3672:). If the air density is too low, then there is not enough lift for the flying head, so the head gets too close to the disk, and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss. Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable high-altitude operation, above about 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Modern disks include temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operating environment. Breather holes can be seen on all disk drives – they usually have a sticker next to them, warning the user not to cover the holes. The air inside the operating drive is constantly moving too, being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters. This air passes through an internal recirculation (or "recirc") filter to remove any leftover contaminants from manufacture, any particles or chemicals that may have somehow entered the enclosure, and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation. Very high humidity present for extended periods of time can corrode the heads and platters. An exception to this are hermetically sealed, helium filled HDDs that largely eliminate environmental issues that can arise due to humidity or atmospheric pressure changes. Such HDDs were introduced by HGST in their first successful high volume implementation in 2013.
3400:
2355:
2139:". Its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down. Instead, the heads were allowed to "land" on a special area of the disk surface upon spin-down, "taking off" again when the disk was later powered on. This greatly reduced the cost of the head actuator mechanism, but precluded removing just the disks from the drive as was done with the disk packs of the day. Instead, the first models of "Winchester technology" drives featured a removable disk module, which included both the disk pack and the head assembly, leaving the actuator motor in the drive upon removal. Later "Winchester" drives abandoned the removable media concept and returned to non-removable platters.
3769:
2445:
platters, increasing areal density. Normally hard drive recording heads have a pole called a main pole that is used for writing to the platters, and adjacent to this pole is an air gap and a shield. The write coil of the head surrounds the pole. The STO device is placed in the air gap between the pole and the shield to increase the strength of the magnetic field created by the pole; FC-MAMR technically doesn't use microwaves, but uses technology employed in MAMR. The STO has a Field
Generation Layer (FGL) and a Spin Injection Layer (SIL), and the FGL produces a magnetic field using spin-polarised electrons originating in the SIL, which is a form of spin torque energy.
4034:
2339:
2463:
3384:
2656:
2363:
3855:
1733:, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. There can be confusion regarding storage capacity, since capacities are stated in decimal gigabytes (powers of 1000) by HDD manufacturers, whereas the most commonly used operating systems report capacities in powers of 1024, which results in a smaller number than advertised. Performance is specified as the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder (average access time), the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head (average
2778:
3144:
12308:
2485:
3942:. Examples are: transaction processing databases, internet infrastructure (email, webserver, e-commerce), scientific computing software, and nearline storage management software. Enterprise drives commonly operate continuously ("24/7") in demanding environments while delivering the highest possible performance without sacrificing reliability. Maximum capacity is not the primary goal, and as a result the drives are often offered in capacities that are relatively low in relation to their cost.
4104:(40% per year) and faster than the 10–20% per year for HDDs. As of 2018, the maximum capacity was 16 terabytes for an HDD, and 100 terabytes for an SSD. HDDs were used in 70% of the desktop and notebook computers produced in 2016, and SSDs were used in 30%. The usage share of HDDs is declining and could drop below 50% in 2018–2019 according to one forecast, because SSDs are replacing smaller-capacity (less than one-terabyte) HDDs in desktop and notebook computers and MP3 players.
2766:
40:
3927:
3136:
2742:(HAMR). HAMR requires a different architecture with redesigned media and read/write heads, new lasers, and new near-field optical transducers. HAMR is expected to ship commercially in late 2020 or 2021. Technical issues delayed the introduction of HAMR by a decade, from earlier projections of 2009, 2015, 2016, and the first half of 2019. Some drives have adopted dual independent actuator arms to increase read/write speeds and compete with SSDs. HAMR's planned successor,
3563:(SAS). The SAS is a new generation serial communication protocol for devices designed to allow for much higher speed data transfers and is compatible with SATA. SAS uses a mechanically compatible data and power connector to standard 3.5-inch SATA1/SATA2 HDDs, and many server-oriented SAS RAID controllers are also capable of addressing SATA HDDs. SAS uses serial communication instead of the parallel method found in traditional SCSI devices but still uses SCSI commands.
48:
12288:
10689:
2454:
3508:) retroactively added upon introduction of SATA) moved the HDD controller from the interface card to the disk drive. This helped to standardize the host/controller interface, reduce the programming complexity in the host device driver, and reduced system cost and complexity. The 40-pin IDE/ATA connection transfers 16 bits of data at a time on the data cable. The data cable was originally 40-conductor, but later higher speed requirements led to an
2493:
2553:. If the magnetic field were uniform, each side would generate opposing forces that would cancel each other out. Therefore, the surface of the magnet is half north pole and half south pole, with the radial dividing line in the middle, causing the two sides of the coil to see opposite magnetic fields and produce forces that add instead of canceling. Currents along the top and bottom of the coil produce radial forces that do not rotate the head.
4120:
3679:(GMR) heads in particular, a minor head crash from contamination (that does not remove the magnetic surface of the disk) still results in the head temporarily overheating, due to friction with the disk surface, and can render the data unreadable for a short period until the head temperature stabilizes (so called "thermal asperity", a problem which can partially be dealt with by proper electronic filtering of the read signal).
2347:
2270:
3631:
1702:, slightly exceeded those for HDDs in 2018. Flash storage products had more than twice the revenue of hard disk drives as of 2017. Though SSDs have four to nine times higher cost per bit, they are replacing HDDs in applications where speed, power consumption, small size, high capacity and durability are important. As of 2019, the cost per bit of SSDs is falling, and the price premium over HDDs has narrowed.
12298:
3597:. SATA I to III are designed to be compatible with, and use, a subset of SAS commands, and compatible interfaces. Therefore, a SATA hard drive can be connected to and controlled by a SAS hard drive controller (with some minor exceptions such as drives/controllers with limited compatibility). However, they cannot be connected the other way round—a SATA controller cannot be connected to a SAS drive.
3119:. The plaintiffs argued that the use of decimal prefixes effectively misled consumers, while the defendants denied any wrongdoing or liability, asserting that their marketing and advertising complied in all respects with the law and that no class member sustained any damages or injuries. In 2020, a California court ruled that use of the decimal prefixes with a decimal meaning was not misleading.
9251:
3789:, with plans to release 18 TB drives later in 2019. 18 TB HDDs were released in 2020. As of 2016, the typical speed of a hard drive in an average desktop computer is 7,200 rpm, whereas low-cost desktop computers may use 5,900 rpm or 5,400 rpm drives. For some time in the 2000s and early 2010s some desktop users and data centers also used 10,000 rpm drives such as
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adjusting the voice coil motor to rotate the arm. A more modern servo system also employs milli and/or micro actuators to more accurately position the read/write heads. The spinning of the disks uses fluid-bearing spindle motors. Modern disk firmware is capable of scheduling reads and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media that have failed.
2581:. These techniques store extra bits, determined by mathematical formulas, for each block of data; the extra bits allow many errors to be corrected invisibly. The extra bits themselves take up space on the HDD, but allow higher recording densities to be employed without causing uncorrectable errors, resulting in much larger storage capacity. For example, a typical 1
60:
3344:. This rate depends on the track location; the rate is higher for data on the outer tracks (where there are more data sectors per rotation) and lower toward the inner tracks (where there are fewer data sectors per rotation); and is generally somewhat higher for 10,000-rpm drives. A current, widely used standard for the "buffer-to-computer" interface is 3.0
2831:(LBA), a simple linear addressing scheme that locates blocks by an integer index, which starts at LBA 0 for the first block and increments thereafter. When using the C/H/S method to describe modern large drives, the number of heads is often set to 64, although a typical modern hard disk drive has between one and four platters. In modern HDDs, spare capacity for
3357:
creates more heat. While areal density advances by increasing both the number of tracks across the disk and the number of sectors per track, only the latter increases the data transfer rate for a given rpm. Since data transfer rate performance tracks only one of the two components of areal density, its performance improves at a lower rate.
2616:) feature counts the total number of errors in the entire HDD fixed by ECC (although not on all hard drives as the related S.M.A.R.T attributes "Hardware ECC Recovered" and "Soft ECC Correction" are not consistently supported), and the total number of performed sector remappings, as the occurrence of many such errors may predict an
3802:
5,400 rpm, or 7,200 rpm, with 5,400 rpm being the most common; 7,200 rpm drives tend to be more expensive and have smaller capacities, while 4,200 rpm models usually have very high storage capacities. Because of smaller platter(s), mobile HDDs generally have lower capacity than their desktop counterparts.
3439:. All of these interfaces are digital; electronics on the drive process the analog signals from the read/write heads. Current drives present a consistent interface to the rest of the computer, independent of the data encoding scheme used internally, and independent of the physical number of disks and heads within the drive.
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2235:
capacity of 100 TB. As of 2018, HDDs were forecast to reach 100 TB capacities around 2025, but as of 2019, the expected pace of improvement was pared back to 50 TB by 2026. Smaller form factors, 1.8-inches and below, were discontinued around 2010. The cost of solid-state storage (NAND), represented by
3683:
the disk platters are undamaged, they can be transferred into an identical enclosure and the data can be copied or cloned onto a new drive. In the event of disk-platter failures, disassembly and imaging of the disk platters may be required. For logical damage to file systems, a variety of tools, including
6839:
Unfortunately, mass production of actual hard drives featuring HAMR has been delayed for a number of times already and now it turns out that the first HAMR-based HDDs are due in 2018. ... HAMR HDDs will feature a new architecture, require new media, completely redesigned read/write heads with a laser
6787:
A 'shingled magnetic recording' (SMR) drive is a rotating drive that packs its tracks so closely that one track cannot be overwritten without destroying the neighboring tracks as well. The result is that overwriting data requires rewriting the entire set of closely-spaced tracks; that is an expensive
6612:
The 2011 Thai floods almost doubled disk capacity cost/GB for a while. Rosenthal writes: 'The technical difficulties of migrating from PMR to HAMR, meant that already in 2010 the Kryder rate had slowed significantly and was not expected to return to its trend in the near future. The floods reinforced
3199:
initially followed those of 8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disk drives. Although referred to by these nominal sizes, the actual sizes for those three drives respectively are 9.5", 5.75" and 4" wide. Because there were no smaller floppy disk drives, smaller HDD form factors such as 2½-inch drives
2897:
Data is stored on a hard drive in a series of logical blocks. Each block is delimited by markers identifying its start and end, error detecting and correcting information, and space between blocks to allow for minor timing variations. These blocks often contained 512 bytes of usable data, but other
2168:
Over time, as recording densities were greatly increased, further reductions in disk diameter to 3.5" and 2.5" were found to be optimum. Powerful rare earth magnet materials became affordable during this period, and were complementary to the swing arm actuator design to make possible the compact form
2142:
In 1974, IBM introduced the swinging arm actuator, made feasible because the
Winchester recording heads function well when skewed to the recorded tracks. The simple design of the IBM GV (Gulliver) drive, invented at IBM's UK Hursley Labs, became IBM's most licensed electro-mechanical invention of all
4088:
expansion card drives)), ruggedness, and lower power of SSDs are more important than price, since the bit cost of SSDs is four to nine times higher than HDDs. As of 2016, HDDs are reported to have a failure rate of 2–9% per year, while SSDs have fewer failures: 1–3% per year. However, SSDs have more
3682:
When the logic board of a hard disk fails, the drive can often be restored to functioning order and the data recovered by replacing the circuit board with one of an identical hard disk. In the case of read-write head faults, they can be replaced using specialized tools in a dust-free environment. If
2444:
Flux control MAMR (FC-MAMR) allows a hard drive to have increased recording capacity without the need for new hard disk drive platter materials. MAMR hard drives have a microwave generating spin torque generator (STO) on the read/write heads which allows physically smaller bits to be recorded to the
8011:
Jubert, Pierre-Olivier; Kercher, Dan; Lille, Jeffrey; Zuwei Liu; Mate, C. Mathew; Obukhov, Yuri; Patel, Kanaiyalal C.; Rubin, Kurt; Ruiz, Ricardo; Schabes, Manfred; Lei Wan; Weller, Dieter; et al. (2015). "Bit
Patterned Magnetic Recording: Theory, Media Fabrication, and Recording Performance".
3945:
The fastest enterprise HDDs spin at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm, and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds above 1.6 Gbit/s and a sustained transfer rate up to 1 Gbit/s. Drives running at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm use smaller platters to mitigate increased power requirements (as they
3348:
SATA, which can send about 300 megabyte/s (10-bit encoding) from the buffer to the computer, and thus is still comfortably ahead of today's disk-to-buffer transfer rates. Data transfer rate (read/write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file-generator tools, then reading
2785:
The highest-capacity HDDs shipping commercially in 2024 are 32 TB. The capacity of a hard disk drive, as reported by an operating system to the end user, is smaller than the amount stated by the manufacturer for several reasons, e.g. the operating system using some space, use of some space for
2470:
A typical HDD has two electric motors: a spindle motor that spins the disks and an actuator (motor) that positions the read/write head assembly across the spinning disks. The disk motor has an external rotor attached to the disks; the stator windings are fixed in place. Opposite the actuator at the
2146:
Like the first removable pack drive, the first "Winchester" drives used platters 14 inches (360 mm) in diameter. In 1978, IBM introduced a swing arm drive, the IBM 0680 (Piccolo), with eight inch platters, exploring the possibility that smaller platters might offer advantages. Other eight inch
3875:
drive functionality offers system compatibility and features large storage options and portable design. As of March 2015, available capacities for external hard disk drives ranged from 500 GB to 10 TB. External hard disk drives are usually available as assembled integrated products,
3259:
is a procedure used to minimize delay in retrieving data by moving related items to physically proximate areas on the disk. Some computer operating systems perform defragmentation automatically. Although automatic defragmentation is intended to reduce access delays, performance will be temporarily
3168:
used platters of the same size in an eleven-high pack and introduced the "drive in a drawer" layout, sometimes called the "pizza oven", although the "drawer" was not the complete drive. Into the 1970s, HDDs were offered in standalone cabinets of varying dimensions containing from one to four HDDs.
2835:
is not included in the published capacity; however, in many early HDDs, a certain number of sectors were reserved as spares, thereby reducing the capacity available to the operating system. Furthermore, many HDDs store their firmware in a reserved service zone, which is typically not accessible by
3749:
As of 2019, Backblaze, a storage provider, reported an annualized failure rate of two percent per year for a storage farm with 110,000 off-the-shelf HDDs with the reliability varying widely between models and manufacturers. Backblaze subsequently reported that the failure rate for HDDs and SSD of
2734:
are reduced, higher areal densities can be achieved due to using a smaller track width, and the energy dissipated due to friction is lower as well, resulting in a lower power draw. Furthermore, more platters can be fit into the same enclosure space, although helium gas is notoriously difficult to
2671:
called the increase "flabbergasting", while observing later that growth cannot continue forever. Price improvement decelerated to −12% per year during 2010–2017, as the growth of areal density slowed. The rate of advancement for areal density slowed to 10% per year during 2010–2016, and there was
2396:
In modern drives, there is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it
2100:
read/write operations were supported, and the heads flew about 250 micro-inches (about 6 μm) above the platter surface. Motion of the head array depended upon a binary adder system of hydraulic actuators which assured repeatable positioning. The 1301 cabinet was about the size of three large
2675:
As bit cell size decreases, more data can be put onto a single drive platter. In 2013, a production desktop 3 TB HDD (with four platters) would have had an areal density of about 500 Gbit/in which would have amounted to a bit cell comprising about 18 magnetic grains (11 by 1.6 grains).
