Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere

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party of their own...We can do nothing to check this movement , and I believe it would be a blunder for the British people to take up an attitude of hostility towards it". Rothermere expressed the hope that Hitler would soon become German chancellor. He praised Hitler's foreign policy goals as he wrote that he wanted to see the Germans establishing a "great national combination under German hegemony" in Eastern Europe in order for "a strong, sane government to set against the pressure of Soviet lunaticism". In gratitude for this foreign support, Hitler granted Rothermere an exclusive interview. In response to criticism of his article, Rothermere used his usual gendered language, praising the Nazis as "manly" while dismissing his critics as "the old women of three countries-France, Germany and our own." Rothermere wrote that Hitler was a man who was changing the world for the better and his critics were motivated only by jealousy as he wrote: "A new idea invariably produces this effect upon the pompous pundits who pontificate in our weekly reviews and those old-fashioned morning newspapers whose sales and influence alike steadily sink month by month towards the vanishing point".

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ended". Many Conservative voters and MPs wanted to replace Baldwin with Chamberlain, who was seen as a rising star within the Tory ranks. Through many urged Chamberlain to challenge Baldwin, he refused despite having excellent chances as he felt that to depose Baldwin at this point would be seen as the "revolting" triumph of Rothermere and Beaverbrook and to win the Conservative leadership at this time would make him the hostage of the two "press barons". Rothermere's reputation as a megalomaniac with erratic tendencies helped to win Baldwin a measure of sympathy despite the widespread belief that he was an incompetent leader with many Conservatives seeing him as "too timid, weak and pacifist". Baldwin was also helped by the fact that Winston Churchill, one of the Conservative "die-hards" opposed to any devolution of power to the Indians, chose not to co-ordinate his campaign to depose him with Rothermere and Beaverbrook. The fear of accepting "press dictation" as it was called at the time with policies for the Conservative Party to be decided by leaders in

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against Nazi 'atrocities', which as anyone who visits Germany quickly discovers for himself, consist merely of a few isolated acts of violence such are inevitable among a nation as half as big as ours...In the last days of the pre-Hitler regime, there twenty times as many Jewish government officials in Germany as had existed before the war. Israelites of international attachments were insinuating themselves into key positions of the German administrative machine...It is from such abuses that Hitler has freed Germany". By this point, Rothermere had abandoned any support for democracy as he was disgusted by the National Government, which he saw as a result of an "unholy alliance" between MacDonald and Baldwin. Rothermere was furious that the government kept giving the Indians more power, which he believed to be the first steps towards independence. Finally, Rothermere believed that the Conservative Party that he joined as a young man no longer existed as he regarded the modern Conservative party as a hollowed out shell.

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and in the week that followed the newsreel footage of the Olympia Park rally was widely shown in cinemas all over Britain. The newsreel footage of the hecklers being assaulted by the Blackshirts while Mosley clearly approved of the violence did much to turn public opinion against the BUF, which acquired a thuggish image. The newsreels showed Mosely from his place on the podium expressing his thanks as the hecklers were beaten bloody before his very eyes, which showed the BUF violence was not the work of a few overzealous members, but instead sanctioned by him. In July 1934, Rothermere ended his support of the BUF. The reasons for Rothermere's turn against the BUF have been much debated. Pugh argued the most likely explanation was that Rothermere had wanted to use the BUF as a wedge to pull the Conservative Party further to the right, and after the violence at the Olympia Park it was evident that the BUF could not play that role. Pugh argued that it was very unlikely that Rothermere was opposed to violence

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businessman made him an outsider in the Conservative Party. Rothermere by contrast was committed to deposing Baldwin and replacing him with a more right-wing leader. Baldwin greatly detested both Rothermere and Beaverbrook, saying to "call them swine was to libel a very clean, decent animal". In a speech, Baldwin charged that the way that Beaverbrook and Rothermere were attempting to use their vast fortunes to alter the Conservative party to their liking was "the most obvious peril to democracy". Despite his dislike of Beaverbrook, Baldwin met with him several times to promise that the Conservatives might change their policies on protectionism if he would cease his support of the United Empire Party. Baldwin refused to have any talks with Rothermere, whom he regarded as a megalomaniac with whom it was pointless to negotiate with. Beaverbrook temporarily abandoned his support of the United Empire Party in March 1930, but resumed his alliance with Rothermere in May 1930.

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hard-driven taxpayers, of the Jewish National Home in Palestine, which no Jews above the charity line want at all...Those on the inside of public affairs feel furthermore a good deal of resentment against the activities of wealthy Jewish individuals and organizations who try by every means financial, social, political and personal to influence British Government Departments and members of parliament for ends serviceable to Jewish interests....Tactlessness always has been one of the outstanding defects of the children of Israel. British Jews do not err in this respect nearly as much as their kinsmen of the Continent. Nevertheless, they would do well to remember that the fact of leadership of the Bolshevist campaign against civilization and religion being almost entirely in the hands of men of their blood has done inevitable and incalculable harm to the reputation of the Hebrew race in every country of its adoption."

1560:, Rothermere waxed elegant that: "Their interests, our own, and those of the entire civilised world will be best served by close and friendly co-operation between us". Rothermere held the belief that the Foreign Office was not committed to improving Anglo-German relations and started to work as an amateur diplomat as his own. A Hungarian lawyer who worked for Rothermere wrote: "Rothermere conducted his own foreign policy...At even later day, his Lordship found that the Anglo-German diplomatic service does not work well and acting on his own accord employed her to act as a substitute for the official agents until he came to the conclusion in early 1938 that the British and German diplomatic services are on excellent terms". Upon his return from Germany, Churchill criticised Rothermere, saying he could not understand how Rothermere had been able to shake hands with "those murderous Nazis". 1639:

newspapers in Britain. Goebbels wrote in his diary: "Lord Rothermere, a real Englishman. John Bull. Very generous views. If all Englishmen thought like him! Against Versailles, for our rearmament, for our colonies, friendship between Berlin and London. Against the diplomats. Philps almost fainting. I talked with him non-stop. At the end he calls me 'the greatest propagandist in the world. If you don't want to work in Germany anymore, I will hire you for a salary ten times what you are earning'. We both laugh. I think I have won his heart. It is worth talking to such people". Goebbels wrote in his diary after having dinner with Rothermere that "he is totally with us". Goebbels described Rothermere in his diary as "strongly anti-Jewish" and complained that Hohenlohe who was also staying at the Berghof with him was "very pushy". In the evening, Rothermere watched a film

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economic collapse of Russia, Austria, Hungary, the Balkan states, Turkey, Europe, and Asia-and the approaching collapse of Germany we see steadily being unfolded before our eyes a drama fraught with more perilous consequences for the human race than anything recorded in history". He had frequent night-time anxiety attacks, fearing that his wealth (he was one of the richest men in Britain) would diminish overnight, and he would telephone his corporate officer, Sir George Sutton, to demand information about his precise net worth. Any fall in the stock-market prices in the city or reports of economic trouble anywhere in the world caused him to demand immediate reassurances that steps were being taken to save his fortune. Sutton would assure him that he was taking such steps and that his fortune was secur, and then go back to sleep.

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Baldwin to resign by this point, the fear of the party being taken over by the "press lords" proved even stronger. Baldwin campaigned for Duff Cooper and in a speech denounced Beaverbrook and Rothermere, saying: "What the proprietorship of these papers is aiming at is power, and power without responsibility-the prerogative of the harlot throughout the ages...this contest is not a contest as to who is to lead the party, but as to who is to appoint the leader of the party". Baldwin's dignified speech which stood in stark contrast to the often hysterical and shrill claims of the Beaverbrook and Rothermere newspapers made a very favourable impression. Duff Cooper won the St. George's by-election by a comfortable margin, which marked the failure of the United Empire party and saved Baldwin's leadership.

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transportion and education to be assigned to Indians. Through this was far short of independence, it was widely believed at the time that this was the first step towards Indian independence and generated much opposition from the "die-hards" opposed to the Indians having any role in ruling India. In 1930, Rothermere wrote a series of leaders under the title "If We Lose India!", claiming that granting India independence would be the end of Britain as a great power. In addition, Rothermere predicted that Indian independence would end worldwide white supremacy as inevitably, the peoples of the other British colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas would also demand independence. The decision of MacDonald to open the Round Table Talks in 1930 was greeted by

726:, warning in lurid detail of "the degradation of young white girls" at the hands of Chinese men: "Englishwomen are selling themselves to Chinamen; they are seeking out Asiatics in the streets where before the war no white women walked. The evil is baffling to the police and social workers. Women who have been 'rescued' and given a fresh start have relapsed and returned to their foreign masters, and have sunk even lower than before. The unmarried mother with a half-caste child is only one of the several problems arising. And obviously this cheapening of the white women among men who go down to the sea in ships must have reactions in the East and in every part of the world where colored and white races dwell side by side". The British historian 1007:. Masaryk reported to Prague that Rothermere was not acting on behalf of Whitehall, but rather on behalf of Princess von Hohenlohe. Masaryk described Rothermere as dominated both emotionally and sexually by Hohenlohe, writing that he would do anything to please her, and cynically predicting that he would lose interest in Hungarian revanchism the moment he found himself a new mistress. In a letter dated 30 April 1928, Rothermere admitted to Hohenlohe: "As I have already told you on several occasions, my interest in Hungary was aroused principally by you. I had no idea that the enumeration of Hungary's woes and her unfair treatment would trigger off such worldwide sympathy". In Geneva to attend sessions of the 1070:

Rothermere very much wanted his family to become royalty, writing to his mistress in 1928: "If they want to save the monarchy in Hungary, then there is only one man able to do so-Esmond Harmsworth. No Habsburg or a royal prince from somewhere can accomplish it". Mussolini declared his support for making a Harmsworth the king of Hungary, seeing it as a way to bring British support for Hungarian revisionism. The plan to make Esmond a king was vetoed by the Magyar nobility. The ancient aristocratic families of Hungary were unwilling to accept a "parvenu" family as their royal family as it was noted that Rothermere had been born a commoner, making the Harmsworths unsuitable as a royal family in their view.

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countries."" On 7 July 1939, Rothermere sent a telegram to Joachim von Ribbentrop, now serving as the German foreign minister that read: "Our two great Nordic countries should pursue resolutely a policy of appeasement for, whatever anyone may say, our two great countries should be the leaders of the world." In his telegram to Ribbentrop, Rothermere was supportive of the Nazi claims, writing about what he called "the grave iniquities" of the Treaty of Versailles. Rothermere believed that such a conference would resolve the Danzig crisis as he wrote: "I am optimistic enough to believe that even before the end of this year, glaring grievances can be redressed."

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English Channel. In South Lancashire opposition to the India Act was strong out of fears that the textile mills would lose access to the Indian market. In the Home Counties and in the resort towns, a disproportionate number of the members of the executive boards of the local Conservative constituency associations were either former civil servants of the Raj or retired Indian Army officers, both of whom had strong fears about the potential loss of "the jewel in the crown of the Empire" as India was often called. A recurring memory for the Conservative MPs in such areas was being "hustled by their constituents who read the Rothermere press".

1130:. They threw the full support of their newspapers behind the United Empire Party in an attempt to split the Conservative Party with the objective of bringing down Baldwin, either forcing his resignation or having him deposed by the Conservative MPs. Beaverbrook and Rothermere then intended to impose a puppet leader upon the Conservative Party who would serve their interests, an aspiration which generated much opposition within the Conservative ranks. However, their newspapers were widely read by Conservatives, so the attacks on Baldwin had considerable effect, all the more as many Tory voters were deeply dissatisfied with his leadership. 1058:

make a demand for the revision of the Treaty of Trianon". As he came to learn more about Hungary, Rothermere became infatuated with the Hungarians as he discovered that Hungarian society was dominated by the Magyar nobility and gentry. In particular, Rothermere was impressed by the fact that Hungarian women were not allowed to vote or hold office while franchise requirements ensured that only well-off Hungarian men were allowed to vote and hold office. Rothermere came to have very romantic ideas of Hungarian life, which described in very idealised terms as a society where the Magyar "chivalrous and warlike aristocracy" still ruled.

