526:"To appreciate the scale of these changes, let us look at the Browns, a hypothetical family. Mr Brown works for a low wage, Mrs Brown looks after two children, and they rent their home. In late 1982 the Browns received just under $ 13 a week in family allowance – about $ 25 per week in 1995–96 dollars. In contrast, in January 1996 a family like the Browns would receive $ 93.10 in family payment and up to $ 40 a week in rent assistance. You put this in perspective; such a family would have received assistance worth about 4 per cent of average weekly ordinary time earnings in November 1982, but 20 per cent of such earnings in early 1996. We are thus talking about very major changes in the amount of assistance available to low-income working families with children".
717:. In February 1992, Elizabeth II visited Australia for the Sydney Council's 150th anniversary and Keating greeted the Queen with a speech in which he spoke of a growing "national purpose" and "independence" in Australia. He was then accused by the British press of breaching protocol by putting his arm around the Queen's back. When queried about these events in Parliament on 27 February 1992, Keating launched a repudiation of Australian ties to Britain and called the Liberals "'bootlickers" and "lickspitters" and accused them of "cultural cringe to a country which decided not to defend the Malay peninsula, not to worry about Singapore, not to give us our troops back to keep ourselves free from Japanese domination".
393:' proposals with a package that came to be known as 'One Nation', which involved using funding from the national budget surplus to produce new welfare-to-work programmes, as well as introducing a new degree of competition within the telecommunications and communications industries and creating the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA). 'One Nation' also proposed a series of further tax cuts for middle-income workers coming in two tranches, in 1993 and 1995, although these would later be deferred to 1995 and 1998, a move which cost the government considerable political support among the public. The final major economic policy development of the Hawke–Keating government was the introduction of an
492:
during the
Eighties in both Australia and New Zealand, "some modest case can be mounted for Labor in Australia as refurbisher of the welfare state". From 1983 to 1996, improved service provision, higher government transfer payments, and changes to the taxation system "either entirely offset, or at the very least substantially moderated, the increase in inequality of market incomes over the period". During the period 1983 to 1996, Australia was one of the leading OECD countries in terms of social expenditure growth, with total social spending increasing by more than four percentage points of GDP compared to an OECD average of around 2.5 percentage points.
740:, submitted its report to the government on 5 October 1993 and Keating announced a working party of ministers to develop a paper for cabinet. Keating ultimately put forward a minimalist republican model. In June 1995, in a televised speech to Parliament entitled "An Australian Republic: The Way Forward", Keating outlined a minimalist plan for a republic involving a president selected by a two-thirds majority of Parliament, following nomination by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The reserve powers and ceremonial duties of the Governor-General were to be maintained. This was proposed to be put to a referendum in 1998 or 1999. After
456:
education. Student numbers in training and vocational education (mainly in TAFE colleges) rose by over 25% under Hawke. University enrolments rose by almost 57%, from 357,000 in 1984 to 559,000 in 1992. The percentage of students in secondary education rose substantially, from 35% in 1982 to 77% in 1992, partly as a result of greater financial assistance to students from low-income backgrounds. Most notably, at the beginning of the Hawke–Keating government, approximately 3 in 10 Australian children completed high school; by the end of the government in 1996, that number had risen to 9 in 10.
430:, but this had been quickly curtailed by the Fraser government. Hawke and Keating argued that it would be necessary for Labor to win over several elections in order to embed Medicare, so that any future Coalition government could not dismantle it; this proved to be correct, with the Coalition accepting ahead of the 1996 election that Medicare would remain permanent. The establishment of Medicare formed part of the Prices and Incomes Accord, under which terms trade unions agreed to restrain their demands for wage increases in exchange for the establishment of social benefits such as Medicare.
354:
although his view was at odds with the
Reserve Bank and his Treasury colleagues. Publicly, Hawke and Keating had said there would be no recession – or that there would be a "soft landing" – but this changed when Keating announced the country was indeed in recession in 1990, several months after the Hawke government had won an unprecedented fourth consecutive term in office. Announcing the recession, Keating memorably stated that the recession was a "recession Australia had to have". The remark was referred to by political journalist
512:, social policy under Hawke was effective in reducing poverty and protecting those most vulnerable to massive social and economic change. According to some observers, "improvements in government policies and programs in income support payments, and services such as education, health, public housing and child care, and the progressive nature of the income tax system, have all contributed to the result that Australia appears to have become a more equal society over the period from 1981–82 to 1993–94".
479:). Under the original HECS, a $ 1,800 fee was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance. A student could defer payment of this HECS amount (in which case it was called a HECS debt) and repay the debt through the tax system, when the student's income exceeds a threshold level. As part of the reforms, Colleges of Advanced Education entered the University sector by various means. The HECS system was accepted by both federal political parties and continues to this day.
25:
370:, implemented to address Australia's long-term problem of chronically low national savings. This initiative built on policies that Keating had pursued whilst Treasurer, and was aimed at ensuring that most Australians would have enough money to retire. In 1992, the compulsory employer contribution scheme became a part of a wider reform package addressing this retirement income dilemma. It had been demonstrated that Australia, along with many other Western nations, would experience a major
235:
process "transform(ing) economics and politics in
Australia". Hawke and Keating together led the process for overseeing the economic changes by launching a "National Economic Summit" one month after their election in 1983, which brought together business and industrial leaders together with politicians and trade union leaders; the three-day summit led to a unanimous adoption of a national economic strategy, generating sufficient political capital for widespread reform to follow.