2234:
In the 2000s and 2010s, NAND began supplanting HDDs in applications requiring portability or high performance. NAND performance is improving faster than HDDs, and applications for HDDs are eroding. In 2018, the largest hard drive had a capacity of 15 TB, while the largest capacity SSD had a
8010:
Albrecht, Thomas R.; Arora, Hitesh; Ayanoor-Vitikkate, Vipin; Beaujour, Jean-Marc; Bedau, Daniel; Berman, David; Bogdanov, Alexei L.; Chapuis, Yves-Andre; Cushen, Julia; Dobisz, Elizabeth E.; Doerk, Gregory; He Gao; Grobis, Michael; Gurney, Bruce; Hanson, Weldon; Hellwig, Olav; Hirano, Toshiki;
2802:
Modern hard disk drives appear to their host controller as a contiguous set of logical blocks, and the gross drive capacity is calculated by multiplying the number of blocks by the block size. This information is available from the manufacturer's product specification, and from the drive itself
3356:
HDD data transfer rate depends upon the rotational speed of the platters and the data recording density. Because heat and vibration limit rotational speed, advancing density becomes the main method to improve sequential transfer rates. Higher speeds require a more powerful spindle motor, which
3267:
by increasing data rate and by increasing the amount of data under a set of heads, thereby potentially reducing seek activity for a given amount of data. The time to access data has not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept up with growth in bit density and storage
2746:(BPR), has been removed from the roadmaps of Western Digital and Seagate. Western Digital's microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR), also referred to as energy-assisted magnetic recording (EAMR), was sampled in 2020, with the first EAMR drive, the Ultrastar HC550, shipping in late 2020.
2564:
feedback. These are either complete concentric circles (in the case of dedicated servo technology) or segments interspersed with real data (in the case of embedded servo, otherwise known as sector servo technology). The servo feedback optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio of the GMR sensors by
3780:
Desktop HDDs typically have two to five internal platters, rotate at 5,400 to 10,000 rpm, and have a media transfer rate of 0.5 Gbit/s or higher (1 GB = 10 bytes; 1 Gbit/s = 10 bit/s). Earlier (1980–1990s) drives tend to be slower in rotation speed. As of May 2019, the
3801:
Smaller than their desktop and enterprise counterparts, they tend to be slower and have lower capacity, because typically has one internal platter and were 2.5" or 1.8" physical size instead of more common for desktops 3.5" form-factor. Mobile HDDs spin at 4,200 rpm, 5,200 rpm,
2070:) on a stack of 52 disks (100 surfaces used). The 350 had a single arm with two read/write heads, one facing up and the other down, that moved both horizontally between a pair of adjacent platters and vertically from one pair of platters to a second set. Variants of the IBM 350 were the
4107:
The market for silicon-based flash memory (NAND) chips, used in SSDs and other applications, is growing faster than for HDDs. Worldwide NAND revenue grew 16% per year from $ 22 billion to $ 57 billion during 2011–2017, while production grew 45% per year from 19 exabytes to 175 exabytes.
2545:. The inner layer is insulation, and the outer is thermoplastic, which bonds the coil together after it is wound on a form, making it self-supporting. The portions of the coil along the two sides of the arrowhead (which point to the center of the actuator bearing) then interact with the
2131:
in 1970, so that no time was lost physically moving the heads to a track and the only latency was the time for the desired block of data to rotate into position under the head. Known as fixed-head or head-per-track disk drives, they were very expensive and are no longer in production.
2457:
An HDD with disks and motor hub removed, exposing copper-colored stator coils surrounding a bearing in the center of the spindle motor. The orange stripe along the side of the arm is a thin printed-circuit cable, the spindle bearing is in the center and the actuator is in the upper
1852:
3647:
in which the head scrapes across the platter surface, often grinding away the thin magnetic film and causing data loss. Head crashes can be caused by electronic failure, a sudden power failure, physical shock, contamination of the drive's internal enclosure, wear and tear,
7049:
The most recent
Seagate roadmap pushes HAMR shipments into 2020, so they are now slipping faster than real-time. Western Digital has given up on HAMR and is promising that Microwave Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) is only a year out. BPM has dropped off both companies'
1856:
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2381:
in energy-efficient portable devices, to 15,000 rpm for high-performance servers. The first HDDs spun at 1,200 rpm and, for many years, 3,600 rpm was the norm. As of
November 2019, the platters in most consumer-grade HDDs spin at 5,400 or 7,200 rpm.
1857:
3469:
Modern interfaces connect the drive to the host interface with a single data/control cable. Each drive also has an additional power cable, usually direct to the power supply unit. Older interfaces had separate cables for data signals and for drive control signals.
64:
4014:
for large-scale enterprise storage systems including three or more enterprise HDDs and associated controllers, racks and cables. Prices for these large-scale storage systems decreased at the rate of 30% per year during 2004–2009 and 22% per year during 2009–2014.
3667:
while the disk rotates. HDDs require a certain range of air densities to operate properly. The connection to the external environment and density occurs through a small hole in the enclosure (about 0.5 mm in breadth), usually with a filter on the inside (the
73:
75:
2096:-inch (3.2 mm) thick and 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter. While the earlier IBM disk drives used only two read/write heads per arm, the 1301 used an array of 48 heads (comb), each array moving horizontally as a single unit, one head per surface used.
61:
2119:
In 1963, IBM introduced the 1302, with twice the track capacity and twice as many tracks per cylinder as the 1301. The 1302 had one (for Model 1) or two (for Model 2) modules, each containing a separate comb for the first 250 tracks and the last 250 tracks.
81:
76:
78:
74:
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68:
80:
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69:
67:
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65:
4092:
SSDs offer larger capacities (up to 100 TB) than the largest HDD and/or higher storage densities (100 TB and 30 TB SSDs are housed in 2.5 inch HDD cases but with the same height as a 3.5-inch HDD), although their cost remains prohibitive.
2085:
In 1961, IBM announced, and in 1962 shipped, the IBM 1301 disk storage unit, which superseded the IBM 350 and similar drives. The 1301 consisted of one (for Model 1) or two (for model 2) modules, each containing 25 platters, each platter about
77:
71:
3527:, an improvement later adopted by the official ATA standards. By directly transferring data between memory and disk, DMA eliminates the need for the CPU to copy byte per byte, therefore allowing it to process other tasks while the data transfer occurs.
5113:
6243:
3998:
HDD price per byte decreased at the rate of 40% per year during 1988–1996, 51% per year during 1996–2003 and 34% per year during 2003–2010. The price decrease slowed down to 13% per year during 2011–2014, as areal density increase slowed and the
1839:
1838:
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of capacity (which equals to the capacity of a single drive) due to storing parity information. RAID subsystems are multiple drives that appear to be one drive or more drives to the user, but provide fault tolerance. Most RAID vendors use
2428:(PMR), first shipped in 2005, and as of 2007, used in certain HDDs. Perpendicular recording may be accompanied by changes in the manufacturing of the read/write heads to increase the strength of the magnetic field created by the heads.
1840:
2860:
to improve data integrity at the block level. Some vendors design systems using HDDs with sectors of 520 bytes to contain 512 bytes of user data and eight checksum bytes, or by using separate 512-byte sectors for the checksum data.
63:
2644:
which are errors undetected by the disk firmware or the host operating system; some of these errors may be caused by hard disk drive malfunctions while others originate elsewhere in the connection between the drive and the host.
2611:
to a spare physical sector provided by the drive's "spare sector pool" (also called "reserve pool"), while relying on the ECC to recover stored data while the number of errors in a bad sector is still low enough. The S.M.A.R.T
3904:) are available at a higher cost. There are pre-assembled external hard disk drives that, when taken out from their enclosures, cannot be used internally in a laptop or desktop computer due to embedded USB interface on their
3489:
computers through the mid-1990s, by which time most models had been transitioned to newer interfaces. The length limit of the data cable allows for external SCSI devices. The SCSI command set is still used in the more modern
3203:
As of 2019, 2½-inch and 3½-inch hard disks are the most popular sizes. By 2009, all manufacturers had discontinued the development of new products for the 1.3-inch, 1-inch and 0.85-inch form factors due to falling prices of
6440:
3248:
or data transfer rate (once the head is in the right position) creates delay which is a function of the number of blocks transferred; typically relatively small, but can be quite long with the transfer of large contiguous
2116:. Later models of removable pack drives, from IBM and others, became the norm in most computer installations and reached capacities of 300 megabytes by the early 1980s. Non-removable HDDs were called "fixed disk" drives.
2684:) unless their magnetic strength is increased, but known write head materials are unable to generate a strong enough magnetic field sufficient to write the medium in the increasingly smaller space taken by grains.
7551:
3163:
disk, which used six 14-inch (nominal size) platters in a removable pack and was roughly the size of a washing machine. This became a standard platter size for many years, used also by other manufacturers. The
3888:. "Portable" drives are packaged in smaller and lighter enclosures than the "desktop" drives; additionally, "portable" drives use power provided by the USB connection, while "desktop" drives require external
3096:
family of operating systems uses the binary convention when reporting storage capacity, so an HDD offered by its manufacturer as a 1 TB drive is reported by these operating systems as a 931 GB HDD.
1837:
3710:
A common expectation is that hard disk drives designed and marketed for server use will fail less frequently than consumer-grade drives usually used in desktop computers. However, two independent studies by
2172:
As the 1980s began, HDDs were a rare and very expensive additional feature in PCs, but by the late 1980s, their cost had been reduced to the point where they were standard on all but the cheapest computers.
4356:
Initially gamma iron oxide particles in an epoxy binder, the recording layer in a modern HDD typically is domains of a granular Cobalt-Chrome-Platinum-based alloy physically isolated by an oxide to enable
2811:
record format, have variable length records; such drive capacity calculations must take into account the characteristics of the records. Some newer DASD simulate CKD, and the same capacity formulae apply.
8565:
3634:
Close-up of an HDD head resting on a disk platter; its mirror reflection is visible on the platter surface. Unless the head is on a landing zone, the heads touching the platters while in operation can be
3240:
may not be directly under the head when data transfer is requested. Average rotational latency is shown in the table, based on the statistical relation that the average latency is one-half the rotational
2176:
Most HDDs in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users as an external, add-on subsystem. The subsystem was not sold under the drive manufacturer's name but under the subsystem manufacturer's name such as
6236:
4999:
8921:
4691:
2680:
trilemma involving grain size, grain magnetic strength and ability of the head to write. In order to maintain acceptable signal-to-noise, smaller grains are required; smaller grains may self-reverse (
3180:
and RL01 were early examples using single 14-inch platters in removable packs, the entire drive fitting in a 10.5-inch-high rack space (six rack units). In the mid-to-late 1980s, the similarly sized
9011:
3965:
Enterprise HDDs can have sector sizes larger than 512 bytes (often 520, 524, 528 or 536 bytes). The additional per-sector space can be used by hardware RAID controllers or applications for storing
2847:
and fault-tolerance requirements also reduce the realized capacity. For example, a RAID 1 array has about half the total capacity as a result of data mirroring, while a RAID 5 array with
2921:
structures into selected logical blocks. For example, some of the disk space will be used to hold a directory of disk file names and a list of logical blocks associated with a particular file.
6158:
5776:
8497:
8245:
4782:
4672:
Once we controlled for age and drive days, the two drive types were similar and the difference was certainly not enough by itself to justify the extra cost of purchasing a SSD versus a HDD.
4638:
9273:
3155:, used a stack of fifty 24-inch platters, stored 3.75 MB of data (approximately the size of one modern digital picture), and was of a size comparable to two large refrigerators. In 1962,
1853:
8544:
Example of a pre-assembled external hard disk drive without its enclosure that cannot be used internally on a laptop or desktop due to the embedded interface on its printed circuit board
8594:
6800:
6105:
2441:, allows good writability due to the write-assist nature of the soft layer. However, the thermal stability is determined only by the hardest layer and not influenced by the soft layer.
2261:
closed its last
Malaysian HDD factory due to decreasing demand, to focus on SSD production. All three remaining HDD manufacturers have had decreasing demand for their HDDs since 2014.
62:
4541:
Mustafa, Naveed Ul; Armejach, Adria; Ozturk, Ozcan; Cristal, Adrian; Unsal, Osman S. (2016). "Implications of non-volatile memory as primary storage for database management systems".
6436:
2424:, and the two layers are magnetized in opposite orientation, thus reinforcing each other. Another technology used to overcome thermal effects to allow greater recording densities is
5758:
4838:
13162:
Convention: Any item in this table that has the form of "A+B" or "A+B+C" indicates a disk format that spans multiple files, where A contains the bulk of the data, and B and C are
9126:
6701:
2902:
extended the block size to 4096 bytes of usable data, with a resulting significant reduction in the amount of disk space used for block headers, error checking data, and spacing.
2827:(CHS) capacities, but these are not physical parameters because the reported values are constrained by historic operating system interfaces. The C/H/S scheme has been replaced by
6483:
Gordon Moore: ... the ability of the magnetic disk people to continue to increase the density is flabbergasting--that has moved at least as fast as the semiconductor complexity.
6348:
4100:(SSDs)) had 5.5 Tbit/in as of 2019, while the maximum areal density for HDDs is 1.5 Tbit/in. The areal density of flash memory is doubling every two years, similar to
2405:. Early hard disk drives wrote data at some constant bits per second, resulting in all tracks having the same amount of data per track, but modern drives (since the 1990s) use
9064:
7940:
4056:
HDD unit shipments peaked at 651 million units in 2010 and have been declining since then to 166 million units in 2022. Seagate at 43% of units had the largest market share.
7315:
Bai, Zhaoqiang; Cai, Yongqing; Shen, Lei; Han, Guchang; Feng, Yuanping (2013). "All-Heusler giant-magnetoresistance junctions with matched energy bands and Fermi surfaces".
2659:
Leading-edge hard disk drive areal densities from 1956 through 2009 compared to Moore's law. By 2016, progress had slowed significantly below the extrapolated density trend.
6826:
1836:
10619:
8271:
7766:
3742:
Failure rates of drives sold as "enterprise" and "consumer" are "very much similar", although these drive types are customized for their different operating environments.
6313:
7558:
7470:
6947:
2066:, shipped in 1957 as a component of the IBM 305 RAMAC system. It was approximately the size of two large refrigerators and stored five million six-bit characters (3.75
8796:
4519:
3569:(SATA). The SATA data cable has one data pair for differential transmission of data to the device, and one pair for differential receiving from the device, just like
4964:
3263:
Time to access data can be improved by increasing rotational speed (thus reducing latency) or by reducing the time spent seeking. Increasing areal density increases
1748:
The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5-inch, primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard
6599:
6496:
3871:
connection. Variants using USB 2.0 interface generally have slower data transfer rates when compared to internally mounted hard drives connected through SATA.
3753:
To minimize cost and overcome failures of individual HDDs, storage systems providers rely on redundant HDD arrays. HDDs that fail are replaced on an ongoing basis.
674:
8139:
10727:
10439:
8557:
6925:
6557:
2707:(HAMR). SMR utilises overlapping tracks for increased data density, at the cost of design complexity and lower data access speeds (particularly write speeds and
7412:
Information technology – Serial
Attached SCSI – 2 (SAS-2), INCITS 457 Draft 2, May 8, 2009, chapter 4.1 Direct-access block device type model overview
7739:
7218:
2538:, which is attached to the actuator hub, and beneath that is a second NIB magnet, mounted on the bottom plate of the motor (some drives have only one magnet).
2393:
often in the range of tens of nanometers. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material passing immediately under it.
8913:
8449:
7340:
4684:
2475:
electronics mounted at the pivot of the actuator. The head support arm is very light, but also stiff; in modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550
8064:
2143:
time, the actuator and filtration system being adopted in the 1980s eventually for all HDDs, and still universal nearly 40 years and 10 billion arms later.
9003:
7448:
3880:(with USB or other interface) with a separately purchased drive. They are available in 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch sizes; 2.5-inch variants are typically called
2335:
in depth, with an outer layer of carbon for protection. For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is 0.07–0.18 mm (70,000–180,000 nm) thick.
2216:
did not feature a hard drive bay at all), so on those models, external SCSI disks were the only reasonable option for expanding upon any internal storage.
8394:
8169:
7962:
7881:
6211:
2757:
Depending upon assumptions on feasibility and timing of these technologies, Seagate forecasts that areal density will grow 20% per year during 2020–2034.
12386:
3463:
9095:
6887:
Seagate CTO Dr John Morris told analysts that
Seagate has built 55,000 HAMR drives and aims to get disks ready for customer sampling by the end of 2020.
