glass run channel
8981:Trunk/boot/dickie
8778:Automotive design
8744:
8743:
8261:Balanced-arm lamp
8217:
8216:
8101:Yablochkov candle
7969:Acetylene/Carbide
7939:Radioluminescence
7811:Luminous efficacy
7757:Color temperature
7699:Media related to
7623:"Headlight cover"
7274:Media.daimler.com
7214:Popular Mechanics
7195:978-0-911302-64-6
7081:on 6 October 2011
6921:on 4 January 2007
6528:www.photonics.com
6450:Germancarfans.com
6416:. 23 August 2003.
6396:10.1117/12.625918
5986:. 23 January 2020
5779:"Regulations.gov"
5761:"Regulations.gov"
5683:"Regulations.gov"
5660:. 6 December 2003
5515:on 18 March 2024.
5461:www.stanley.co.jp
4497:"Regulations.gov"
4450:on 3 August 2003.
4083:. 28 January 2008
4049:"BFG: Headlights"
3921:. 22 October 2013
3844:World Car Catalog
3684:HowStuffWorks.com
3564:Behrend, Jürgen.
3359:978-0-276-42259-1
3334:978-1-59084-491-5
3173:Twilight Sentinel
3067:windshield wipers
3043:
2856:Adaptive highbeam
2803:driver assistance
2790:
2789:
2782:
2526:1948 Tucker Sedan
2494:
2493:
2486:
2396:Headlamp leveling
2377:Twilight Sentinel
2251:Cadillac Escalade
2133:ECE regulation 48
2103:Luminous efficacy
1953:luminous efficacy
1886:Lincoln Mark VIII
1804:
1803:
1796:
1730:resistive heating
1668:ECE Regulation 37
1606:, operating in a
1509:
1508:
1332:
1331:
1251:
1250:
1203:. A provision in
1168:protectionist law
1068:US laws required
906:
905:
865:FMVSS / CMVSS 108
840:
839:
767:pots, as on some
350:Lincoln Mark VIII
222:Electric headlamp
93:Bicycle headlamps
16:(Redirected from
9414:
9407:Automotive lamps
9384:
9374:
9373:
9364:
9363:
9311:Window deflector
9294:Side-view mirror
9229:
9228:
8852:Continental tire
8815:Backbone chassis
8803:
8802:
8771:
8764:
8757:
8748:
8747:
8544:Christmas lights
8478:Safety reflector
8473:Reversing lights
8408:Navigation light
8359:Bicycle lighting
8249:
8202:
8194:
8168:
7927:Photoluminescent
7910:Fluorescent lamp
7883:Chemiluminescent
7831:
7830:
7799:Bi-pin lamp base
7794:Lightbulb socket
7731:
7724:
7717:
7708:
7707:
7698:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7577:on 13 March 2012
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7471:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7348:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7302:. Archived from
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7266:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7242:. Archived from
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7187:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7154:. Archived from
7144:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7029:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7008:. Archived from
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6977:. Archived from
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6947:. Archived from
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6917:. Archived from
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6887:. Archived from
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6813:. 27 July 2017.
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6669:. Archived from
6659:
6653:
6652:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6619:on 4 March 2016.
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6569:
6554:"LEDing the way"
6550:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6482:. Archived from
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6329:. Archived from
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6296:. Archived from
6291:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6263:. Archived from
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6230:. Archived from
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6150:. Archived from
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6119:. Archived from
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6088:. Archived from
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6057:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5976:
5970:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5848:. Archived from
5842:
5833:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5704:
5691:
5690:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5634:. Archived from
5628:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5508:. Archived from
5507:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5486:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5433:. Archived from
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5390:. Archived from
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5309:. Archived from
5286:
5280:
5279:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5235:. Archived from
5225:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4800:on 3 March 2016.
4790:
4784:
4783:
4782:on 3 March 2016.
4772:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4751:. Archived from
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4658:. Archived from
4641:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4580:
4571:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4473:. Archived from
4462:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4443:. Archived from
4442:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4371:on 21 June 2013.
