563:, the presiding judge in both the Haywood and Pettibone trials, was highly impressed by the way Orchard held up under prolonged and severe cross-examination in each trial, and believed Orchard's testimony to be true. In Wood's experience, no one could have fabricated such a convoluted story, covering many years, in many locations, and including so many different people, and withstand such thorough cross-examination without materially contradicting himself. Wood later wrote that the prosecution case did not convincingly corroborate Orchard's testimony, but that the witnesses put on by the defense actually did a better job corroborating Orchard than the prosecution had done.
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557:, James McParland's former stenographer. Haywood testified in his own defense, and he stood up well under five hours of cross-examination. Then the defense presented what they claimed was "startling new evidence" about insanity in Orchard's family, including a grandfather who needed to be "chained up" and an uncle who went insane. Orchard admitted that one of his uncles was "demented" over family problems and had hanged himself, but testified to knowing nothing about his maternal grandfather, who died before his birth.
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murder in the minds of the jurors, the prosecution believed. Under Idaho law, jurors were instructed to consider only those parts of
Orchard's testimony that were corroborated by other evidence. This was especially difficult because a WFM official who had stayed with Orchard in Idaho had disappeared, and could not be found. The prosecution hoped to corroborate other parts of Orchard's testimony with the confession of Steve Adams, but Adams renounced his confession, claiming that it had been coerced.
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the
Saratoga Hotel to talk with friends before returning home. Minutes before his death, Steunenberg had been sitting in the hotel, so Orchard retrieved the bomb from his room and rushed out to the residence to set it, about a dozen blocks away. On his way back to the hotel, Orchard met the governor two blocks from the house, and the explosion occurred shortly after as Orchard was running to the hotel. The fatal bomb was detonated by rigging the gate so that as it was opened, a bottle of
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Orchard had told them about his anger at
Steunenberg. Several of them stated that Orchard had vowed to seek revenge against the former Idaho governor. However, the prosecution presented evidence that Orchard had sold his share of the mine before the labor troubles began. Darrow later observed the date of the sale didn't seem to matter to Orchard; he "tried to sell this interest (again) a year after he had disposed of it."
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After the rest were acquitted and/or released, Orchard was tried alone. He changed his plea to guilty in March 1908 and received a death sentence in Idaho for the murder of
Steunenberg. An appeal was made by the prosecution to Idaho Governor Gooding, urging the commutation of Orchard's death sentence
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Within an hour of the explosion, the sheriff had deputized 100 townspeople, and stationed them at all roads and paths leading out of town. Orchard made no effort to escape, and slept in his hotel room that night in
Caldwell. The next day, Sunday, December 31, he was suspected and placed under parole,
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towards the end of the year. Horsley then quit his milk route and moved to Burke, borrowing money to buy a wood and coal business there. In the spring of 1898 Horsley had to sell his share of the
Hercules mine in order to pay the debts he had incurred, also taking a partner into his business to raise
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Prosecutors selected
Haywood as the first of the three defendants to stand trial, thinking him the most vulnerable. His gnarled physical appearance, being blind in one eye, combined with his propensity to use politically radical language, made Haywood more likely to be associated with conspiracy and
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Albert Edward
Horsley was born March 18, 1866, in Northumberland County, Ontario, Canada, the son of English and Irish parentage. One of eight children in a poor farm family, Albert was only able to attend formal school through the third grade, helping to support the family by working as soon as he
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Idaho law required that the testimony of a confessed murderer must be independently corroborated by other evidence in order to convict others of murder. The Idaho jury found
Haywood not guilty. One juror told a reporter, "There was nothing against the accused but inference and suspicion." Pettibone
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Orchard testified that he had made numerous attempts on
Steunenberg's life. In the week between Christmas and New Year's, Steunenberg had spent several days in Boise on business and returned to Caldwell on Friday the 29th, and had renewed an insurance policy on Saturday afternoon and stopped off at
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During all this time I did not save any money, though I worked nearly all the time and always got the highest wages... I made many good resolutions and often saved up a few hundred dollars and thought I would get into some little business for myself. When I would get away from town, as I often did,
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Orchard confessed to numerous crimes having nothing to do with labor conflicts. He admitted that he was a bigamist, having abandoned wives in Canada and Cripple Creek. He had burned businesses for the insurance money in Cripple Creek and Canada. Orchard had burglarized a railroad depot, rifled a
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and Edmund F. Richardson argued that if Orchard hadn't been forced to sell his one-sixteenth share of the mine because of the martial law decree, he would have become wealthy. Orchard had denied the accusation. The Haywood defense team produced five witnesses from three states who testified that
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Orchard described in his confession that during the Cripple Creek miners' strike he told a railroad detective that the WFM was planning to derail a train along a certain section of track, for which the detective gave him $ 45 and a train ticket to Denver. According to Orchard, he informed out of
412:), now hours past. Although he didn't seem to know the way to the murder scene, Orchard expressed the belief that the governor had been given a "big wad" of money by Idaho mine owners after he had left office. Such a view was common among miners, as reflected in a 1908 union pamphlet on the
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The state of Idaho had provided Orchard with "a library of religious tracts", which may have influenced his announced conversion to religious belief. Some analysts at the trial later opined "the prosecution let Orchard get away from the facts and his testimony turned into a syrupy story of
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Even before Darrow's closing argument in the Haywood case, it was clear that the prosecution was in trouble. The prosecution relied on Orchard's testimony to make its case against the WFM leader, but the defense maintained that Orchard had confessed to crimes he could not have committed.