6082:
5673:
10031:
8498:"Back Up Your Important Data to External Hard disk drive | Biometric Safe | Info and Products Reviews about Biometric Security Device –"
7869:
7257:
5926:
2613:
2101:
refrigerators placed side by side, storing the equivalent of about 21 million eight-bit bytes per module. Access time was about a quarter of a second.
8890:
5083:
2623:
The "No-ID Format", developed by IBM in the mid-1990s, contains information about which sectors are bad and where remapped sectors have been located.
12912:
5783:
9323:
7661:
6155:
11473:
9567:
8501:
8346:
7290:
3230:
8241:
6143:
5260:
5168:
4779:
4630:
4257:
This is the original filing date of the application which led to US Patent 3,503,060, generally accepted as the definitive hard disk drive patent.
13195:
9700:
9218:
6853:
6278:
4603:
2952:). As a consequence, not all the space on an HDD is available for user files, but this system overhead is usually small compared with user data.
5200:
Three mechanically independent access arms are provided for each file unit, and each arm can be independently directed to any track in the file.
2204:
port on the back, making external expansion simple. Older compact
Macintosh computers did not have user-accessible hard drive bays (indeed, the
8829:
8587:
8368:
7497:
6116:
13690:
12252:
10321:
8981:
4041:
More than 200 companies have manufactured HDDs over time, but consolidations have concentrated production to just three manufacturers today:
3399:
3061:
In the early days of computing, the total capacity of HDDs was specified in seven to nine decimal digits frequently truncated with the idiom
8629:
5840:
5813:
2738:
Other recording technologies are either under research or have been commercially implemented to increase areal density, including
Seagate's
1695:(SSDs) have higher data-transfer rates, higher areal storage density, somewhat better reliability, and much lower latency and access times.
11277:
7137:
5540:
5043:
2754:(CPP/GMR) heads have appeared in research papers. A 3D-actuated vacuum drive (3DHD) concept and 3D magnetic recording have been proposed.
2420:". To counter this, the platters are coated with two parallel magnetic layers, separated by a three-atom layer of the non-magnetic element
1691:
per year) for servers. Though production is growing slowly (by exabytes shipped), sales revenues and unit shipments are declining, because
8951:
8729:
8298:
8087:
7851:
5589:
2667:(doubling every two years) through 2010: 60% per year during 1988–1996, 100% during 1996–2003 and 30% during 2003–2010. Speaking in 1997,
10720:
10152:
9177:
9118:
8523:
7615:
6984:
5755:
5317:
IBM 1301, Models 1 and 2, Disk Storage and IBM 1302, Models 1 and 2, Disk Storage with IBM 7090, 7094 and 7094 II Data Processing Systems
4834:
4169:
3739:
S.M.A.R.T. warns of mechanical issues but not other issues affecting reliability, and is therefore not a reliable indicator of condition.
3217:
1706:
7583:
7383:
6709:
5896:
5290:
2354:
2300:. The data is read from the disk by detecting the transitions in magnetization. User data is encoded using an encoding scheme, such as
11498:
8655:
5510:
3950:) and therefore generally have lower capacity than the highest capacity desktop drives. Enterprise HDDs are commonly connected through
2626:
Only a tiny fraction of the detected errors end up as not correctable. Examples of specified uncorrected bit read error rates include:
6341:
4248:). The term "DASD" includes devices with media other than disks. The term "hard disk drive" can refer to devices with removable media.
3736:
HDDs do not tend to fail during early use, and temperature has only a minor effect; instead, failure rates steadily increase with age.
3553:
twisted-pair cables for Fibre Channel, not fibre optics. The latter are traditionally reserved for larger devices, such as servers or
11630:
11608:
9351: – firmware modifications, in eight parts, going as far as booting a Linux kernel on an ordinary HDD controller board
5866:
5146:
5018:
9056:
5948:
5734:
4717:
2549:
of the fixed magnet. Current flowing radially outward along one side of the arrowhead and radially inward on the other produces the
7932:
6636:
2735:
prevent escaping. Thus, helium drives are completely sealed and do not have a breather port, unlike their air-filled counterparts.
2630:
2013 specifications for enterprise SAS disk drives state the error rate to be one uncorrected bit read error in every 10 bits read,
669:
8199:
7522:
4750:
4454:
2128:
689:
12379:
11272:
10760:
10654:
10629:
10484:
7105:
Li, Shaojing; Livshitz, Boris; Bertram, H. Neal; Schabes, Manfred; Schrefl, Thomas; Fullerton, Eric E.; Lomakin, Vitaliy (2009).
7014:
6822:
6470:
4811:
4028:
3115:
The difference between the decimal and binary prefix interpretation caused some consumer confusion and led to class action suits
1672:
9370:
9333:
8267:
7762:
6504:
6176:
5480:
10713:
10418:
10024:
9423:
4149:
3793:
but such drives have become much rarer as of 2016 and are not commonly used now, having been replaced by NAND flash-based SSDs.
2412:
In modern drives, the small size of the magnetic regions creates the danger that their magnetic state might be lost because of
1563:
6306:
12950:
11744:
10693:
10644:
9660:
9230:
9208:
7474:
6951:
5354:
4570:
2832:
2773:
drives from 2003 and 2009, respectively 160 GB and 1 TB. As of 2022, Western Digital offers capacities up to 26 TB.
2637:
Within a given manufacturers model the uncorrected bit error rate is typically the same regardless of capacity of the drive.
2633:
2018 specifications for consumer SATA hard drives state the error rate to be one uncorrected bit read error in every 10 bits.
1104:
9354:
5695:
12917:
9560:
9380:
8751:
4511:
4370:
Historically a variety of run-length limited codes have been used in magnetic recording including for example, codes named
3519:
EIDE was an unofficial update (by Western Digital) to the original IDE standard, with the key improvement being the use of
7416:
The LBAs on a logical unit shall begin with zero and shall be contiguous up to the last logical block on the logical unit.
6840:
as well as a special near-field optical transducer (NFT) and a number of other components not used or mass produced today.
6591:
6565:
6054:
4960:
13188:
11488:
10753:
9693:
8774:
3533:(FC) is a successor to parallel SCSI interface on enterprise market. It is a serial protocol. In disk drives usually the
2431:
In 2004, a higher-density recording media was introduced, consisting of coupled soft and hard magnetic layers. So-called
7189:
6385:
12372:
12351:
12241:
10500:
9624:
8135:
7163:
7062:
Mallary, Mike; et al. (July 2014). "Head and Media Challenges for 3 Tb/in Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording".
6702:"Seagate Delivers On Technology Milestone: First to Ship Hard Drives Using Next-Generation Shingled Magnetic Recording"
3621:
3537:(FC-AL) connection topology is used. FC has much broader usage than mere disk interfaces, and it is the cornerstone of
2872:
2747:
1313:
265:
9765:
7909:
7683:
3768:
3454:
to decode the data, then sends that data out the standard interface. That DSP also watches the error rate detected by
2803:
through use of operating system functions that invoke low-level drive commands. Older IBM and compatible drives, e.g.
2556:
The HDD's electronics controls the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk and transfers data to/from a
310:
13680:
12971:
11975:
11889:
11550:
10017:
9299:
8110:
7835:
5344:
4494:
3639:
Due to the extremely close spacing between the heads and the disk surface, HDDs are vulnerable to being damaged by a
3451:
2578:
1052:
995:
315:
8858:
8682:
Most disk drives use 512-byte sectors. Enterprise drives (Parallel SCSI/SAS/FC) support 520/528 byte 'fat' sectors.
7735:
5447:
5224:
Each disk-storage unit has three mechanically independent access arms, all of which can be seeking at the same time.
4861:
3139:
8-, 5.25-, 3.5-, 2.5-, 1.8- and 1-inch HDDs, together with a ruler to show the size of platters and read-write heads
3092:
Software reports hard disk drive or memory capacity in different forms using either decimal or binary prefixes. The
2193:
in 1983 included an internal 10 MB HDD, and soon thereafter, internal HDDs proliferated on personal computers.
13665:
11821:
5643:
2739:
2704:
2358:
Recording of single magnetisations of bits on a 200 MB HDD-platter (recording made visible using CMOS-MagView)
2220:
163:
9518:
8441:
8068:
7336:
2409:, increasing the write speed from inner to outer zone and thereby storing more data per track in the outer zones.
12331:
12321:
12311:
11848:
10145:
9553:
9390:
5563:
4656:
3474:
3403:
2.5-inch SATA drive on top of 3.5-inch SATA drive, showing close-up of (7-pin) data and (15-pin) power connectors
3130:
1648:
1378:
1038:
982:
17:
8695:
7437:
6534:
6517:
It can't continue forever. The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens.
5248:
The disk storage unit can have two access arms. One is standard and the other is available as a special feature.
3208:, which has no moving parts. While nominal sizes are in inches, actual dimensions are specified in millimeters.
2471:
end of the head support arm is the read-write head; thin printed-circuit cables connect the read-write heads to
13675:
13455:
13181:
13137:
12326:
12021:
12011:
11909:
10659:
10180:
9686:
8390:
8223:
8161:
7966:
7877:
6207:
5039:
Ballistic Research Laboratories "A THIRD SURVEY OF DOMESTIC ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTING SYSTEMS," March 1961,
3455:
3412:
1064:
733:
545:
141:
8419:
6774:
3477:(SCSI), originally named SASI for Shugart Associates System Interface, was standard on servers, workstations,
2913:
writes data structures used by the operating system to organize data files on the disk. This includes writing
12907:
12214:
11980:
11242:
10912:
9482:
9087:
7244:
6743:
6078:
5665:
4375:
4134:
3843:
3534:
2677:
2597:
1413:
7866:
7810:
5918:
5091:
3147:
A newer 2.5-inch (63.5 mm) 6,495 MB HDD compared to an older 5.25-inch full-height 110 MB HDD
13670:
13646:
12775:
12746:
12341:
12336:
11945:
10230:
8882:
7713:
5392:
4423:
Average rotational latency in milliseconds is computed as follows: 60 × 1000 ÷ 2 ÷ R, where
4230:
3745:
In drive arrays, one drive's failure significantly increases the short-term risk of a second drive failing.
3497:
2550:
2108:
disk drive, which was about the size of a washing machine and stored two million characters on a removable
764:
659:
560:
4543:
2016 International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling and Simulation (SAMOS)
3233:
is a measure of how long it takes the head assembly to travel to the track of the disk that contains data.
2560:. Feedback of the drive electronics is accomplished by means of special segments of the disk dedicated to
13079:
12572:
12514:
11838:
11730:
10748:
10649:
10311:
7658:
7283:
7205:…microwave-assisted magnetic (MAMR) recording technology…sample shipments are due by the end of the year.
6875:
5418:
5212:
5000:
Seagate’s Breakthrough 30TB+ Hard Drives Ramp Volume, Marking an Inflection Point in the Storage Industry
4923:
4024:
3833:; they are typically built to resist larger amounts of shock and operate over a larger temperature range.
3226:
on an HDD are mostly related to the mechanical nature of the rotating disks and moving heads, including:
2700:
1777:
721:
31:
7640:
Mulvany, R.B., "Engineering Design of a Disk Storage Facility with Data Modules". IBM JRD, November 1974
7362:
6788:
tradeoff, but the benefit—much higher storage density—is deemed to be worth the cost in some situations.
5268:
5236:
4033:
3172:
Beginning in the late 1960s, drives were offered that fit entirely into a chassis that would mount in a
13147:
12751:
12209:
12193:
11735:
11690:
11618:
10138:
9416:
5172:
4284:
The 1.8-inch form factor is obsolete; sizes smaller than 2.5 inches have been replaced by flash memory.
3730:
3712:
2681:
2240:
1725:(1 billion). Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the
1556:
1353:
1252:
1124:
754:
743:
10240:
9466:
8472:
7397:
6271:
4988:
4607:
3867:; earlier models use USB-B (sometimes with using of a pair of ports for better bandwidth) or (rarely)
3733:(MTBF) does not indicate reliability; the annualized failure rate is higher and usually more relevant.
852:
13685:
13153:
12943:
12565:
11323:
9941:
3378:
3350:
2231:
applications including computers and consumer applications such as storage of entertainment content.
615:
550:
445:
8821:
8364:
5040:
3772:
Two high-end consumer SATA 2.5-inch 10,000 rpm HDDs, factory-mounted in 3.5-inch adapter frames
3625:
3509:
2703:(SMR), intended as something of a "stopgap" technology between PMR and Seagate's intended successor
2296:
on both sides of a disk. Sequential changes in the direction of magnetization represent binary data
2254:
damaged the manufacturing plants and impacted hard disk drive cost adversely between 2011 and 2013.
13544:
12882:
12795:
12768:
12739:
12502:
12346:
12127:
11935:
11790:
10449:
10205:
10106:
9528:
9397:
Research paper about perspective usage of magnetic photoconductors in magneto-optical data storage.
9281:
9277:
9261:
5315:
3443:
2828:
2590:
2497:
2386:
1613:
1425:
1408:
897:
183:
8973:
6067:
A. Al-Mamun, G. Guo, C. Bi, Hard Disk Drive: Mechatronics and Control, 2006, Taylor & Francis.
5333:
Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Resource Guide 1995, Chapter 17 – Disk and File System Basics
13590:
13205:
12825:
12820:
12708:
12681:
12188:
11894:
11768:
10967:
10872:
10581:
10200:
9745:
9739:
9733:
9727:
8622:
5836:
5809:
4358:
3969:(DIF) or Data Integrity Extensions (DIX) data, resulting in higher reliability and prevention of
3607:
2751:
2743:
2425:
2417:
2367:
2338:
2247:
of HDDs entered a mature phase, and slowing sales may indicate the onset of the declining phase.
1420:
1237:
960:
365:
200:
178:
158:
111:
10994:
7106:
5532:
13099:
12219:
11990:
11806:
11508:
11039:
10639:
9178:"An Introduction to the HDD, modelling, detection and decoding for magnetic recording channels"
8943:
8725:
8294:
8083:
7847:
5061:
4164:
3970:
3823:
3790:
3676:
3574:
2815:
The gross capacity of older sector-oriented HDDs is calculated as the product of the number of
2641:
2462:
2377:
2293:
2182:
1742:
1293:
510:
380:
320:
13173:
9360:
9149:
8531:
7619:
6977:"State of the Union: Seagate's HAMR Hard Drives, Dual-Actuator Mach2, and 24 TB HDDs on Track"
6976:
5888:
5369:"Design of a Swinging Arm Actuator for a disk file" J. S. HEATH IBM J. RES. DEVELOP. July 1976
3446:
in the electronics inside the drive takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses
642:
13612:
13506:
13084:
13069:
13016:
12992:
12987:
12715:
12235:
12200:
11826:
11785:
11416:
11089:
10842:
10371:(bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia)
9950:
9912:
9432:
9409:
7788:
7590:
7037:
6903:
6652:'PMR CAGR slowing from historical 40+% down to ~8-12%' and 'HAMR CAGR = 20-40% for 2015–2020'
6373:
5298:
4947:. San Jose, CA: International Business Machines Corporation. CHM accession number: 102687875.
4480:
4379:
4199:
4007:
3905:
3893:
3554:
3102:
2933:
2816:
2687:
Magnetic storage technologies are being developed to address this trilemma, and compete with
2574:
2541:
The voice coil itself is shaped rather like an arrowhead and is made of doubly coated copper
2433:
1734:
1549:
796:
714:
500:
305:
285:
275:
131:
96:
8666:
7649:
Introduction to IBM Direct Access Storage Devices, M. Bohl, IBM publication SR20-4738. 1981.