303:. By contrast, right-wing critics claimed that the Accord reduced the flexibility of the wages system. Supporters of the Accord, however, pointed to the improvements in the social security system that occurred, including the introduction of rental assistance for social security recipients, the creation of labour market schemes such as NewStart, and the introduction of the Family Income Supplement. In 1986, the Hawke government passed a bill to de-register the
40:
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means-tested government-funded age pension. The compulsory employer contributions were branded "Superannuation
Guarantee" (SG) contributions. As a result of this policy, along with the gradual increases in the minimum contribution amount, Australia grew to become the fourth largest holder of pension fund assets in the world, with a balance of nearly AU$ 3 trillion in superannuation assets by 2020.
204:. The Hawke–Keating government has been described by Labor figures as the party's most successful period in government in its history, and has generally been reviewed positively by historians for its degree of achievement. Scholars and politicians have noted the importance of the powerful political and personal partnership that developed between Hawke and Keating to the success of the government.
34:
341:". The government increased efforts to deal with the issue, and no consumption tax to generate a significant increase in incomings, the government began a process to significantly reduce government outlays instead, resulting in some criticism from the grassroots of the Labor Party, who opposed any cuts to spending. Despite this criticism from some, the government was able to produce a national
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of single-person unemployment benefits, and establishing a wide-ranging programme for paid family support, known as the Family Income
Supplement. During the 1980s, the proportion of total government outlays allocated to families, the sick, single parents, widows, the handicapped, and veterans was significantly higher than under the previous Fraser and Whitlam governments.
1011:(RAN) provided vessels for the multi-national naval force, patrolling the Persian Gulf to enforce the UN sanctions. The government elected to maintain an Australian naval presence in the Gulf following the surrender of Iraq and 1991 Peace Treaty. Ultimately, though Iraq withdrew from Kuwait, its failure to adhere to other conditions of the 1991 Treaty led to the second
508:, the percentage of Australians living in poverty fell during the Hawke government's time in office, from 11.6% of the population in 1985–86 to 9.3% in 1989–90. Child poverty also fell dramatically under the Hawke–Keating government, with the percentage of children estimated to be living in poverty falling from nearly 16% in 1985 to around 11% by 1995. As noted by
724:, removing reference to the Queen from Citizenship and Ministerial Oaths. In April 1993, the establishment of a Republic Advisory Committee was announced; Keating advocated a minimalist change model involving parliamentary appointment of a president – this was criticised by members of the ALP left and by the new leader of the
927:. The treaty was signed on 11 December 1989 and came into force on 9 February 1991. It provided for the joint exploitation of petroleum resources in a part of the Timor Sea seabed which were claimed by both Australia and Indonesia and was considered controversial for its overt recognition of Indonesia's sovereignty over
794:, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States all attended. APEC would subsequently grow to become one of the most pre-eminent high-level international forums in the world, particularly after the later inclusions of China and Russia, and the
451:
and higher education were dramatically expanded. Measures were also taken to improve educational opportunities for
Aborigines, as demonstrated by the government providing funding of almost $ 100 million from 1984 to 1992 for parental education, student support and tutorial assistance through its
446:
The Hawke–Keating government oversaw a significantly increased period of funding for
Australian education, with both men arguing that it would be one of the government's principle objectives to widen educational opportunities for all Australians. Increased funding was made available for most schools,
348:
Towards the end of the 1980s, the government was heavily criticised by some for maintaining consistently high interest rates, which Hawke and
Keating argued were necessary to reduce economic growth gradually so that demand for imports did not grow out of control. Throughout the 1980s, both the global
310:
Despite a percentage fall in real money wages from 1983 to 1991, the social wage of
Australian workers was argued by the government to have improved drastically as a result of these reforms, and the ensuing decline in inflation. The Accord was revisited six further times during the Hawke government,
234:
had played a part in the process of financial deregulation by commissioning the 1981 Campbell Report, opposition from Fraser himself had stalled this process. Shortly after its election in 1983, the Hawke government took the opportunity to implement a comprehensive program of economic reform, in the
164:
throughout the Hawke government. During the Hawke–Keating government, the Labor Party won five successive federal elections, its most electorally successful period to date; the 13-year uninterrupted period of government also remains the Labor Party's longest spell in power at the federal level. This
487:
The Hawke–Keating government oversaw a massive expansion of targeted welfare assistance throughout its period in office, creating subsidised homecare services, eliminating poverty traps in the welfare system, increasing the real value of the old-age pension, reintroducing the six-monthly indexation
336:
to address the chronic balance of payments problems being faced by
Australia; after initially supporting this approach, Hawke later blocked the tax on the grounds of its unpopularity. Keating later caused considerable public comment and a degree of controversy, when he declared on a radio programme
294:
Inflation had been a significant issue for the previous decade prior to the election of the Hawke government, regularly running into double-digits. The process of the Accord, by which the government and trade unions would arbitrate and agree upon wage increases in many sectors, led to a decrease in
777:
Arguably the most significant foreign policy achievement of the government took place in 1989, after Hawke proposed a south-east Asian region-wide forum for leaders and economic ministers to discuss issues of common concern. After winning the support of key countries in the region, this led to the
212:
The economic reforms pursued by the Hawke–Keating government has been claimed by numerous economic commentators and journalists since to have been the basis for both the modernisation and internationalisation of the Australian economy, and for triggering an unprecedentedly long period of economic
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The translation of the word "recalcitrant" into Malaysian rendered the word a more egregious insult, and Mahathir demanded an apology from Keating, threatening to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian
491:
During the course of the government, benefits substantially improved the incomes of the bottom 20% of households, with rent assistance, family payments, and sole parent benefits all substantially boosted in real terms. According to some historians, when examining the economic reforms carried out
381:
Keating's solution was a "three pillars" approach to retirement income, requiring compulsory employer contributions to superannuation funds, permitting further contributions to superannuation funds and other investments, and introducing, where this was insufficient, a safety net consisting of a
353:
began tightening monetary policy, and household interest rates peaked at 18%. It has been suggested by some that the Bank was too slow in easing monetary policy, and that this ultimately led to a recession. In private, Keating had argued for rates to rise earlier than they did, and fall sooner,
455:
Government expenditure on education, on a per-student basis, amounted to 136% for government schools and 71% for non-government schools. A Participation and Equity Program was also established which provided around $ 250 million mainly to schools with low retention to the end of secondary
641:
It begins, I think, with the act of recognition. Recognition that it was we who did the dispossessing. We took the traditional lands and smashed the traditional way of life. We brought the disasters. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practised
217:
increasing every year for 30 years after 1991; commentators have also credited the government's policies with bringing to an end what had been chronic inflation and balance of payments difficulties for Australia, enabling longer periods of stability and growth in both GDP and unemployment.