4361:
4355:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4288:
4282:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4138:
4136:
4129:NewsRoom.AAA.com
4120:
4111:
4110:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3785:. pp. 65–69
3774:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3653:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3628:. Archived from
3622:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3501:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3418:. Archived from
3412:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3379:
3364:
3363:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3283:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3163:Lighting-up time
3055:UN Regulation 48
3044:
2869:Mercedes E-class
2785:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2734:
2726:
2677:Ford Thunderbird
2531:The 1967 French
2489:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2446:
2438:
2383:Beam aim control
2204:Audi showed the
2082:Increased safety
1799:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1748:
1740:
1624:Tungsten-halogen
1619:Tungsten-halogen
1482:
1481:
1291:
1290:
1287:Reflector optics
1263:A light source (
1223:
1222:
1137:discomfort glare
1117:selective yellow
1109:selective yellow
1095:Selective yellow
882:
881:
812:
811:
693:Hidden headlamps
687:Hidden headlamps
681:safety standards
673:Lincoln Mark VII
651:
650:
646:
643:
510:
509:
505:
502:
406:safety standards
394:Selective yellow
360:Design and style
152:
133:Selective yellow
21:
9422:
9421:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9348:
9315:
9277:
9225:
9223:
9212:
9183:Breakover angle
9166:
9093:
9033:
8985:
8964:
8792:
8780:
8775:
8745:
8740:
8704:Bioluminescence
8687:
8656:
8642:
8599:
8583:
8522:
8506:
8422:
8347:
8271:Emergency light
8247:
8213:
8200:
8192:
8166:
8164:
8157:
8105:
8077:
8048:Magnesium torch
7955:
7857:
7826:
7820:
7777:Light pollution
7752:Accent lighting
7740:
7735:
7691:
7686:
7676:
7674:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7650:
7648:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7628:
7626:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7606:
7604:
7603:on 20 July 2011
7595:
7594:
7590:
7580:
7578:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7554:
7552:
7551:on 3 March 2012
7543:
7542:
7538:
7528:
7526:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7506:
7504:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7452:
7448:
7438:
7436:
7426:
7422:
7412:
7410:
7401:
7397:
7387:
7385:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7361:
7359:
7349:
7342:
7332:
7330:
7323:
7319:
7309:
7307:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7283:
7281:
7268:
7267:
7260:
7249:
7247:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7223:
7221:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7196:
7175:
7171:
7161:
7159:
7152:Museum.nist.gov
7146:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7098:
7094:
7084:
7082:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7054:
7052:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7023:
7022:
7015:
7013:
6998:
6994:
6984:
6982:
6975:www.edmunds.com
6969:
6968:
6964:
6954:
6952:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6924:
6922:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6894:
6892:
6891:on 1 March 2012
6879:
6878:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6834:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6792:
6788:
6778:
6776:
6766:
6762:
6752:
6750:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6727:
6725:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6676:
6674:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6646:
6639:
6637:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6567:
6565:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6459:
6457:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6364:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6333:on 8 March 2021
6321:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6294:Webcitation.org
6289:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6270:
6268:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6240:
6238:
6237:on 12 June 2008
6234:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6140:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6055:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5989:
5987:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5942:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5865:
5855:
5853:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5824:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5806:
5804:
5794:
5790:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5743:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5694:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5638:on 8 March 2021
5630:
5629:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5438:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5394:on 19 July 2009
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5287:
5283:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5233:Webcitation.org
5227:
5226:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4931:
4924:
4909:
4905:
4888:
4884:
4845:
4841:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4758:
4756:
4749:"Umferðarstofa"
4747:
4741:Wayback Machine
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4691:Wayback Machine
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4588:on 29 July 2018
4585:
4578:
4572:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4512:
4508:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4289:
4285:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4200:
4196:
4179:
4175:
4134:
4132:
4121:
4114:
4107:drivesmartbc.ca
4101:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3983:"FMVSS No. 108"
3981:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3783:Popular Science
3775:
3771:
3760:
3756:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3580:
3573:
3566:Hella 1899-1999
3562:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3502:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3380:
3367:
3360:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:. Mason Crest.
3317:Georgano, G. N.