5502:
3116:
2319:, which hold the recorded data. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually
13534:
13001:
12936:
12703:
12055:
11965:
11919:
11914:
11720:
11518:
11463:
11446:
11289:
10989:
10927:
10852:
10535:
9924:
9888:
9618:
9606:
9533:
9446:
8030:
7811:"Order granted motion to dismiss amended complaint without leave to amend, 22 January 2020"
7219:"Western Digital Finally Launches Ultrastar DC HC550 18 TB Drives With EAMR for Enterprise"
7121:
6722:
Shingled Magnetic Technology is the First Step to Reaching a 20 Terabyte Hard Drive by 2020
6683:
6408:
6020:
5138:
4371:
4096:
A laboratory demonstration of a 1.33-Tb 3D NAND chip with 96 layers (NAND commonly used in
4000:
3966:
3951:
3560:
3538:
3520:
3491:
3424:
3369:, power consumption, audible noise, and both operating and non-operating shock resistance.
3109:
2929:
2824:
2274:
2251:
2165:. The latter were primarily intended for the then fledgling personal computer (PC) market.
2097:
1761:
1632:, retaining stored data when powered off. Modern HDDs are typically in the form of a small
1629:
1625:
1492:
1360:
1139:
1099:
1022:
635:
540:
430:
325:
188:
168:
151:
146:
13031:
5862:
5726:
5014:
4347:
40 for user data, one for format tracks, 6 for alternate surfaces and one for maintenance.
2871:
for system recovery, reducing the capacity available to the end user without knowledge of
8:
13231:
13226:
12577:
12229:
12091:
12026:
11831:
11774:
11740:
11154:
11134:
10907:
10387:
10281:
10260:
10245:
9997:
9269:
8323:
5956:
5949:"Western Digital Scorpio 2½" and Greenpower 3½" HDDs per quarterly conference, July 2007"
5666:"What is a "head-crash" & how can it result in permanent loss of my hard drive data?"
4724:
4395:
3939:
3432:
2961:
2905:
The process of initializing these logical blocks on the physical disk platters is called
2865:
2819:
per recording zone, the number of bytes per sector (most commonly 512), and the count of
1597:
1398:
1089:
1027:
1012:
879:
831:
684:
495:
193:
10235:
8192:
8034:
7125:
6687:
6629:
6024:
6011:
R. Victora; et al. (2005). "Composite media for perpendicular magnetic recording".
3523:(DMA) to transfer data between the disk and the computer without the involvement of the
3383:
2655:
2244:
13539:
13448:
13127:
13064:
13021:
13006:
12204:
12179:
12079:
12061:
11725:
11184:
11179:
11164:
10877:
10776:
10434:
10392:
10220:
10040:
9461:
9374:
9034:
8662:
8046:
8020:
7526:
7316:
7087:
7006:
6705:
6673:
6462:
6036:
5615:
4803:
4754:
4576:
4447:
4125:
4046:
3830:
3826:
and provide a guaranteed streaming capacity, even in the face of read and write errors.
3388:
3192:
2925:
2820:
2696:
2413:
2406:
2301:
2224:
1749:
1721:, where 1 gigabyte = 1 000 megabytes = 1 000 000 kilobytes (1 million) = 1 000 000 000
1676:
1652:
1498:
1463:
1109:
535:
520:
465:
460:
450:
425:
350:
5614:
Plumer, M. L.; van Ek, J.; Cain, W. C. (2012). "New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording".
2909:, which is usually performed at the factory and is not normally changed in the field.
2112:. Users could buy additional packs and interchange them as needed, much like reels of
13132:
13089:
13059:
13054:
13026:
12997:
12725:
12589:
12487:
12399:
12316:
12263:
12157:
12152:
12016:
11940:
11535:
11503:
11411:
11343:
11328:
11235:
11204:
11194:
11129:
11119:
10382:
10276:
10185:
10161:
10100:
9918:
9756:
9329:
9226:
9204:
8227:
7988:
7831:
7736:"Western Digital Settles Hard-Drive Capacity Lawsuit, Associated Press June 28, 2006"
7079:
6184:
5993:
5472:
5350:
4566:
4490:
4097:
4065:
3723:
3644:
3546:
3478:
3093:
2914:
2868:
2770:
2692:
2316:
2162:
1699:
1692:
1656:
1644:
1609:
1175:
1170:
1094:
1059:
913:
891:
790:
749:
652:
490:
215:
13496:
8050:
7876:
introduced the 1.3-inch SpinPoint A1 HDD but by March 2009 the family was listed as
7091:
6664:
Plumer, Martin L.; et al. (March 2011). "New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording".
6040:
4580:
3105:") uses decimal convention when reporting HDD capacity. The default behavior of the
2520:
motor that swings the heads to the desired position. A metal plate supports a squat
2385:
Information is written to and read from a platter as it rotates past devices called
2304:
encoding, which determines how the data is represented by the magnetic transitions.
13049:
12560:
12451:
12246:
12049:
12041:
11970:
11872:
11800:
11401:
11358:
11353:
11189:
11114:
11059:
10942:
10822:
10250:
10225:
10195:
9666:
9630:
9576:
9492:
9451:
9343:
8854:
8038:
7284:"Years of Destiny: HDD Capital Spending and Technology Developments from 2012–2016"
7129:
7071:
6028:
4558:
4550:
3959:
3854:
3782:
2521:
2513:
2287:
1927:
1738:
1730:
1651:
beginning in the early 1960s. HDDs maintained this position into the modern era of
1605:
1510:
1504:
1430:
1393:
1383:
1348:
1160:
1114:
1082:
857:
840:
525:
485:
245:
230:
126:
116:
5978:
2777:
2362:
13570:
13565:
13473:
13330:
13325:
13208:
13117:
12698:
12661:
12609:
12429:
12424:
12416:
12224:
12137:
11899:
11545:
11468:
11338:
11104:
11084:
11014:
10952:
10862:
10786:
10634:
10336:
10301:
9985:
9709:
9456:
9364:
9337:
7885:
7873:
7855:
7665:
7427:
ISO/IEC 791D:1994, AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives (ATA-1), section 7.1.2
6162:
5762:
5703:
5047:
4786:
4188:
4042:
4003:
damaged manufacturing facilities and have held at 11% per year during 2010–2017.
3486:
3408:
3256:
3086:
2899:
2892:
2719:
2600:(LDPC) were supplanting Reed–Solomon; LDPC codes enable performance close to the
2557:
2258:
2197:
1684:
1664:
1403:
1230:
908:
903:
759:
626:
605:
580:
440:
360:
290:
260:
235:
121:
92:
10705:
7384:"3D magnetic storage breakthrough enables 100TB+ hard drives | Extremetech"
3143:
2932:(GPT). Examples of data structures stored on disk to retrieve files include the
1675:, though after extensive industry consolidation, most units are manufactured by
13511:
13392:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13287:
13282:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13259:
12785:
12686:
12456:
12439:
12273:
12147:
12142:
12103:
12031:
11985:
11904:
11613:
11493:
11267:
11259:
10837:
10827:
10576:
10464:
9785:
9642:
9588:
6156:"2.5-inch Hard Disk Drive with High Recording Density and High Shock Resistance
4554:
4194:
4144:
4101:
3877:
3847:
3719:
found that the "grade" of a drive does not relate to the drive's failure rate.
3660:
3191:, HDDs that would fit to the FDD mountings became desirable. Starting with the
2948:
file systems, as well as other operating system data structures (also known as
2844:
2808:
2787:
2664:
2546:
2320:
2243:
than HDDs, and this drives market growth. During the late 2000s and 2010s, the
2236:
2223:, listed in the table above. Applications expanded through the 2000s, from the
2213:
2209:
2205:
2178:
1633:
1522:
1440:
1283:
940:
802:
738:
610:
595:
575:
570:
515:
480:
435:
385:
375:
370:
355:
250:
240:
173:
13011:
9318:
8042:
7075:
6558:"A Look at Cloud Storage Component Technologies Trends and Future Projections"
3200:(actually 2.75" wide) developed from product offerings or industry standards.
2585:
hard disk with 512-byte sectors provides additional capacity of about 93
2488:
Head stack with an actuator coil on the left and read/write heads on the right
2484:
2389:
that are positioned to operate very close to the magnetic surface, with their
1620:
arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a
13659:
13575:
13501:
13441:
13397:
13340:
12887:
12877:
12857:
12673:
12599:
12552:
12497:
12492:
12444:
12122:
12097:
12067:
11853:
11574:
11513:
11421:
11396:
11311:
10932:
10807:
10669:
10506:
10255:
9654:
9594:
9396:
8190:
7083:
6854:"Seagate: 18 TB HDD Due in First Half 2020, 20 TB Drive to Ship in Late 2020"
6377:
6106:"Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures: More Transparent than Disruptive"
6032:
5050:(p. 314-331) states a $ 34,500 purchase price which calculates to $ 9,200/MB.
4411:
4218:
Further inequivalent terms used to describe various hard disk drives include
4184:
4159:
3955:
3872:
3700:
3664:
3615:
3530:
3501:
3428:
3181:
2791:
2765:
2708:
2601:
2402:
2390:
2186:
2113:
1621:
1528:
1155:
1150:
1119:
874:
784:
600:
590:
585:
565:
400:
390:
270:
255:
12364:
8365:"BarraCuda en BarraCuda Pro interne harde schijven | Seagate Nederland"
8191:
Pinheiro, Eduardo; Wolf-Dietrich Weber; Luiz André Barroso (February 2007).
5459:
the total addressable market for disk drives will grow from $ 21.8bn in 2019
3065:. By the 1970s, the total capacity of HDDs was given by manufacturers using
2672:
difficulty in migrating from perpendicular recording to newer technologies.
2416: — thermally induced magnetic instability which is commonly known as the "
2331:. They are coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material typically 10–20
39:
13560:
13516:
13163:
12979:
12763:
12651:
12634:
12629:
12407:
12291:
12085:
12073:
11678:
11673:
11652:
11228:
10947:
10902:
10892:
10882:
10674:
10524:
10190:
10094:
10088:
10009:
9876:
9870:
9826:
7901:
7679:
4866:
4174:
4154:
3958:(FC). Some support multiple ports, so they can be connected to a redundant
3930:
3909:
3722:
A 2011 summary of research, into SSD and magnetic disk failure patterns by
3704:
3505:
3392:
3205:
3173:
2688:
2668:
2228:
2017:
1942:
1765:
1668:
1660:
1601:
1475:
1469:
1435:
1303:
1258:
1242:
1134:
930:
925:
885:
847:
530:
505:
405:
340:
295:
280:
12928:
8117:
3926:
3135:
2898:
sizes have been used. As drive density increased, an initiative known as
13597:
13526:
13109:
12962:
12862:
12830:
12733:
12693:
12656:
12624:
12466:
12301:
12162:
12132:
11955:
11843:
11567:
11562:
11333:
11159:
10867:
10573:
10518:
10512:
9648:
9600:
9545:
9523:
9487:
5765:
is an instrument that visualizes magnetic field structures and strengths.
5378:
US 3,849,800 Magnetic disk apparatus. Cuzner, Dodman, Heath, & Rigbey
4515:
4011:
3889:
3656:
3366:
3337:
3237:
3223:
3188:
3184:, which used (coincidentally) 10.5-inch platters, was a popular product.
3082:
2968:
2918:
2617:
2542:
2535:
2517:
2027:
1977:
1971:
1916:
1825:
1726:
1710:
1534:
1486:
920:
455:
395:
300:
47:
10413:'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm
9678:
9371:
PowerChoice Technology for Hard Disk Drive Power Savings and Flexibility
8775:"Hard disk drive (HDD) supplier market shipment share worldwide in 2022"
5635:
5533:"Farming hard drives: how Backblaze weathered the Thailand drive crisis"
3081:(1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes). However, capacities of
1745:), and finally, the speed at which the data is transmitted (data rate).
13635:
13602:
13585:
13488:
13476:
13418:
12959:
12594:
12524:
12519:
12509:
11884:
11877:
11811:
11557:
11378:
11368:
11174:
11124:
11054:
11044:
11024:
11004:
10529:
10459:
10175:
10082:
9497:
9348:
5393:"Need A 100TB SSD? Nimbus Data Has You Covered With The ExaDrive DC100"
4562:
4220:
4179:
3640:
3611:
3566:
3459:
3416:
3264:
3112:
on Linux is to report the HDD capacity as a number of 1024-byte units.
2727:
2608:
2561:
2530:
2453:
2398:
1923:
1912:
1129:
955:
709:
475:
470:
345:
210:
136:
52:
8347:"Seagate introduces world-first 16TB Exos HDD and IronWolf NAS drives"
8009:
7133:
5994:"Exchange spring recording media for areal densities up to 10Tbit/in2"
5564:"Western Digital formats hard disk drive factory as demand spins down"
3900:
connectivity, biometric security or multiple interfaces (for example,
2492:
2123:
Some high-performance HDDs were manufactured with one head per track,
13122:
12872:
12867:
12851:
12780:
12619:
12471:
12434:
11642:
11635:
11451:
11373:
11363:
11099:
11064:
10897:
10887:
10397:
10346:
10130:
9991:
9882:
9864:
9809:
8703:
8242:"Using SMART to accurately predict when a hard drive is about to die"
6801:"Brochure: HelioSeal Technology: Beyond Air. Helium Takes You Higher"
6530:
4139:
4081:
4069:
3688:
3649:
3582:
3513:
3336:
As of 2010, a typical 7,200-rpm desktop HDD has a sustained "disk-to-
2676:
Since the mid-2000s, areal density progress has been challenged by a
2472:
2421:
2332:
2190:
2109:
1628:
of data can be stored and retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of
1516:
1481:
1318:
1247:
1145:
1016:
1007:
704:
647:
415:
335:
9185:
The Eleventh Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications
9150:"A Ten Year (2008-2017) Storage Landscape LTO Tape Media, HDD, NAND"
7245:"Shingled Magnetic Recording and Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording"
4862:"NAND that's that... Flash chip industry worth twice disk drive biz"
3253:
Delay may also occur if the drive disks are stopped to save energy.
2786:
data redundancy, space use for file system structures. Confusion of
13580:
13381:
13248:
12810:
12461:
12396:
12258:
12006:
11950:
11715:
11700:
11683:
11528:
11456:
11426:
11094:
11049:
10404:
10374:
10286:
10215:
9956:
9906:
9815:
9636:
9280:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
8914:"Samsung unveils world's largest SSD with whopping 30TB of storage"
8025:
7496:
Gupta, Mayank R.; Hoeschele, Michael D.; Rogers, Marcus K. (2006).
6766:
6735:
5979:"Damascene coil design for a perpendicular magnetic recording head"
4486:
4245:
4236:
4119:
3947:
3901:
3786:
3590:
3482:
3245:
3165:
3160:
3098:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3038:
3015:
2949:
2876:
2857:
2804:
2731:
2586:
2582:
2136:
2105:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2006:
1947:
1897:
1891:
1718:
1714:
1659:, though personal computing devices produced in large volume, like
1617:
1445:
1388:
1323:
1278:
1263:
1033:
1002:
975:
950:
808:
694:
420:
330:
225:
220:
11079:
8859:"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected"
8752:"Hard disk drive (HDD) unit shipments worldwide from 1976 to 2022"
7321:
7281:
6678:
6437:"Prices for Data Storage Equipment and the State of IT Innovation"
5620:
2528:. Beneath this plate is the moving coil, often referred to as the
2374:
The platters in contemporary HDDs are spun at speeds varying from
12644:
12582:
12536:
12268:
11710:
11705:
11647:
11478:
11406:
11209:
11169:
11109:
11034:
11019:
10972:
10962:
10937:
10857:
10781:
10444:
10341:
10112:
10059:
10055:
9962:
9797:
9718:
8111:"Ruggedized Disk Drives for Commercial Airborne Computer Systems"
6770:
6739:
6144:"Iterative Detection Read Channel Technology in Hard Disk Drives"
4892:
4835:"Why Western Digital Can Gain 45% Despite Declining HDD Business"
4482:
Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface
4448:"Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces, Chapter: Hard Disk Drives"
4050:
3696:
3630:
3570:
3512:
mode using an 80-conductor cable with additional wires to reduce
3152:
2987:
2880:
2476:
2328:
2200:. Many Macintosh computers made between 1986 and 1998 featured a
2161: in (130 mm) drives, sized to replace the contemporary
2071:
2063:
2033:
1688:
1680:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1288:
1190:
1185:
1165:
970:
945:
935:
726:
9313:
7789:"Western Digital – Notice of Class Action Settlement email"
7705:
6411:. p. chart of historical data courtesy of Edward Grochowski
6177:"MJM Data Recovery Ltd: Hard Disk Bad Sector Mapping Techniques"
2346:
2269:
1789:
13620:
13203:
12758:
12531:
11695:
11668:
11625:
11603:
11523:
11199:
11144:
11029:
10999:
10982:
10917:
10847:
10817:
10454:
10363:
10305:
9930:
9900:
9894:
9803:
9791:
9401:
8883:"You won't be able to afford Samsung's record-setting 30TB SSD"
7471:"How to Measure Storage Efficiency – Part II – Taxes"
7007:"Will Toshiba's Bit-Patterned Drives Change the HDD Landscape?"