760:
The Hawke–Keating government oversaw a period of significant change in Australia's foreign affairs and international policy. Hawke sought to raise Australia's international profile in the United States, Russia, China, Japan and south-east Asia and also took an interest in the
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to expand APEC to a full Leaders' Meeting. This led to APEC becoming one of the most significant high-level international summits, and at the 1994 APEC Leaders' Meeting, hosted by Indonesia, members agreed to the Keating government's proposals for what became known as the
907:, were also strongly criticised by these same groups. It was alleged by some that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia.
515:
The government's achievements in boosting financial support to low-income households were regarded by experts in the field as substantial, with the family assistance package bringing significant benefits to millions of low-income families in the years ahead. As noted by
323:
The Australian taxation system was significantly reformed during the period of the government, with income tax and company tax rates reduced and the introduction of a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax; the latter two reforms were strongly opposed by the
290:
in 1983, an agreement whereby unions agreed to restrict their demands for wage increases, and in turn the government guaranteed to both minimise inflation and promote an increased social wage, including by establishing new social programmes such as Medicare.
437:
is also considered to have been a success by international standards. In addition, nursing education was transferred from hospital-based programs to the tertiary education sector, while Australia's first ever national mental health policy was proclaimed.
242:, repealed rules that prohibited foreign-owned banks to operate in Australia, dismantled the protectionist tariff system, privatised several state sector industries, ended the subsidisation of loss-making industries, and sold off part of the state-owned
879:
Throughout his time as Prime Minister, Keating took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than
557:
as Secretary of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, making him the first Indigenous Australian to head a Commonwealth department, little concrete policy action was taken during this time. However, in 1985 the government did return ownership of
820:, which set targets for a significant increase in free trade and investment between industrialised APEC countries by 2010 and between developing APEC countries by 2020. In December 1993, Keating became involved in a diplomatic incident with
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to over 42,000 Chinese students who were living in Australia at the time, many of whom had publicly supported the Tiananmen protesters. Hawke did so without even consulting his Cabinet, stating later that he felt he simply had to act.
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The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke during a speech in Seoul, Korea, on 30 January 1969. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra, Australia, to establish
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average in 1980 to 140% in 1994, and it is argued that the social and economic policies delivered under the government-trade union Accord had some substantial success in reducing family poverty, as characterised by reductions in
295:
both inflation and unemployment through to 1990. Criticisms of the Accord would come from both the right and the left of politics. Left-wing critics claimed that it kept real wages stagnant, and that the Accord was a policy of
281:
President, Hawke was well-placed to engage in reform of the industrial relations system in Australia, taking a lead on this policy area as in few others. Working closely with ministerial colleagues and the ACTU Secretary,
963:
controversy saw Hawke, under pressure from within the Labor Party, withdraw support for the splash down and monitoring of long range missile tests planned by the United States in Australian waters. That same year, the
910:
As part of a policy of cultivating ties with neighbouring Indonesia, the Hawke government negotiated a zone of co-operation in an area between the Indonesian province of East Timor and northern Australia, known as the
1081:
as Environment Minister, tasking him with winning the second-preference support from environmental parties, something which Richardson later claimed was the major factor in the government's narrow re-election at the
258:
and the Family Assistance Scheme; in so doing, the government was able to reduce inflation and unemployment over the decade. In the wake of the introduction of these macroeconomic reforms, in 1984 Keating was named
452:
Aboriginal Education Direct Assistance Program. In addition, an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Capital Grants Program was established to construct and renovate school buildings in remote area communalities.
704:
During Keating's time as Prime Minister, he launched a significant period of public debate and discussion around the constitutional settlement within Australia, announcing that he wanted Australia to change its
495:"Active society" measures were also introduced in an attempt to limit the growth of poverty and inequality. From 1980 to 1994, financial assistance for low-income families in Australia increased from 60% of the
570:
Aboriginal people. The transfer was done on the basis that a lease-back to the National Parks and Wildlife Service and joint management by members of the local Mutijulu community would be settled upon.