618:, he had lived outside the prison walls in a small house for most of his later years, tending the prison's poultry flocks, but was brought back after he had suffered a mild stroke a year earlier. Orchard was bedridden for his last three months and in a coma for his last days.
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would anger the rest of the press corps, who had been denied access. Governor Gooding interceded with McParland, and McClure's was given exclusive access to Orchard. The first installment of the "Confession and Autobiography of Harry Orchard" came out in the July 1907
602:. His multiple pleas for a pardon over the years were all denied. He never recanted his confession, and in 1952, at 86 years of age and 45 years after the Haywood trial, Orchard wrote in his autobiography that all of his confession and his trial testimony were true.
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Seeking to run away with another woman, Horsley burned his cheese factory and collected the insurance money, thereby settling his debts. Horsley abandoned his family and, together with his girlfriend, headed west to Pilot Bay, about twenty miles from
270:, both independently and in the employ of others. His wife gave birth to a daughter, removing her from their cheese factory, while Albert later recalled that he "lived away beyond my means, and was some in debt, and my credit was not so good."
432:; and, it was discovered that he was registered at the Saratoga Hotel. When his room #19 was searched, evidence related to the murder was discovered. Aside from using aliases, Orchard made little attempt to conceal his activities. Historian
489:. The prosecution alleged that the union leaders had plotted to kill Steunenberg in retaliation for the ex-governor's severe measures against union miners, including a declaration of martial law, following violent incidents during a
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funds. His accumulated gambling debts forced him to sell out his share of his business in March 1899, and he had to take a job as a "mucker" (shoveler) in the Tiger-Poorman mine near Burke. It was in this way that Horsley joined the
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has theorized that Orchard suffered from a "psychotic personality disorder" that caused him not only to engage in a life of violence, but also, perhaps subconsciously, to set up the circumstances of his own arrest.
449:. A blasting cap exploded in Orchard's pocket when he was back in his room. He stayed at the hotel until his Monday arrest. Errant first reports had surmised the device was wire-tripped by the assassin and used
381:. After midnight on the evening of Steunenberg's murder, Harry Orchard (as Tom Hogan) walked with Clinton Wood, the desk clerk at the hotel in Caldwell, to the site of the assassination at 1602 Dearborn Street (
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jealousy that the WFM had not hired him to do the job; he said that he did not provide any further information. He reportedly told a companion, G.L. Brokaw, that he had been a Pinkerton employee for some time.
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for his previous cooperation in the trials of the union leaders. This request was granted and Orchard's sentence was commuted to life in prison, a decision that was widely lampooned in the press.
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magazine proposed to Governor Gooding that the magazine serialize Orchard's confession and autobiography. McParland wanted maximum publicity for Orchard's confession, but he was reluctant to allow
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requirement that they be allowed extensive access to Orchard to go over the document with him, in order to clarify and fill in parts of his story. McParland objected that giving access to
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Orchard died in the state penitentiary in Boise on April 13, 1954, aged 88, over 48 years after his arrest. After his sentencing in March 1908, he served more than 46 years at the
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was able. Albert worked as a farmhand for neighbors, either on a daily or monthly basis, with his parents receiving the income from his work until he was 20 years old.
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318:. My money would burn my pocket. There were many other attractions, and money always soon got away. I always bought plenty of good clothes and lived well."
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221:. The case was one of the most sensational and widely reported of the first decade of the 20th century, involving three prominent leaders of the radical
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assassination, confessing as well to the murders of at least sixteen other people. Orchard testified that the murder of Steunenberg was ordered by
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in some out-of-the-way place, I would save my money and make good resolutions; but how soon I would forget them when I would strike town and see a
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Over the next few years Horsley worked as a miner in various locales throughout the American West. He later recalled in his autobiography:
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was found not guilty in a separate trial, after the defense declined to argue the case. Charges against Moyer were dropped.