707:. Vyvyan Harmsworth died in 1918 of wounds he had taken in 1916. To add to his stress, Rothermere's marriage broke down as his wife, Lillian, had an affair with his younger brother, St. John. Britain's strict divorce laws, which were not relaxed until 1967, would have required him to prove his wife's adultery in court to secure a dissolution of the marriage, and he refused to admit publicly to having been cuckolded. He became lonely and unhappy. He was a womaniser whose relationships with his mistresses, until 1927, were very brief, as he rapidly lost interest once he had taken his new conquest to bed. He had a tendency to 1187:

deeply unhappy with Baldwin's leadership and the by-elections might have "disastrous results-even break up the party altogether". Baldwin made rejecting "the preposterous and insolent demands" of the "press lords" his signature issue. Though Baldwin was unpopular within his party, the campaign by Rothermere and Beaverbrook to depose him and replace him with a puppet leader who would do their bidding was even more unpopular. Most Conservative MPs and party members did not relish the prospect of their party being turned into a vehicle for Rothermere and Beaverbrook, which proved to be Baldwin's strongest card. In July 1930,

1610:." Rothermere believed that a Communist government would grant the Soviet Navy bases, which would allow the Soviet Union to threaten British shipping on the Western approaches. In an article entitled "Get Together with Germany" published in July 1936, Rothermere praised the Nazi regime as a force for order in a world that he depicted as descending into chaos as he wrote: "...this powerful, patriotic and superbly organised country constitutes an element of stability amid those rising tendencies of disorder and disruption, which are becoming increasingly and seriously manifest in Europe". At Rothermere's urging, 803:. Rothermere was outraged by Baldwin's centre-right style of Conservatism and his decision to respond to almost universal suffrage by expanding the appeal of the Conservative Party. While Rothermere regarded giving women the right to vote as a disaster, Baldwin set out to appeal to female voters, a tactic that was politically successful, but led Rothermere to accuse Baldwin of "feminising" the Conservative Party in toning down its aggressively masculine style. Likewise, Rothermere disapproved of Baldwin's championing "one-nation" conservatism in order to appeal to the working class. Rothermere used the 1408:

Rothermere was outraged by the report, and threatened to shut down the Anglo-Newfoundland company's operations as he observed that there were other places in the world where it was possible to buy paper and pulp. There were also fears that the publication of the report would set off a strike in Grand Falls. The commission brokered a compromise under which the loggers were to be paid 25 Newfoundland dollars per month, but the compromise was a negotiated instead of legislated settlement, which left open the option that the Anglo-Newfoundland company could always rescind the wage increases.

987:. Rothermere followed up "Hungary's Place in the Sun" with another leader titled "Europe's Powder Keg", predicating that the continuance of the Treaty of Trianon would cause another world war. Rothermere explained his support for Hungary in racial terms, arguing that it was only "natural" for "superior" peoples to dominate "inferior" peoples, and likened the situation with Magyars under Czechoslovak, Yugoslav and Romanian rule as being alike to the situation that would occur if people from Britain's colonies were ruling over the British people. 1721:"encirclement" of Germany as he wrote that there was: "no policy which involves the encirclement of Germany, and that no British government could exist which embraced such a policy. The British people, now like Germany strongly rearmed, regard the German people with admiration as valorous adversaries in the past, but I am sure that there is no problem between our two countries which cannot be settled by consultation and negotiation." He appealed to Hitler to renew the "old friendship", saying he would be regarded as a national hero like 1747:, but on the phone this morning he was positively exultant about the alleged German seizure of Poland, which he called "the quickest thing on record". He is still englamoured of Hitler and cannot believe that a nation which has not employed R. or Esmond in its counsels can possibly be in any way prepared". Brooks, who supported the war effort often wrote with disgust in his diary about Rothermere's barely veiled admiration of Hitler and his equally ill-concealed glee at the German victories of 1939–1940. 1474:

Rothermere's dire predications about the power of the Luftwaffe to inflict catastrophic damage on British cities were in the same vein. However, there was a crucial difference in that Northcliffe used his "invasion scare" articles to criticise the government for being too willing to appease Germany while Rothermere used his "bombing scare" articles as a reason for the appeasement of Germany. In 1935, Rothermere founded the National Air League to campaign for more spending on the RAF, especially

1573:, the permanent undersecretary at the Foreign Office, was outraged by Rothermere's article, writing that it was not helpful to have a British press baron championing the German demand that Britain return the former German African colonies. In a memo, Vansittart wrote that it was best to let the article "past in stony silence" as Rothermere "flew from topic to topic" and "it would be a waste of time and not very dignified to follow him with denials". In 1935, President 1139:

to your head like wine, and you'll find in all these cases attempts have been made outside the province of journalism to dictate, to dominate, to blackmail... A more preposterous and insolent demand has never been made on the leader of any political party. I repudiate it with contempt and I will fight that attempt at domination to the end". Baldwin won the support of the Conservative MPs, but only with 150 MPs voting for him and 80 against.

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would decide wars. However, the principal enemy Rothermere envisioned as the most likely was the Soviet Union, not Germany. Rothermere believed that there was a serious possibility of the Soviet Union conquering Great Britain, which led him to purchase an estate in Hungary, to which he might escape to if such an event occurred. In the 1930s Rothermere fought for increased defence spending by Britain. He wrote about it in his 1939 book

951:, leading him to conclude that all of Europe owned a profound debt to the Hungarian aristocracy which had been "Europe's bastion against which the forces of Mahomet vainly hurled themselves against". Rothermere argued that it unjust that the "noble" Hungarians should be under the rule of "cruder and more barbaric races", by which he meant the peoples of Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Rothermere also took up the cause of the 795:

best reporters, while Rothermere was more dictatorial and readily sacked writers who did not use their words to reflect his views. Brooks wrote that the Rothermere press was "conducted like a Byzantium court and not an enterprise nominally for the honest dissemination of news and views" and that under such dictatorial rule "the whole community degenerates into a funk-ridden community of time-servers". In 1923 Rothermere and the

648:. Rothermere proved to an inept politician whose background as a businessman with a dictatorial control of a press empire made him ill-suited to the cabinet, which required the ability to reach a consensus with other cabinet ministers. He was incapable of compromise, instead attempting to ram his proposals through and incessantly plotting against cabinet colleagues who disagreed with him. His main interest was in combining the 54: 1692:, Rothermere warmly supported the annexation and reflecting his pro-Hungarian views urged a German invasion of Romania, which he reminded Hitler was rich in oil. The British journalist John Simpson noted that Rothermere was somewhat unusual in supporting the German violation of the Munich Agreement, which turned many of the other British 'enthusiasts' for fascism against the Third Reich. 1345:

statement that "the bomber will always get through", arguing there was no way possible to stop bombers once the aircraft had taken off and the only way to avert war was to build a gigantic bombing fleets to deter anyone who might wish to bomb Britain by threatening similar devastation on the nation that might wish to bomb Britain, hence the title of his article "We Need 5,000 Planes".

1469:: "I have the belief that this war will start sometime next year when it is least expected." In a letter to the War Secretary, Rothermere wrote "it looks as through the blow may fall next year" while in a letter to the First Lord of the Admiralty he warned of "Hitler war against the West". In May 1935, another ghost-written article under Rothermere's name appeared in the 898:, who soon became his mistress. The meeting was no accident; Hohenlohe had gone to Monte Carlo with the aim of seducing Rothermere, and had done extensive advance research on his love life. She bribed a former mistress of Rothermere's, Annabel Kruse, to ensure that she had a seat at the same roulette table with him. At the time he met her, Rothermere was barely aware that 923:

means to advance their desire to undo the Treaty of Trianon such as seeking the support of more powerful states. Hohenlohe, a beautiful woman known for her charm and greed, had been hired by Hungarian intelligence with orders to win over influencers of British public opinion, which led to the assignment to seduce Rothermere. Rothermere strongly supported revision of the

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Britain to the dangers of air warfare. No real friendship, said Lord Rothermere, was possible between a heavily armed nation and a nation relatively unarmed. To this, von Ribbentrop replied by saying that nothing would give Germany greater satisfaction than a heavily armed Britain. For Britain he declared Germany had nothing, but friendliness".

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convinced that Britain had entered a phase of decline, had lost her old militant virtues, and in her softness, was lusting after strange idols of pacifism, nationalisation, and everything which would sap self-reliance... His family had at one time all been nominal Liberals, but he among them was a temperamental Tory of the Johnsonian school".

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to Labour generated a strong reaction within the Conservative ranks. Both Rothermere and Beaverbrook were considered to be useful to the Conservative party because of their vast wealth and newspaper empires, but at the same time, their efforts to threaten MPs via unfavourable newspaper coverage was considered to be a form of crass backmail.

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is going to be frightened of their threats and grimaces". Rothermere also used the crisis in China as a way to criticise Baldwin, declaring in a leader: "The trouble in China is that there really is no government, and consequently nothing to protect that unhappy country against the Bolsheviks... Are we much better off in this country?"

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the two groups were not one and the same, and it was unhelpful to lump the two groups together as one. Griffiths wrote that Rothermere - whose newspapers he described as being "consistently pro-Nazi" from 1930 onward - was an 'enthusiast' for fascism as his views were those of a private individual outside of the government.

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dissatisfaction with Baldwin's leadership amongst the Conservative rank-and-file, and by the fall of 1930 a number of local Conservative party associations were on the brink of revolt. In October 1930, Baldwin called another leadership vote, which he won with the support of 462 MPs with 116 MPs voting against him. In a

1316:, who served as a mediator between Mosley and Rothermere. Grandi in his reports to Mussolini about the talks compared Rothermere to playing a role analogous to the Italian conservatives and liberals who wanted to use the Fascist movement to crush Socialism in Italy and abolish democracy while he compared Mosley to 1036:

Hungary, which forced him to hire two translators to translate all of the mail from Magyar into English. Rothermere found himself bombarded with gifts from Hungary such as the 18th century sword of General Hadik, wood-carvings, embroideries, a golden pen from the city fathers of Budapest, and an old flag from the

711:, walking the streets of London every morning looking for something new, and when he was bored with London, taking extensive foreign trips. Addison argued that Rothermere was a psychologically troubled man with his maniacal mood swings; an inability to have lasting relationships; and a tendency towards hysteria. 633:

that the Allies leave Gallipoli. The defeat in the Dardanelles seriously damaged Churchill's reputation, and as Harmsworth supported his brother, his friendship with Churchill soured. However, Rothermere remained in contact with Churchill and employed him from time to time as a special writer on aviation for the

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United States, but this was a merely a sop to his ego. Adding to his unpopularity was that Hohenlohe in an act of spite introduced as evidence in the lawsuit in the fall of 1939 several of Rothermere's pro-Nazi letters to her. To defend his reputation, Rothermere had Brooks and Ward-Price ghost-write a book

1425:, while apparently remaining blind to some of the movement's dangers. In regards to Asia, Rothermere used his newspapers to advocate a new Anglo-Japanese alliance against both the Soviet Union and China. Likewise, Rothermere used his newspapers to urge British recognition of the Japanese sham state of 1647:) with Hitler in the Berghof's private cinema. Goebbels described Rothermere as deeply moved by the film. After Rothermere left the Berghof, Hitler and Goebbels had a private meeting about him. It was agreed that Rothermere's support for an Anglo-German alliance in his newspapers made him useful to the 1704:

Rothermere was opposed to the "guarantee" of Poland given by Chamberlain in the House of Commons on 31 March 1939. Given his long-standing support of Hungarian claims to Transylvania, Rothermere was outraged by the decision of the Chamberlain government on 13 April 1939 to "guarantee" Romania. During

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to attack Beneš, whom Rothermere noted disapprovingly in a leader in July 1938 had signed an alliance with the Soviet Union in 1935, leading him to accuse Beneš of turning "Czechoslovakia into a corridor for Russia against Germany". Rothermere concluded his leader: "If Czechoslovakia becomes involved

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criticising the National Government for insufficient spending on the Royal Air Force with a special focus on the need to build more bombers. Both Rothermere and Churchill had an unlimited faith in the power of strategical bombing to win wars, which led both to argue that Bomber Command have the pride

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unbalanced" in his thinking with regards to the Soviet Union. Rothermere managed to convince himself that there was a real possibility of the Soviet Union invading and subjecting Britain. Despite having sharply differing views of the Third Reich, Rothermere allowed Churchill to write articles in the

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Rothermere felt there was a possibility of Germany going to war with Britain because of the colonial issue. Rothermere was well aware that Hitler wanted the return of all of Germany's former African colonies, and was equally aware that Britain had no intention of returning any of the former colonies.