3716:
3692:
3345:
3341:
2723:
2525:
1338:
1298:
1180:
1069:
867:
410:
9057:"Seagate reveals world's largest, and most ludicrous 16TB HDD"
8500:. Biometricsecurityproducts.org. July 26, 2011. Archived from
7107:"Microwave assisted magnetization reversal in composite media"
5441:
5439:
3407:
Current hard drives connect to a computer over one of several
13630:
11316:
11149:
11139:
10922:
10812:
10624:
10603:
10586:
10563:
10410:
10292:
10065:
9968:
9847:
7444:
6926:"TDK: HAMR technology could enable 15TB HDDs already in 2015"
6823:"Hard Disk Drives with HAMR Technology Set to Arrive in 2018"
5590:"Western Digital to Close HDD Plant, Increase SSD Production"
3897:
3868:
3864:
3578:
3573:. That requires that data be transmitted serially. A similar
3549:
have been developed as well. Confusingly, drives usually use
3542:
2992:
2941:
2324:
1954:
1273:
1210:
1205:
1200:
862:
819:
813:
699:
679:
664:
9088:"Unlimited 5 Year Endurance: The 100TB SSD from Nimbus Data"
6592:"Kryder's law craps out: Race to UBER-CHEAP STORAGE is OVER"
4540:
4446:
Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. (2014).
4445:
3089:
of the prefixes, i.e. using powers of 1024 instead of 1000.
1612:
coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with
13625:
13464:
13407:
13094:
13074:
12835:
12729:
11540:
11483:
10957:
10832:
10664:
10356:
10351:
10210:
9841:
9835:
9502:
9384:
9004:"Samsung's massive 15TB SSD can be yours - for about $ 10K"
8224:
Investigation: Is Your SSD More Reliable Than A Hard Drive?
7252:
5436:
4893:"Disk Drive Storage Price Decreasing with Time (1955-2019)"
4631:"Demand for HDD Storage Booming: 240 EB Shipped in Q3 2019"
4546:
4085:
4077:
3684:
3594:
3447:
3420:
3177:
2945:
2840:
2836:
the user, and is not included in the capacity calculation.
2715:
2201:
2048:
1959:
1753:
1722:
1705:
The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and
1268:
555:
205:
9147:
8853:
7164:"Western Digital Reveals 18 TB DC HC550 'EAMR' Hard Drive"
6555:
3811:
These drives typically spin at 5400 rpm and include:
3622:
Solid-state drive § SSD reliability and failure modes
3365:
Other performance considerations include quality-adjusted
2607:
Typical hard disk drives attempt to "remap" the data in a
12815:
12639:
11251:
11074:
11069:
11009:
10977:
10598:
10593:
10568:
10541:
10368:
9776:
9361:
Rotary Acceleration Feed Forward (RAFF) Information Sheet
8857:; Lagisetty, Raghav; Merchant, Arif (February 22, 2016).
8268:"Consumer hard drives as reliable as enterprise hardware"
7880:
and new 1.3-inch models were not available in this size.
6439:. The Federal Reserve Board FEDS Notes. p. Table 2.
4073:
3586:
3524:
3436:
3156:
2937:
2726:-filled drives instead of the usual filtered air. Since
2297:
2185:, or under the PC system manufacturer's name such as the
2023:
1821:
1757:
1640:
1308:
1195:
965:
7337:"Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Explained - Animation"
7104:
4685:"Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid-State Drives"
3863:
Current external hard disk drives typically connect via
3431:. Some drives, especially external portable drives, use
3187:
With increasing sales of microcomputers having built-in
2604:
and thus provide the highest storage density available.
2292:
A modern HDD records data by magnetizing a thin film of
1794:
A partially disassembled IBM 350 hard disk drive (RAMAC)
13433:
10802:
8084:"Micro House PC Hardware Library Volume I: Hard Drives"
7933:"Turning Off Disk Defragmenter May Solve a Sluggish PC"
7546:
7544:
7438:"LBA Count for Disk Drives Standard (Document LBA1-03)"
7190:"Western Digital debuts 18TB and 20TB MAMR disk drives"
3066:
2350:
Diagram labeling the major components of a computer HDD
11220:
9344:
HDD from inside: Tracks and Zones. How hard it can be?
9148:
Decad, Gary M.; Robert E. Fontana Jr. (May 15, 2018).
8558:"How to bypass USB controller and use as a SATA drive"
8442:"Seagate Backup Plus External Hard Drive Review (8TB)"
7895:
7893:
7282:
Coughlin, Thomas; Grochowski, Edward (June 19, 2012).
6964:…Seagate expects to start selling HAMR drives in 2016.
6897:
6895:
6556:
Decad, Gary M.; Robert E. Fontana Jr. (July 6, 2017).
3541:(SANs). Recently other protocols for this field, like
2196:
External HDDs remained popular for much longer on the
2135:
In 1973, IBM introduced a new type of HDD code-named "
9357:(PDF), February 14, 2013, by Ariel Berkman (archived)
8420:"How to choose the best hard drive for DVRs and NVRs"
8230:
long term SSD reliability review, 2011, "final words"
6372:
5919:"Seagate Barracuda 3½" HDDs per webpage January 2008"
5503:"Industry Life Cycle - Encyclopedia - Business Terms"
5198:(4th ed.), June 1, 1957, p. 17, 22-6270-3,
3984:
Video recording HDDs used in network video recorders.
2663:
The rate of areal density advancement was similar to
2466:
Circuit board of a 2.5-inch Samsung hard disk MP0402H
8318:
8316:
7541:
7495:
6948:"WD Demos Future HDD Storage Tech: 60TB Hard Drives"
6876:"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?"
6585:
6583:
5889:"Seagate Momentus 2½" HDDs per webpage January 2008"
5448:"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?"
5349:(3rd ed.). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 568.
5246:(6th ed.), April 1962, p. 63, A24-1403-5,
4924:"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?"
4917:
4915:
4913:
4115:
3938:
Typically used with multiple-user computers running
3626:
RAID § Unrecoverable read errors during rebuild
8588:"Enterprise-class versus Desktop class Hard Drives"
7890:
7473:. Blogs.netapp.com. August 14, 2009. Archived from
6939:
6917:
6892:
6814:
3876:but may be also assembled by combining an external
3464:
Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology
3236:Rotational latency is incurred because the desired
2239:, is improving faster than HDDs. NAND has a higher
10295:'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm
9110:
8184:
7029:
6845:
6694:
6055:"Toshiba disks get 2-gen leg-up from flux control"
4774:
4772:
4068:(SSDs) in markets where the higher speed (up to 7
3916:
3349:back the file. Transfer rate can be influenced by
2823:of the drive. Some modern SATA drives also report
2614:Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology
10735:
9264:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
9141:
9079:
8391:"16 TB MAMR Hard Drives in 2019: Western Digital"
8313:
8193:"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population"
7826:Emerson W. Pugh, Lyle R. Johnson, John H. Palmer
7763:"Seagate lawsuit concludes, settlement announced"
7181:
6867:
6736:"Support for shingled magnetic recording devices"
6630:"HDD Opportunities & Challenges, Now to 2020"
6580:
6174:
4910:
4780:How SSDs conquered mobile devices and modern OSes
4657:"Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?"
4478:
4390:
4388:
30:"Hard drive" redirects here. For other uses, see
13657:
11474:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
9048:
9026:
8797:"Force Series Gen.4 PCIe MP600 2TB NVMe M.2 SSD"
6623:
6621:
6549:
5613:
5244:Reference Manual IBM 1401 Data Processing System
5220:IBM Reference Manual 7070 Data Processing System
4853:
4797:
4795:
4718:"5th Non-Volatile Memories Workshop (NVMW 2014)"
4406:
4404:
3077:(1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes) and
2219:HDD improvements have been driven by increasing
1687:. HDDs dominate the volume of storage produced (
8911:
8849:
8847:
8154:
8136:"How To Recover Lost Data from Your Hard Drive"
4769:
7677:
5169:"IBM Archives: IBM 350 disk storage unit"
4385:
4275:Comparable in size to two large refrigerators.
3211:
2062:The first production IBM hard disk drive, the
1671:storage devices. More than 224 companies have
13449:
13189:
12944:
12913:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
12394:
12380:
11236:
10721:
10146:
10025:
9694:
9561:
9417:
7314:
7289:. IEEE Santa Clara Valley Magnetics Society.
6618:
6430:
6428:
6426:
5777:"Why 7,200 RPM Mobile Hard Disk Drives?"
5386:
5384:
5336:
4945:IBM San Jose: A quarter century of innovation
4886:
4884:
4801:
4792:
4401:
3884:, while 3.5-inch variants are referred to as
3652:, or poorly manufactured platters and heads.
2924:Examples of partition mapping scheme include
1866:Improvement of HDD characteristics over time
1844:Video of modern HDD operation (cover removed)
1557:
51:The end of a 3.5-inch hard disk drive with a
10039:
8844:
8133:
8019:(5). HGST, a Western Digital Company: 1–42.
6237:"Enterprise Performance 15K HDD: Data Sheet"
6139:
6137:
5725:Sherlis, Juliya (2001). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
5015:"Toshiba Storage Solutions – MK3233GSG"
5009:
5007:
4053:. Production is mainly in the Pacific rim.
3260:reduced while the procedure is in progress.
2750:(TDMR) and "current perpendicular to plane"
12958:
6301:
6299:
6231:
6229:
5161:
4650:
4648:
4427:is rotational speed revolutions per minute.
4170:Hard disk drive performance characteristics
3703:. Recovery from logical damage can require
3218:Hard disk drive performance characteristics
2568:
2437:magnetic storage technology, also known as
1982:2.5 ms to 10 ms; RW RAM dependent
43:2.5-inch hard disk drive with cover removed
13456:
13442:
13196:
13182:
12951:
12937:
12387:
12373:
11243:
11229:
10728:
10714:
10153:
10139:
10032:
10018:
9701:
9687:
9575:
9568:
9554:
9424:
9410:
9175:
8617:
8615:
8580:
8490:
8162:"Everything You Know About Disks Is Wrong"
8102:
8075:
8057:
7955:
7924:
7860:
7841:
7820:
7781:
7754:
7680:"How OS X and iOS report storage capacity"
7652:
7643:
7634:
7608:
7463:
7355:
7236:
7216:
6999:
6423:
6400:
6010:
6004:
5985:
5419:"Seagate Wants to Ship 100TB HDDs by 2025"
5381:
5310:
5308:
5261:"IBM Archives: IBM 1301 disk storage unit"
5222:(2nd ed.), January 1960, A22-7003-1,
4881:
4789:. Ars Technica. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
4018:
2342:Destroyed hard disk, glass platter visible
1788:
1564:
1550:
9708:
9355:Hiding Data in Hard Drive's Service Areas
9300:Learn how and when to remove this message
8024:
7728:
7505:International Journal of Digital Evidence
7320:
7275:
7035:
6901:
6677:
6488:
6455:
6342:"WD Red Desktop/Mobile Series Spec Sheet"
6336:
6334:
6266:
6264:
6134:
5941:
5911:
5881:
5855:
5828:
5768:
5628:
5619:
5495:
5342:
5004:
4955:
4953:
4715:
4604:"IBM Archives: IBM 350 disk storage unit"
4479:Patterson, David; Hennessy, John (1971).
4037:Diagram of HDD manufacturer consolidation
3726:summarized research findings as follows:
3500:(IDE), later standardized under the name
3073:(1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes),
2781:mSATA SSD on top of a 2.5-inch hard drive
1698:The revenues for SSDs, most of which use
9116:
8693:
8653:
8524:"Western Digital My Passport, 2 TB"
8065:"Reed Solomon Codes – Introduction"
6627:
6528:
6522:
6497:"Moore's Law is dead, says Gordon Moore"
6378:"Keeping Bits Safe: How Hard Can It Be?"
6296:
6226:
6208:"Hard Drive Sector Format and Structure"
6205:
6079:"Hard Drive Error Correcting Code (ECC)"
6076:
5991:
5807:
5749:
5718:
5688:
5658:
5470:
5464:
5229:
5205:
4989:Exos Mozaic 3 Plus Model No: ST32TB00000
4890:
4645:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4382:which are no longer used in modern HDDs.
4059:
4032:
3925:
3853:
3767:
3629:
3601:
3398:
3382:
3372:
3277:Latency characteristics typical of HDDs
3142:
3134:
2776:
2764:
2654:
2491:
2483:
2461:
2452:
2366:Longitudinal recording (standard) &
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2268:
1847:
1832:
1608:with one or more rigid rapidly rotating
58:
46:
38:
10761:List of defunct hard disk manufacturers
10485:List of solid-state drive manufacturers
9217:
9198:
9054:
9032:
8654:Petersen, Martin K. (August 30, 2008).
8612:
8568:from the original on September 15, 2014
8414:
8412:
8344:
8274:from the original on September 11, 2015
7557:. Seagate. October 2012. Archived from
7061:
6206:Kozierok, Charles (December 23, 2018).
6103:
6077:Kozierok, Charles (November 25, 2018).
5863:"Press Releases December 14, 2004"
5724:
5305:
5187:
5171:. IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from
5106:
4826:
4029:List of defunct hard disk manufacturers
3360:
2315:that holds flat circular disks, called
14:
13658:
10160:
9119:"3D NAND Enables Larger Consumer SSDs"
9098:from the original on December 24, 2018
9085:
9067:from the original on December 24, 2018
9035:"Toshiba Claims Highest-Capacity NAND"
9014:from the original on December 31, 2018
8984:from the original on December 31, 2018
8954:from the original on December 31, 2018
8832:from the original on December 31, 2018
8687:
8635:from the original on December 28, 2013
8555:
8081:
7989:"GLOSSARY of DRIVE and COMPUTER TERMS"
7930:
7912:from the original on February 20, 2010
7899:
7671:
7451:from the original on February 22, 2016
7187:
7161:
6987:from the original on February 20, 2019
6945:
6923:
6873:
6851:
6820:
6764:
6708:plc. September 9, 2013. Archived from
6663:
6602:from the original on November 12, 2014
6589:
6494:
6388:from the original on December 17, 2013
6331:
6261:
5808:Kozierok, Charles (October 20, 2018).
5774:
5646:from the original on September 3, 2011
5587:
5561:
5471:Kanellos, Michael (January 17, 2006).
5445:
5390:
4963:. Oracle Magazine. Oracle. July 2014.
4950:
4921:
4859:
4628:
4460:from the original on February 16, 2015
4150:Comparison of disk encryption software
4089:un-correctable data errors than HDDs.
3340:" data transfer rate up to 1,030
2401:actuator or, in some older designs, a
1737:, which is a function of the physical
27:Electro-mechanical data storage device
13437:
13177:
12932:
12368:
11609:Center for The Business of Government
11224:
10709:
10300:Flash Forward (joint venture between
10134:
10013:
9682:
9549:
9405:
8924:from the original on January 27, 2019
8912:Circuit Breaker (February 20, 2018).