3314:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3290:Original Vol II
3272:
3258:Felton, William
3255:
3251:
3237:
3235:
3232:Harper's Weekly
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3143:Headlamp tester
3123:
3114:
3083:
3034:
3032:
2993:
2967:Lexus LS (XF40)
2939:
2933:
2858:
2811:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2751:
2735:
2724:
2715:
2701:
2625:
2564:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2459:
2447:
2436:
2390:
2385:
2373:
2318:
2305:
2202:
2178:
2169:
2150:
2148:Mercury content
2129:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2100:
2084:
2079:
2059:
1984:
1914:
1892:and designated
1870:
1849:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1765:
1749:
1738:
1710:
1621:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1542:retroreflective
1480:
1471:
1440:") spanning an
1433:
1431:European system
1416:
1414:American system
1399:
1289:
1261:
1256:
1254:Reflector lamps
1221:
1219:Optical systems
1097:
1088:
1083:
1016:
986:
980:
968:
932:
926:
914:ECE Regulations
880:
873:
848:ECE Regulations
810:
798:retroreflection
785:
695:
689:
661:
648:
644:
641:
639:
620:Ferrari Daytona
580:Triumph Vitesse
533:American Motors
525:Nash Ambassador
507:
503:
500:
498:
443:
412:for the German
375:
362:
224:
194:
186:Main articles:
184:
179:
167:
148:
113:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9420:
9410:
9409:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9378:
9368:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9323:
9321:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9291:
9285:
9283:
9282:Other elements
9279:
9278:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9248:
9243:
9237:
9235:
9226:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9205:
9203:Turning radius
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9105:Bumper sticker
9101:
9099:
9098:Other elements
9095:
9094:
9092:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9084:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9043:
9041:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8995:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8972:
8970:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8936:
8935:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8881:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8869:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8811:
8809:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8774:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8751:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8695:
8693:
8692:Related topics
8689:
8688:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8651:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8492:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8483:retroreflector
8475:
8470:
8465:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8443:
8438:
8432:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8383:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8371:
8361:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8338:Track lighting
8335:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8318:
8313:
8311:Recessed light
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8281:Gooseneck lamp
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8243:
8238:
8227:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8196:
8188:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8163:High-intensity
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8121:
8115:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8087:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7965:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7941:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7932:Laser headlamp
7924:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7867:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7839:
7837:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7762:Electric light
7759:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7734:
7733:
7726:
7719:
7711:
7705:
7704:
7690:
7689:External links
7687:
7685:
7684:
7673:on 6 July 2015
7658:
7636:
7614:
7588:
7562:
7536:
7514:
7482:
7458:
7454:ADB Final Rule
7446:
7420:
7395:
7369:
7340:
7317:
7291:
7258:
7231:
7201:
7194:
7178:Rabinow, Jacob
7169:
7158:on 30 May 2014
7139:
7127:
7113:
7092:
7062:
7050:Netcarshow.com
7037:
7002:"AFS on Skoda"
6992:
6962:
6945:Memagazine.org
6932:
6902:
6872:
6843:
6828:
6798:
6786:
6760:
6735:
6710:
6699:on 1 July 2009
6684:
6667:Al-lighting.de
6654:
6622:
6604:
6578:
6545:
6533:
6515:
6497:
6480:Fourtitude.com
6467:
6437:
6419:
6401:
6374:
6363:on 28 May 2009
6344:
6327:Prnewswire.com
6314:
6278:
6248:
6215:
6189:
6165:
6134:
6103:
6072:
6043:
6018:
5997:
5971:
5952:
5940:10.4271/940636
5922:
5911:on 29 May 2014
5892:
5881:on 14 May 2011
5863:
5834:
5802:techbriefs.com
5788:
5770:
5752:
5737:
5720:
5717:(1.78 MB)
5692:
5671:
5649:
5620:
5595:
5569:
5544:
5522:
5519:(8.60 MB)
5494:
5473:
5448:
5437:on 27 May 2009
5431:10.4271/870064
5405:
5388:10.4271/730279
5362:
5350:10.4271/970901
5324:
5307:10.4271/870059
5281:
5276:10.4271/840041
5250:
5239:on 10 May 2018
5215:
5189:
5175:
5155:
5131:
5103:
5077:
5066:(9): 302. 2008
5047:
5033:
5013:
4989:
4978:: 98. May 1992
4960:
4946:
4922:
4903:
4882:
4839:
4821:
4803:
4785:
4767:
4726:
4698:
4676:
4624:
4599:
4561:
4550:. October 2012
4532:
4506:
4488:
4457:
4426:
4400:
4374:
4356:
4334:
4312:
4283:
4261:
4236:
4194:
4173:
4166:sight distance
4112:
4094:
4068:
4054:
4040:
4018:
3995:
3992:(2.00 MB)
3974:
3953:
3932:
3903:
3880:
3866:
3846:
3837:
3811:
3796:
3769:
3754:
3731:
3717:
3697:
3686:. 13 June 2007
3671:
3643:
3614:
3589:
3571:
3551:
3519:
3514:10.4271/790200
3491:
3465:
3433:
3400:
3365:
3358:
3340:
3333:
3308:
3294:
3286:Original Vol I
3270:
3249:
3234:. Vol. 51
3218:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3082:
3079:
3031:
3028:
2992:
2989:
2935:Main article:
2932:
2929:
2900:adaptive light
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2810:
2807:
2788:
2787:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2700:
2699:Rabinow dimmer
2697:
2630:General Motors
2624:
2621:
2563:
2560:
2545:US regulations
2492:
2491:
2450:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2423:ECE Regulation
2416:stepper motors
2412:Panhard Dyna Z
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2372:
2369:
2317:
2314:
2304:
2301:
2201:
2198:
2177:
2174:
2168:
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2149:
2146:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2096:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2058:
2055:
2039:Toyota Corolla
1983:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1949:
1941:
1934:electrical arc
1913:
1910:
1869:
1866:
1848:
1845:
1802:
1801:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1734:
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1620:
1617:
1596:
1593:
1588:Main article:
1585:
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1506:
1493:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1432:
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1415:
1412:
1398:
1395:
1367:General Motors
1340:Austin Maestro
1330:
1329:
1316:
1302:
1288:
1285:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1220:
1217:
1196:Deutsche Marks
1180:General Motors
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1015:
1012:
1007:European Union
982:Main article:
979:
978:Use in daytime
976:
967:
964:
925:
922:
912:International
904:
903:
893:
872:
869:
838:
837:
823:
809:
806:
784:
781:
773:Mercury Cougar
691:Main article:
688:
685:
660:
657:
442:
439:
414:Ford Taunus P3
374:
371:
361:
358:
223:
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183:
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112:
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26:
9:
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9133:
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9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9120:Hood ornament
9118:
9116:
9115:Front-end bra
9113:
9111:
9108:
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9103:
9102:
9100:
9096:
9088:
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9067:Quarter glass
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8825:Body-on-frame
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8673:Infrared lamp
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8409:
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8403:Laser pointer
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8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8306:Pendant light
8304:
8302:
8301:Neon lighting
8299:
8297:
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8176:Mercury-vapor
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8142:
8139:
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8127:
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8119:Deuterium arc
8117:
8116:
8114:
8112:
8111:Gas discharge
8108:
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7772:Light fixture
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7107:2027.42/58716
7103:
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7071:"ABCs of AFS"
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6885:dsgoddess.com
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6267:on 1 May 2009
6266:
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6261:Motivemag.com
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6015:(268 KB)
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5967:archive.today
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5090:The Economist