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Rothermere was an advocate of British rearmament, especially with the Royal Air Force. The Rothermere newspapers were in the words of Reid Gannon "almost obsessional" in their demands for more spending on the RAF, which reflected Rothemere's belief that air power was the technology of the future that

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which warned: "If we fail to fill this vital gap in our national defense it is quite possible that many of us will live to see our country confronted at a few hours notice between the acceptance of a humiliating ultimatum and virtual annihilation from the air". Rothermere agreed with Baldwin's famous

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in February 1931, the United Empire candidate pushed the Conservative candidate into third place, which led to demands that Baldwin resign as Conservative leader. However, the way that the United Empire party candidate had divided the right-way vote in Islington East to give a normally safe Tory seat

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In March 1931, a by-election was called for the constituency of St. George's. The by-election was widely seen as a sort of referendum on Baldwin's leadership, and both Rothermere and Beaverbrook aggressively used their newspapers to campaign for the United Empire Party candidate. Sensing defeat, the

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in June 1930, he read out the letter from Rothermere demanding the right to veto members of a potential Conservative cabinet and commented that: "There is nothing more curious in modern evolution than the effect of an enormous fortune rapidly made and the control of newspapers of your own... It goes

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had not won a majority, a second general election was expected at any moment. Rothermere demanded that Baldwin submit to him a list of potential cabinet ministers and allow him the power of veto in exchange for the support of his newspapers, a demand that Baldwin rejected. One of the major themes of

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to the Labour Party. Rothermere's campaign against the "flapper vote" resounded strongly with much of the Conservative base, and resulted in a number of messages of opposition to the Conservative central office. The popular image of "flappers" was as frivolous, sex-obsessed young women who were both

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in 1928 was printed on the front page of every Hungarian newspaper. From Palm Beach, Rothermere issued a statement: "The day of liberation will come. My meetings here with representatives of public opinion here has convinced me that the sympathy of world will be on Hungary's side, if Hungary were to

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should never have been allowed to occur and the Baldwin government was condemned "for the feebleness which it tries to placate opposition by being more Socialist than the Socialists". The clear implication of the article was that concessions to socialists whatever in Italy or the United Kingdom only

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article in October 1927 that celebrated five years of Fascism in Italy, it was argued that there were parallels between modern Britain and Italy in the last years of the Liberal era as it was argued Italy went through a series of weak liberal and conservative governments that made concessions to the

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Both Rothermere and Beaverbrook, the other British press baron, used their newspapers as platforms for promoting their right-wing views, and required their journalists to write about the news in a manner that promoted those views. Of the two, Beaverbrook permitted more dissent in order to retain the

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in May 1940, recalled that Rothermere had told them that he was convinced that Nazi Germany was destined to win the war, and that he felt that Churchill who just became prime minister on 10 May 1940 was foolish in not seeking peace. Rothermere spent his last days attempting to retroactively erase

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The break with the BUF did not change Rothermere's views of Nazi Germany. The Rothermere newspapers were the only mainstream British newspapers to advocate an alliance with Germany against the Soviet Union. The British historian Franklin Reid Gannon wrote that Rothermere was "was very near to being

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On 7 June 1934, violence erupted at a BUF rally at Olympia Park when Communist hecklers who attempted to disrupt a speech by Mosley were beaten up. The Olympia Park rally was not the first time the BUF had engaged in violence, but it was the first time the violence was recorded by the film cameras,

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where he denied being anti-semitic, but wrote: "I freely admit that the Jewish race has shown conspicuous political unwisdom since the War. Prominent British Jews have brought great unpopularity upon their community because of clamorous persistence in pressing for maintenance, at the expense of the

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and usually (but not always) also favoured having Britain adopt fascism vs. the "appeasers" who were government officials favoured concessions to the Third Reich for a variety of economic and strategical reasons. Griffiths noted it was possible to be both an "enthusiast" and an "appeaser", but that

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of the Muslim League demanded that Indian Muslims have the special status of a "state-within-the-state" together with a certain number of seats reserved for Indian Muslims in the projected Indian Parliament in the proposed Dominion to protect them against the perceived threat of Hindu domination, a

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The MacDonald government brought forward a conference known as the Round Table, which for the first time proposed giving the Indians at least some say in the ruling of India, a policy that Baldwin was prepared to support with reservations. Much to Rothermere's glee, the proposal for Dominion status

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in 1928, and some political actors in Hungary later went so far as to inquire about Rothermere's interest in being placed on the Hungarian throne. Although Rothermere later insisted he did not invite those overtures and that he quietly deflected them, his private correspondence indicates otherwise.

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readers were not interested in revising the Treaty of Trianon, no matter how much Rothermere hammered at the subject. Hohenlohe later described Rothermere as: "erratic, a creature of rapidly changing moods, able to back the idlest of impulses with his millions, open to any suggestion, and perfectly

1019:, the Hungarian Prime Minister: " always writes in his paper what is popular, but he is often mistaken in that... But Lord Rothermere is the sort of person who will embrace something today, only to drop it tomorrow just as easily". Hungarian diplomats in London noted that most of the readers of the 815:

made such statements as: "he British empire is the prime object of Bolshevist hatred" and "he real evil-doer in China is the Soviet government...These dismal, long-haired criminals who are holding Russia down by terrorism and murder make the mistake of their lives if they imagine the British empire

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When his elder brother died in 1922 without an heir, Harmsworth acquired his controlling interest in Associated Newspapers for £1.6 million, and the next year bought the Hulton newspaper chain, which gave him control of three national morning newspapers, three national Sunday newspapers, two London

1750:

Rothermere's pro-Nazi views made him extremely unpopular after war had been declared, and in the winter of 1939–1940 he left Britain, never to return. Beaverbrook, as Minister of Aircraft Production, arranged for Rothermere to be given the task of inspecting the aircraft industry of Canada and the

1733:

asking him to help organise an international conference to resolve "all outstanding problems"." Rothermere concluded: "Could I ask you to use your influence in this direction. There is really no cleavage between the interests of Germany and Britain. This great world of ours is big enough for both

1638:

in the Bavarian Alps. Hitler and Rothermere talked about the desirability of an Anglo-German alliance against the Soviet Union, and Rothermere did not challenge Hitler's claims that Winston Churchill worked for Jewish businessmen and that with the exception of the Rothermeres Jews owned all of the

1581:

attack Czechoslovakia as the aggressor, claiming that Germany was now threatened by the potential for Soviet forces to be in Czechoslovakia. In October 1935, Rothermere supported the Italian invasion of Ethiopia and was opposed to the government's half-hearted policy of imposing sanctions on Italy

1407:

are likely to have something to howl about, and we are going to be most unpopular in high quarters." Bradley reported that the workers at the Anglo-Newfoundland company were "grossly underpaid", with loggers and their families being "reduced to a standard of living below even tolerable existence".

1335:

Though the United Empire Party had proved to be a failure, Rothermere continued his campaign against Baldwin and the Government of India Act. The campaign against the India Act was regionalised in terms of support, being limited to South Lancashire, the Home Counties and the resort towns along the

1133:

In a leadership vote in early 1930, Baldwin rejected the demands of the media moguls in a famous speech that accused Rothermere and Beaverbrook of attempting to hijack the Conservative Party: "We are told that unless we make peace with these noblemen, candidates are to be run all over the country.

1073:

In 1927, the American-Hungarian Transatlantic Committee started raising funds for a non-stop transatlantic flight as a way of publicising criticism of the Treaty of Trianon. By 1930, the committee had raised only $ 5,000 in donations in the United States and Canada plus $ 45 in Hungary, which were

1035:

Despite having never visited it, Rothermere became a national hero in Hungary with every Hungarian newspaper sending a correspondent to London with a request to interview Rothermere. In the aftermath of "Hungary's Place in the Sun", Rothermere received 200,000 letters, telegrams and postcards from

959:

should go to Germany. Rothermere used the same racial argument that he used in favour of the Magyars, writing that the Slavic Czechs should not allowed to rule over "noble" peoples such as the Sudeten Germans. He accused the Czechs of "sowing the dragon's teeth" as he argued that it was inevitable

749:

entitled "What Europe Owes Mussolini", where he wrote about his "profound admiration" for Mussolini: "n saving Italy he stopped the inroads of Bolshevism which would have left Europe in ruins...in my judgment he saved the entire Western world. It was because Mussolini overthrew Bolshevism in Italy

699:

might culminate in the formation of a hitherto unthinkable Labour government. As Collin Brooks, the journalist whom Rothermere had appointed as his official biographer, wrote: "His prevailing mood was politically one of the deepest pessimism and personally of almost uproarious social mirth. He was

632:

degenerated into a stalemate with the Allies unable to advance up the heights of Gallipoli while the Ottomans were unable to push the Allies back into the sea. Rothermere's brother Lord Northcliffe used his newspapers to document the failures of the Allies in the Dardanelles campaign, and demanded

1482:

journalist whom Rothermere hired to write his biography noted he was often "gloomy" as he noted that successive British governments kept rejecting the German demand for the return of the former African colonies. As one of the richest men in Britain, Rothermere supported fascism as the best way of

1473:

with the title "Wanted: 10,000 Planes". Addison noted that before the First World War, Northcliffe had run articles depicting in vivid terms a German conquest of Britain as a way to pressure the Liberal government to spend more on the Royal Navy and increase the circulation of his newspapers, and

1221:

volunteered instead and ran as a Conservative loyal to Baldwin. It was believed that if Duff Cooper lost the by-election, Baldwin would have to resign and as such the by-election attracted much more media attention than usual for a by-election. Though most of the Conservative party leaders wanted

1156:

of the Congress Party rejected. At the Round Table talks, a consensus emerged that the Raj would hence forward control defense, foreign policy, high finance, internal security, and the civil service along with the ultimate supremacy of London over India with other responsibilities such as health,

922:

consisted of 9 brigades with no tanks, no heavy artillery and no aircraft whose potential opponents were a total of 60 divisions from Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Moreover, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia all had alliances with France. As such, the Hungarians had turned to other

1700:

loomed, Rothermere stopped the payments and their relationship deteriorated into threats and lawsuits, which she lost. The lawsuit greatly damaged Rothermere's reputation as his secret dabbling as an amateur diplomat all through the 1920s-1930s came to light and Hohenlohe produced letters by him

1605:

in July convinced Rothermere that Communists were taking over Europe. The Soviet intervention in the Spanish civil war greatly upset Rothermere who wrote that a "Red victory" in Spain would mean the loss of Portugal, which in turn "would mean the destruction of all that splendid work of national

1283:

on 24 September 1930, Rothermere wrote: "These young Germans have discovered, as I am glad to note that the young men and women of England are discovering, that is no good trusting the old politicians. Accordingly, they have formed, as I should like to see our British youth form, a parliamentary

1191:

of the Conservative Research Office met with Rothermere and Beaverbrook in an attempt to broker a compromise, and the demands of the two media moguls were widely seen as causing the failure of the talks. In a speech, Baldwin exclaimed that "the disgusting one-sided alliance with the lunatics has

1186:

In a risky move, Baldwin ordered a number of Conservative MPs holding safe Tory seats to resign to cause by-elections with the aim to "expose the real weakness of the press lords". The Conservative Central Office advised against this strategy, warning that many ordinary Conservative voters were

1002:

In fact, Rothermere's "Justice for Hungary" campaign, which he continued until February 1939, was a source of disquiet for the Foreign Office, which complained that British relations with Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania were constantly strained as the leaders of those nations continued to

714:

Rothermere's political pessimism led him to fear imminent economic as well as political collapse. In November 1921, he wrote to Beaverbrook: "My own opinion is that we are on the threshold of the world slump. In its momentous consequences it is I am sure going to dwarf even the Great War. In the

1695:

The MI5 papers also show that at the time Rothermere was paying an annual retainer of £5,000 to Stephanie von Hohenlohe (suspected by the French, British and Americans of being a German spy) as he wanted her to bring him closer to Hitler's inner circle. Rothermere also encouraged her to promote

1654:

In an article in February 1937, Rothermere called Czechoslovakia "a sham" and wrote that the Czechs "were a crafty race" who would soon "rue their evil-doings" now that Hitler ruled Germany. In an article in May 1937, Rothermere called for Britain, France, Belgium and South Africa to return the

