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closing the hands around the harmonica very rapidly. The vibrato might also be achieved via rapid glottal (vocal fold) opening and closing, especially on draws (inhalation) simultaneous to bending, or without bending. This obviates the need for cupping and waving the hands around the instrument during play. An effect similar to vibrato is that of the 'trill' (or 'roll', or 'warble, or 'shake'); this technique has the player move their lips between two holes very quickly, either by shaking the head in a rapid motion or moving the harmonica from side to side within the embouchure. This gives a quick pitch-alternating technique that is slightly more than vibrato and achieves the same aural effect on sustained notes, albeit by using two different tones instead of varying the amplitude of one.
1473:. Wood and metal materials for harmonicas were in short supply because of military demand. Furthermore, the primary harmonica manufacturers were based in Germany and Japan, the enemies of the United States and the Allied forces in the war. During this time, Finn Haakon Magnus, a Danish-American factory worker and entrepreneur, developed and perfected the molded plastic harmonica. The plastic harmonica used molded plastic combs and far fewer pieces than traditional metal or wood harmonicas, which made the harmonica more economical to mass-produce and more sanitary. Though the plastic reeds in these harmonicas produced a less distinctive (and, to many ears, inferior) sound than their metallic counterparts,
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the sound. Among those saying yes are those who are convinced by their ears. Few dispute that comb surface smoothness and air tightness when mated with the reed plates can greatly affect tone and playability. The main advantage of a particular comb material over another one is its durability. In particular, a wooden comb can absorb moisture from the player's breath and contact with the tongue. This can cause the comb to expand slightly, making the instrument uncomfortable to play, and to then contract, potentially compromising air tightness. Various types of wood and treatments have been devised to reduce the degree of this problem.
1358:, whose founder Finn Magnus is credited with the development of plastic harmonica reeds. The other was Wm. Kratt Company, which, founded by German-American William Jacob "Bill" Kratt Sr., originally made pitch pipes and later, in 1952, secured a patent for combs made of plastic. Both companies ceased harmonica production. The only recent American contender in the harmonica market was Harrison Harmonicas, which folded in July 2011. It was announced soon thereafter that the rights to the Harrison design had been sold to another company to finish production of orders already placed. In October 2012, it was revealed that a
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mode (root note is the second draw or third blow), produces a major dominant seventh key that is frequently used by blues players because it contains the harmonically rich dominant seventh note, while the Dorian mode (root note is four draw) produces a minor dominant seventh key. Harmonica players (especially blues players) have developed terminology around different "positions," which can be confusing to other musicians, for example the slang terminology for the most common positions (1st being 'straight', 2nd being 'cross', 3rd being 'slant', etc.).
1127:(covering 3 octaves). Its 11-hole mouthpiece can slide along the front of the harmonica, which gives numerous chord choices and voicings (seven triads, three 6th chords, seven 7th chords, and seven 9th chords, for a total of 24 chords). As well, it is capable of playing single-note melodies and double stops over a range of three diatonic octaves. Unlike conventional harmonicas, blowing and drawing produce the same notes because its tuning is closer to the note layout of a typical East Asian tremolo harmonica or the Polyphonias.
272:
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modern harmonicas, a reed is affixed above or below its slot rather than in the plane of the slot, it responds more easily to air flowing in the direction that initially would push it into the slot, i.e., as a closing reed. This difference in response to air direction makes it possible to include both a blow reed and a draw reed in the same air chamber and to play them separately without relying on flaps of plastic or leather (valves, wind-savers) to block the nonplaying reed.
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nonplaying reed would be significant. For example, when a draw note is played, the valve on the blow reed-slot is sucked shut, preventing air from leaking through the inactive blow reed. An exception to this is the now-discontinued Hohner XB-40, on which valves are placed not to isolate single reeds, but rather to isolate entire chambers from being active, a design that made playing traditional blues bends possible on all reeds.
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brackets, which are attached to a curved loop of metal that rests on the shoulders. The original harmonica racks were made from wire or coat hangers. Models of harmonica racks vary widely by quality and ease of use, and experimenting with more than one model of harmonica rack is often needed to find one that feels suitable for each individual player. This device is used by folk musicians,
1169:, a term possibly borrowed from guitarists, who literally bend a string to subtly change the pitch. Bending also creates the glissandos characteristic of much blues harp and country harmonica playing. Bends are essential for most blues and rock harmonica due to the soulful sounds the instrument can bring out. The "wail" of the blues harp typically requires bending. In the 1970s,
1576:) was set up at Wong Tai Sin Community Centre. Fung On and others continued to teach harmonica and also set up harmonica orchestras. In the 1980s, numbers of harmonica students steadily decreased. In the 1990s, harmonica players from Hong Kong began to participate in international harmonica competitions, including the World Harmonica Festival in Germany and the
1362:, investment corporation, R&R Opportunities, had bought the assets of Harrison Harmonicas and that a feasibility study was under way to assess the possibilities of continued production of the Harrison B-Radical harmonica. Recently, responding to increasingly demanding performance techniques, the market for high-quality instruments has grown.