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4477:on 1 May 2009
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3568:. p. 97.
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3030:Lens cleaners
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3009:polycarbonate
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2835:Motorway mode
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2770:November 2012
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2748:
2744:
2739:This section
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2710:
2707:
2706:Jacob Rabinow
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2660:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2543:At that time
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2477:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2451:This section
2449:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:In 2014, the
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2310:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:Mercedes-Benz
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:Audi Nuvolari
2195:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2122:Disadvantages
2119:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:polycarbonate
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:Toyota Avalon
1988:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1832:that contain
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1784:November 2012
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1753:This section
1751:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:and reflects
1719:
1718:visible light
1715:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:driving lamps
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1591:
1584:Light sources
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1438:Graves shield
1428:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1244:
1243:Jaguar E-type
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:trade barrier
1156:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
985:
975:
973:
963:
961:
955:
951:
949:
941:
936:
931:
921:
919:
915:
910:
898:
894:
888:
884:
883:
878:
868:
866:
862:
857:
853:
849:
844:
833:
832:right-traffic
828:
824:
818:
814:
813:
805:
803:
800:of the water
799:
795:
791:
780:
778:
777:Dodge Charger
774:
770:
766:
762:
756:
754:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
704:
699:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:polycarbonate
666:
656:
653:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:Jaguar E-Type
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:Gordon-Keeble
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
549:Buick Riviera
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
518:
514:
495:
492:
487:
484:
479:
474:
469:
463:
458:
452:
447:
438:
436:
432:
431:Jaguar E-Type
427:
423:
422:Citroën Ami 6
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
398:Citroën Ami 6
395:
390:
384:
379:
370:
368:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
296:
292:
290:
285:
284:United States
281:
276:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
258:Ford F-Series
253:
251:
247:
242:
239:
235:
233:
229:
219:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
193:
189:
174:
172:
158:
151:
146:
141:
134:
130:
125:
117:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
53:
52:motor scooter
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
9332:vanity plate
9271:trafficators
9250:
9082:washer fluid
9062:Power window
9057:Opera window
8969:Compartments
8857:Crumple zone
8842:Cabrio coach
8786:
8579:Strobe light
8574:Plasma globe
8549:Crackle tube
8539:Bubble light
8500:trafficators
8495:Turn signals
8445:
8385:
8321:Street light
8276:Gas lighting
8209:Sodium vapor
8181:Metal-halide
8083:Electric arc
7835:Incandescent
7804:Edison screw
7677:18 September
7675:. Retrieved
7671:the original
7661:
7651:18 September
7649:. Retrieved
7639:
7629:18 September
7627:. Retrieved
7617:
7605:. Retrieved
7601:the original
7591:
7579:. Retrieved
7575:the original
7565:
7553:. Retrieved
7549:the original
7539:
7527:. Retrieved
7517:
7505:. Retrieved
7494:
7485:
7473:. Retrieved
7461:
7449:
7437:. Retrieved
7433:
7423:
7411:. Retrieved
7408:Autoblog.com
7407:
7398:
7386:. Retrieved
7382:the original
7372:
7360:. Retrieved
7356:
7331:. Retrieved
7320:
7308:. Retrieved
7304:the original
7294:
7282:. Retrieved
7278:the original
7273:
7248:. Retrieved
7244:the original
7234:
7222:. Retrieved
7217:
7213:
7204:
7183:
7180:(May 1990).
7172:
7160:. Retrieved
7156:the original
7151:
7142:
7130:
7116:
7095:
7083:. Retrieved
7079:the original
7074:
7065:
7053:. Retrieved
7049:
7040:
7014:. Retrieved
7010:the original
7005:
6995:
6983:. Retrieved
6979:the original
6974:
6965:
6953:. Retrieved
6949:the original
6944:
6935:
6923:. Retrieved
6919:the original
6914:
6905:
6893:. Retrieved
6889:the original
6884:
6875:
6863:. Retrieved
6859:
6846:
6831:
6819:. Retrieved
6810:
6801:
6789:
6777:. Retrieved
6773:
6763:
6751:. Retrieved
6747:
6738:
6726:. Retrieved
6722:
6713:
6701:. Retrieved
6697:the original
6687:
6675:. Retrieved
6671:the original
6666:
6657:
6638:. Retrieved
6634:
6625:
6617:the original
6607:
6595:. Retrieved
6591:the original
6581:
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6566:. Retrieved
6561:
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6527:
6518:
6509:
6500:
6488:. Retrieved
6484:the original
6479:
6470:
6458:. Retrieved
6454:the original
6449:
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6431:
6422:
6413:
6404:
6387:
6377:
6365:. Retrieved
6361:the original
6356:
6347:
6335:. Retrieved
6331:the original
6326:
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6298:the original
6293:
6281:
6269:. Retrieved
6265:the original
6260:
6251:
6239:. Retrieved
6232:the original
6227:
6218:
6206:. Retrieved
6201:
6192:
6180:. Retrieved
6168:
6156:. Retrieved
6152:the original
6147:
6137:
6125:. Retrieved
6121:the original
6116:
6106:
6094:. Retrieved
6090:the original
6085:
6075:
6063:. Retrieved
6059:
6046:
6034:. Retrieved
6030:
6021:
6000:
5988:. Retrieved
5983:
5974:
5955:
5943:. Retrieved
5925:
5913:. Retrieved
5909:the original
5904:
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5879:the original
5854:. Retrieved
5850:the original
5825:|last1=
5805:. Retrieved
5801:
5791:
5782:
5773:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5740:
5723:
5686:
5662:. Retrieved
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5636:the original
5611:. Retrieved
5607:
5598:
5586:. Retrieved
5581:
5572:
5560:. Retrieved
5556:
5547:
5535:. Retrieved
5525:
5510:the original
5497:
5491:(52 KB)
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5460:
5451:
5439:. Retrieved
5435:the original
5422:
5418:
5408:
5396:. Retrieved
5392:the original
5379:
5375:
5365:
5353:. Retrieved
5341:
5337:
5327:
5315:. Retrieved
5311:the original
5298:
5294:
5284:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5241:. Retrieved
5237:the original
5232:
5206:. Retrieved
5201:
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5165:
5158:
5146:. Retrieved
5140:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5113:
5106:
5094:. Retrieved
5089:
5080:
5068:. Retrieved
5063:
5059:
5050:
5038:. Retrieved
5023:
5016:
5004:. Retrieved
4998:
4992:
4980:. Retrieved
4976:Country Life
4975:
4951:. Retrieved
4935:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4885:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4833:
4824:
4816:the original
4806:
4798:the original
4788:
4780:the original
4770:
4757:. Retrieved
4753:the original
4743:
4729:
4717:. Retrieved
4713:
4701:
4693:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4660:the original
4647:
4643:
4615:. Retrieved
4590:. Retrieved
4583:the original
4552:. Retrieved
4547:
4523:. Retrieved
4519:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4475:the original
4470:
4460:
4445:the original
4417:. Retrieved
4412:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4386:
4377:
4369:the original
4359:
4342:
4337:
4320:
4315:
4306:
4293:
4286:
4269:
4264:
4244:
4239:
4230:
4227:
4210:(1): 93–99.
4207:
4203:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4176:
4163:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4133:. Retrieved
4128:
4106:
4097:
4085:. Retrieved
4080:
4071:
4057:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4021:
4004:
3998:
3977:
3956:
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3918:
3894:. Retrieved
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3856:
3849:
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3824:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3782:
3772:
3763:
3757:
3740:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3707:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3683:
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3634:. Retrieved
3630:the original
3605:. Retrieved
3601:
3592:
3583:
3565:
3542:. Retrieved
3538:
3505:
3482:. Retrieved
3468:
3424:. Retrieved
3420:the original
3391:. Retrieved
3387:
3349:
3343:
3322:
3311:
3297:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3236:. Retrieved
3231:
3228:"Generators"
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3192:
3168:Train lights
3115:
3102:
3095:
3084:
3064:
3052:
3017:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2974:BMW 7 Series
2971:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2920:
2904:Toyota Crown
2899:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2832:Country mode
2821:
2820:
2791:
2776:
2767:
2752:Please help