1169:

argued were not capable of handling independence. Rothermere took a "no surrender" line in regards to India, using his newspapers and the United Empire Party to advocate no concessions to the Indians. Besides for his support for the Raj, Rothermere believed that the issue of India was Baldwin's

1494:

calling for more spending on the RAF. Brooks, who was present at the meeting as part of his duties as Rothermere's biographer, wrote in his diary: "To this, Lord Rothermere replied that the speech was not directed against Germany. Its one and only purpose had been to awaken the people of Great

1331:

and volunteered his services as a conduit. In July 1933, Rothermere visited Germany and defended the new regime in his article "Youth Triumphant". Writing "from somewhere in Naziland", Rothermere stated: "Our 'parlor Bolsheviks' and 'cultural Communists' have started a campaign of denunciation

1311:

such as placing former leaders of the United Empire Party in key positions in the BUF and abandoning his plans for an Italian-style "corporate state", demands that Mosley rejected. Mosley who was equally egotistical wanted Rothermere's support, but only on his own terms. The talks required the

1207:

of September 1930, the Rothermere newspapers campaigned hard for the United Empire Party candidate, who came close to defeating the Conservative candidate. Though most Conservative leaders were determined not to see Baldwin replaced with a puppet of Rothermere and Beaverbrook, there was a deep

1398:

In 1932, Newfoundland went bankrupt under the impact of the Great Depression, and in 1933 it reverted from being a Dominion to a colony again as the condition of a British bail-out. In 1934, the governing British commission appointed a royal commission under Gordon Bradley to examine how the

1182:

Beaverbrook was hesitant about the precise purpose of the United Empire Party as he could never quite decide if he wanted to depose Baldwin or just be afforded the respect he felt he deserved within the Conservative Party. Beaverbrook felt that his origins as a self-made millionaire Canadian

1663:

to attack the British policy of supporting China and urged that the British government should make a deal accepting China as being in the Japanese sphere of influence in exchange for a promise from Japan to not to seize any of the British colonies in Asia. In the Sudetenland crisis of 1938,

1720:

On 27 June 1939, Rothermere sent a telegram to Hitler appealing to him not to invade Poland that read: ""My Dear Führer, I have watched with understanding and interest the progress of your great and superhuman work in regenerating your country." He sought to rebut the Nazi claim of British

1120:

during Rothermere's proprietorship was support for the continuance of the Raj and much of Rothermere's opposition to Baldwin was based upon the belief that Baldwin was not sufficiently opposed to Indian independence. In November 1929, when MacDonald proposed Dominion status for India, the

1563:

In March 1935, impressed by the arguments put forward by Ribbentrop for the return of the former German colonies in Africa, Rothermere published a leader entitled "Germany Must Have Elbow Room". In his leader, Rothermere argued that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh towards the

575:

In 1903, the first flight took place, and the new technology of aviation was eagerly followed. Harmsworth was amongst those fascinated with aviation, and in 1906 came up with the idea of having the Harmsworth newspapers offer a prize of £1,000 to the first person to fly across the

990:

Many in England were caught off-guard by Rothermere's impassioned endorsement of the Hungarian cause, and the leader caused immense concern in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Romania, where it was believed to reflect British government policy. The Czechoslovak Foreign Minister

1394:

on 30 June 1934 as a justified move. Pugh further noted that the Rothermere newspapers had praised the BUF in the winter and spring of 1934 precisely for engaging in violence, which made the claim that Rothermere was disgusted by the violence at Olympia Park very unlikely.

1717:" in exchange for which Germany would not invade Poland. The support offered by the Rothermere newspapers together with the Beaverbrook newspapers to the German claim to the Free City of Danzig helped to persuade Hitler that Britain would not go to war for Poland. 509:(the future Lord Beaverbrook), in May 1913 Harmsworth went with Aitken on a lengthy business trip to western Canada. The trip marked the start of an odd alliance between Aitken and the Harmsworth family that would persist regardless of the rivalry between the 1356:

published a Rothermere-written editorial entitled "Hurrah for the Blackshirts", praising Oswald Mosley for his "sound, commonsense, Conservative doctrine". Rothermere's support for the BUF was a gambit to push the Conservative Party further to the right. The

783:, and vouched for by the Foreign Office; it remains unclear whether MI6 was aware that the Zinoviev letter was a forgery or not. Rothermere seems to have believed in its authenticity; for him, it confirmed all of his fears about the Labour Party. After the 1742:

When Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, Rothermere in public supported the war. However, Brooks noted in his diary on 9 September 1939: "He has sent a window-dressing telegram to Winston pleading with him to bomb, torpedo or capture the

1705:

the Danzig crisis, Rothermere played the role of an amateur diplomat, attempting to avert a war as he wrote to both Nazi leaders and British politicians. Rothermere wanted the Danzig crisis to end with a Munich-type deal under which Poland would allow the

825:

Italian Socialist Party such as granting universal male suffrage in 1912 whose "only result was to hasten the arrival of disorder". In the same article, Baldwin was compared to the Italian prime ministers of the Liberal era as the article argued that the

1847:). Badgerlake supports a paramilitary force called the "Greyshirts", which backs the government during the uprising. Any connection with Fascism is disclaimed, and the novel does not end with a dictatorship. (In fact, the new Government repeals the 1914 931:, "Hungary's Place in the Sun", in which he supported a detailed plan to restore to Hungary large pieces of territory that it had lost at the end of the First World War. That bold pro-Hungarian stance was greeted with ecstatic gratitude in Hungary. 1373:

devoted most of its coverage of the rally to Joyce's condemnation of a recently released White Paper relating to the Government of India Act, which proposing giving more power to the Indians, as weakening the Raj. The implication of the article in

1568:

and claimed that the German economy was being crippled by the loss of the German colonial empire in Africa as he argued that without African colonies to exploit that the German economic recovery from the Great Depression was fragile and shallow.

1102:

Rothermere was very strongly opposed to the Baldwin government's decision to lower the age of female suffrage from 30 to 21, using his newspapers to undermine Baldwin's leadership by warning that allowing young women to vote would swing the

1696:

Germany to her circle of influential English contacts. She was known as "London's leading Nazi hostess". MI5 had been monitoring her since her arrival in Britain in the 1920s and regarded her as "an extremely dangerous person". As the

1651:, and everything should be done to continue to cultivate him. To further assist with Rothermere's word, Goebbels ordered the German newspapers not to mention Rothermere's visit to the Berghof, which thus passed unnoticed at the time. 1622:

that called "Bolshevism" the main danger to the British empire and wrote that "if Hitler did not exist, all of Western Europe might soon be clamoring for such a champion". In 1936, Rothermere was an ardent supporter of the new king,

1517:, writing Rothermere wanted the United Kingdom to "be strongly armed and frightfully obsequious at the same...it was a more practical attitude than our socialist politicians. They wish us to remain disarmed and exceedingly abusive". 1090:, which cost £4,000, were also paid for by Rothermere. At the time, crossing the Atlantic Ocean non-stop was highly risky, and the flight attracted much attention. Rothermere purchased estates in Hungary in case Britain fell to a 1483:

preserving the social order, but as an old-fashioned imperialist whose formative years were spent opposing German bids for "world power status", he always feared the possibility of a colonial conflict between Germany and Britain.

770:

as being weak against Communism. The Zinoviev letter had been written not in Moscow, but rather in Berlin by Vladimir Gregorivitch Orlov, a Russian émigré who specialised in forgeries designed to provoke distrust and fear of the

1339:

Starting in 1933, Rothermere used his newspapers to produce vivid, dramatic and apocalyptic accounts of strategical bombing, which vastly exaggerated the power of bombing. In November 1933, an article under his name appeared in

846:

and announced that he intended to launch a chain of evening newspapers in the main provincial cities. There then ensued the so-called "newspaper war" of 1928–29, which culminated in Harmsworth establishing new evening papers in

1170:"Achilles heel" that would bring him down as Conservative leader. By contrast, Beaverbrook was more interested in promoting a protectionist policy of imperial preference for the British empire as the best way of resolving the 1582:

via the League of Nations. Rothermere sent Brooks to Geneva to write an article calling for the end of the League of Nations as Brooks wrote the League would "make our sons into the hirings of some unworthy race". He had the

1125:

ran a frontpage article by Churchill condemning the Dominion status for India as the beginning of the end of the British Empire. To apply further pressure, in February 1930 Rothermere and Beaverbrook founded a new party, the

1673:, and expressed the hope that "Adolf the Great" would become a popular figure in Britain. In November 1938, Rothermere went to Hungary to attend the celebrations that followed the annexation of Czechoslovakia following the 1725:

if he took such a step and stated: "I have always felt that you are essentially one who hates war and desires peace." Rothermere appealed to Hitler to call for an international conference to resolve "the Danzig problem"."

902:

even existed and was unable to find it on a map, requiring Hohenlohe to show him where Hungary was. When Hohenlohe showed him Hungary's location, he revealingly remarked: "You know, my dear, until today I had no idea that

971:, became a popular slogan in Hungary. Despite the implication that Hungary should retake all of the lands lost under the Treaty of Trianon, Rothermere actually only advocated the return to Hungary of what is now southern 1003:

harbour the belief that Rothermere was in some way speaking for the British government. One man who was better informed was one of Rothermere's principle opponents, the Czechoslovak minister-plenipotentiary in London,

946:

In "Hungary's Place in the Sun", Rothermere wrote with approval that Hungary was dominated both politically and economically by its "chivalrous and warlike aristocracy", whom he noted in past centuries had battled the

1688:, and encouraging him to invade Romania. He described Hitler's work as "great and superhuman". Despite the way that Hitler had just violated the Munich Agreement by turning the Czech part of Czechoslovakia into the 1246:

had a daily circulation of 1,580,000 subscribers and was the only popular broadsheet newspaper with a predominantly middle-class readership, making Rothermere into an influential media mogul. The British historian

1627:, whom he believed was sympathetic towards his policies. During the Abdication crisis of 1936, the Rothermere newspapers supported the king against Baldwin, arguing for his right to keep the throne and marry Mrs. 1669:

in a war, the British nation will say to the Prime Minister with one voice: 'Keep out of it!'" On another occasion, on 1 October 1938, Rothermere sent Hitler a telegram in support of Germany's occupation of the

1174:

and while opposed to Indian independence was open towards the Indians having a say in ruling India. Baldwin responded to Rothermere's attacks by citing numerous false statements made about his views of India in

819:

Rothermere in a leader conceded that Fascist methods were "not suited to a country like our own", but qualified his remark with the statement, "if our northern cities became Bolshevik we would need them". In a

1074:

quite insufficient to buy a modern aeroplane capable of crossing the Atlantic. At that point, Rothermere stepped in to donate the necessary funds. In 1931, Rothermere paid for a nonstop 3200-mile flight by a

1452:

circles because its top speed of 307 mph was higher than that of any Royal Air Force fighter in service. Lord Rothermere presented the aircraft (named "Britain First") to the nation for evaluation as a

834:

in a leader written by Rothermere praised Mussolini as "the great figure of the age. Mussolini will probably dominate the history of the twentieth century as Napoleon dominated the early nineteen century".

1052:

invented printing, no other writing had such effect on the human hearts as Rothermere's articles on Hungary!" Rothermere became a revered figure in Hungary and his Christmas message sent from his villa in

686:

men like himself. He strongly disapproved of the decision to grant women over the age of 30 the right to vote, and with the end of the franchise requirements that had disenfranchised lower-class men; a

1111:

After the Conservatives did lose the 1929 election, Rothermere's feud with Baldwin, whom he called a "semi-socialist" and "intoxicated with excitement", reached its height. As the Labour Party under

679:. Rothermere was the third richest man in Britain with a fortune in 1922 worth £780 million. One contemporary who knew him called him "a proud, gruff captain of industry" with a tendency to be rude. 1540:

all had dinner with Hitler at the Reich Chancellery. Rothermere came away from his meeting with Hitler convinced that the major problems in Anglo-German relations was the British refusal to return

1044:

wine. Over 1.2 million Hungarians signed a public letter of thanks to Rothermere for "Hungary's Place in the Sun". The Hungarian journalist Jenö Rákoski in an editorial in the Budapest newspaper

691:

leader declared: "uite a few people now possess the vote who ought never to have been given it". He started to lose faith in democracy, fearing that with the extended franchise, the rise of the

1631:. Rothermere only allowed letters to the editor supporting Edward to be published in his newspapers to convey the impression that the British people were overwhelmingly on the side of king. 1593:

In 1936, Rothermere took an increasingly apocalyptic and hysterical tone in his writings as he became convinced that Western civilization was on the brink of destruction. The victory of the

703:

Two of Rothermere's sons died as a result of their service in the First World War. Vere Harmsworth served in the Royal Naval Division and was killed in action on 16 November 1916 during the

730:

noted that this story was typical of the "ever racist" Rothermere newspapers, which often painted a picture of a demonic Other posing an existential threat to a noble, but failing Britain.