600:, without wind-savers) in water to cause a slight expansion, which they intended to make the seal between the comb, reed plates, and covers more airtight. Modern wooden-combed harmonicas are less prone to swelling and contracting, but modern players still dip their harmonicas in water for the way it affects tone and ease of bending notes.
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has the word "harmonica" in its name, but it is not related to free-reed instruments. The glass harmonica is a musical instrument formed from a nested set of graduated glass cups mounted sideways on an axle. Each of the glass cups is tuned to a different note, and they are arranged in a scalar order.
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Harmonicas were heard on a handful of recordings in the early 1900s, generally labeled as a "mouth organ". The first jazz or traditional music recordings of harmonicas were made in the U.S. in the mid-1920s. Recordings known at the time as "race records", intended for the black market of the southern
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In 1857, Matthias Hohner, a clockmaker from
Trossingen, started producing harmonicas. Eventually he became the first to mass-produce them. He used a mass-produced wooden comb that he had made by machine-cutting firms. By 1868, he began supplying the United States. By the 1920s, the diatonic harmonica
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Dispute exists among players about whether comb material affects the tone of a harmonica. Those saying no argue that unlike the soundboard of a piano or the top piece of a violin or guitar, a harmonica's comb is neither large enough nor able to vibrate freely enough to substantially augment or change
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By the late 19th century, harmonica production was a big business, having evolved into mass production. New designs were still developed in the 20th century, including the chromatic harmonica, first made by Hohner in 1924, the bass harmonica, and the chord harmonica. In the 21st century, radical new
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is a simple specialty harmonica that provides a reference pitch to singers and other instruments. The only difference between some early pitch-pipes and harmonicas is the name of the instrument, which reflected the maker's target audience. Chromatic pitch pipes, which are used by singers and choirs,
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The Suzuki SSCH-56 Compact Chord harmonica is a 48-chord harmonica built in a 14-hole chromatic harmonica enclosure. The first three holes play a major chord on blow and draw, with and without the slide. Holes 2, 3, and 4 play a diminished chord; holes 3, 4, and 5 play a minor chord; and holes 4, 5,
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Horn harmonicas are available in several pitch ranges, with the lowest pitched starting two octaves below middle C and the highest beginning on middle C itself; they usually cover a two- or three-octave range. They are chromatic instruments and are usually played in an East Asian harmonica orchestra
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Cover plates cover the reed plates and are usually made of metal, though wood and plastic have also been used. The choice of these is personal; because they project sound, they determine the tonal quality of the harmonica. Two types of cover plates are used: traditional open designs of stamped metal
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An even more serious problem with wooden combs, especially in chromatic harmonicas (with their thin dividers between chambers), is that, as the combs expand and shrink over time, cracks can form in the combs, because the comb is held immobile by nails, resulting in disabling leakage. Serious players
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The comb is the main body of the instrument, which, when assembled with the reed plates, forms air chambers for the reeds. The term "comb" may originate from the similarity between this part of a harmonica and a hair comb. Harmonica combs were traditionally made from wood, but now are also made from
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or melodeons is such that in German the name for the former is "Mundharmonika" and the latter "Handharmonika," which translate as "mouth harmonica" and "hand harmonica." In
Scandinavian languages, an accordion is called variants of "trekkspill" (pull play) or "trekkharmonika" whereas a harmonica is
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is the most famous. But the harmonica still represented a toy instrument in those years and was associated with the poor. It is also during those years that musicians started experimenting with new techniques such as tongue-blocking, hand effects and the most important innovation of all, the second
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is a technique commonly used while playing the harmonica and many other instruments, to give the note a 'shaking' sound. This technique can be accomplished in a number of ways. The most common way is to change how the harmonica is held. For example, the vibrato effect can be achieved by opening and
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for ensemble playing. It is laid out in four-note clusters, each sounding a different chord on inhaling or exhaling. Typically each hole has two reeds for each note, tuned to one octave of each other. Less expensive models often have only one reed per note. Quite a few orchestra harmonicas are also
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when cranked at higher volumes, which adds body, fullness, and "grit" to the sound. Little Walter also cupped his hands around the instrument, tightening the air around the harp, giving it a powerful, distorted sound, somewhat reminiscent of a saxophone, hence the term "Mississippi saxophone". Some
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The violin and viola were replaced by 12-hole and 16-hole chromonicas; cello by chord harmonica, contra bass and octave bass; double bass by octave bass; flute by pipe soprano; clarinet by pipe alto; trumpet by horn soprano; trombone by horn alto; oboe by melodica soprano; English horn by melodica
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In addition to playing the diatonic harmonica in its original key, it is also possible to play it in other keys by playing in other "positions" using different keynotes. Using just the basic notes on the instrument would mean playing in a specific mode for each position. For example the
Mixolydian
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The other type of orchestral melodic harmonica is the polyphonia, (though some are marked "chromatica"). These have all twelve chromatic notes laid out on the same row. In most cases, they have both blow and draw of the same tone, though the No. 7 is blow only, and the No. 261, also blow only, has