8822:"Intel Optane SSD 900P Series Review"
8772:
8470:
8295:"Enterprise Drives: Fact or Fiction?"
8292:
8142:from the original on November 5, 2012
7943:from the original on November 8, 2010
7760:
7421:
6746:from the original on February 2, 2015
6434:
6406:
6284:from the original on October 29, 2013
6249:from the original on October 29, 2013
5059:
4832:
4748:
4697:from the original on October 19, 2016
4654:
4641:from the original on August 27, 2023.
4587:
4512:"SSD vs. HDD: What's the Difference?"
3663:to support the heads at their proper
3331:
2978:
2976:Capacity advertised by manufacturers
2975:
2722:) focused on developing ways to seal
2500:, showing the side facing the platter
2281:
1713:corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1-
1105:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
13691:Rotating disc computer storage media
12918:List of pioneers in computer science
12297:
9324:Average seek time of a computer disk
9244:
9033:McGrath, Dylan (February 20, 2019).
8409:
8345:Donnell, Deirdre O. (June 4, 2019).
8301:from the original on August 18, 2015
8248:from the original on August 31, 2015
8205:from the original on January 5, 2010
7576:
7404:
7363:"Promising New Hard Disk Technology"
7343:from the original on October 6, 2018
7263:from the original on August 10, 2014
7242:
7162:Shilov, Anton (September 18, 2019).
7017:from the original on August 22, 2010
6829:from the original on January 2, 2016
6777:from the original on January 7, 2015
6767:"LSFMM: A storage technology update"
6733:
6473:from the original on August 21, 2014
5446:Mellor, Chris (September 23, 2019).
5417:Mott, Nathaniel (November 7, 2018).
5416:
5343:Chaudhuri, P. Pal (April 15, 2008).
5149:from the original on August 29, 2018
4977:IBM 350 disk drive held 3.75 MB
4967:from the original on August 11, 2014
4804:"SSD vs HDD: What's the Difference?"
4802:Santo Domingo, Joel (May 10, 2012).
4439:
2979:Capacity expected by some consumers
2573:Modern drives make extensive use of
1861:Server HDD operation (cover removed)
1639:Hard disk drives were introduced by
8893:from the original on April 10, 2019
8773:Alsop, Thomas (February 17, 2023).
8600:from the original on August 3, 2016
8239:
8082:Mueler, Scott (February 24, 2019).
7769:from the original on March 20, 2012
7188:Mellor, Chris (September 3, 2019).
6821:Shilov, Anton (December 18, 2015).
6765:Corbet, Jonathan (April 23, 2013).
6590:Mellor, Chris (November 10, 2014).
5929:from the original on March 14, 2009
5899:from the original on March 11, 2009
5869:from the original on April 14, 2009
5839:. American Scientist. p. 212.
5775:Blount, Walker C. (November 2007).
4891:McCallum, John C. (November 2019).
4814:from the original on March 19, 2017
4629:Shilov, Anton (November 18, 2019).
4522:from the original on March 28, 2018
4509:
3761:
3655:The HDD's spindle system relies on
2873:special disk partitioning utilities
2307:A typical HDD design consists of a
1717:(TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000
24:
10501:Advanced Host Controller Interface
9319:Video showing an opened HD working
9201:The Indispensable PC Hardware Book
9169:
9129:from the original on June 16, 2016
8694:McCallum, John C. (May 16, 2015).
8623:"Seagate Cheetah 15K.5 Data Sheet"
8452:from the original on July 25, 2015
8108:
7848:Flash price fall shakes HDD market
7716:from the original on July 18, 2015
7686:from the original on April 2, 2015
7618:. January 23, 2003. Archived from
7398:"Exos Mozaic 3+ | Seagate US"
7296:from the original on March 2, 2013
6946:Oliver, Bill (November 18, 2013).
6924:Shilov, Anton (October 15, 2014).
6852:Shilov, Anton (November 5, 2019).
6537:from the original on July 11, 2017
6354:from the original on July 28, 2018
6319:from the original on July 28, 2018
5543:from the original on June 25, 2014
5267:. January 23, 2003. Archived from
5196:IBM 650 RAMAC Manual of Operations
5021:from the original on July 24, 2012
4753:Objective Analysis. Archived from
4655:Klein, Andy (September 30, 2021).
4606:. January 23, 2003. Archived from
3993:
3756:
2748:Two-dimensional magnetic recording
2596:In the newest drives, as of 2009,
2053:c. 2,500,000 hrs (~285 years) MTBF
266:Data validation and reconciliation
25:
13702:
12972:Comparison of disc image software
11278:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
10558:
9381:Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR)
9330:Timeline: 50 Years of Hard Drives
9240:
9055:Bedford, Tom (December 4, 2018).
8732:from the original on May 26, 2019
8471:Smith, Lyle (September 3, 2014).
8397:from the original on May 24, 2019
8293:Beach, Brian (December 4, 2013).
8172:from the original on May 24, 2019
8134:Grabianowski, Ed (May 29, 2009).
8090:from the original on May 24, 2019
8086:. Macmillan Computer Publishing.
7742:from the original on May 24, 2019
7143:from the original on May 24, 2019
7036:Rosenthal, David (May 16, 2018).
6902:Rosenthal, David (May 16, 2018).
6874:Mellor, Chris (August 28, 2019).
6642:from the original on May 25, 2014
6564:. p. Table 1. Archived from
6443:from the original on July 8, 2015
6409:"Where's My Petabyte Disk Drive?"
6214:from the original on May 26, 2019
6085:from the original on May 26, 2019
5843:from the original on July 8, 2014
5834:
5816:from the original on May 26, 2019
5737:from the original on June 8, 2017
5676:from the original on July 8, 2011
5513:from the original on July 8, 2018
5483:from the original on May 19, 2018
5060:Klein, Andy (November 29, 2022).
4922:Mellor, Chris (August 28, 2019).
4841:from the original on May 15, 2018
4778:Hutchinson, Lee. (June 25, 2012)
4010:has published a quality-adjusted
3858:Two 2.5" external USB hard drives
3151:IBM's first hard disk drive, the
3055:1,000 GB, 1,000,000 MB
2104:Also in 1962, IBM introduced the
316:Distributed file system for cloud
12307:
12306:
12296:
12287:
12286:
11976:Sabre airline reservation system
11822:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
10688:
10687:
9440:Fundamental storage technologies
9431:
9249:
9203:(4th ed.). Addison-Wesley.
9086:Shilov, Anton (March 19, 2018).
8996:
8966:
8936:
8905:
8875:
8814:
8789:
8766:
8744:
8718:
8647:
8549:
8516:
8473:"WD My Passport Wireless Review"
8464:
8434:
8383:
8371:from the original on May 6, 2019
8357:
8338:
8286:
8260:
8233:
8217:
8127:
8003:
7981:
7850:, EETimes Asia, August 1, 2007.
7803:
7761:Cogar, Phil (October 26, 2007).
7698:
7515:
7498:"Hidden Disk Areas: HPA and DCO"
7489:
7430:
7390:
7376:
7329:
7308:
7243:Wood, Roger (October 19, 2010).
7210:
7155:
7098:
7055:
6969:
6793:
6758:
6495:Dubash, Manek (April 13, 2005).
5346:Computer Organization and Design
4417:
4118:
3285:Average rotational latency (ms)
2740:heat-assisted magnetic recording
2705:heat-assisted magnetic recording
2439:exchange coupled composite media
2397:spins. The arm is moved using a
1624:manner, meaning that individual
164:Areal density (computer storage)
11489:Information Management Software
8696:"Disk Drive Prices (1955–2015)"
8138:. HowStuffWorks. pp. 5–6.
7931:Broida, Rick (April 10, 2009).
7900:Kearns, Dave (April 18, 2001).
7828:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems
6727:
6657:
6531:"Disk Drive Prices (1955–2017)"
6407:Hayes, Brian (March 27, 2016).
6366:
6347:. Western Digital. April 2018.
6272:"WD Xe: Datacenter hard drives"
6199:
6168:
6149:
6097:
6070:
6061:
6047:
5971:
5801:
5727:"Thickness of a piece of paper"
5607:
5581:
5562:Mellor, Chris (July 17, 2018).
5555:
5525:
5410:
5391:Alcorn, Paul (March 19, 2018).
5372:
5363:
5327:
5283:
5253:
5139:"Ultrastar DC HC500 Series HDD"
5131:
5119:. Western Digital. October 2023
5114:"Ultrastar DC HC690 Data Sheet"
5076:
5053:
5033:
4993:
4982:
4937:
4860:Mellor, Chris (July 31, 2017).
4742:
4709:
4364:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
3917:Enterprise and business segment
3475:Small Computer System Interface
3462:remapping, data collection for
3131:List of disk drive form factors
3124:
2609:physical sector that is failing
1643:in 1956, and were the dominant
1616:, usually arranged on a moving
983:Programmable metallization cell
12242:International chess tournament
12022:Globally integrated enterprise
12012:Commercial Processing Workload
9117:Coughlin, Tom (June 7, 2016).
8726:"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte"
8556:Hsiung, Sebean (May 5, 2010).
8013:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
7064:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
5992:D. Suess; et al. (2004).
5588:Hruska, Joel (July 20, 2018).
5062:"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte"
4961:"Time Capsule, 1956 Hard Disk"
4749:Handy, James (July 31, 2012).
4716:Fullerton, Eric (March 2014).
4677:
4622:
4534:
4503:
4472:
4266:32,000,000,000,000 ÷ 3,750,000
4212:
3456:error detection and correction
2797:
2650:
2598:low-density parity-check codes
546:Persistence (computer science)
13:
1:
12908:History of computing hardware
11981:Scanning tunneling microscope
10913:Digital Equipment Corporation
9467:Uncommon storage technologies
9314:Hard Disk Drives Encyclopedia
6734:Edge, Jake (March 26, 2014).
6435:Byrne, David (July 1, 2015).
4433:
4135:Automatic acoustic management
4064:HDDs are being superseded by
3978:
3844:USB mass storage device class
3535:Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop
3452:Reed–Solomon error correction
3353:and the layout of the files.
2886:
2640:The worst type of errors are
2579:Reed–Solomon error correction
2448:
2273:Magnetic cross section &
2264:
1874:Started with (1957)
1414:Electronic quantum holography
13647:Non-RAID drive architectures
12776:Network interface controller
9199:Messmer, Hans-Peter (2001).
8728:. Backblaze. July 11, 2017.
7738:. Fox News. March 22, 2001.
4833:Hough, Jack (May 14, 2018).
4231:direct access storage device
3750:equivalent age was similar.
3498:Integrated Drive Electronics
3466:, and other internal tasks.
765:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
561:Non-RAID drive architectures
85:An overview of how HDDs work
7:
12573:Refreshable braille display
12515:Refreshable braille display
11849:Canada Head Office Building
11839:Cambridge Scientific Center
11731:Science Research Associates
11499:Mainframe operating systems
10749:History of hard disk drives
9223:Upgrading and Repairing PCs
8324:"Hard Drive Data and Stats"
8270:. Alphr. December 4, 2013.
7217:Raevenlord (July 8, 2020).
6704:(Press release). New York:
6307:"3.5" BarraCuda data sheet"
6104:Stevens, Curtis E. (2011).
5084:"Magnetic head development"
4111:
4025:History of hard disk drives
3922:Server and workstation HDDs
3504:(ATA, with the alias PATA (
3222:The factors that limit the
3212:Performance characteristics
3085:are usually quoted using a
2962:Binary prefix § disk drives
2760:
2701:shingled magnetic recording
2127:, Burroughs B-475 in 1964,
1778:History of hard disk drives
1709:. Capacity is specified in
32:Hard Drive (disambiguation)
10:
13707:
11910:Virtual Universe Community
11631:International subsidiaries
11551:Service Automation Manager
7884:February 11, 2009, at the
6529:McCallum, John C. (2017).
5810:"Hard Drive Spindle Speed"
4751:"For the Lack of a Fab..."
4555:10.1109/SAMOS.2016.7818344
4329:1,400,000,000,000 ÷ 2,000.
4022:
3988:
3841:
3838:External and portable HDDs
3731:Mean time between failures
3713:Carnegie Mellon University
3619:
3605:
3411:types, including parallel
3376:
3271:
3215:
3128:
2959:
2890:
2682:electrothermal instability
2534:by analogy to the coil in
2285:
2241:price elasticity of demand
2227:of the late 1950s to most
1775:
1771:
1673:produced HDDs historically
1600:that stores and retrieves
1354:Holographic Versatile Disc
1253:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1125:Magnetic-tape data storage
744:Content-addressable memory
29:
13644:
13611:
13553:
13525:
13487:
13471:
13406:
13339:
13247:
13240:
13216:
13160:
13154:Disc Description Protocol
13146:
13108:
13040:
12978:
12969:
12900:
12844:
12803:
12794:
12672:
12608:
12551:
12480:
12415:
12406:
12282:
12171:
12113:
12040:
11999:
11928:
11862:
11758:
11661:
11596:
11587:
11439:
11389:
11304:
11297:
11288:
11258:
10795:
10769:
10744:
10683:
10612:
10551:
10493:
10477:
10427:
10329:
10320:
10269:
10168:
10075:
10048:
9978:
9942:Magneto-optic Kerr effect
9940:
9857:
9825:
9775:
9755:
9717:
9584:
9542:
9511:
9475:
9439:
9176:Kheong Chn, Sann (2005).
8043:10.1109/TMAG.2015.2397880
7965:. Seagate. Archived from
7854:February 1, 2008, at the
7589:. Toshiba. Archived from
7552:"Storage Solutions Guide"
7076:10.1109/TMAG.2014.2305693
7038:"Longer talk at MSST2018"
6904:"Longer talk at MSST2018"
6277:. Western Digital. 2013.
5761:January 13, 2012, at the
5473:"Flash goes the notebook"
3807:Consumer electronics HDDs
3379:Hard disk drive interface
3351:file system fragmentation
3193:Shugart Associates SA1000
3189:floppy-disk drives (FDDs)
3117:against HDD manufacturers
3069:decimal prefixes such as
2991:
2986:
2981:
2794:can also lead to errors.
2252:2011 Thailand floods
1817:
1799:
1787:
1649:general-purpose computers
1596:is an electro-mechanical
551:Persistent data structure
446:Digital rights management
13681:Computer storage devices
13463:
11936:Automated teller machine
11890:The Great Mind Challenge
11273:Mergers and acquisitions
11075:Nippon Electric Industry
10838:Bryant Computer Products
10754:IBM magnetic disk drives
10107:Optical mark recognition
9529:Network-attached storage
9336:October 6, 2013, at the
7706:"df(1) – Linux man page"
7616:"650 RAMAC announcement"
7584:"MKxx33GSG MK1235GSL r1"
6033:10.1109/TMAG.2004.838075
5041:section on IBM 305 RAMAC
4453:. Arpaci-Dusseau Books.
4320:(97,500 ÷ 14.4] * 10^6.
4206:
3979:Surveillance hard drives
3882:portable external drives
3820:surveillance hard drives
2955:
2829:logical block addressing
2569:Error rates and handling
2169:factors of modern HDDs.
1426:DNA digital data storage
1409:Holographic data storage
898:Solid-state hybrid drive
184:Network-attached storage
13666:20th-century inventions
12682:Central processing unit
11895:Linux Technology Center
11250:
10968:Hokushin Electric Works
10873:Computer Memories, Inc.
10201:Flash memory controller
8562:datarecoverytools.co.uk
7114:Applied Physics Letters
6628:Anderson, Dave (2013).
6175:MjM Data Recovery Ltd.
5237:"IBM RAMAC 1401 System"
4359:perpendicular recording
4293:68 × 12 × 12 × 12 ÷ 2.1
4019:Manufacturers and sales
3908:, and lack of SATA (or
3886:desktop external drives
3824:digital video recorders
3608:Hard disk drive failure
3282:Rotational speed (rpm)
3224:time to access the data
2752:giant magnetoresistance
2744:bit-patterned recording
2642:silent data corruptions
2426:perpendicular recording
2418:superparamagnetic limit
2368:perpendicular recording
2036:per square inch in 2023
1768:(Parallel ATA) cables.