1378:

was that Conservative voters were switching their loyalty from the Conservative-dominated National Government to the BUF because of the Government of India White Paper. By contrast,

1361:

s coverage of the BUF tended to focus on issues that Rothermere about cared the most such as holding together the British Empire, especially in regard to India. For an example, when

1165:

published a series of articles portraying the peoples of India as ignorant, barbarous, filthy and fanatical, arguing that the Raj was necessary to save India from the Indians, whom

1532:

had the choices of voting to remain under the rule of the League of Nations; join France; or rejoin Germany. On 19 December 1934 Rothermere, his son Esmond, his favourite reporter

999:, a man who detested Rothermere and used language that was so crude and "unkingy" that Beneš had to report to Prague that he could not possibly repeat the king's remarks in print. 673:

evening papers, four provincial daily newspapers, and three provincial Sunday newspapers. To pay the death duties on Northcliffe's estate, Rothermere sold the Associated Press and

5171: 1134:

The Lloyd George candidates at the last election smelt; these will stink. The challenge has been issued... I accept, just as I accepted the challenge of the TUC". In a speech at

1465:

Rothermere was often privately depressed as he feared that the colonial issue would one day lead to a new Anglo-German war. In October 1934, Rothermere wrote in a letter to

1327:, to discuss a scheme to effect a restoration of the monarchy once Hitler came to power. Rothermere believed that Hitler was a monarchist who was committed to restoring the 1755:

defending his views on Hungary and Germany. Aware of his unpopularity, Rothermere was a deeply depressed man in his last days. His grandchildren, who met him in a hotel in

830:

caused chaos, and Britain needed a leader like Mussolini who would presumably ban the Labour Party, just as Mussolini had banned the Italian Socialist Party. In 1928, the

3225: 5146: 1200:

was very strong within the ranks of the Conservative leaders and MPs. Despite a general dislike of Baldwin, the possibility of "press dictation" was disliked even more.

2445: 624:, the First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1915, Rothermere wrote to Churchill asking him to promote one of his former reporters, Jack Kruse, to the rank of captain in the 1974: 1768:

Lord Rothermere married Lilian Share, daughter of George Wade Share, on 4 July 1893. They had three sons, the two elder of whom were killed in the First World War:

517:. When Aitken was raised to the peerage in 1917 as Baron Beaverbrook, Harmsworth, by then Baron Rothermere, served as one of his sponsors when he first entered the 450: 918:

The Hungarian leaders were determined to undo the Treaty of Trianon, but the weakness of the Hungarian military made war impossible as an option. In the 1920s, the

5151: 1403:, wrote in his diary: "It is the Congo all over again, so we are putting a commission of inquiry into the labour situation in the forests. Lord Rothermere and the 1382:, the newspaper of the BUF, in its coverage of the same speech by Joyce gave devoted most of its attention to his condemnation of democracy and praise for Nazism. 1520:

In December 1934, Rothermere visited Berlin as the guest of his friend Joachim von Ribbentrop. During his visit, Rothermere was publicly thanked in a speech by

470: 963:

However, Rothermere's main interest was in Hungarian revanchism. Rothermere ended his article with the statement "Return Everything!", which, translated into

628:, a request that was granted. The ill-fated Dardanelles campaign, which Churchill had promoted, led to a break in their friendship. By the fall of 1915, the 4889: 4044:

Princess Stefanie Hohenlohe-Waldenburh-Schillingsfuerst has friends in almost every capital of Europe, once was called 'London's leading Nazi hostess'.

934: 1760:

his history of pro-Nazi views. To recover from stress, Rothermere went on holiday to Bermuda, where he died in unknown circumstances in November 1940.

1684:

papers relating to the war years were declassified and released in 2005. They show that Rothermere wrote to Hitler in 1939 congratulating him for the

3266: 1772:

Captain Harold Alfred Vyvyan St George Harmsworth MC (2 August 1894 – 12 February 1918), died of wounds, aged 23, after serving with the 2nd Bn.

4133: 2709: 1048:

wrote: "Rothermere will have a full chapter of Hungarian history to himself". Another Hungarian journalist, Ferenc Herczeg, wrote: "Ever since

960:

that Czechoslovakia would fail as it was only natural for the "superior" peoples such as the Magyars and Sudeten Germans to assert themselves.

564: 44: 567:. To harvest the timber, Harmsworth founded the Anglo-Newfoundland Corporation, which became one of the largest corporations in Newfoundland. 1303:

would support his party. The talks were drawn out largely because Mosely understood that Rothermere was a megalomaniac who wanted to use the

1086:

in the Dominion of Newfoundland to Budapest on 15 July 1931, which set a record for longevity at the time. The radio navigation equipment on

1251:

made a distinction between "enthusiasts" for fascism, which were a group of mostly upper class British people who favoured closer ties with

5131: 539: 2662:

Romsics, Ignác (2004), "Hungary's Place in the Sun: A British Newspaper Article and its Hungarian Repercussions", in Péter, László (ed.),

787:, Rothermere boasted in a letter to Beaverbrook that the Zinoviev letter had cost Labour about 100 seats and been decisive in giving the 392: 325: 4414:

Dack, Janet (2010). "'It certainly wasn't cricket!': Media responses to Mosely and the BUF". In Nigel Copsey; A. J. Olechnowicz (eds.).

5093: 5046: 1814: 1062: 142: 3983: 1577:

of Czechoslovakia signed a defensive alliance with the Soviet Union. Taking a claim straight from Nazi propaganda, Rothermere had the

758:

and condemned the British government for at least rhetorically opposing the Italian aggression against Greece. On 25 October 1924 the

4952: 1230:

In the 1930s Rothermere used his newspapers to try to influence British politics, particularly reflecting his strong support of the

4179: 1947: 4866:

Bingham, Adrian. "‘Stop the Flapper Vote Folly’: Lord Rothermere, the Daily Mail, and the Equalization of the Franchise 1927–28."

1570: 1399:

Rothermere-owned Anglo-Newfoundland Corporation treated its workers in Grand Falls. The chief commissioner for Newfoundland, Sir

911:

are two different cities". Under the influence of his mistress, Rothermere took up the cause of Hungarian revanchism against the

5166: 3221: 3193: 859:'s newspapers. By the end of 1929, his empire had 14 daily and Sunday newspapers, with a substantial holding in another three. 404: 396: 4197: 4991: 2449: 1787:

Lieutenant Vere Sidney Tudor Harmsworth (25 September 1895 – 13 November 1916), killed in action during the first day of the

1320:, reporting that Mosley was a right-wing revolutionary who planned to use Rothermere to obtain power and then disregard him. 1279:

elections on 14 September 1930, winning 107 seats, Rothermere went to Munich to interview Hitler. In an article published in

400: 91: 1390:, noting the way in which he and his newspapers always found a way to justify Nazi violence as his newspapers portrayed the 1104: 784: 696: 556: 356: 1931: 722:, headlined in capital letters "WHITE GIRLS 'HYPNOTISED' BY YELLOW MEN", recounted what it called the "alarming facts" of 5161: 5126: 1689: 1685: 788: 424: 367:. which contributed to the popularity of those views in the 1930s. After seeing his hopes dashed by the outbreak of the 4936: 4732: 4710: 4571: 4533: 826: 4850: 4831: 4809: 4773: 4754: 4691: 4669: 4650: 4631: 4609: 4590: 4552: 4514: 4492: 4473: 4423: 4404: 4376: 4357: 4338: 4319: 4300: 4277: 4255: 4030: 1552:

to Germany. To show his thanks for the dinner at the Reich Chancellery, Rothermere hosted a dinner for Hitler at the

506: 384: 17: 1490:, Hitler's ambassador-at-large, lunched with Rothermere in London and complained about a speech he had given in the 3943: 682:

Rothermere had a fundamentally elitist conception of politics, believing that the natural leaders of Britain were

580:. He followed this challenge with another offering £10,000 for the first person to fly from London to Manchester. 5015: 1209: 103: 4454: 3130: 996: 875: 422:. In 1888 he joined his elder brother Alfred's newspaper company, and in 1894 he and his brother purchased the 312: 750:

that it collapsed in Hungary and ceased to gain adherents in Bavaria and Prussia". In the summer of 1923, the

5156: 5023: 4948: 4819: 4442: 1655:

former German African colonies, writing this was the best way to prevent another world war. In regard to the

1248: 1161:

as the beginning of the end of Britain as a great power. As part of its crusade against Indian independence,

238: 1242:

considers him "perhaps the most influential single propagandist for fascism between the wars". In 1937, the

359:, and used his media influence to that end. He became known for his open support for fascism and praise for 5136: 4789: 1509:

of place in regard to rearmament spending. Though Churchill was paid well for his articles, in a letter to

1264: 1037: 843: 745:

to set up his Fascist dictatorship to save the social order. In May 1923, Rothermere published a leader in

415: 345: 4970: 1876: 1865: 1792: 1607: 1272: 5141: 5065: 5005: 641: 68: 1429:, and several times had his correspondents visit Manchukuo to write laudatory accounts of life there. 4720: 1349: 1075: 388: 364: 321: 243: 1307:

for his own purposes as he sought to impose terms and conditions in exchange for the support of the

4742: 1848: 1656: 1204: 704: 1032:

ruthless in carrying out any scheme that might bring him journalistic fame or personal prestige".

718:

The Rothermere newspapers promoted a narrative of 'national degeneration'. A typical story in the

4619: 1239: 1143:

for India fell through largely because the Indians could not agree on terms for Dominion status.

895: 653: 221: 1556:, the most expensive and prestigious hotel in Germany. In an account of his German visit in the 5121: 4485:

Framing China Media Images and Political Debates in Britain, the USA and Switzerland, 1900-1950

1800: 1487: 808: 480: 411:, founded by his father. He first attended as a visitor in 1882 and later served as treasurer. 4466:

This Side of Despair: How the Movies and American Life Intersected During the Great Depression

2666:, London: University of London. School of Slavonic and East European Studies, pp. 195–204 1601:

in the elections for the French National Assembly in May 1936 followed by the outbreak of the

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on its front page, and the newspaper campaigned vigorously against the Labour government of

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National Crisis and National Government British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926-1932

2055: 1834: 1541: 1510: 1391: 919: 625: 489: 408: 271: 36: 8: 5078: 5036: 3988: 1796: 1788: 1722: 1706: 1635: 1441: 1188: 1144: 1127: 1054: 629: 4975: 2710:"Pioneer Flight of 'Justice for Hungary' Drew Attention to Unfairness of Trianon Treaty" 1951: 1040:. The wine growers of Tokay sent Rothermere a free Balthazar (ten liters) of their best 4783: 4289: 3267:"Lord Rothermere Attacking Jews Advises Hitler to Eliminate Anti-semitism from Program" 2424:"Bethlem Hospital (Imperial War Museum) | Survey of London: volume 25 (pp. 76-80)" 2080: 2060: 2040: 1839:

about an attempted Communist takeover of Britain, under the name of "Lord Badgerlake" (

1808: 1781: 1674: 1475: 1323:

In 1932, Rothermere sent Princess von Hohenlohe to contact the deposed German emperor,

1275:, which Rothermere welcomed. Shortly after the Nazis scored their breakthrough in the 1218: 1012: 964: 811:

that began in China in 1925, presenting it in the context of Anglo-Soviet rivalry. The

649: 645: 341: 283: 4846: 4827: 4805: 4769: 4750: 4728: 4706: 4687: 4665: 4646: 4627: 4605: 4586: 4567: 4548: 4529: 4510: 4488: 4469: 4450: 4419: 4400: 4372: 4353: 4334: 4315: 4296: 4273: 4251: 4026: 3126: 1611: 1602: 1533: 1466: 1400: 1008: 924: 912: 839: 723: 692: 661: 621: 265: 4933:

The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain: The Twentieth Century, Volume 2

4242:(1975). "Patriotism under pressure: Lord Rothermere and British Foreign Policy". In 1016: 885: 5055: 4894: 1697: 1590:

of December 1935 that would have essentially rewarded Italy for invading Ethiopia.