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harmonicas often found in East Asia. These consist of a single large comb with blow-only reed-plates on the top and bottom. Each reed sits inside a single cell in the comb. One version mimics the layout of a piano or mallet instrument, with the natural notes of a C diatonic scale in the lower reed
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The mouthpiece is placed between the air chambers of the instrument and the player's mouth. This can be integral with the comb (the diatonic harmonicas; the Hohner
Chrometta); part of the cover (as in Hohner's CX-12); or may be a separate unit, secured by screws, which is typical of chromatics. In
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Most harmonicas are constructed with the reed plates screwed or bolted to the comb or each other. A few brands still use the traditional method of nailing the reed plates to the comb. Some experimental and rare harmonicas also have had the reed plates held in place by tension, such as the WWII-era
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The reed plate is a grouping of several reeds in a single housing. The reeds are usually made of brass, but steel, aluminium, and plastic are occasionally used. Individual reeds are usually riveted to the reed plate, but they may also be welded or screwed in place. Reeds fixed on the inner side of
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adjustments. Bending isolated reeds is possible, as on chromatic and other harmonica models with wind-savers, but also to both lower, and raise (overbend, overblow, overdraw) the pitch produced by pairs of reeds in the same chamber, as on a diatonic or other unvalved harmonica. Such two-reed pitch
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10-hole chromatic is intended to play in only one key, the 12-, 14-, and 16-hole models (which are tuned to equal temperament) allow the musician to play in any key desired with only one harmonica. This harp can be used for any style, including Celtic, classical, jazz, or blues (commonly in third
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The chromatic harmonica uses a button-activated sliding bar to redirect air from the hole in the mouthpiece to the selected reed-plate, though one design—the "Machino-Tone"—controlled airflow by means of a lever-operated flap on the rear of the instrument. Also, a "hands-free" modification to the
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Promaster and SCX), which offer a louder tonal quality. From these two basic types, a few modern designs have been created, such as the Hohner CBH-2016 chromatic and the Suzuki
Overdrive diatonic, which have complex covers that allow for specific functions not usually available in the traditional
1275:, copied a harmonica his neighbour had brought from Vienna. He had such success that eventually his brother and some relatives also started to make harmonicas. From 1840, his nephew Christian Weiss was also involved in the business. By 1855, there were at least three harmonica-making businesses:
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Harmonica players who play the instrument while performing on another instrument with their hands (e.g., an acoustic guitar) often use an accessory called a neck rack or harmonica holder to position the instrument in front of their mouth. A harmonica holder clamps the harmonica between two metal
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Reeds are tuned to individual pitches. Tuning may involve changing a reed's length, the weight near its free end, or the stiffness near its fixed end. Longer, heavier, and springier reeds produce deeper, lower sounds; shorter, lighter, and stiffer reeds make higher-pitched sounds. If, as on most
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Harmonica players who amplify their instrument with microphones and tube amplifiers, such as blues harp players, also have a range of techniques that exploit properties of the microphone and the amplifier, such as changing the way the hands are cupped around the instrument and the microphone or
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Strictly speaking, diatonic denotes any harmonica designed to play in a single key—though the standard
Richter-tuned diatonic harmonica can play other keys by forcing its reeds to play tones that are not part of its basic scale. Depending on the country, "diatonic harmonica" may mean either the
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Wind-savers are one-way valves made from thin strips of plastic, knit paper, leather, or Teflon glued to the reed plate. They are typically found in chromatic harmonicas, chord harmonicas, and many octave-tuned harmonicas. Wind-savers are used when two reeds share a cell and leakage through the
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A notable exception to the traditional reed plate design is the all-plastic harmonicas designed by Finn Magnus in the 1950s, in which the reed and reed plate were molded out of a single piece of plastic. The Magnus design had the reeds, reed plates, and comb made of plastic and either molded or
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The harmonica started to gain popularity in Hong Kong in the 1930s. Individual tremolo harmonica players from China moved to Hong Kong and established numerous harmonica organizations such as The
Chinese Y.M.C.A. Harmonica Orchestra, the China Harmonica Society, and the Heart String Harmonica
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plate and the sharps and flats in the upper reed plate in groups of two and three holes with gaps in between like the black keys of a piano. Another version has one "sharp" reed directly above its "natural" on the lower plate, with the same number of reeds on both plates (therefore including E
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The distinguishing feature of the tremolo-tuned harmonica is that it has two reeds per note, with one slightly sharp and the other slightly flat. This provides a unique wavering or warbling sound created by the two reeds being slightly out of tune with each other and the difference in their
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called "munnspill" (mouth play) or "mundharmonika" (mouth harmonica). The names for the two instruments in the Slavic languages are also either similar or identical. The harmonica shares similarities to all other free-reed instruments by virtue of the method of sound production.
1074:" chromatic harmonica that is more common in the European and American tradition. Their reeds are often larger, and the enclosing "horn" gives them a different timbre, so that they often function in place of a brass section. In the past, they were referred to as horn harmonicas.
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designed to serve as both bass and chord harmonica, with bass notes next to chord groupings. There are also other chord harmonicas, such as the
Chordomonica (which operates similar to a chromatic harmonica), and the junior chord harmonicas (which typically provide six chords).