358:
as "perhaps the most stupid remark of Keating's career, and it nearly cost him the Prime Ministership." Kelly did also concede that, "...however, it is largely true that the boom begat the recession."
871:
in 1989; despite having spent years trying to get closer relations with China, Hawke gave a tearful address on national television describing the massacre in graphic detail, and unilaterally offered
254:(ACTU) and the government to guarantee a reduction in demands for wage increases, in exchange for the government providing a significant increase in social programmes, including the introduction of
1058:
The government drew international attention for a series of notable environmental decisions, particularly in its second and third terms. In 1983, Hawke personally vetoed the construction of the
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in October 1990, months after the latter's release from a 27-year stint in prison. During the visit, Mandela publicly thanked the Hawke government for the role it played in the boycott.
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at the time, but were never reversed by them when they eventually returned to office in 1996. Partially offsetting these imposts upon the business community was the introduction of full
884:, and undertook his first overseas visit to the country, becoming the first Australian Prime Minister to do so. Keating made a conscious effort to develop a personal relationship with
1609:
1147:
401:, intended to allow for greater flexibility and economies of scale within industrial wage arbitration; much of this would be curtailed by the Howard government after 1996.
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1015:
a decade later. In an address to the nation explaining Australia's involvement, Hawke said that to protect small nations, sometimes "tragically", we must fight for peace.
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in the coming decades, due to ageing population, and it was claimed that this would result in increased pension payments that would place an unaffordable strain on the
1624:
1579:
2257:"Treaty between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia on the Zone of Cooperation in an Area between the Indonesian Province of East Timor and Northern Australia"
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1992:
891:, and to include Indonesia in multilateral forums attended by Australia. Keating's friendship with Suharto was criticised by human rights activists supportive of
433:
The government also oversaw the introduction of a Pharmaceutical Allowance to help pay the cost of prescription medicines. The government's response to the 1980s
1042:, who initially favoured a more cautious approach. The resulting boycott, led by the Commonwealth, was widely credited with helping bring about the collapse of
230:, "the most influential economic decisions of the 1980s were the floating of the Australian dollar and the deregulation of the financial system". Although the
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The United States amassed a 30-nation coalition of some 30,000 troops and the UN Security Council issued an ultimatum to Iraq for the withdrawal.
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would be totally prohibited until 2048 at the earliest. Hawke later claimed that the Antarctic drilling ban was his "proudest achievement".
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Whitlam, Wran and the Labor tradition: Labor history essays, volume two By Gough Whitlam, Australian Labor Party, New South Wales Branch
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During Keating's period as Prime Minister, the government legislated one of its most far-reaching achievements, the introduction of the
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each time in response to new economic developments. The seventh and final revisiting would ultimately lead to the establishment of the
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745:
669:, and ending the inclusion into Australian law of British Acts of Parliament, and abolishing remaining provisions for appeals to the
959:, though, on various occasions, he had to persuade less enthusiastic members of his caucus to agree to the party line. In 1985, the
587:
from 1990 to 1996. The Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation was established in February 1992 and in 1993 the government passed the
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to establish the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Fund and Indigenous Land Corporation. Little noticed at the time, the
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is now recognised by many observers as historic and significant. Addressing remarks to non-indigenous Australia, Keating said:
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officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; Keating subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.
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for the years 1988, 1989 and 1990, with the surplus of 1988 proving to be the largest budget surplus in Australian history.
2444:
1432:"Australian Council of Trade Unions boss Sally McManus admits she doesn't know about Bob Hawke's deregistration of the BLF"
1036:
468:
2391:"Australia campaigned for Nelson Mandela's freedom but disappointed indigenous Australians by not wanting to 'interfere'"
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1027:, Hawke played a leading role in ensuring the Commonwealth initiated an international boycott on foreign investment into
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During Keating's time as Prime Minister, he gave a high priority to progressing and defining Aboriginal Reconciliation.
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463:(HECS), which was first proposed by Professor Murray Wells and subsequently developed by economist and lecturer at the
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in 1986 that if Australia did not address the balance of payments, the country risked degenerating to the status of a "
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Upon becoming Prime Minister, Keating developed this idea further, winning the support in 1993 of recently elected
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834:"APEC is bigger than all of us – Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Mahathir and any other recalcitrants."
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which was staged on Sydney Harbour on Australia Day because it believed this might offend indigenous Australians.