1421:5D optical data storage
1238:3D optical data storage
961:Universal Flash Storage
366:Replication (computing)
311:Distributed file system
201:Single-instance storage
179:Direct-attached storage
159:Continuous availability
12220:Dynamic infrastructure
12185:Big Blue sports teams
11991:Universal Product Code
10625:JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8
9225:(20th ed.). Que.
8656:"Linux Data Integrity"
7963:"Speed Considerations"
7872:June 16, 2011, at the
7523:"Low-Level Formatting"
6312:. Seagate. June 2018.
6181:Datarecovery.mjm.co.uk
5046:March 2, 2015, at the
4943:Kean, David W., 1977,
4723:. IEEE. Archived from
4396:decimal multiples
4165:Error recovery control
4038:
3971:silent data corruption
3934:
3906:printed circuit boards
3859:
3791:Western Digital Raptor
3773:
3677:giant magnetoresistive
3636:
3575:differential signaling
3555:disk array controllers
3404:
3396:
3148:
3140:
2782:
2774:
2660:
2575:error correction codes
2501:
2489:
2467:
2459:
2371:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2294:ferromagnetic material
2278:
2183:Tallgrass Technologies
2147:drives followed, then
1862:
1845:
1805:; 69 years ago
1803:December 24, 1954
1743:revolutions per minute
1294:Nintendo optical discs
511:Storage virtualization
381:Information repository
321:Distributed data store
86:
56:
44:
13676:Computer data storage
13507:Disk array controller
12352:Vacuum tube computers
12236:IBM and the Holocaust
12201:Common Public License
12086:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
11869:Academy of Technology
11324:Power microprocessors
10613:Related organizations
8889:. February 20, 2018.
8168:. February 22, 2007.
7664:June 5, 2011, at the
7659:CDC Product Line Card
6374:David S. H. Rosenthal
6161:May 26, 2019, at the
4785:July 7, 2017, at the
4730:on September 28, 2018
4412:binary multiples
4242:Winchester disk drive
4200:Write precompensation
4060:Competition from SSDs
4036:
4008:Federal Reserve Board
3929:
3857:
3829:Drives embedded into
3822:", are embedded into
3771:
3633:
3602:Integrity and failure
3539:storage area networks
3402:
3387:Inner view of a 1998
3386:
3373:Access and interfaces
3146:
3138:
3087:binary interpretation
2934:File Allocation Table
2911:High-level formatting
2864:Some systems may use
2780:
2768:
2658:
2577:(ECCs), particularly
2496:Close-up of a single
2495:
2487:
2465:
2456:
2434:exchange spring media
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2272:
1860:
1843:
797:Mellon optical memory
785:Williams–Kilburn tube
501:Locality of reference
306:Clustered file system
132:Memory access pattern
97:computer data storage
84:
50:
42:
13204:Storage devices for
11966:Magnetic stripe card
11915:World Community Grid
11791:Toronto Software Lab
11447:Carbon Design System
11402:Cell microprocessors
11050:MiniStor Peripherals
10995:Intégral Peripherals
10928:ExcelStor Technology
10542:Universal Serial Bus
10536:Serial attached SCSI
9534:Storage area network
9476:Related technologies
9447:Semiconductor memory
9270:improve this article
8240:Anthony, Sebastian.
7969:on February 10, 2011
7878:End Of Life Products
7678:Apple Support Team.
7596:on November 22, 2009
6954:on November 21, 2013
6598:. UK: The Register.
6013:IEEE Trans. Mag. Mat
5895:. October 24, 2008.
5837:"Terabyte Territory"
5731:The Physics Factbook
5706:on September 3, 2011
5271:on December 19, 2014
5194:"355 DISK STORAGE",
4690:. Intel. July 2011.
4549:. pp. 164–171.
4001:2011 Thailand floods
3967:Data Integrity Field
3952:Serial Attached SCSI
3818:, sometimes called "
3798:Mobile (laptop) HDDs
3785:HDDs stored 16
3561:Serial Attached SCSI
3521:direct memory access
3425:Serial Attached SCSI
3361:Other considerations
3110:command-line utility
2930:GUID Partition Table
2907:low-level formatting
2825:cylinder-head-sector
2522:neodymium–iron–boron
2387:read-and-write heads
2275:frequency modulation
1998:per megabyte (1961;
1762:Serial Attached SCSI
1630:non-volatile storage
1493:Magnetic-core memory
1140:Digital Data Storage
1100:Quadruplex videotape
541:In-memory processing
431:Information transfer
326:Distributed database
189:Storage area network
169:Block (data storage)
13671:American inventions
12230:GUIDE International
12092:Samuel J. Palmisano
11951:Electronic keypunch
11775:One Atlantic Center
11745:Weather Underground
11741:The Weather Company
11155:Samsung Electronics
10270:Flash manufacturers
10261:Write amplification
10246:Solid-state storage
9282:footnote references
8035:2015ITM....5197880A
7791:. Xtremesystems.org
7126:2009ApPhL..94t2509L
7013:. August 19, 2010.
6688:2012arXiv1201.5543P
6376:(October 1, 2010).
6187:on February 1, 2014
6122:on November 5, 2013
6025:2005ITM....41..537V
3940:enterprise software
3892:. Features such as
3831:automotive vehicles
3645:failure of the disk
3593:, and differential
3278:
2972:
2967:Decimal and binary
2277:encoded binary data
2225:mainframe computers
2039:700-million-to-one
2012:6.8-billion-to-one
1903:8.5-million-to-one
1867:
1784:
1598:data storage device
1090:Phonograph cylinder
1028:Electrochemical RAM
880:Solid-state storage
496:Memory segmentation
194:Block-level storage
12332:Personal computers
12322:Midrange computers
12312:Navigational boxes
12205:IBM Public License
12180:A Boy and His Atom
12138:Michelle J. Howard
12080:John Fellows Akers
12062:T. Vincent Learson
11769:1250 René-Lévesque
11509:Planning Analytics
11180:SyQuest Technology
11165:Shugart Associates
10878:Conner Peripherals
10868:CII-Honeywell-Bull
10853:Castlewood Systems
10777:Seagate Technology
10435:Greenliant Systems
10206:Garbage collection
10162:Solid-state drives
10041:Paper data storage
9462:Paper data storage
9393:, HGST, Inc., 2015
9391:The Road to Helium
9375:Seagate Technology
8828:. March 16, 2018.
8672:on January 9, 2015
8663:Oracle Corporation
8534:on October 5, 2013
8448:. March 22, 2015.
8109:Kaseta, Robert G.
7194:Blocks & Files
6712:on October 9, 2014
6706:Seagate Technology
6469:. March 25, 1997.
6463:"Gallium Arsenide"
5301:on March 28, 2015.
5291:"DiskPlatter-1301"
4757:on January 1, 2013
4338:2,500,000 ÷ 2,000.
4126:Electronics portal
4098:solid-state drives
4066:solid-state drives
4039:
3935:
3860:
3774:
3699:, can be used for
3637:
3577:system is used in
3510:"ultra DMA" (UDMA)
3405:
3397:
3391:HDD that used the
3332:Data transfer rate
3276:
3149:
3141:
3046:1,099,511,627,776
3043:1,000,000,000,000
2982:Reported capacity
2966:
2926:Master boot record
2783:
2775:
2693:solid-state drives
2661:
2502:
2490:
2468:
2460:
2407:zone bit recording
2372:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2302:run-length limited
2282:Magnetic recording
2279:
2245:product life cycle
2163:floppy disk drives
1865:
1863:
1846:
1782:
1693:solid-state drives
1657:personal computers
1499:Plated-wire memory
1464:Paper data storage
1110:Magnetic recording
536:In-memory database
521:Memory-mapped file
466:Volume boot record
461:Master boot record
451:Volume (computing)
426:Data communication
351:Data deduplication
87:
57:
45:
13653:
13652:
13431:
13430:
13427:
13426:
13171:
13170:
12926:
12925:
12896:
12895:
12826:Analog audio jack
12547:
12546:
12362:
12361:
12327:Operating systems
12189:American football
12158:Joseph R. Swedish
12153:Martha E. Pollack
12056:Thomas Watson Jr.
12017:Customer engineer
11941:Cynefin framework
11827:Hakozaki Facility
11786:Rome Software Lab
11754:
11753:
11583:
11582:
11536:Rational Software
11435:
11434:
11417:Personal Computer
11412:Midrange computer
11218:
11217:
11195:Texas Instruments
11120:Potter Instrument
10703:
10702:
10635:NVMHCI Work Group
10478:SSD manufacturers
10473:
10472:
10231:Over-provisioning
10186:Flash file system
10128:
10127:
10122:
10121:
10101:Edge-notched card
10007:
10006:
9757:Professional Disc
9676:
9675:
9519:Networked storage
9349:Hard disk hacking
9310:
9309:
9302:
9232:978-0-7897-4710-5
9210:978-0-201-59616-8
9010:. July 27, 2016.
8980:. July 22, 2016.
8950:. July 22, 2016.
8855:Schroeder, Bianca
8826:StorageReview.com
8477:storagereview.com
8446:storagereview.com
8422:. August 29, 2019
7447:. June 15, 2009.
7134:10.1063/1.3133354
6666:Physics in Canada
6596:theregister.co.uk
6562:ibmsystemsmag.com
6242:. Seagate. 2013.
5998:J. Magn. Mag. Mat
5959:on March 16, 2009
5789:on April 19, 2012
5696:"Hard Drive Help"
5356:978-81-203-3511-0
5295:computermuseum.li
5094:on March 21, 2015
4572:978-1-5090-3076-7
3816:Video hard drives
3781:highest-capacity
3547:ATA over Ethernet
3329:
3328:
3094:Microsoft Windows
3059:
3058:
2833:defect management
2771:Seagate Barracuda
2695:(SSDs). In 2013,
2678:superparamagnetic
2060:
2059:
1976:approx. 600
1858:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1729:and the computer
1700:NAND flash memory
1645:secondary storage
1574:
1573:
1171:8 mm video format
1095:Phonograph record
914:Flash Core Module
892:Solid-state drive
791:Delay-line memory
750:Computational RAM
653:Scratchpad memory
491:Disk partitioning
216:Unstructured data
142:Secondary storage
82:
16:(Redirected from
13698:
13686:Hard disk drives
13458:
13451:
13444:
13435:
13434:
13386:
13245:
13244:
13198:
13191:
13184:
13175:
13174:
12953:
12946:
12939:
12930:
12929:
12801:
12800:
12452:Optical trackpad
12417:Pointing devices
12413:
12412:
12389:
12382:
12375:
12366:
12365:
12310:
12309:
12300:
12299:
12290:
12289:
12050:Thomas J. Watson
11971:Relational model
11920:Think conference
11801:330 North Wabash
11721:Microelectronics
11594:
11593:
11519:Quantum Platform
11464:Cognos Analytics
11302:
11301:
11295:
11294:
11245:
11238:
11231:
11222:
11221:
11115:Plus Development
11060:Mitsumi Electric
10943:General Electric
10823:Areal Technology
10730:
10723:
10716:
10707:
10706:
10691:
10690:
10559:HDD form factors
10327:
10326:
10226:Open-channel SSD
10155:
10148:
10141:
10132:
10131:
10034:
10027:
10020:
10011:
10010:
9703:
9696:
9689:
9680:
9679:
9577:Magnetic storage
9570:
9563:
9556:
9547:
9546:
9493:Data compression
9452:Magnetic storage
9426:
9419:
9412:
9403:
9402:
9305:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9285:
9253:
9252:
9245:
9236:
9214:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9182:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9154:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9083:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9030:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8863:
8851:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8793:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8770:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8706:on July 14, 2015
8702:. Archived from
8691:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8677:
8671:
8665:. Archived from
8660:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8634:
8627:
8619:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8599:
8592:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8541:
8539:
8530:. Archived from
8520:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8438:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8416:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8331:
8320:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8264:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8237:
8231:
8221:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8204:
8197:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8116:. Archived from
8115:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8071:on July 8, 2011.
8067:. Archived from
8061:
8055:
8054:
8028:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7897:
7888:
7864:
7858:
7845:
7839:
7830:MIT Press, 1991
7824:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7765:. Bit-tech.net.
7758:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7675:
7669:
7656:
7650:
7647:
7641:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7595:
7588:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7564:on June 20, 2013
7563:
7556:
7548:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7525:. Archived from
7519:
7513:
7512:
7502:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7477:on July 20, 2011
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7442:
7434:
7428:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7295:
7288:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7249:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7200:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7142:
7111:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6959:
6950:. Archived from
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6899:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6882:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6805:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6717:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6681:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6647:
6641:
6634:
6625:
6616:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6587:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6568:on July 29, 2017
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6512:
6503:. Archived from
6492:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6432:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6346:
6338:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6248:
6241:
6233:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6210:. The PC Guide.
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6183:. Archived from
6172:
6166:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6121:
6115:. Archived from
6110:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6081:. The PC Guide.
6074:
6068:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6057:. June 14, 2021.
6051:
6045:
6044:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5955:. Archived from
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5812:. The PC Guide.
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5782:. Archived from
5781:
5772:
5766:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5702:. Archived from
5700:hardrivehelp.com
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5423:Tomshardware.com
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5397:Tomshardware.com
5388:
5379:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5323:. IBM. A22-6785.
5322:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5297:. Archived from
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5241:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5217:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5175:on June 17, 2015
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5118:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5090:. Archived from
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5057:
5051:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5011:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4957:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4919:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4799:
4790:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4722:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4600:
4585:
4584:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4410:Expressed using
4408:
4399:
4394:Expressed using
4392:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4216:
4128:
4123:
4122:
3960:host bus adapter
3762:Consumer segment
3279:
3275:
3108:
3023:107,374,182,400
3020:100,000,000,000
2973:
2965:
2940:file system and
2854:
2850:
2788:decimal prefixes
2551:tangential force
2524:(NIB) high-flux
2514:permanent magnet
2510:
2509:
2380:
2313:
2312:
2288:Magnetic storage
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2064:350 disk storage
2044:Average lifespan
2001:
1997:
1877:Improved to
1868:
1864:
1859:
1842:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1739:rotational speed
1731:operating system
1606:magnetic storage
1566:
1559:
1552:
1511:Thin-film memory
1505:Core rope memory
1431:Universal memory
1394:Millipede memory
1384:Racetrack memory
1349:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1161:Linear Tape-Open
1115:Magnetic storage
1083:Analog recording
526:Software entropy
486:Disk aggregation
246:Data degradation
231:Data compression
127:Memory hierarchy
117:Memory coherence
89:
88:
83:
55:(SATA) interface
21:
13706:
13705:
13701:
13700:
13699:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13656:
13655:
13654:
13649:
13640:
13607:
13571:Data redundancy
13566:Fault tolerance
13549:
13521:
13483:
13479:of independent
13467:
13462:
13432:
13423:
13402:
13384:
13335:
13236:
13212:
13202:
13172:
13167:
13156:
13142:
13104:
13036:
12974:
12965:
12957:
12927:
12922:
12892:
12840:
12790:
12668:
12662:USB flash drive
12611:
12604:
12543:
12476:
12430:Game controller
12425:Graphics tablet
12402:
12393:
12363:
12358:
12278:
12264:SHARE computing
12225:GlobalFoundries
12167:
12115:
12109:
12036:
11995:
11986:Financial swaps
11961:Hard disk drive
11924:
11858:
11832:Yamato Facility
11750:
11657:
11589:
11579:
11546:Tivoli Software
11431:
11385:
11284:
11254:
11249:
11219:
11214:
11105:Pertec Computer
11085:Ohio Scientific
10953:Hewlett-Packard
10863:Caelus Memories
10791:
10787:Western Digital
10765:
10740:
10737:Hard disk drive
10734:
10704:
10699:
10679:
10608:
10547:
10489:
10469:
10423:
10377:(bought by OCZ)
10337:Western Digital
10316:
10302:Western Digital
10265:
10169:Key terminology
10164:
10159:
10129:
10124:
10123:
10118:
10071:
10044:
10038:
10008:
10003:
9986:Laser turntable
9974:
9936:
9853:
9821:
9771:
9751:
9713:
9710:Optical storage
9707:
9677:
9672:
9580:
9574:
9544:
9538:
9512:Network storage
9507:
9471:
9457:Optical storage
9435:
9430:
9365:Western Digital
9338:Wayback Machine
9306:
9295:
9289:
9286:
9267:
9258:This section's
9254:
9250:
9243:
9233:
9211:
9189:
9187:
9180:
9172:
9170:Further reading
9167:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9146:
9142:
9132:
9130:
9115:
9111:
9101:
9099:
9084:
9080:
9070:
9068:
9053:
9049:
9039:
9037:
9031:
9027:
9017:
9015:
9002:
9001:
8997:
8987:
8985:
8974:"Scalable SSDs"
8972:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8955:
8942:
8941:
8937:
8927:
8925:
8910:
8906:
8896:
8894:
8881:
8880:
8876:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8852:
8845:
8835:
8833:
8820:
8819:
8815:
8805:
8803:
8801:www.corsair.com
8795:
8794:
8790:
8780:
8778:
8771:
8767:
8757:
8755:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8735:
8733:
8724:
8723:
8719:
8709:
8707:
8692:
8688:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8658:
8652:
8648:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8625:
8621:
8620:
8613:
8603:
8601:
8597:
8590:
8586:
8585:
8581:
8571:
8569:
8554:
8550:
8537:
8535:
8522:
8521:
8517:
8507:
8505:
8504:on May 25, 2012
8496:
8495:
8491:
8481:
8479:
8469:
8465:
8455:
8453:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8425:
8423:
8418:
8417:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8374:
8372:
8363:
8362:
8358:
8343:
8339:
8329:
8327:
8322:
8321:
8314:
8304:
8302:
8291:
8287:
8277:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8261:
8251:
8249:
8244:. ExtremeTech.