1314:, old-time and more. The harmonica was a success almost from the very start of production, and while the center of the harmonica business has shifted from Germany, the output of the various harmonica manufacturers is still very high. Major companies are now found in Germany (
1516:), known in Japan as the "Father of the harmonica", devised an alternate tuning, which is more suited to playing Japanese folk tunes. This tuning is also suited to local music throughout East Asia, and harmonicas using the tuning became popular in the region.
689:" Jacobs, who played the harmonica near a "Bullet" microphone marketed for use by radio taxi dispatchers. This gave his harmonica tone a "punchy" midrange sound that could be heard above an electric guitar. Also, tube amplifiers produce a natural growling
1443:, which taught listeners how to play. Listeners could play along with the program to increase their proficiency. The radio program gained wide popularity after the unveiling of the 1925 White House Christmas tree, which was adorned with fifty harmonicas.
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many harmonicas, the mouthpiece is purely an ergonomic aid designed to make playing more comfortable. In the traditional slider-based chromatic harmonica, it is essential to the functioning of the instrument because it provides a groove for the slide.
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all-American models. If the plates are bolted to the comb, the reed plates can be replaced individually. This is useful because the reeds eventually go out of tune through normal use, and certain notes of the scale can fail more quickly than others.
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The history of the harmonica in Taiwan began around 1945. By the 1980s, though, as living standards improved, many instruments once beyond the budgets of most
Taiwanese started to become more accessible and popular in preference to the harmonica.
1530:) announced the development of a minor key harmonica. There are two types of minor key tunings, "natural minor" suitable for folk and contemporary music, and Latin American music, and the "harmonic minor" suitable for some famous Japanese pieces.
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Some time before Hohner began manufacturing harmonicas in 1857, he shipped some to relatives who had emigrated to the United States. Its music rapidly became popular, and the country became an enormous market for Hohner's goods. US president
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In 1898, the harmonica was brought to Japan, where the
Tremolo harmonica was the most popular instrument. After about 30 years, the Japanese developed scale tuning and semitone harmonicas that could play Japanese folk songs.
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Harmonica Orchestra started in the 1960s, with 100 members, most of whom played harmonicas. Non-harmonica instruments were also used, such as double bass, accordion, piano, and percussion such as timpani and xylophone.
1244:). Richter tuning, invented by Joseph Richter (who also is credited with inventing the blow and draw mechanism), was created in 1826 and was eventually adopted nearly universally. In Germany, violin manufacturer
523:, or bronze, which is secured at one end over a slot that serves as an airway. When the free end is made to vibrate by the player's air, it alternately blocks and unblocks the airway to produce sound.
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give a full chromatic (12-note) octave. Pitch pipes are also sold for string players, such as violinists and guitarists; these pitch pipes usually provide the notes corresponding to the open strings.
1228:). Mouth-blown free-reed instruments appeared in the United States, South America, the United Kingdom and Europe at roughly the same time. These instruments were made for playing classical music.
1621:. Learning to play a musical instrument also offers motivation in addition to the exercise component. Many pulmonary rehabilitation programs therefore have begun to incorporate the harmonica.
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and several imitators soon became commonplace, particularly among children. The patent for the plastic comb was awarded to William Kratt of Wm. Kratt Company in 1952. During World War II, the
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uses a customized microphone that encapsulates several of these effects into one handheld unit, as opposed to several units in sequence. Many harmonica players still prefer tube amplifiers to
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and 6 play an augmented, for a total of sixteen chords. This pattern is repeated starting on hole 5, a whole step higher; and again starting on hole 9, for a total of 48 chords.
1192:. When this technique is employed while playing chords, care must be taken in overtone selection as the overtones stemming from the non-root pitch can cause extreme dissonance.
1006:) from its key of C counterpart; on the diatonic scale, a G is a perfect fifth from C. The interval between keys can be used to find the note layout of any standard diatonic.
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Hohner 270 (12-hole) lets the player shift the tones by moving the mouthpiece up and down with the lips, leaving the hands free to play another instrument. While the
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is still in business.) Owing to competition between the harmonica factories in Trossingen and Klingenthal, machines were invented to punch the covers for the reeds.
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1562:) promoted the chromatic harmonica. The chromatic harmonica gradually became the main instrument used by the Chinese Y.M.C.A. Harmonica Orchestra. The Chinese
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changes actually involve sound production by the normally silent reed, the opening reed (for instance, the blow reed while the player is drawing).
1955:
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had been fairly common in East Asia since ancient times. They became relatively well known in Europe after being introduced by the French Jesuit
500:. The many types of harmonica include diatonic, chromatic, tremolo, octave, orchestral, and bass versions. A harmonica is played by using the
504:(lips and tongue) to direct air into or out of one (or more) holes along a mouthpiece. Behind each hole is a chamber containing at least one
1636:. Orchestra director Pierre Beauregard had hoped that Reagan's therapeutic harmonica experience would help them get a chance to play at the
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and have succeeded well in those styles. Over time, the basic design and tuning proved adaptable to other types of music such as the blues,
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are all free-reed instruments that developed alongside the harmonica. Indeed, the similarities between harmonicas and so-called "diatonic"
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is often cited as the inventor of the harmonica in 1821, but other inventors developed similar instruments at the same time. In 1829,
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A school boy playing harmonica, and a school girl playing one-row diatonic accordion. A self-study book published in 1899 in Japan.