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In 1989, the government gradually began a policy of re-introducing some fees for university study. It set up the
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as Australia's national anthem, settling an ongoing debate, and at the same time declared green and gold as the
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246:. The government also pursued the establishment of a new signature industrial relations and wages policy, the
748:, which settled on a similar republican model to that proposed by Keating, this proposal was defeated in the
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and Australian economies grew quickly, and by the late 1980s, inflation had grown to around 9%. By 1988, the
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1086:. In the government's fourth term, Hawke personally led the Australian delegation to secure changes to the
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and the government, no such treaty was ever concluded though subsequent events. While Hawke did appointed
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2186:"More than 40,000 Chinese were offered asylum in Australia exactly 31 years ago. Here are their stories"
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537:, the first bill of its kind in Australian history, which prohibited discrimination on the grounds of
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332:, a reform insisted upon by Keating. During this period, Keating advocated for the introduction of a
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1066:, responding to a groundswell of protest around the issue. Hawke also secured the nomination of the
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765:; Keating, when Prime Minister, became a fierce advocate of greater Australian integration within
144:, which together spanned from 11 March 1983 to 11 March 1996. Both governments were formed by the
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was marked by huge pomp and ceremony across Australia to mark anniversary of the arrival of the
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903:. The Keating government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the
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Alliance was shaken by the decision of New Zealand to block visits by nuclear ships of the
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for his role in negotiations. Hawke also took a major public stand in the aftermath of the
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Although Hawke spoke throughout his time as Prime Minister of the idea of a treaty between
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The Hawke Government: A Critical Retrospective, edited by Susan Ryan & Tony Bramston
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Developments in Australian politics by Judith Brett, James A. Gillespie, and Murray Goot
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The Hawke Government: A Critical Retrospective, edited by Susan Ryan & Troy Bramston
1007:, an air bombardment, followed by a 43-day war followed Iraq's failure to withdraw. The
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Australia's welfare wars: the players, the politics and the ideologies by Philip Mendes
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who wanted more substantial change, such as direct election. The committee, chaired by
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in 1987, preventing the forests there from being logged. Hawke would later appoint
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Elsewhere in Asia, the government played a significant role in the build-up to the
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as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993
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617:, it articulated the philosophical backdrop to the Keating government's subsequent
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system, although this would be finalised shortly after Hawke left office in 1991.
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of British ships at Sydney in 1788. The government refused to fund the tall ship
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at New Zealand ports. Hawke unsuccessfully lobbied New Zealand Prime Minister
919:. The signatories to the treaty were then Australian Foreign Affairs Minister
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2235:"The World Today – 5/10/99: Howard hits back at Keating over criticism"
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422:. Universal health care had already been introduced under the branding of
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2427:"20th Anniversary of the Hawke government's action to protect Antarctica"
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From 1983 to 1989, the government oversaw the permanent establishment of
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Australasian Legal Information Institute – Australian Treaty Series 1991
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to change the policy and the ANZUS Treaty faced its most serious test.
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legislation. Six months after the Mabo Decision, Keating delivered his
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1507:"Cabinet papers show Paul Keating had a 'budget emergency' of his own"
1000:, following the invasion of oil-rich Kuwait by Iraq on 2 August 1990.
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Barnett & Goward; John Howard Prime Minister; Viking; 1997; Ch 12
1298:"ParlInfo – Australian Labor party: record of achievements 1983–1990"
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in support of the United States-led coalition against the regime of
1663:"Cabinet papers 1992-93: Paul Keating's One Nation and the economy"
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1063:
1012:
993:
853:
821:
787:
385:
In the aftermath of the 1990 recession, Keating and his Treasurer,
165:
period in Australia’s political history is also referred to as the
33:
955:. By Hawke's own account, he was an enthusiastic supporter of the
665:
in 1986, officially severing remaining constitutional ties to the
1794:"Wran/1986 The Great Tradition-Labor Reform from Curtin to Hawke"
888:
863:, who served under both Hawke and Keating, was nominated for the
812:
566:
presiding over the ceremony handing the title deeds to the local
1572:"The real reasons why it was the 1990s recession we had to have"
1336:
The End of Certainty: Power, Politics, and Business in Australia
307:
federally due to the union not following the Accord agreements.
1071:
992:, the government committed Australian naval forces to the 1991
791:
538:
1625:"Compulsory super: it's good, it works and we want more of it"
646:
965:
956:
817:
766:
559:
1325:
1323:
1088:
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
136:
is an all-encompassing term to describe the duration of the
2173:
Cambodia From Red to Blue: Australia's Initiative for Peace
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1814:
New Voices for Social Democracy: Labor Essays 1999–2000 by
1527:"ParlInfo - QUESTIONS WITHOUT NOTICE : 1987-88 BUDGET"
720:
Keating proceeded with measures to remove the symbolism of
505:
496:
448:
1269:"Hawke: 1983 National Economic Summit established success"
585:
Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs
562:(formerly known as Ayers Rock), with Governor General Sir
404:
1320:
631:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission Act 1989
2730:(1967–1968), see their respective biographical articles.
1821:
409:
2718:
For information about the caretaker governments led by
2077:"The Samuel Griffith Society: Volume 11: Chapter Eight"
1645:. The Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia.
1228:"Australia's record-breaking economic growth continues"
790:
in November 1989; the economic ministers of Australia,
188:. In between those elections were further victories in
2049:
2047:
2045:
1286:
Achievements of the Federal Labor Government 1983-1996
318:
286:, Hawke negotiated with trade unions to establish the
2286:"Bob Hawke: Reflections on the Australia-US Alliance"
2237:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 October 1999
1198:"Paul Keating on the lead-up to the federal election"
529:
Further social reforms were achieved in the field of
2297:
2295:
611:
International Year for the World's Indigenous People
2055:"ParlInfo – A recent republic debate: a chronology"
2042:
1731:, Lowy Institute for International Policy, May 2005
1398:"1984–85 – Hawke government – Industrial relations"
798:'s later establishment of the APEC Leaders' Forum.