43:"Harry Orchard from a photograph taken in January 1906, shortly after his arrest for the murder of ex-Governor Steunenberg."
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cash register, stole sheep, and had made plans to kidnap children over a debt. He also sold fraudulent insurance policies.
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The prosecution acted with significant support and direction from Agent McParland, and with assistance from
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The defense argued that Orchard had his own, personal motive for murdering Steunenberg. Defense attorneys
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The Introductory Chapter to the History of the Trials of Moyer, Haywood, and Pettibone, and Harry Orchard
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was tried in three separate trials, resulting in two hung juries in Idaho, and an acquittal in Colorado.
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repentance, religion, and God's mercy to sinners, which had the effect of turning everyone's stomach."
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and was arrested for the assassination on New Year's Day. He raised suspicion when a detective for the
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Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America
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In April 1897 Horsley was employed driving a milk wagon to the mining communities around
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Luke Grant, "The Haywood trial: a review," The Outlook, 24 Aug. 1907, v.86 n.17 p.861.
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Idaho's ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg, victim of a bomb blast at his home in 1905
266:. He returned to Canada and married around 1889. The Horsleys spent some time as
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1197:"Orchard pleads guilty; withdraws former plea for murder of ex-Gov. Steunenberg"
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614:, its longest-ever term, and is buried in Morris Hill Cemetery in Boise. As a
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Orchard confessed to playing a violent, and ultimately, decisive, role in the
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1223:"With streaming eyes and broken voice, Harry Orchard thanks judge for mercy"
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The Cripple Creek strike: a history of industrial wars in Colorado, 1903-4-5
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Idaho's Bunker Hill: the rise and fall of a great mining company, 1885-1981
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Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series, Harry Orchard Confession
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All That Glitters — Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek
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516:. Orchard's testimony was persuasive to reporters attending the trial.
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Harry Orchard, "The confession and autobiography of Harry Orchard,"
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money secretly supplied by western mine operators and industrialists
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Facing the death penalty by hanging, Orchard made a confession to
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We Shall Be All, A History of the Industrial Workers of the World
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1340:"Harry Orchard, governor slayer, succumbs in state penitentiary"
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377:, was killed by a bomb rigged to the gate of his house in
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Idaho State Historical Society Trial of the Century Essay
1042:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 48–49.
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Soon after receiving his sentence, Orchard converted to
1262:"Harry Orchard sees life imprisonment worse than death"
1066:. Gordonsville, VA: Palgrave Macmillan, 1987; pg. 47.
974:, University of Illinois Press Abridged, 2000, pg. 53
200:(March 18, 1866 – April 13, 1954), best known by the
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870:, Elizabeth Jameson, 1998, pg. 228, from Dubofsky's
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666:, Pinkerton Detective responsible for investigation
1371:The Confessions and Autobiography of Harry Orchard
1362:The Confessions and Autobiography of Harry Orchard
1314:"Morris Hill Cemetery Walking Tour: Harry Orchard"
1303:(Nashville, Tenn.: Southern Publishing, 1952) 118.
744:The Confessions and Autobiography of Harry Orchard
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816:Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood
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258:At the age of 22, Horsley left home to work as a
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1406:Morris Hill Cemetery Walking Tour: Harry Orchard
1365:book scan, New York: The McClure Company, 1907.
1346:. Associated Press. April 14, 1954. p. 1.
1118:, Great Western Publ. Co., 1905-1907, pg. 535.
961:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1951; pg. 294.
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1531:Recipients of American gubernatorial clemency
894:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997; pg. 67.
551:infiltration, spying, and sabotage of the WFM
1289:. Associated Press. May 30, 1941. p. 3.
684:, governor of Idaho during murder and trials
549:The defense presented evidence of extensive
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746:. New York: The McClure Company, 1907.
491:labor struggle in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
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1496:Prisoners who died in Idaho detention
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1144:(Caldwell, Ida.: Caxton, 1931) 35-36.
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1038:Aiken, Katherine (15 January 2008).
957:James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett,
678:, union leader accused of conspiracy
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553:by the Pinkertons. One witness was
504:. Chief prosecuting attorneys were
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1301:Harry Orchard, the Man God Remade
1260:Lowell, W.E. (November 3, 1942).
829:"Orchard's harrowing story begun"
428:; he responded that his name was
858:, Aug. 1907, v.29 n.4 p.378-379.