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tremolo harmonica (in East Asia) or blues harp (in Europe and North America). Other diatonic harmonicas include octave harmonicas.
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It is played by touching the rotating cups with wetted fingers, causing them to vibrate and produce a sustained "singing" tone.
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The ChengGong harmonica has a main body, and a sliding mouthpiece. The body is a 24-hole diatonic harmonica that ranges from B
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In Europe and the United States, tremolo harmonica uses the Richter tuning, developed in Germany. In 1913, Shōgo Kawaguchi (
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Another technique, seldom used to its full potential, is altering the size of the mouth cavity to emphasize certain natural
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the reed plate (within the comb's air chamber) respond to blowing, while those fixed on the outer side respond to suction.
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design. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, harmonicas not uncommonly had special features on the covers, such as
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In addition to the 19 notes readily available on the diatonic harmonica, players can play other notes by adjusting their
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devote significant effort to restoring wood combs and sealing leaks. Some players used to soak wooden-combed harmonicas (
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for high-end instruments). Some modern and experimental comb designs are complex in the way that they direct the air.
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745:. Players perceive tubes as having a "warmer" tone and a more "natural" overdrive sound. Many amplifiers designed for
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Playing the harmonica requires inhaling and exhaling strongly against resistance. This action helps develop a strong
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A significant contributor to the expanding popularity of the harmonica was a New York-based radio program called the
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three miles away; by 1827 they had produced hundreds of harmonicas. Many others followed in Germany and also nearby
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The harmonica was developed in Europe in the early part of the 19th century. Free-reed instruments like the Chinese
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1033:). The East Asian version, which can produce all 12 semitones, is used often in East Asian rock and pop music.
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allotted a rationed supply of brass to Kratt's factory so they could continue to produce harmonicas that the
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had largely reached its modern form. Other types followed soon thereafter, including the various tremolo and
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was one of the first harmonica players to perform major works written for the instrument by the composers
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The harmonica's versatility brought it to the attention of classical musicians during the 1930s. American
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1350:(Hering, Bends). The United States had two significant harmonica manufacturers, and both were based in
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The harmonica first appeared in Vienna, where harmonicas with chambers were sold before 1824 (see also
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two reeds per hole, tuned an octave apart (all these designations refer to products of M. Hohner).
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Since the 1950s, many blues harmonica players have amplified their instrument with microphones and
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1736:, or "success," pronounced "chenggong" in Mandarin Chinese) harmonica, invented by Cheng Xuexue
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Society. During the 1950s, chromatic harmonica became popular in Hong Kong, and players such as
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also made harmonicas until the 1970s), China (Huang, Easttop, Johnson, Leo Shi, Swan, AXL), and
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Reed plate mounted on the comb of a diatonic harmonica, one of several categories of harmonica
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are built from the ground up with characteristics that are optimal for amplified harmonica.
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1956:"Using the Harmonica in Physical Therapy. (This will be useful in cheerleading practice.)"
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carried a harmonica in his pocket, and harmonicas provided solace to soldiers on both the
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specialists have noted that playing the harmonica resembles the kind of exercise used to
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designs have been developed and are still being introduced into the market, such as the
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As technology in amplification has progressed, harmonica players have introduced other
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and several other musicians. There are also recordings featuring the harmonica in
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played the instrument, and it became a fixture of the American musical landscape.
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Diatonic harmonicas were designed primarily for playing German and other European
519:. A harmonica reed is a flat, elongated spring typically made of brass, stainless
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or plastic, which are simply there to be held; and enclosed designs (such as the
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and forcing the reed to resonate at a different pitch. This technique is called
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Initial diatonic harmonica tunings were major key only. In 1931, Hiderō Satō (
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There are eight kinds of orchestral melody harmonica; the most common are the
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The basic parts of the harmonica are the comb, reed plates, and cover plates.
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patients such as using a PFLEX inspiratory muscle trainer or the inspiratory
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1922:(Press release). University of Michigan. September 28, 2005. Archived from
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1920:"When breathing needs a tune-up, harmonica class hits all the right notes"
1766:: In aller Munde, S. 43, Staatl. Institut für Musikforschung, Berlin 2003.
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Orchestral harmonicas are primarily designed for use in ensemble playing.
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2008:
12 Keys of Pentatonic Scales on one Richter-tuned Diatonic Harmonica in C
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Here is the note layout for a standard diatonic in the key of G major:
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1268:. In 1829, Johann Wilhelm Rudolph Glier also began making harmonicas.
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rhythmically breathing or chanting into the microphone while playing.
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China. Around 1820, free-reed designs began being created in Europe.
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cups his hands around a "bullet mic" as he plays amplified harmonica.