362:
Compulsory superannuation and enterprise bargaining
1500:
1498:
915:, signed between the governments of Australia and
504:from the early Eighties onwards. According to the
2292:
2011:
1180:"Bob Hawke memorial: Paul Keating leads mourners"
1031:, building on work undertaken by his predecessor
2739:
2139:
1689:
1390:
1245:
1243:
2303:"Aussies Withdraw Plan to Aid MX Missile Tests"
1495:
651:In April 1984, the Hawke government proclaimed
661:. The government later secured passage of the
266:
221:
2518:
2344:
2342:
2280:
2278:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1240:
856:, culminating in the Transitional Authority;
482:
250:. This was an agreement directly between the
172:The Hawke–Keating government began after the
2532:
2467:The End of Certainty: The story of the 1980s
1950:"Measuring the Numbers of People in Poverty"
1602:"Chapter 2: Australia's three-pillar system"
1035:, and in the process clashing publicly with
2445:"Hawke honoured for Antarctic mining fight"
2127:
2125:
2123:
1995:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
647:Constitutional reforms and national debates
160:as Prime Minister, with Keating serving as
2525:
2511:
2464:
2339:
2275:
2100:
2098:
1978:
1734:
1729:Australia's Response to HIV/AIDS 1982–2005
1675:
1649:
1374:. European Speakers Bureau. Archived from
1046:, and resulted in a high-profile visit by
939:Hawke developed a close relationship with
744:won the 1996 election and established the
238:Among other reforms, the Hawke government
2356:
1952:. Parliament of Australia. Archived from
1569:
1053:
1018:
746:Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
397:scheme as part of the final stage of the
2202:
2120:
1993:"Timeline – Australia's Prime Ministers"
1606:Retirement Income Strategic Issues Paper
1148:"Hawke, Hon. Robert James Lee (Bob), AC"
1025:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
441:
2483:
2095:
2079:. Samuelgriffith.org.au. Archived from
1608:, Australian Government, archived from
1504:
671:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
405:Healthcare, education and social policy
2740:
2388:
2366:. Library.unisa.edu.au. Archived from
2323:. Library.unisa.edu.au. Archived from
2145:
1933:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1870:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1660:
1372:"SPEAKER ORATEUR: HON. PAUL J KEATING"
261:Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year
2506:
2350:"Iraq | Australian War Memorial"
1450:"Are we in Accord? | Frank Bongiorno"
1329:
923:and then Indonesian Foreign Minister
601:. It was Australia's first national
544:
471:and championed by Education Minister
461:Higher Education Contributions Scheme
410:Introduction of universal health care
2205:"Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel"
1727:For discussion see William Bowtell,
1622:
1311:
684:in a grand ceremony in May 1988 and
148:, and were led from 1983 to 1991 by
2768:1996 disestablishments in Australia
2758:History of Australia (1945–present)
1760:"Higher Education Funding Act 1988"
1661:Murphy, Damien (20 December 2016).
772:
750:1999 Australian republic referendum
418:in Australia, with the creation of
319:Taxation, budget and interest rates
207:
13:
2753:Australian Labor Party governments
2416:Richardson, G., (1994), pp. 276–77
2203:Sheriden, Greg (28 January 2008).
2148:"Malaysia Premier Demands Apology"
2146:Shenon, Philip (9 December 1993).
1947:
1627:. The Conversation. Archived from
1570:McFarlane, Ian (2 December 2006).
755:
713:within its design, and supporting
252:Australian Council of Trade Unions
14:
2784:
2133:"Back to Canberra: Founding APEC"
824:when he described Prime Minister
780:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
2763:1983 establishments in Australia
2364:"Hawke Government events – 1991"
2321:"Hawke Government events – 1985"
1762:. Austlii.edu.au. 1 January 2005
1505:Jericho, Greg (1 January 2014).
951:, as well as Secretary of State
934:
699:
38:
32:
23:
2458:
2437:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2382:
2313:
2249:
2227:
2196:
2178:
2165:
2069:
2020:
1960:
1941:
1895:
1878:
1808:
1786:
1774:
1752:
1721:
1635:
1616:
1594:
1563:
1537:
1519:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1442:
1424:
1415:
1364:
1290:
1279:
984:In the biggest mobilisation of
694:First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage
613:. Written by Keating's advisor
2030:. clivejames.com. 7 March 1992
1623:Cook, Trevor (28 March 2012).
1545:"Keating still casts a shadow"
1402:National Archives of Australia
1261:
1252:
1220:
1190:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1140:
738:Australian Republican Movement
574:
465:Australian National University
389:, countered the Opposition's '
368:National Superannuation Scheme
1:
2389:Lennon, Troy (17 July 2018).
1169:Edwards, J.,(1996), p.6, p.48
1134:
659:national colours of Australia
642:discrimination and exclusion.
305:Builders Labourers Federation
240:floated the Australian dollar
180:and ended with defeat at the
52:11 March 1983 – 11 March 1996
763:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
226:According to the journalist
7:
1643:"Superannuation Statistics"
1184:Australian Financial Review
1097:
979:
625:Indigenous Land Corporation
535:Sex Discrimination Act 1984
267:Industrial relations policy
222:Macroeconomic modernisation
156:, and from 1991 to 1996 by
10:
2789:
2288:. Abc.net.au. 25 May 2011.
1968:"NameBright - Coming Soon"
1150:. Parliament of Australia.