1587: 1549: 1545: 1458: 1445: 1171: 1149: 1112: 1049: 863: 767: 742: 456: 368: 317: 259: 4913: 1701:

where he declared: "You know I have always been a fervent admirer of the Fuhrer".

842:, and moved into the field of provincial newspaper publishing. In 1928 he founded 660:. He was ejected from the cabinet after only five months. In 1921, he founded the 4020: 1935: 1830: 1433: 952: 800: 763: 657: 593: 577: 534: 352: 174: 130: 4331:

Fleet Street, Press Barons and Politics The Journals of Collin Brooks, 1932-1940

1928: 1574: 1528:

s pro-German coverage of the Saarland referendum, under which the people of the

992: 878:

in memory of his mother, for the benefit of the "splendid struggling mothers of

4898: 4679: 4447:

Fellow Travellers of the Right: British Enthusiasts for Nazi Germany, 1933-1939

4220: 1804: 1777: 1628: 1537: 1521: 1491: 1304: 1217:

Conservative candidate dropped out, and for a time Baldwin considered running.

1153: 1024: 948: 727: 552: 518: 419: 178: 115: 111: 4883: 5105: 4797: 4243: 3123:

Hurrah For The Blackshirts!: Fascists and Fascism in Britain Between the Wars

1634:

From 5 to 8 January 1937, Rotheremere stayed with Hitler and Goebbels at the

1362: 1352:(BUF), and were again the only major papers to do so. On 15 January 1934 the 1296: 1083: 738: 501: 4624:

Hurrah For The Blackshirts! Fascists and Fascism in Britain Between the Wars

4928: 4502: 4239: 1773: 1449: 1260: 1252: 1235: 1091: 980: 772: 605: 560: 444: 360: 336: 4843:

Nazi Princess Hitler, Lord Rothermere and Princess Stephanie Von Hohenlohe

1598: 799:

forged an alliance with Beaverbrook against the Conservative Party leader

4291:

Hungarian-British Diplomacy, 1938-1941: The Attempt to Maintain Relations

4265: 1756: 1730: 1670: 1624: 1553: 1457:, and in early 1936 the modified design was taken into production as the 1313: 1231: 1135: 1004: 956: 891: 683: 1513:

in August 1934, he wrote he was "disgusted" by the pro-Nazi tone of the

1421:. He seemed to regard the Fascist movement chiefly as a bulwark against 620:

The politician Rothermere was closest to before the First World War was

529:

In 1904, on behalf of his elder brother Alfred, Harmsworth travelled to

1606:

development which has done by the strong and enlightened government of

1422: 1366: 1268: 927:

in Hungary's favour. On 21 June 1927, he published an editorial in the

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On 6 July 1939, Rothermere sent another telegram to the deputy Führer

499:

Although one of the chief rivals of the Harmsworth newspapers was the

4583:

Battle for the Castle The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948

1437: 1426: 984: 908: 879: 867: 675: 1710: 1027:. As such the Hungarian legation staff in London reported that most 3540: 3051: 1529: 1066: 972: 904: 316:(26 April 1868 – 26 November 1940) was a leading British newspaper 4884:"Harmsworth, Harold Sidney, first Viscount Rothermere (1868–1940)" 4875:

Tabloid Century: The Popular Press in Britain, 1896 to the present

1975:"The mill founder, his descendants and their Canadian tax crusade" 1821:

Viscountess Rothermere, as she had become, died on 16 March 1937.

862:

In 1930, Rothermere purchased the freehold of the old site of the

53: 4965: 4350:

Britain and Danubian Europe in the Era of World War II, 1933-1941

4134:"Months before war, Rothermere said Hitler's work was superhuman" 3944:"Months before war, Rothermere said Hitler's work was superhuman" 3450: 976: 899: 886:

Relationship with Stephanie von Hohenlohe and support for Hungary

856: 848: 601: 597: 589: 521:. Aitken regarded him as the more relatable of the two brothers. 372: 194: 4270:

Portrait of a Party :The Conservative Party in Britain 1918-1945

3194:"How Britain's Nazi-loving press baron made the case for Hitler" 3063: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 351:

Two of Rothermere's three sons were killed in action during the

2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 1454: 544: 436:

In 1896 Harmsworth and his brother Alfred together founded the

741:", arguing that democracy had failed in Italy, thus requiring 3791: 3789: 3787: 3613: 2947: 2103: 890:

In the spring of 1927, while playing roulette at a casino in

852: 755: 708: 3530: 3528: 3080: 3078: 3041: 3039: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 4098: 4096: 4094: 3586: 3156: 3154: 1295:

Starting in December 1931, Rothermere opened up talks with

609: 4602:

British Political History, 1867–2001 Democracy and Decline

4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3784: 3625: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3359: 3347: 2464: 2093: 2091: 4703:

Unreliable Sources How The Twentieth Century Was Reported

4416:

Varieties of Anti-Fascism Britain in the Inter-War Period

3873: 3871: 3869: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3723: 3721: 3708: 3706: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3603: 3601: 3525: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3302: 3139: 3102: 3075: 3036: 3011: 2986: 2923: 2911: 2814: 2748: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2345: 2343: 2328: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 1929:

Address to Kiwanis and Rotary Club of Grand Falls-Windsor

1681: 1094:

invasion. There is a memorial to Rothermere in Budapest.

780: 328:, later Viscount Northcliffe, for the development of the 4091: 4018: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3830: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3166: 3151: 2976: 2974: 2802: 2687: 2685: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2529: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2280: 2234: 2232: 1348:

For a time in 1934 the Rothermere papers championed the

1097: 874:

to be made into a public open space, to be known as the

664:

to combat what he saw as excessive government spending.

5172:

Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History

4945:

The Newspaper Axis: Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler

4564:

The Newspaper Axis: Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler

4148: 4081: 4079: 4049: 3995: 3801: 3691: 3555: 3426: 2616: 2519: 2517: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2268: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2088: 4971:

contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Rothermere

4160: 3961: 3866: 3772: 3745: 3733: 3718: 3703: 3664: 3637: 3598: 3515: 3513: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3371: 3326: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 2901: 2899: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2670: 2599: 2541: 2493: 2340: 2115: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1989: 1912: 1910: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1287:

On 5 October 1930, Rothermere published an article in

215:

Harold Alfred Vyvyan St. George Harmsworth (1894–1918)

3895: 3240: 2971: 2884: 2736: 2724: 2682: 2572: 2476: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2360: 2358: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2229: 2176: 2174: 2172: 1776:

in France. A week after his death he was awarded the

1271:

dramatically increase the number of its seats in the

1225: 995:

was so concerned that he visited London to meet King

4507:

The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat

4385: 4076: 3854: 3842: 3549: 2959: 2935: 2645: 2643: 2514: 2448:. Southwark.gov.uk. 17 February 2010. Archived from 2446:"Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park - Southwark Council" 2370: 2210: 2152: 2140: 1440:

for his own use as part of a campaign to popularise

551:. They found a suitable site at Grand Falls, on the 496:, which had a circulation of three million by 1922. 4686:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. xi–xxxix. 4545:

Newfoundland in the North Atlantic World, 1929-1949

3510: 3493: 3474: 3462: 3438: 3407: 3281: 2896: 2779: 2001: 1907: 1890: 1851:in order to guarantee the liberty of the subject.) 5147:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 4882: 4312:The Zinoviev Letter The Conspiracy that Never Dies 4288: 3401:Culture of the Europeans: From 1800 to the Present 3090: 2767: 2404: 2387: 2355: 2256: 2244: 2198: 2186: 2169: 1829:A fictional version of Lord Rothermere appears in 1312:intervention of the Italian ambassador in London, 4468:. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 3216: 3214: 2640: 2628: 308:Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere 5103: 3984:"When Rothermere urged Hitler to invade Romania" 2704: 2702: 2700: 640:For a time during the war, Rothermere served as 357:relations between Germany and the United Kingdom 5152:People educated at St Marylebone Grammar School 4397:Appeasement and Germany's Last Bid for Colonies 4352:. New York: Springer International Publishing. 1436:-engined version of the Bristol Type 135 cabin 1065:was received with royal pomp during a visit to 4108: 3211: 838:In 1926 Harmsworth sold his magazine concern, 559:in 1768. They bought the land and developed a 344:, and his descendants continue to control the 4643:Broken Wings The Hungarian Air Force, 1918-45 4599: 4547:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 4386:Close, Upton; Washington Hall, Josef (1935). 4369:Lords of Fleet Street: The Harmsworth Dynasty 4131: 3941: 3069: 2878: 2697: 4893:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3937: 3935: 3933: 1791:, aged 21, while serving with the Hawke Bn. 938:Transatlantic flight of Endresz György with 524: 492:in 1918. His greatest success came with the 4763: 4684:Routledge Revivals: History Workshop Series 4659: 4600:Pearce, Malcolm; Stewart, Geoffrey (2013). 3978: 3976: 3824: 3795: 3631: 3619: 3534: 3145: 2761: 2535: 1614:, the "extra-special correspondent" of the 656:to create a third service to be called the 612:; in 1919 he was made Viscount Rothermere. 488:with his brother Alfred, who had been made 393:Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe 4818: 4528:. New Delhi: New Saraswati House Pvt Ltd. 3108: 3084: 3057: 3045: 3030: 3005: 2953: 2929: 2837: 1815:Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere 807:to take a hawkish line with regard to the 431: 418:, which he left to become a clerk for the 143:Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere 52: 4826:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4645:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4509:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4441: 4432: 4333:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3930: 3924: 3685: 3269:. Jewish Telegraph Agency. 5 October 1930 3172: 3160: 1618:wrote an article on 21 September 1936 in 1263:on multiple occasions, such as after the 1259:Rothermere visited and corresponded with 540:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management 407:. Rothermere was an active member of the 4766:The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II 4662:The British Press and Germany, 1936-1939 4390:. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company. 4250:. London: Macmillian. pp. 189–208. 3973: 2074: 2054: 2034: 1023:wanted to read about crime, scandal and 933: 600:, in 1910. In 1914 he was raised to the 355:and in the 1930s, he advocated peaceful 218:Vere Sidney Tudor Harmsworth (1895–1916) 128:27 June 1919 – 26 November 1940 27:British newspaper proprietor (1868–1940) 4890:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4719: 4700: 4561: 4501: 4418:. London: Macmillan. pp. 140–161. 4394: 4309: 4238: 4154: 4132:Norton-Taylor, Richard (1 April 2005). 4070: 4006: 3942:Norton-Taylor, Richard (1 April 2005). 3812: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3712: 3697: 3673: 3658: 3646: 3592: 3580: 3398: 3386: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3253: 2676: 2661: 2610: 2566: 2508: 2470: 2349: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2286: 2134: 1950:. Grandfallswindsor.com. Archived from 14: 5104: 4922:The life and death of the press barons 4840: 4796: 4741: 4678: 4640: 4580: 4482: 4463: 4366: 4347: 4328: 4166: 3967: 3912: 3889: 3877: 3739: 3727: 3607: 3320: 3308: 2980: 2965: 2917: 2890: 2742: 2730: 2691: 2664:British-Hungarian Relations since 1848 2622: 2593: 2523: 2487: 2381: 2298: 2274: 2238: 2223: 2163: 2146: 2109: 2097: 2022: 1995: 1972: 1948:"Grand Falls-Windsor Heritage Society" 1916: 1901: 1411: 855:and gaining a controlling interest in 484:, and shared ownership of the company 405:Sir Hildebrand Harmsworth, 1st Baronet 397:Cecil Harmsworth, 1st Baron Harmsworth 340:. Rothermere was a pioneer of popular 4880: 4764:Thomas, Nigel; Szabo, Laszlo (2012). 4725:We Chose To Speak Of War & Strife 4542: 4523: 4248:The Politics of Reappraisal 1918–1939 3519: 3504: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 2941: 2426:. British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003 1966: 1098:1929 election and United Empire Party 401:Sir Leicester Harmsworth, 1st Baronet 324:. He is best known, like his brother 4927: 4873:Bingham, Adrian, and Martin Conboy. 4749:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4618: 4566:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4413: 4264: 4102: 4085: 4025:. New English Library. p. 144. 3860: 3848: 3836: 3487: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3296: 3228:from the original on 21 January 2022 3224:. The Spectator. 27 September 1930. 3120: 3096: 2905: 2808: 2796: 2773: 2410: 2398: 2364: 2262: 2250: 2204: 2192: 2180: 1015:, the Foreign Secretary, told Count 775:. The letter had been leaked to the 754:supported the Italian occupation of 5132:Daily Mail and General Trust people 4804:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4585:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4314:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4286: 4272:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3191: 2649: 2634: 1690:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1498: 24: 4937:University of North Carolina Press 4860: 3178: 25: 5183: 4958: 4868:Twentieth century British history 4727:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 4682:(1989). "The 'Little Platoons'". 4019:Franz Prinz zu Hohenlohe (1976). 3222:"Lord Rothermere and Herr Hitler" 1973:Waldie, Paul (17 February 2009). 391:. His thirteen siblings included 383:Harmsworth was the second son of 5066:Baronetage of the United Kingdom 4747:Empress Queen Victoria and India 4604:. London: Taylor & Francis. 4487:. London: Taylor & Francis. 4371:. London: Taylor & Francis. 4208: 4190: 4172: 4012: 3550:Close & Washington Hall 1935 1365:gave a speech at a BUF rally in 955:in his leader, writing that the 448:. In 1910 Harmsworth bought the 81:26 November 1917 – 1918 4433:Greenwall, Harry James (1938). 3392: 3259: 3114: 2655: 2438: 2416: 2068: 2064:. 30 January 1914. p. 810. 1854: 975:and the extreme western end of 4705:. London: Macmillan Palgrave. 4660:Reid Gannon, Franklin (1971). 3982:Tweedie, Neil and Day, Peter. 3403:. HarperCollins. p. 1062. 2048: 2028: 1940: 1922: 1432:In 1934, Rothermere ordered a 894:, Rothermere met the Princess 876:Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park 667: 615: 460:. By 1921 he was owner of the 13: 1: 5167:Viscounts created by George V 5024:Peerage of the United Kingdom 4998:as President of the Air Board 4881:Boyce, D. George (May 2008). 4845:. Cheltenham: History Press. 2044:. 26 July 1910. p. 5392. 1883: 1824: 1713:, Poland) to "go home to the 1210:by-election in Islington East 652:of the British Army with the 378: 5006:President of the Air Council 4914:UK public library membership 4022:Steph, the Fabulous Princess 3459:, p. 159-161 & 171. 3125:. Random House. p. 41. 2712:. Hungary Today. 4 June 2019 2084:. 1 July 1919. p. 8221. 1877:Eyre & Spottiswoode Ltd. 1866:Eyre & Spottiswoode Ltd. 1817:(29 May 1898 – 12 July 1978) 1737: 1686:annexation of Czechoslovakia 1536:and the merchant banker Sir 1444:. First flying in 1935, the 642:President of the Air Council 543:, to search for a supply of 442:. In 1903 they launched the 416:St Marylebone Grammar School 346:Daily Mail and General Trust 69:President of the Air Council 7: 4664:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4449:. London: Faber and Faber. 4395:Crozier, Andrew J. (1988). 4388:Behind the Face of Japan .. 1793:63rd (Royal Naval) Division 570: 533:with Mayson Beeton, son of 10: 5188: 5162:Barons created by George V 5127:British newspaper founders 4626:. New York: Random House. 4232: 844:Northcliffe Newspapers Ltd 583: 555:, which had been named by 5090: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5053: 5043: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5012: 5003: 4988: 4983: 4562:Olmsted, Kathryn (2022). 4136:. The Manchester Guardian 3070:Pearce & Stewart 2013 2879:Pearce & Stewart 2013 1873:My Fight to Rearm Britain 1860:Rothermere, Harold S.H., 1763: 1753:Warnings and Predications 1448:caused great interest in 1419:My Fight to Rearm Britain 1350:British Union of Fascists 1076:Royal Hungarian Air Force 737:approved of the Fascist " 588:Harmsworth was created a 525:Grand Falls, Newfoundland 389:Geraldine Mary Harmsworth 365:British Union of Fascists 322:Associated Newspapers Ltd 301: 293: 252: 231: 208: 200: 184: 157: 152: 148: 136: 121: 109: 97: 85: 74: 67: 63: 51: 34: 4788:: CS1 maint: location ( 4641:Renner, Stephen (2016). 4367:Bourne, Richard (1990). 4348:Becker, Andreas (2021). 3399:Sassoon, Donald (2006). 3060:, p. 122 & 127. 1934:11 February 2007 at the 1862:Warnings and Predictions 1849:Defence of the Realm Act 1680:Numerous secret British 1226:"Enthusiast" for fascism 705:Second Battle of Cambrai 695:that had begun with the 604:as Baron Rothermere, of 162:Harold Sidney Harmsworth 4924:(Atheneum Books, 1983). 4581:Orzoff, Andrea (2009). 4483:Knüsel, Ariane (2016). 4464:Hanson, Philip (2008). 4329:Brooks, Collin (1998). 4287:Bán, András D. (2004). 2536:Thomas & Szabo 2012 979:together with parts of 896:Stephanie von Hohenlohe 870:. He donated it to the 654:Royal Naval Air Service 451:Glasgow Record and Mail 432:Entry into Fleet Street 222:Esmond Cecil Harmsworth 41:The Viscount Rothermere 4899:10.1093/ref:odnb/33718 4802:Go-Betweens for Hitler 4701:Simpson, John (2010). 4310:Bennett, Gill (2018). 4295:. London: Frank Cass. 2112:, p. 15 & 17. 1977:. The Globe & Mail 1801:Ancre British Cemetery 1799:. He is buried in the 1659:, Rothermere used the 1488:Joachim von Ribbentrop 1299:under which terms the 943: 827:General Strike of 1926 809:May Thirtieth Movement 547:and a site to build a 244:Geraldine Mary Maffett 4543:Neary, Peter (1988). 4524:Malik, Malti (2010). 4399:. London: Macmillan. 4246:; Chris Cook (eds.). 3121:Pugh, Martin (2006). 1871:Viscount Rothermere, 1597:led by the Socialist 1478:. Collin Brooks, the 1329:House of Hohenzollern 937: 872:London County Council 733:In October 1922, the 644:in the government of 486:Associated Newspapers 278:Hildebrand Harmsworth 5157:Viscounts Rothermere 4992:The Viscount Cowdray 4943:Olmsted, Kathryn S. 4841:Wilson, Jim (2011). 4526:The History of India 4437:. London: Nicholson. 2811:, pp. 119, 225. 1843:is another word for 1392:Night of Long Knives 942:– 15th of July, 1931 920:Royal Hungarian Army 626:Royal Naval Division 490:Viscount Northcliffe 471:Glasgow Daily Record 409:Sylvan Debating Club 272:Leicester Harmsworth 92:The Viscount Cowdray 37:The Right Honourable 5137:Harmsworth baronets 5037:Viscount Rothermere 4870:13.1 (2002): 17–37. 3989:The Daily Telegraph 1797:Royal Naval Reserve 1789:Battle of the Ancre 1723:Frederick the Great 1707:Free City of Danzig 1442:commercial aviation 1412:Interest in the RAF 1205:Bromley by-election 1189:Neville Chamberlain 1145:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1128:United Empire Party 1108:silly and selfish. 1088:Justice for Hungary 1080:Justice for Hungary 1055:Palm Beach, Florida 940:Justice for Hungary 630:Battle of Gallipoli 565:Grand Falls-Windsor 563:there which became 549:pulp and paper mill 414:He was educated at 4984:Political offices 4820:Williamson, Philip 4443:Griffiths, Richard 4105:, p. 282-283. 3839:, p. 254-255. 3595:, p. 195-196. 3435:, p. 158-159. 3368:, p. 196-197. 3356:, p. 194-195. 3323:, p. 233-234. 3311:, p. 231-234. 3072:, p. 401-402. 2956:, p. 166-167. 2920:, p. 108-109. 2473:, p. 401-402. 2337:, pp. 88, 90. 2081:The London Gazette 2061:The London Gazette 2041:The London Gazette 1782:Hampstead Cemetery 1780:. He is buried in 1675:First Vienna Award 1219:Alfred Duff Cooper 1038:Revolution of 1848 1013:Austen Chamberlain 944: 724:London's Chinatown 650:Royal Flying Corps 646:David Lloyd George 454:, and in 1915 the 342:tabloid journalism 284:St John Harmsworth 131:Hereditary Peerage 5142:Harmsworth family 5100: 5099: 5094:Esmond Harmsworth 5091:Succeeded by 5047:Esmond Harmsworth 5044:Succeeded by 5013:Succeeded by 5001: 4976:Page at Spartacus 4912:(Subscription or 3198:timesofisrael.com 3192:Philpot, Robert. 2452:on 12 August 2016 1657:Sino-Japanese war 1612:George Ward Price 1603:Spanish Civil War 1571:Robert Vansittart 1534:George Ward Price 1467:J. C. C. Davidson 1401:John Hope Simpson 1249:Richard Griffiths 1198:The Daily Express 1078:Fiat BR. 3 named 1061:Rothermere's son 1009:League of Nations 925:Treaty of Trianon 913:Treaty of Trianon 840:Amalgamated Press 662:Anti-Waste League 622:Winston Churchill 608:in the County of 596:in the County of 326:Alfred Harmsworth 305: 304: 266:Alfred Harmsworth 239:Alfred Harmsworth 204:Mary Lilian Share 18:Harold Harmsworth 16:(Redirected from 5179: 5056:Baron Rothermere 4995: 4989:Preceded by 4981: 4980: 4940: 4929:Koss, Stephen E. 4920:Brendon, Piers. 4917: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4886: 4856: 4837: 4815: 4793: 4787: 4779: 4768:. 2012: Osprey. 4760: 4738: 4716: 4697: 4675: 4656: 4637: 4615: 4596: 4577: 4558: 4539: 4520: 4498: 4479: 4460: 4438: 4429: 4410: 4391: 4382: 4363: 4344: 4325: 4306: 4294: 4283: 4261: 4226: 4225: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4129: 4106: 4100: 4089: 4083: 4074: 4068: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3993: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3939: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3893: 3892:, p. 73-74. 3887: 3881: 3875: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3825:Reid Gannon 1971 3822: 3816: 3810: 3799: 3796:Reid Gannon 1971 3793: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3769:, p. 59-60. 3764: 3758: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3661:, p. 33-34. 3656: 3650: 3644: 3635: 3632:Reid Gannon 1971 3629: 3623: 3622:, p. 25-26. 