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in 1824. He and the ironworker Langhammer copied the instruments in
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harmonica players in folk use a regular vocal microphone, such as a
218:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1283:& Co., and Württ. Harmonikafabrik Ch. Weiss. (Currently, only
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developed a mouth-organ under the name "Aeolina" (inspired by the
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bought a harmonica with chambers (Kanzellen) at an exhibition in
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ones, owing to the perceived difference in tone generated by the
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1940:. American Institute of Physics. January 1, 2006. Archived from
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1580:. In the 2000s, the Hong Kong Harmonica Association (H.K.H.A.) (
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Overdrive, Hohner XB-40, and the ill-fated Harrison B-Radical.
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1938:"Pulmonologists Treat Breath Shortness with Harmonica Classes"
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styles were also recorded, intended for white audiences, by
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technique (also known as "overblowing" and "overdrawing".)
698:, for their harmonica, which gives a clean, natural sound.
685:. One of the early innovators of this approach was Marion "
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1271:
In 1830, Christian Messner, a cloth maker and weaver from
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distributed to American troops overseas to boost morale.
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with ten air passages and twenty reeds, often called the
1322:– the dominant manufacturer in the world), South Korea (
276:
A 16-hole chromatic (top) and 10-hole diatonic harmonica
1632:, his breathing therapist was Howard McDonald, of the
1029:
subsequent waveforms interacting with each other (its
2003:
Layout of 12 Keys of Richter-tuned Diatonic Harmonica
851:
Hohner Super Chromonica, a typical 12-hole chromatic
1706:
The Complete Idiot's Guide to Playing the Harmonica
1469:Harmonicas were scarce in the United States during
112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1972:
1703:
476:used worldwide in many musical genres, notably in
2023:Disclaimer - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download
2018:Disclaimer - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download
372:Slightly over 4 octaves (16-hole chromatic model)
2803:
1570:In the 1970s, the Haletone Harmonica Orchestra (
749:are also used by harmonica players, such as the
1782:. Vol. 1 (14 ed.). 1930. p. 222.
1754:Naxos.com website (accessed 1 September 2016).
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1702:Weinstein, Randy F.; Melton, William (2001).
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784:, 1963: Dylan is wearing a harmonica holder.
1861:alto; French horn by melodica professional.
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639:, which could be rung by pushing a button.
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2055:
2041:
1752:"Indes galantes, Les (The Gallant Indies,"
1505:
30:For the glass organ of the same name, see
2601:
1086:The chord harmonica has up to 48 chords:
530:An important technique in performance is
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
1973:Richard Harrington (December 16, 1983).
1902:"Harmonica For Fun & Health Classes"
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1904:. Harmonica Masterclass. Archived from
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1966:
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1730:(a pun on the inventor's surname and
1403:and duo recordings with a guitarist (
1958:. KYW Newsradio 1060. Archived from
1602:and deep breathing using the entire
1399:states, included solo recordings by
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1218:Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann
534:, causing a drop in pitch by making
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110:adding citations to reliable sources
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2062:
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1338:– the manufacturer of the popular
375:3 octaves (10-hole diatonic model)
25:
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1996:
1628:suffered a punctured lung in the
793:, and singer-songwriters such as
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56:This article has multiple issues.
27:Free reed wind musical instrument
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705:to their rigs, as well, such as
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1948:
1930:
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1578:Asia Pacific Harmonica Festival
1550:Local players such as Lau Mok (
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335:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
97:needs additional citations for
64:or discuss these issues on the
2771:part relation with additional
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1825:Popular Science – Google Books
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2769:Physical just-intoned string
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630:Meisterklasse and Super 64,
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428:More articles or information
7:
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1640:, but this never occurred.
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214:the claims made and adding
10:
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2817:German musical instruments
2681:Just intonation in one key
2621:Fretless string instrument
1212:(1718–1793), who lived in
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761:. Some expensive handmade
36:Harmonica (disambiguation)
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508:. The most common is the
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2028:World Harmonica Festival
1779:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1630:1981 attempt on his life
1366:Europe and North America
1264:that would later become
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551:Comb and two reed plates
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2717:Retunable to a just key
1626:President Ronald Reagan
1506:Japanese tremolo tuning
1210:Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
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441:Richter-tuned harmonica
2827:Folk music instruments
2703:Long-string instrument
1794:"HOHNER - enjoy music"
1498:
1452:Ralph Vaughan Williams
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998:Each hole is the same
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584:) or metal (including
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34:. For other uses, see
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2724:Keyboard instruments
2302:Heckelphone-clarinet
1683:List of harmonicists
1534:Hong Kong and Taiwan
1150:Harmonica techniques
821:, and blues singers
420:List of harmonicists
106:improve this article
1882:on 21 February 2009
1644:Related instruments
1586:) was established.
1441:Hohner Harmony Hour
1246:Johann Georg Meisel
1024:A tremolo harmonica
843:Chromatic harmonica
763:boutique amplifiers
759:Danelectro Commando
751:Kalamazoo Model Two
482:American folk music
436:Chromatic harmonica
383:Related instruments
343:Free reed aerophone
283:Woodwind instrument
266:
2626:Pedal steel guitar
2261:Reclam de xeremies
1975:"Joyous Cacophony"
1804:on 27 January 2007
1545:John Sebastian Sr.
1499:
1385:American Civil War
1277:C. A. Seydel Söhne
1222:Charles Wheatstone
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853:
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459:, also known as a
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199:possibly contains
2822:Blues instruments
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2434:Gourd mouth organ
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1944:on June 17, 2006.