627:(ATSIC Amendment) Act 1995
533:, with the passage of the
483:Welfare and social reforms
270:
2716:
2540:
2486:Keating: The Inside Story
2407:Kelly, P., (1992), p. 528
2175:(Allen & Unwin, 1997)
1818:and Glenn Anthony Patmore
1783:, 15 April 1987, page 15)
1668:The Sydney Morning Herald
1549:The Sydney Morning Herald
1492:Kelly, P., (1992), p. 174
1483:Kelly, P., (1992), p. 175
1068:Wet Tropics of Queensland
869:Tiananmen square massacre
709:because it contained the
680:was officially opened by
399:Prices and Incomes Accord
351:Reserve Bank of Australia
288:Prices and Incomes Accord
273:Prices and Incomes Accord
248:Prices and Incomes Accord
213:growth, with Australia's
120:
110:
99:
88:
78:
56:
51:
46:
31:
20:
2748:Governments of Australia
2534:Governments of Australia
1843:homes.eco.auckland.ac.nz
1160:Edwards, J.,(1996), p.44
1023:Through his role on the
715:Australian republicanism
134:Hawke–Keating government
21:Hawke–Keating government
1258:Kelly, P., (1992), p.78
1249:Kelly, P., (1992), p.76
1233:The Wall Street Journal
1129:Second Keating Ministry
986:Australian Armed Forces
840:
184:, which ushered in the
2484:Edwards, John (1996).
1889:18 August 2008 at the
1124:First Keating Ministry
1054:Environmental policies
1037:British Prime Minister
1019:Apartheid South Africa
1005:Operation Desert Storm
686:Australian Bicentenary
654:Advance Australia Fair
644:
551:Aboriginal Australians
522:University of Canberra
215:gross domestic product
146:Australian Labor Party
2469:. Allen & Unwin.
2431:www.antarctica.gov.au
2057:. Parlinfo.aph.gov.au
1631:on 13 September 2015.
1119:Fourth Hawke Ministry
1109:Second Hawke Ministry
1009:Royal Australian Navy
895:independence, and by
722:Monarchy in Australia
639:
597:historic decision in
442:Overhaul of education
416:universal health care
395:enterprise bargaining
313:enterprise bargaining
271:Further information:
2083:on 23 September 2008
1956:on 31 December 2011.
1796:. John.curtin.edu.au
1114:Third Hawke Ministry
1104:First Hawke Ministry
886:Indonesian President
726:Australian Democrats
678:New Parliament House
629:, which amended the
176:was defeated at the
2465:Paul Kelly (1992).
2451:. 14 December 2009.
2395:The Daily Telegraph
1612:on 28 February 2015
1531:parlinfo.aph.gov.au
1236:. 4 September 2018.
1075:World Heritage Site
786:duly took place in
607:Redfern Park Speech
593:in response to the
330:dividend imputation
297:class collaboration
2773:Keating government
2309:. 6 February 1985.
2152:The New York Times
1378:on 5 December 2008
970:United States Navy
796:Keating government
784:first APEC meeting
682:Queen Elizabeth II
545:Aboriginal affairs
477:Dawkins Revolution
426:by Prime Minister
376:Australian economy
142:Keating government
2735:
2734:
2307:Los Angeles Times
2028:"Pit-Bull Poodle"
1852:on 18 August 2011
1341:Allen & Unwin
1275:. 2 January 2012.
1079:Graham Richardson
1040:Margaret Thatcher
897:Nobel Peace Prize
865:Nobel Peace Prize
818:Bogor Declaration
599:Mabo v Queensland
372:demographic shift
244:Commonwealth Bank
232:Fraser government
186:Howard government
174:Fraser government
167:Hawke-Keating era
130:
129:
125:Howard government
115:Fraser government
2780:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2480:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2215:on 22 March 2016
2211:. Archived from
2200:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2171:See Ken Berry,
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1915:on 12 March 2012
1914:
1908:. Archived from
1907:
1899:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1845:. Archived from
1840:
1832:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1702:. Archived from
1701:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1578:. Archived from
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1551:. 31 August 2004
1541:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1502:
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1481:
1475:
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1327:
1318:
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1308:
1306:
1304:
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1288:
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1215:
1213:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1144:
941:Republican Party
913:Timor Gap Treaty
905:Timor Gap Treaty
901:José Ramos-Horta
858:Foreign Minister
832:. Keating said,
826:Mahathir Mohamad
778:creation of the
773:Creation of APEC
734:Malcolm Turnbull
619:Native Title Act
590:Native Title Act
583:was the Federal
208:Economic reforms
138:Hawke government
61:
42:
36:
27:
18:
17:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2712:
2536:
2531:
2496:
2477:
2461:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2370:on 16 June 2011
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1999:on 26 June 2012
1991:
1990:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1948:Winter, Geoff.
1946:
1942:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:"Archived copy"
1901:
1900:
1896:
1891:Wayback Machine
1883:
1879:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1836:"Archived copy"
1834:
1833:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1709:on 19 July 2008
1706:
1699:
1697:"Pensioner Kit"
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1676:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1621:
1617:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1582:on 2 April 2016
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1538:
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1524:
1520:
1503:
1496:
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1257:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:. 14 June 2019.