3620:Reid Gannon 1971 3617: 3611: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3535:Reid Gannon 1971 3532: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3491: 3485: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3146:Reid Gannon 1971 3143: 3137: 3136: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3028: 3009: 3003: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2841: 2835: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2762:Reid Gannon 1971 2759: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2625:, p. 22-23. 2620: 2614: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2570: 2564: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2512: 2506: 2491: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2385: 2379: 2368: 2362: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2289:, p. 38-39. 2284: 2278: 2277:, p. 80-81. 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2167: 2161: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2100:, p. 16-17. 2095: 2086: 2085: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2032: 2026: 2020: 1999: 1998:, p. 15-16. 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1944: 1938: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1905: 1899: 1698:Second World War 1664:Rothermere used 1645:Shock Troop 1917 1588:Hoare-Laval Pact 1499:Amateur diplomat 1486:On 7 June 1935, 1446:Bristol Type 142 1172:Great Depression 1150:Jawaharlal Nehru 1113:Ramsay MacDonald 864:Bethlem Hospital 768:Ramsay MacDonald 743:Benito Mussolini 720:Evening Standard 537:, the author of 466:Sunday Pictorial 457:Sunday Pictorial 369:Second World War 315: 260:Cecil Harmsworth 191: 188:26 November 1940 171: 169: 153:Personal details 139: 126: 100: 88: 79: 56: 32: 31: 21: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5087: 5081: 5059: 5049: 5040: 5018: 5009: 4994: 4961: 4947:(Yale UP, 2022) 4911: 4903: 4901: 4863: 4861:Further reading 4853: 4834: 4812: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4757: 4735: 4713: 4694: 4680:Samuel, Raphael 4672: 4653: 4634: 4612: 4593: 4574: 4555: 4536: 4517: 4495: 4476: 4457: 4426: 4407: 4379: 4360: 4341: 4322: 4303: 4280: 4258: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4196: 4195: 4191: 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3046:Williamson 2003 3044: 3037: 3031:Williamson 2003 3029: 3012: 3006:Williamson 2003 3004: 2987: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2954:Williamson 2003 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2930:Williamson 2003 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2844: 2838:Williamson 2003 2836: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2698: 2690: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2600: 2592: 2573: 2565: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2494: 2486: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2388: 2380: 2371: 2363: 2356: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2222: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2170: 2162: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2073: 2069: 2053: 2049: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1936:Wayback Machine 1927: 1923: 1915: 1908: 1900: 1891: 1886: 1857: 1831:Dennis Wheatley 1827: 1766: 1740: 1641:Stosstrupp 1917 1595:Front populaire 1501: 1414: 1228: 1100: 969:mindent vissza! 953:Sudeten Germans 888: 801:Stanley Baldwin 764:Zinoviev letter 670: 658:Royal Air Force 618: 586: 578:English Channel 573: 557:John Cartwright 535:Isabella Beeton 527: 434: 381: 353:First World War 311: 289: 248: 227: 193: 189: 175:London, England 173: 167: 165: 164: 163: 137: 129: 127: 122: 114: 98: 86: 80: 75: 59: 58:Lord Rothermere 47: 42: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5185: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5089: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5011: 5002: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4960: 4959:External links 4957: 4956: 4955: 4941: 4925: 4918: 4878: 4871: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4851: 4838: 4832: 4816: 4810: 4798:Urbach, Karina 4794: 4774: 4761: 4755: 4739: 4734:978-1408872246 4733: 4717: 4712:978-1405050050 4711: 4698: 4692: 4676: 4670: 4657: 4651: 4638: 4632: 4616: 4610: 4597: 4591: 4578: 4573:978-0300256420 4572: 4559: 4553: 4540: 4535:978-8173354984 4534: 4521: 4515: 4499: 4493: 4480: 4474: 4461: 4455: 4439: 4430: 4424: 4411: 4405: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4364: 4358: 4345: 4339: 4326: 4320: 4307: 4301: 4284: 4278: 4262: 4256: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4224:. 25 May 1937. 4221:London Gazette 4207: 4189: 4171: 4169:, p. 119. 4159: 4157:, p. 206. 4147: 4107: 4090: 4088:, p. 282. 4075: 4073:, p. 205. 4048: 4031: 4011: 4009:, p. 167. 3994: 3992:(1 March 2005) 3972: 3970:, p. 218. 3960: 3929: 3925:Greenwall 1938 3917: 3894: 3882: 3880:, p. 246. 3865: 3863:, p. 254. 3853: 3851:, p. 255. 3841: 3829: 3817: 3815:, p. 202. 3800: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3744: 3742:, p. 113. 3732: 3730:, p. 233. 3717: 3702: 3700:, p. 195. 3690: 3688:, p. 164. 3686:Griffiths 1980 3678: 3663: 3651: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3610:, p. 113. 3597: 3585: 3583:, p. 203. 3554: 3539: 3524: 3509: 3492: 3490:, p. 168. 3473: 3471:, p. 171. 3461: 3449: 3447:, p. 159. 3437: 3425: 3423:, p. 144. 3406: 3391: 3389:, p. 196. 3370: 3358: 3346: 3344:, p. 194. 3325: 3313: 3301: 3299:, p. 150. 3280: 3258: 3239: 3210: 3177: 3175:, p. 163. 3173:Griffiths 1980 3165: 3163:, p. 1-2. 3161:Griffiths 1980 3150: 3138: 3131: 3113: 3111:, p. 188. 3101: 3089: 3087:, p. 129. 3074: 3062: 3050: 3048:, p. 130. 3035: 3033:, p. 127. 3010: 3008:, p. 126. 2985: 2983:, p. 276. 2970: 2958: 2946: 2944:, p. 447. 2934: 2932:, p. 168. 2922: 2910: 2908:, p. 488. 2895: 2893:, p. 107. 2883: 2881:, p. 402. 2842: 2840:, p. 122. 2813: 2801: 2799:, p. 225. 2778: 2766: 2747: 2745:, p. 166. 2735: 2733:, p. 163. 2723: 2696: 2694:, p. 102. 2681: 2679:, p. 403. 2669: 2654: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2613:, p. 400. 2598: 2596:, p. 156. 2571: 2569:, p. 401. 2540: 2528: 2513: 2511:, p. 402. 2492: 2490:, p. 225. 2475: 2463: 2437: 2415: 2403: 2386: 2369: 2354: 2352:, p. 200. 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2301:, p. 100. 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2241:, p. xxi. 2228: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2168: 2151: 2139: 2137:, p. 191. 2114: 2102: 2087: 2067: 2047: 2027: 2000: 1988: 1965: 1954:on 5 July 2007 1939: 1921: 1906: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1869: 1856: 1853: 1833:'s 1934 novel 1826: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1805:Beaumont-Hamel 1785: 1778:Military Cross 1765: 1762: 1739: 1736: 1666:The Daily Mail 1629:Wallis Simpson 1538:Ernest Tennant 1522:Josef Goebbels 1500: 1497: 1492:House of Lords 1476:Bomber Command 1459:Blenheim Mk. I 1413: 1410: 1376:The Daily Mail 1342:The Daily Mail 1289:The Daily Mail 1265:1930 elections 1227: 1224: 1194:The Daily Mail 1177:The Daily Mail 1167:The Daily Mail 1163:The Daily Mail 1159:The Daily Mail 1154:Mahatma Gandhi 1118:The Daily Mail 1099: 1096: 1025:sensationalism 1017:István Bethlen 949:Ottoman Empire 887: 884: 762:published the 747:The Daily Mail 728:Raphael Samuel 669: 666: 617: 614: 585: 582: 572: 569: 553:Exploits River 526: 523: 519:House of Lords 433: 430: 420:Board of Trade 380: 377: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 291: 290: 288: 287: 281: 275: 269: 263: 256: 254: 250: 249: 247: 246: 241: 235: 233: 229: 228: 226: 225: 219: 216: 212: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 192:(aged 72) 186: 182: 181: 179:United Kingdom 161: 159: 155: 154: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 134: 133: 119: 118: 112:House of Lords 110:Member of the 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 89: 83: 82: 72: 71: 65: 64: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 43: 40: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5184: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:British Nazis 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5095: 5086: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5016:The Lord Weir 5008: 5007: 5000: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4953:online review 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4852:9780752466743 4848: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4833:9780521521413 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4811:9780191008672 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4775:9781846037955 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4756:9780300118094 4752: 4748: 4744: 4743:Taylor, Miles 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721:Simpson, John 4718: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4693:9781315442518 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4671:9780198214908 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4652:9780253023391 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4633:9781448162871 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4611:9781136453533 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4592:9780199709953 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4554:9780773561809 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4516:9780691200286 4512: 4508: 4504: 4503:Lendvai, Paul 4500: 4496: 4494:9781317133605 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4475:9780838641293 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435:Pacific Scene 4431: 4427: 4425:9780230282674 4421: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4406:9780333447635 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4378:9781317403883 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4359:9783030675103 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4340:9780521662390 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4321:9780191080098 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4302:9780714685656 4298: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4279:9780199667987 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4257:9781349022427 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244:Gillian Peele 4241: 4240:Addison, Paul 4237: 4236: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4034: 4032:9780450025945 4028: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3964: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3927:, p. 40. 3926: 3921: 3915:, p. 74. 3914: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3827:, p. 26. 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3798:, p. 19. 3797: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3781:, p. 60. 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3757:, p. 59. 3756: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3715:, p. 31. 3714: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3676:, p. 61. 3675: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3655: 3649:, p. 34. 3648: 3643: 3641: 3634:, p. 25. 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3552:, p. 87. 3551: 3546: 3544: 3537:, p. 33. 3536: 3531: 3529: 3522:, p. 62. 3521: 3516: 3514: 3507:, p. 61. 3506: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3268: 3262: 3256:, p. 27. 3255: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3148:, p. 32. 3147: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3099:, p. 97. 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2968:, p. 73. 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2776:, p. 35. 2775: 2770: 2764:, p. 34. 2763: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2652:, p. 14. 2651: 2646: 2644: 2637:, p. 15. 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2526:, p. 22. 2525: 2520: 2518: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2472: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2425: 2419: 2413:, p. 47. 2412: 2407: 2401:, p. 48. 2400: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2384:, p. 86. 2383: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2367:, p. 83. 2366: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2325:, p. 88. 2324: 2319: 2313:, p. 78. 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2265:, p. 45. 2264: 2259: 2253:, p. 41. 2252: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2226:, p. 97. 2225: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2207:, p. 85. 2206: 2201: 2195:, p. 31. 2194: 2189: 2183:, p. 40. 2182: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2166:, p. 12. 2165: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2149:, p. 15. 2148: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2025:, p. 16. 2024: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1997: 1992: 1976: 1969: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1919:, p. 89. 1918: 1913: 1911: 1904:, p. 96. 1903: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 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2164:Wilson 2011 2147:Wilson 2011 2110:Wilson 2011 2098:Wilson 2011 2076:"No. 31427" 2056:"No. 28797" 2036:"No. 28400" 2023:Wilson 2011 1996:Wilson 2011 1917:Bourne 1990 1902:Bourne 1990 1757:Quebec City 1731:Rudolf Hess 1671:Sudetenland 1625:Edward VIII 1608:Dr. Salazar 1554:Hotel Adlon 1359:Daily Mail' 1314:Dino Grandi 1240:Martin Pugh 1232:appeasement 1136:Caxton Hall 1005:Jan Masaryk 957:Sudetenland 892:Monte Carlo 684:upper class 668:Press baron 616:Public life 481:Sunday Mail 224:(1898–1978) 87:Preceded by 5106:Categories 5088:1910–1940 5060:1914–1940 5041:1919–1940 5010:1917–1918 4916:required.) 4456:0571271324 4198:"Casualty" 4180:"Casualty" 3520:Neary 1988 3505:Neary 1988 3232:21 January 3203:17 January 3132:1844130878 2942:Malik 2010 1884:References 1875:, London: 1825:In fiction 1661:Daily Mail 1616:Daily Mail 1584:Daily Mail 1579:Daily Mail 1558:Daily Mail 1542:Tanganyika 1526:Daily Mail 1515:Daily Mail 1506:Daily Mail 1480:Daily Mail 1471:Daily Mail 1423:Bolshevism 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Blum 1550:Cameroons 1438:monoplane 1427:Manchukuo 1305:New Party 1277:Reichstag 1273:Reichstag 1050:Gutenberg 985:Vojvodina 909:Bucharest 880:Southwark 868:Southwark 676:The Times 505:owned by 297:Publisher 286:(brother) 280:(brother) 274:(brother) 268:(brother) 262:(brother) 253:Relatives 124:In office 77:In office 4931:(1984). 4822:(2003). 4800:(2015). 4745:(2018). 4723:(2016). 4622:(2013). 4505:(2004). 4445:(1980). 4268:(2013). 4202:cwgc.org 4184:cwgc.org 3226:Archived 2650:Bán 2004 2635:Bán 2004 1932:Archived 1709:(modern 1546:Togoland 1530:Saarland 1524:for the 1511:his wife 1067:Budapest 997:George V 973:Slovakia 905:Budapest 571:Aviation 513:and the 363:and the 334:and the 209:Children 5085: 5079:Baronet 4966:Hansard 4233:Sources 4216:"34401" 2456:14 July 2430:14 July 1958:14 July 1807:on the 1636:Berghof 1434:Mercury 1318:Il Duce 1203:In the 977:Ukraine 900:Hungary 857:Cardiff 849:Bristol 606:Hemsted 602:peerage 598:Norfolk 590:baronet 584:Honours 373:Bermuda 232:Parents 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Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere

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