1475:Magnus harmonicas
1360:Beloit, Wisconsin
1352:Union, New Jersey
1281:Christian Messner
1232:Early instruments
1016:Tremolo harmonica
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993:
819:Bruce Springsteen
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16:(Redirected from
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2222:
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2198:
2188:
2185:
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2178:
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2173:
2170:
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2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
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2110:
2107:
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2100:
2097:
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2090:
2087:
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2069:
2065:
2058:
2053:
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2039:
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2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1857:
1842:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1727:
1719:
1717:0-02-864241-4
1713:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1684:
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1680:
1674:
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1666:
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1659:
1655:
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1641:
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1631:
1627:
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1609:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1568:
1565:
1548:
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1517:
1503:
1495:
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1480:
1476:
1472:
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1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:Walter Horton
1406:
1402:
1401:DeFord Bailey
1396:
1394:
1393:Billy the Kid
1390:
1386:
1383:sides of the
1382:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
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1296:
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1186:
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1180:
1176:
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1168:
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1141:
1138:
1128:
1112:
1108:
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1101:
1097:
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1089:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1052:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1010:Tremolo-tuned
1007:
1005:
1004:perfect fifth
1001:
989:
986:
983:
975:
972:
969:
966:
958:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
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932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
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906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
880:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
862:
859:
858:Richter-tuned
849:
844:
829:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:one-man bands
783:
779:
775:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:chorus effect
724:
721:, additional
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:effects units
699:
697:
692:
688:
687:Little Walter
684:
671:
667:
658:
649:
640:
638:
633:
629:
618:
614:
610:
601:
599:
593:
589:
587:
583:
572:
565:
557:
549:
540:
537:
533:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:Richter-tuned
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
447:
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421:
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404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
380:
374:
371:
370:
368:
365:
364:Playing range
361:
358:
352:
348:
344:
338:
336:
332:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
315:
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309:
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293:
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280:
273:
268:
256:
253:
238:
235:
227:
224:February 2017
217:
213:
209:
203:
202:
197:This article
195:
186:
185:
176:
173:
165:
162:February 2017
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123: –
122:
118:
117:Find sources:
111:
107:
101:
100:
95:This article
93:
89:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2707:
2693:Natural horn
2406:
2397:Couesnophone
2285:Conical bore
2162:Oboe d'amore
2137:English horn
2119:Conical bore
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1960:the original
1950:
1942:the original
1932:
1924:the original
1914:
1906:the original
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1876:Haletone.com
1875:
1872:"主頁 - 曉彤口琴網"
1866:
1856:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1824:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:the original
1797:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1764:Conny Restle
1759:
1747:
1726:
1705:
1697:
1667:
1647:
1623:
1612:rehabilitate
1597:
1588:
1569:
1549:
1537:
1523:
1509:
1500:
1471:World War II
1468:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1405:Hammie Nixon
1397:
1369:
1305:
1297:
1295:harmonicas.
1289:
1270:
1254:Braunschweig
1242:Anton Haeckl
1235:
1226:Aeolian harp
1203:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1179:Over Bending
1178:
1175:over bending
1174:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1134:
1118:
1109:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1027:
997:
872:
868:
854:
811:Eddie Vedder
787:
743:vacuum tubes
725:pedals, and
700:
680:
655:
646:
624:
621:Cover plates
615:
611:
607:
594:
590:
578:
570:
529:
525:
516:
464:
460:
456:
454:
248:
230:
221:
198:
168:
159:
149:
142:
135:
128:
116:
104:Please help
99:verification
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
2791:Moodswinger
2729:Split sharp
2646:Synthesizer
2641:Human voice
2602:Instrument
2489:Guide-chant
2464:Martinshorn
2201:Single reed
2187:Taepyeongso
2072:Double reed
1776:"Aeolina".
1638:White House
1604:lung volume
1594:Medical use
1541:Larry Adler
1448:Larry Adler
1425:Gwen Foster
1413:Sonny Terry
1381:Confederate
1285:C.A. Seydel
1250:Klingenthal
1171:Howard Levy
1072:push-button
861:position).
739:solid-state
731:John Popper
696:Shure SM 58
670:Mark Wenner
661:Accessories
643:Wind-savers
466:mouth organ
461:French harp
298:mouth organ
295:French harp
289:Other names
121:"Harmonica"
2806:Categories
2773:3rd bridge
2614:in any key
2604:intonation
2506:Saenghwang
2484:Pump organ
2439:Hornophone
2392:Concertina
2361:Pitch pipe
2356:Party horn
2351:Bullroarer
2292:Aulochrome
1832:2012-07-05
1689:References
1662:accordions
1654:accordions
1650:concertina
1619:spirometer
1389:Wyatt Earp
1354:. One was
1330:), Japan (
1308:folk music
1273:Trossingen
1163:embouchure
1144:Techniques
1137:pitch pipe
1131:Pitch pipe
1104:diminished
1037:Orchestral
823:Jimmy Reed
815:Billy Joel
807:Neil Young
803:Tom Harmon
757:, and the
652:Mouthpiece
604:Reed plate
559:Reed plate
536:embouchure
517:blues harp
302:blues harp
208:improve it
132:newspapers
61:improve it
18:Harmonicas
2812:Harmonica
2786:Pencilina
2781:Monochord
2708:Harmonica
2561:Tone hole
2474:Organetto
2412:Chromatic
2407:Harmonica
2402:Harmoneon
2382:Accordion
2331:Free reed
2312:Saxophone
2246:Launeddas
2231:Chalumeau
1984:March 26,
1798:Hohner.de
1742:of China.