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1100:
1056:
1021:
982:
949:George H W Bush
937:
843:
810:Chinese Premier
775:
758:
756:Foreign affairs
702:
649:
577:
555:Charles Perkins
547:
531:gender equality
485:
444:
412:
407:
364:
339:banana republic
334:consumption tax
321:
275:
269:
224:
210:
70:
59:
37:
22:
12:
11:
5:
2786:
2776:
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2538:
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2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2481:
2475:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:www.abc.net.au
2436:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2381:
2355:
2338:
2327:on 14 May 2013
2312:
2291:
2274:
2248:
2226:
2209:The Australian
2195:
2192:. 8 June 2020.
2190:www.abc.net.au
2177:
2164:
2138:
2119:
2094:
2068:
2041:
2019:
2010:
1977:
1959:
1940:
1894:
1877:
1820:
1807:
1785:
1781:The Australian
1773:
1751:
1733:
1720:
1688:
1674:
1648:
1634:
1615:
1593:
1562:
1536:
1518:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1441:
1423:
1414:
1389:
1363:
1349:
1319:
1310:
1289:
1278:
1273:www.abc.net.au
1260:
1251:
1239:
1219:
1189:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1055:
1052:
1048:Nelson Mandela
1033:Malcolm Fraser
1020:
1017:
998:Saddam Hussein
981:
978:
936:
933:
847:United Nations
842:
839:
774:
771:
757:
754:
701:
698:
667:United Kingdom
663:Australia Acts
648:
645:
635:Redfern Speech
623:Land Fund and
609:to launch the
581:Robert Tickner
576:
573:
568:Pitjantjatjara
564:Ninian Stephen
546:
543:
484:
481:
443:
440:
411:
408:
406:
403:
363:
360:
343:budget surplus
320:
317:
268:
265:
223:
220:
209:
206:
154:Prime Minister
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
101:
97:
96:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
64:
54:
53:
49:
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44:
43:
29:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1454:Inside Story
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861:Gareth Evans
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806:Bill Clinton
803:US President
800:
782:(APEC). The
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158:Paul Keating
133:
131:
72:Paul Keating
15:
2728:John McEwen
2726:(1945) and
2724:Frank Forde
2488:. Penguin.
2219:30 December
1382:26 November
1331:Kelly, Paul
990:Vietnam War
974:David Lange
957:US Alliance
943:Presidents
830:APEC summit
742:John Howard
690:First Fleet
676:Canberra's
673:in London.
575:Land rights
518:Ann Harding
447:while both
435:AIDS crisis
301:corporatism
111:Predecessor
74:(1991–1996)
69:(1983–1991)
2742:Categories
2720:Earle Page
2633:Menzies II
2590:Fisher III
2575:Deakin III
2267:20 October
1856:15 January
1460:9 December
1436:Herald Sun
1135:References
1092:Antarctica
988:since the
961:MX Missile
929:East Timor
925:Ali Alatas
711:Union Jack
615:Don Watson
510:Brian Howe
391:Fightback!
356:Paul Kelly
284:Bill Kelty
228:Paul Kelly
2613:Menzies I
2580:Fisher II
2565:Deakin II
2106:"History"
1766:27 August
1586:6 October
1356:5 October
1044:apartheid
917:Indonesia
882:Indonesia
162:Treasurer
150:Bob Hawke
121:Successor
67:Bob Hawke
47:In office
2722:(1939),
2708:Albanese
2703:Morrison
2698:Turnbull
2570:Fisher I
2550:Deakin I
2374:31 March
2110:apec.org
2003:13 March
1929:cite web
1919:28 March
1887:Archived
1866:cite web
1713:28 March
1555:25 April
1333:(1994).
1204: –
1202:Lateline
1098:See also
1064:Tasmania
1013:Iraq War
994:Gulf War
980:Gulf War
854:Cambodia
822:Malaysia
788:Canberra
424:Medibank
420:Medicare
256:Medicare
140:and the
62:Minister
2688:Rudd II
2683:Gillard
2668:Keating
2653:Whitlam
2648:McMahon
2628:Chifley
2604:Scullin
2331:3 April
2241:31 July
2157:16 June
1576:The Age
1438:. 2017.
1303:28 July
1212:15 July
899:winner
889:Suharto
813:Li Peng
736:of the
520:at the
2693:Abbott
2678:Rudd I
2673:Howard
2658:Fraser
2643:Gorton
2623:Curtin
2618:Fadden
2595:Hughes
2555:Watson
2545:Barton
2492:
2473:
2263:. 1991
2087:25 May
2061:25 May
2034:25 May
1800:22 May
1407:16 May
1347:
1072:UNESCO
873:asylum
792:Brunei
539:sexism
100:Demise
89:Origin
60:
2663:Hawke
2608:Lyons
2600:Bruce
2115:APEC.
1913:(PDF)
1906:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1070:as a
966:ANZUS
767:ASEAN
560:Uluru
475:(see
103:Lost
83:Labor
79:Party
58:Prime
2638:Holt
2585:Cook
2560:Reid
2490:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2376:2012
2333:2012
2269:2008
2243:2012
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2063:2014
2036:2014
2005:2021
1935:link
1921:2012
1872:link
1858:2022
1802:2011
1768:2010
1715:2012
1588:2011
1557:2010
1462:2020
1409:2019
1384:2007
1358:2007
1345:ISBN
1305:2015
1214:2007
947:and
852:for
841:Asia
808:and
621:and
506:OECD
497:OECD
449:TAFE
299:and
279:ACTU
202:1993
200:and
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