2740:
2716:
2702:
2692:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2626:
2610:
2585:
2577:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2530:
2515:
2480:
2471:
2460:Please help
2455:verification
2452:
2428:
2420:
2399:
2374:
2354:
2331:
2306:
2296:Toyota Prius
2293:
2270:
2266:Mercedes CLS
2255:
2244:
2233:
2222:
2203:
2170:
2151:
2130:
2117:
2101:
2085:
2060:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1977:
1930:high voltage
1928:Ignition: a
1921:
1915:
1893:
1882:BMW 7 Series
1871:
1858:
1850:
1847:Retrofitment
1842:
1827:
1822:electric arc
1816:
1790:
1781:
1766:Please help
1754:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1645:
1622:
1598:
1573:
1555:
1546:
1538:Fresnel lens
1533:
1529:
1510:
1472:
1463:
1455:
1434:
1425:
1417:
1408:
1400:
1384:
1375:
1371:Honda Accord
1356:
1343:
1333:
1311:Jeep Liberty
1262:
1213:
1172:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1133:
1122:
1114:
1089:
1081:Light colour
1075:
1067:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1017:
1003:turn signals
987:
969:
956:
952:
945:
911:
907:
845:
841:
786:
761:Jaguar XJ220
757:
737:
718:
714:aerodynamics
710:Cord 810/812
707:
662:
654:
628:
588:
557:
522:
517:Virgil Exner
496:
488:
480:
477:
462:Chrysler 300
424:. They were
402:
363:
346:BMW 7 Series
340:
315:halogen lamp
312:
304:Commonwealth
301:
277:
266:
254:
243:
236:
225:
215:
213:Prest-O-Lite
208:
195:
192:Gas lighting
188:Carbide lamp
168:
90:
83:
78:
74:
70:
62:
60:
43:
9266:sealed beam
9198:Roll center
9193:Ride height
9130:Japan black
9125:Instruments
9110:Curb feeler
8976:Hood/bonnet
8724:Signal lamp
8678:Stroboscope
8554:DJ lighting
8490:Stop lights
8461:sealed beam
8413:Searchlight
8153:Xenon flash
8096:Klieg light
7944:Solid-state
7905:Fluorescent
7863:Luminescent
7555:17 February
7507:18 February
7475:17 February
7362:15 February
7137:lov2xlr8.no
6895:29 November
6774:Audiusa.com
6728:29 December
6703:29 November
6677:29 December
6640:29 December
6597:15 December
6568:22 November
6490:29 December
6414:auto123.com
6367:29 December
6337:29 December
6271:29 December
6241:29 December
6208:29 December
6182:29 December
6036:29 December
5990:28 November
5945:13 December
5642:29 December
5608:7-forum.com
5582:Der Spiegel
5537:18 February
4759:25 November
4087:29 December
3764:SAE Journal
3749:2027.42/669
3602:amsi.org.au
3544:13 December
3484:13 December
3426:29 December
3024:specularity
2997:Sealed beam
2985:LED section
2948:pixel light
2916:Nissan Cima
2912:Nissan Fuga
2613:transducers
2572:Opel Vectra
2402:Citroën 2CV
2303:Cold lenses
2154:heavy metal
2023:ultraviolet
2017:stands for
1812:Lincoln MKS
1517:ellipsoidal
1338:. The 1983
1259:Lens optics
1105:Citroën 2CV
1070:sealed beam
994:conspicuity
733:Saab Sonett
635:rectangular
624:aerodynamic
612:Porsche 356
598:, pre-1968
483:sealed beam
473:AMC Concord
323:sealed beam
289:rectangular
280:sealed-beam
232:Connecticut
131:Conaphore.
56:Mod culture
9052:Greenhouse
8668:Grow light
8663:Germicidal
8653:Scientific
8650:Industrial
8606:Floodlight
8592:Theatrical
8534:Blacklight
8529:Aroma lamp
8518:Decorative
8428:Automotive
8418:Solar lamp
8381:Glow stick
8364:Flashlight
8296:Nightlight
8291:Light tube
8266:Chandelier
8223:Stationary
8165:discharge
8091:Carbon arc
7961:Combustion
7827:generation
7825:Methods of
7529:31 January
7122:"Hot Cars"
7085:31 January
7055:31 January
7016:31 January
6985:11 January
6955:31 January
6925:11 January
6840:. Hagerty.
6307:31 January
5984:carsome.my
5856:4 November
5807:6 February
5664:31 January
5613:11 October
5588:11 October
5562:11 October
5243:31 January
4919:: 287–291.
4719:31 January
4669:27 January
3636:25 January
3586:: 152–156.
3271:1879335700
3185:References
3158:ISIRI 6672
3071:Mazda MX-5
3048:Skoda Yeti
2642:Oldsmobile
2579:under the
2555:Citroën SM
2537:Citroën SM
2533:Citroën DS
2510:Citroën DS
2077:Advantages
1982:Bulb types
1966:or higher.
1946:spectrally
1938:spark plug
1556:Super-Lite
1363:Citroën XM
1205:EU Council
1192:Volkswagen
928:See also:
834:beam shown
729:geartrains
703:Mazda 323F
616:Citroën DS
576:Jensen CV8
435:VW Beetles
426:prohibited
383:Citroën DS
273:Citroën DS
169:The first
105:hub dynamo
71:headlights
9306:Tow hitch
9224:equipment
9150:Tire/tyre
9009:Gull-wing
8999:Butterfly
8960:Trunk lid
8903:Monocoque
8807:Framework
8734:Reflected
8714:Light art
8626:Spotlight
8611:Footlight
8596:Cinematic
8564:Lava lamp
8326:in the US
8231:Reflector
8148:Xenon arc
8129:Neon lamp
8058:Rushlight
8038:Limelight
7787:Hong Kong
7456:nhtsa.gov
7439:3 January
7434:The Drive
7413:3 January
7250:6 January
7075:Mvlc.info
7006:Hella.com
7000:pechmi2.
6432:Autopista
5905:Nhtsa.gov
4877:112037485
4387:Europa.eu
4303:321177421
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2741:does not
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