1710:. Alpha.
1608:Pulmonary
1600:diaphragm
1489:East Asia
1483:Red Cross
1429:jug bands
1417:Hillbilly
1340:Lee Oskar
1190:overtones
1115:ChengGong
1100:augmented
1002:(here, a
837:Chromatic
795:Bob Dylan
782:Bob Dylan
778:Joan Baez
723:overdrive
691:overdrive
598:diatonics
580:plastic (
471:free reed
457:harmonica
412:Musicians
350:Developed
325:aerophone
265:Harmonica
212:verifying
67:talk page
2745:natural
2688:Bagpipes
2631:Trombone
2469:Melodica
2459:Mangtong
2417:Diatonic
2387:Claviola
2317:Tárogató
2276:Zhaleika
2236:Clarinet
2094:Chirimia
2013:MP3 file
1886:18 April
1808:18 April
1677:See also
1658:melodica
1656:and the
1258:Graslitz
1214:Qing-era
1063:♯
1057:♯
1000:interval
979:♯
962:♯
865:Diatonic
586:titanium
510:diatonic
398:melodica
393:Melodeon
2760:Đàn bầu
2636:Timpani
2454:Lusheng
2427:Tremolo
2307:Octavin
2271:Xaphoon
2256:Pibgorn
2241:Diplica
2132:Bombard
2127:Bassoon
2089:Balaban
1312:country
1262:Bohemia
1200:History
1167:bending
1155:Vibrato
1092:seventh
711:tremolo
532:bending
494:country
469:, is a
339:412.132
206:Please
146:scholar
2521:Triola
2444:Hulusi
2339:Single
2251:Mijwiz
2226:Bülban
2221:Arghul
2216:Alboka
2182:Sopila
2172:Rhaita
2167:Piston
2142:Gralla
1714:
1583:香港口琴協會
1462:, and
1348:Brazil
1344:Yamaha
1332:Suzuki
1328:Dabell
1320:Hohner
1316:Seydel
1301:Suzuki
1293:octave
1045:Melody
719:octave
707:reverb
632:Suzuki
628:Hohner
496:, and
148:
141:
134:
127:
119:
2755:Guqin
2662:Crook
2539:Other
2511:Sheng
2449:Khene
2366:Sneng
2266:Sipsi
2177:Shawm
2099:Duduk
1848:中國口琴社
1624:When
1573:曉彤口琴隊
1411:, or
1377:Union
1336:Tombo
1324:Miwha
1248:from
1206:sheng
1096:minor
1088:major
1082:Chord
1060:and B
950:draw
915:blow
832:Types
715:delay
637:bells
543:Parts
521:steel
502:mouth
478:blues
357:1820s
153:JSTOR
139:books
2556:Reed
2546:Bore
2375:Sets
2346:Bawu
2157:Oboe
2109:Piri
2104:Guan
1986:2021
1888:2021
1810:2021
1712:ISBN
1668:The
1648:The
1615:COPD
1564:YMCA
1543:and
1527:佐藤秀廊
1513:川口章吾
1391:and
1379:and
1318:and
1240:and
1135:The
1123:to D
1102:and
1051:horn
1031:beat
825:and
780:and
575:Comb
506:reed
498:rock
490:jazz
455:The
320:Wind
125:news
2516:Shō
2152:Kèn
2147:Hne
1739:程雪學
1415:).
1066:).
910:10
733:of
582:ABS
463:or
210:by
108:by
2808::
2526:Yu
1977:.
1874:.
1796:.
1733:成功
1606:.
1559:馮安
1553:劉牧
1466:.
1458:,
1454:,
1423:,
1407:,
1334:,
1326:,
1279:,
1098:,
1094:,
1090:,
990:E
945:G
817:,
813:,
809:,
805:,
801:,
797:,
753:,
729:.
717:,
713:,
709:,
492:,
488:,
484:,
480:,
403:yu
354:c.
70:.
2595:e
2588:t
2581:v
2056:e
2049:t
2042:v
1988:.
1890:.
1851:)
1845:(
1835:.
1812:.
1720:.
1125:6
1121:2
987:C
984:A
976:F
973:E
970:C
967:A
959:F
956:D
953:A
942:D
939:B
936:G
933:D
930:B
927:G
924:D
921:B
918:G
907:9
904:8
901:7
898:6
895:5
892:4
889:3
886:2
883:1
345:)
341:(
255:)
249:(
237:)
231:(
226:)
222:(
204:.
175:)
169:(
164:)
160:(
150:·
143:·
136:·
129:·
102:.
77:)
73:(
38:.
20:)
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