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1511:American Seventh-day Adventists
1316:. City of Boise. Archived from
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1268:. Associated Press. p. 17.
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818:. New York: W.W. Norton, 1983.
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1027:. January 1, 1906. p. 1.
991:. January 2, 1906. p. 4.
947:. January 4, 1906. p. 1.
929:. January 3, 1906. p. 1.
905:"Strip Orchard to a skeleton"
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688:Coeur d'Alene miners' dispute
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1283:"Harry Orchard seeks pardon"
1249:. March 23, 1908. p. 2.
1229:. March 18, 1908. p. 1.
612:Old Idaho State Penitentiary
487:Western Federation of Miners
300:Western Federation of Miners
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985:"Last hours of Steunenberg"
911:. June 14, 1907. p. 1.
787:. June 7, 1907. p. 13.
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314:game running, or a game of
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1009:. June 7, 1907. p. 1.
923:"Guilt of Hogan now clear"
835:. June 6, 1907. p. 1.
781:"Haywood paid him to kill"
766:. June 5, 1907. p. 1.
1241:"Mercy for the Merciless"
1021:"Steunenberg murder plan"
941:"Harry Orchard real name"
357:Steunenberg assassination
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422:Mine Owners' Association
276:Nelson, British Columbia
1481:People from Quinte West
1227:Spokane Daily Chronicle
445:was spilled onto giant
209:political assassination
475:William Dudley Haywood
369:On December 30, 1905,
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600:Seventh-day Adventism
567:Results of the trials
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1266:St. Petersburg Times
1169:Horan and Swiggett,
764:Deseret Evening News
672:, accused accomplice
400:43.6576°N 116.6823°W
291:Hercules silver mine
97:Morris Hill Cemetery
1387:Orchard's Testimony
1368:Albert E. Horsley,
1359:Albert E. Horsley,
1246:Albuquerque citizen
1171:The Pinkerton Story
959:The Pinkerton Story
742:Albert E. Horsley,
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347:Colorado Labor Wars
327:Colorado Labor Wars
280:Spokane, Washington
254:in a saloon in 1895
1446:American assassins
1441:Canadian assassins
1385:UMKC School of Law
519:During the trial,
424:recognized him as
405:43.6576; -116.6823
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229:to commit murder.
1320:on April 28, 2017
1155:Big Bill Haywood,
1062:Melvyn Dubofsky,
970:Melvyn Dubofsky,
785:Milwaukee Journal
658:Frank Steunenberg
471:Frank Steunenberg
457:The Haywood trial
375:Governor of Idaho
371:Frank Steunenberg
293:near the town of
264:Saginaw, Michigan
219:Frank Steunenberg
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1175:
1159:
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1140:Fremont Wood,
1133:
1120:
1114:Emma Langdon,
1107:
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1092:, pg. 643-645.
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166:Conviction(s)
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18:Harry Orchard
1521:Cheesemakers
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1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
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99:Boise, Idaho
86:Boise, Idaho
76:(1954-04-13)
1426:1954 deaths
1421:1866 births
1129:Big Trouble
1103:Big Trouble
1090:Big Trouble
1077:Big Trouble
670:Steve Adams
584:Steve Adams
403: /
391:116°40′56″W
340: 1907
238:Early years
130:Cheesemaker
104:Nationality
1415:Categories
1182:Dubofsky,
1173:, pg. 306.
1153:Dubofsky,
1105:, pg. 705.
700:References
594:Last years
465:detective
388:43°39′27″N
227:conspiracy
211:of former
155:1 daughter
55:1866-03-18
1516:Bigamists
1186:, pg. 49.
876:, pg. 98.
856:McClure's
536:McClure's
531:McClure's
527:McClure's
522:McClure's
463:Pinkerton
373:, former
233:Biography
202:pseudonym
117:Tom Hogan
1324:June 22,
1207:June 22,
622:See also
379:Caldwell
216:Governor
152:Children
147:Deceased
107:Canadian
65:, Canada
1354:Sources
1157:pg. 48.
1127:Lukas,
1101:Lukas,
1088:Lukas,
1075:Lukas,
469:in the
426:Orchard
134:Milkman
1046:
616:trusty
260:logger
172:Murder
126:Logger
88:, U.S.
606:Death
430:Hogan
316:poker
295:Burke
213:Idaho
182:Death
138:Miner
1326:2013
1209:2013
1044:ISBN
508:and
481:and
312:faro
252:faro
71:Died
49:Born
262:in
1417::
1342:.
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1274:^
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1162:^
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337:c.
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84:,
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57:)
53:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