8238:
8234:
8222:
8218:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8195:
8189:
8185:
8175:
8173:
8166:Storagemojo.com
8160:
8159:
8155:
8145:
8143:
8132:
8128:
8123:on May 4, 2012.
8120:
8113:
8107:
8103:
8093:
8091:
8080:
8076:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8008:
8004:
7994:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7982:
7972:
7970:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7944:
7929:
7925:
7915:
7913:
7902:"How to defrag"
7898:
7891:
7886:Wayback Machine
7874:Wayback Machine
7867:In 2008 Samsung
7865:
7861:
7856:Wayback Machine
7846:
7842:
7825:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7794:
7792:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7772:
7770:
7759:
7755:
7745:
7743:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7689:
7687:
7676:
7672:
7668:, October 1974.
7666:Wayback Machine
7657:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7639:
7635:
7625:
7623:
7622:on June 5, 2011
7614:
7613:
7609:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7542:
7532:
7530:
7529:on June 4, 2017
7521:
7520:
7516:
7500:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7478:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7452:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7346:
7344:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7313:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7256:. Hitachi GST.
7247:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7215:
7211:
7198:
7196:
7186:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7160:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7109:
7103:
7099:
7060:
7056:
7042:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7020:
7018:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6990:
6988:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6957:
6955:
6944:
6940:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6900:
6893:
6880:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6858:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6832:
6830:
6819:
6815:
6808:Western Digital
6803:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6780:
6778:
6763:
6759:
6749:
6747:
6732:
6728:
6715:
6713:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6662:
6658:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6632:
6626:
6619:
6605:
6603:
6588:
6581:
6571:
6569:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6527:
6523:
6510:
6508:
6507:on July 6, 2014
6493:
6489:
6476:
6474:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6444:
6433:
6424:
6414:
6412:
6405:
6401:
6391:
6389:
6371:
6367:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6173:
6169:
6165:, Toshiba, 2011
6163:Wayback Machine
6154:
6150:
6142:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6088:
6086:
6075:
6071:
6066:
6062:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6009:
6005:
5990:
5986:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5902:
5900:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5846:
5844:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5763:Wayback Machine
5754:
5750:
5740:
5738:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5670:data-master.com
5664:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5612:
5608:
5598:
5596:
5594:extremetech.com
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5544:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5469:
5465:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5306:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5272:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5058:
5054:
5048:Wayback Machine
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4983:
4970:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4889:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4800:
4793:
4787:Wayback Machine
4777:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4665:
4663:
4653:
4646:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4610:on May 31, 2008
4602:
4601:
4588:
4573:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4510:Domingo, Joel.
4508:
4504:
4497:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4386:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4189:shared resource
4124:
4117:
4114:
4084:per second for
4080:drives and 2.5
4072:per second for
4062:
4043:Western Digital
4031:
4021:
3996:
3994:Price evolution
3991:
3919:
3850:
3764:
3759:
3757:Market segments
3670:breather filter
3628:
3618:
3606:Main articles:
3604:
3487:Apple Macintosh
3479:Commodore Amiga
3458:, and performs
3381:
3375:
3363:
3334:
3274:
3257:Defragmentation
3220:
3214:
3159:introduced its
3133:
3127:
3106:
2971:interpretation
2964:
2958:
2900:Advanced Format
2895:
2893:Disk formatting
2889:
2852:
2848:
2800:
2792:binary prefixes
2763:
2720:Western Digital
2653:
2571:
2558:disk controller
2507:
2506:
2498:read–write head
2451:
2414:thermal effects
2375:
2310:
2309:
2290:
2284:
2267:
2259:Western Digital
2198:Apple Macintosh
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2009:by end of 2022
1999:
1995:
1986:
1957:
1945:
1908:Physical volume
1886:
1848:
1833:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1795:
1783:Hard disk drive
1780:
1774:
1752:cables such as
1685:Western Digital
1634:rectangular box
1578:hard disk drive
1570:
1541:
1540:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1404:Patterned media
1374:
1366:
1365:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1218:Hard disk drive
1085:
1075:
1074:
1055:
1044:
1043:
998:
988:
987:
909:IBM FlashSystem
904:USB flash drive
843:
826:
825:
780:
772:
771:
760:Dual-ported RAM
638:
621:
620:
581:Cloud computing
441:Copy protection
361:Data redundancy
291:Shared resource
261:Data validation
236:Data corruption
211:Structured data
122:Cache coherence
107:
93:Computer memory
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hard disc drive
15:
12:
11:
5:
13704:
13694:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13651:
13650:
13645:
13642:
13641:
13639:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13617:
13615:
13609:
13608:
13606:
13605:
13600:
13595:
13594:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13557:
13555:
13551:
13550:
13548:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13531:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13520:
13519:
13514:
13512:Disk mirroring
13509:
13504:
13499:
13497:Data scrubbing
13493:
13491:
13485:
13484:
13472:
13469:
13468:
13461:
13460:
13453:
13446:
13438:
13429:
13428:
13425:
13424:
13422:
13421:
13416:
13412:
13410:
13404:
13403:
13401:
13400:
13395:
13390:
13387:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13345:
13343:
13337:
13336:
13334:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13253:
13251:
13242:
13238:
13237:
13235:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13220:
13218:
13214:
13213:
13201:
13200:
13193:
13186:
13178:
13169:
13168:
13161:
13158:
13157:
13152:
13150:
13144:
13143:
13141:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13114:
13112:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13046:
13044:
13038:
13037:
13035:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12995:
12990:
12984:
12982:
12976:
12975:
12970:
12967:
12966:
12956:
12955:
12948:
12941:
12933:
12924:
12923:
12921:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12904:
12902:
12898:
12897:
12894:
12893:
12891:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12848:
12846:
12842:
12841:
12839:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12807:
12805:
12798:
12792:
12791:
12789:
12788:
12786:Expansion card
12783:
12778:
12773:
12772:
12771:
12766:
12756:
12755:
12754:
12744:
12743:
12742:
12737:
12723:
12713:
12712:
12711:
12706:
12696:
12691:
12690:
12689:
12687:Microprocessor
12678:
12676:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12666:
12665:
12664:
12659:
12649:
12648:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12627:
12622:
12616:
12614:
12606:
12605:
12603:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12586:
12585:
12575:
12570:
12569:
12568:
12557:
12555:
12553:Output devices
12549:
12548:
12545:
12544:
12542:
12541:
12540:
12539:
12529:
12528:
12527:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12506:
12505:
12495:
12490:
12484:
12482:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12457:Pointing stick
12454:
12449:
12448:
12447:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12421:
12419:
12410:
12404:
12403:
12392:
12391:
12384:
12377:
12369:
12360:
12359:
12357:
12356:
12355:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12304:
12294:
12283:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12249:
12247:Lucifer cipher
12244:
12239:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12198:
12197:
12196:
12191:
12183:
12175:
12173:
12169:
12168:
12166:
12165:
12163:Peter R. Voser
12160:
12155:
12150:
12148:Andrew Liveris
12145:
12143:Arvind Krishna
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12119:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12107:
12104:Arvind Krishna
12101:
12095:
12089:
12083:
12077:
12071:
12065:
12059:
12053:
12046:
12044:
12038:
12037:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12003:
12001:
11997:
11996:
11994:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11932:
11930:
11926:
11925:
11923:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11905:Smarter Planet
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11881:
11880:
11870:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11859:
11857:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11835:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11816:
11815:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11797:IBM Buildings
11795:
11794:
11793:
11788:
11782:Software Labs
11780:
11779:
11778:
11772:
11771:, Montreal, QC
11762:
11760:
11756:
11755:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11748:
11738:
11736:Service Bureau
11733:
11728:
11726:Product Center
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11691:Ambra Computer
11688:
11687:
11686:
11681:
11671:
11665:
11663:
11659:
11658:
11656:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11639:
11638:
11628:
11623:
11622:
11621:
11611:
11606:
11600:
11598:
11591:
11585:
11584:
11581:
11580:
11578:
11577:
11572:
11571:
11570:
11560:
11555:
11554:
11553:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11532:
11531:
11526:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11494:Lotus Software
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11449:
11443:
11441:
11437:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11393:
11391:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11348:
11347:
11346:
11341:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11308:
11306:
11299:
11292:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11282:
11281:
11280:
11270:
11264:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11248:
11247:
11240:
11233:
11225:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10990:Imprimis (CDC)
10987:
10986:
10985:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10908:Diablo Systems
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10828:Avatar Systems
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10799:
10797:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10773:
10771:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10763:
10758:
10757:
10756:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10733:
10732:
10725:
10718:
10710:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10697:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10616:
10614:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10579:
10577:expansion card
10571:
10566:
10561:
10555:
10553:
10552:Configurations
10549:
10548:
10546:
10545:
10539:
10533:
10527:
10522:
10516:
10510:
10504:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10490:
10488:
10487:
10481:
10479:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10431:
10429:
10425:
10424:
10422:
10421:
10416:
10415:
10414:
10402:
10401:
10400:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10372:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10333:
10331:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10314:
10309:
10298:
10297:
10296:
10284:
10279:
10273:
10271:
10267:
10266:
10264:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10165:
10158:
10157:
10150:
10143:
10135:
10126:
10125:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10116:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10092:
10086:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10069:
10063:
10052:
10050:
10046:
10045:
10037:
10036:
10029:
10022:
10014:
10005:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9995:
9989:
9982:
9980:
9979:Optical Assist
9976:
9975:
9973:
9972:
9966:
9960:
9954:
9947:
9945:
9938:
9937:
9935:
9934:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9879:(20th century)
9874:
9873:(20th century)
9868:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9851:
9845:
9839:
9832:
9830:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9813:
9807:
9801:
9795:
9789:
9782:
9780:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9769:
9762:
9760:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9749:
9743:
9737:
9731:
9724:
9722:
9715:
9714:
9706:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9683:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9622:
9616:
9610:
9604:
9598:
9592:
9585:
9582:
9581:
9573:
9572:
9565:
9558:
9550:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9515:
9513:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9479:
9477:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9436:
9429:
9428:
9421:
9414:
9406:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9388:
9378:
9368:
9367:, January 2013
9358:
9352:
9346:
9341:
9327:
9321:
9316:
9308:
9307:
9262:external links
9257:
9255:
9248:
9242:
9241:External links
9239:
9238:
9237:
9231:
9219:Mueller, Scott
9215:
9209:
9196:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9165:
9140:
9109:
9078:
9047:
9025:
8995:
8965:
8935:
8904:
8874:
8843:
8813:
8788:
8765:
8743:
8717:
8686:
8646:
8611:
8579:
8548:
8515:
8489:
8463:
8433:
8408:
8382:
8356:
8337:
8312:
8285:
8259:
8232:
8228:Tom's Hardware
8216:
8198:. Google Inc.
8183:
8153:
8126:
8101:
8074:
8056:
8002:
7980:
7954:
7923:
7889:
7859:
7840:
7819:
7802:
7780:
7753:
7727:
7697:
7682:. Apple, Inc.
7670:
7651:
7642:
7633:
7607:
7575:
7540:
7514:
7488:
7462:
7429:
7420:
7403:
7389:
7375:
7354:
7328:
7307:
7274:
7235:
7209:
7180:
7154:
7120:(20): 202509.
7097:
7054:
7028:
6998:
6968:
6938:
6916:
6891:
6866:
6844:
6813:
6792:
6757:
6726:
6693:
6656:
6617:
6579:
6548:
6521:
6487:
6454:
6422:
6399:
6365:
6330:
6295:
6260:
6225:
6198:
6167:
6148:
6133:
6096:
6069:
6060:
6046:
6019:(2): 537–542.
6003:
5984:
5970:
5940:
5910:
5880:
5854:
5835:Hayes, Brian.
5827:
5800:
5767:
5748:
5717:
5687:
5657:
5627:
5606:
5580:
5554:
5524:
5494:
5463:
5435:
5409:
5380:
5371:
5362:
5355:
5335:
5326:
5304:
5282:
5252:
5228:
5213:"Disk Storage"
5204:
5186:
5160:
5130:
5105:
5075:
5052:
5032:
5003:
4992:
4981:
4949:
4936:
4909:
4880:
4852:
4825:
4791:
4768:
4741:
4708:
4676:
4644:
4621:
4586:
4571:
4533:
4502:
4495:
4489:. p. 23.
4471:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4416:
4400:
4384:
4363:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:Object storage
4192:
4187:(file server,
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:Click of death
4142:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4113:
4110:
4061:
4058:
4020:
4017:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3963:
3943:
3936:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3852:
3851:
3848:Disk enclosure
3839:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3778:
3775:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3724:Tom's Hardware
3661:disk enclosure
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3564:
3558:
3528:
3517:
3516:at high speed.
3495:
3433:IEEE 1394
3377:Main article:
3374:
3371:
3362:
3359:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3273:
3270:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3216:Main article:
3213:
3210:
3129:Main article:
3126:
3123:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2957:
2954:
2891:Main article:
2888:
2885:
2845:data integrity
2799:
2796:
2762:
2759:
2652:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2570:
2567:
2547:magnetic field
2450:
2447:
2321:aluminum alloy
2283:
2280:
2266:
2263:
2214:Macintosh Plus
2210:Macintosh 512K
2206:Macintosh 128K
2179:Corvus Systems
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2003:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1965:15,000-to-one
1963:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1933:56,000-to-one
1931:
1920:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:(as of 2024)
1894:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1776:Main article:
1773:
1770:
1756:(Serial ATA),
1614:magnetic heads
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1523:Twistor memory
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1441:Quantum memory
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:In development
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Super Video CD
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1245:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1005:
999:
994:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
941:MultiMediaCard
938:
933:
928:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
889:
877:
872:
871:
870:
865:
855:
850:
844:
839:
838:
835:
834:
828:
827:
824:
823:
817:
811:
806:
803:Selectron tube
800:
794:
788:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
757:
752:
747:
741:
736:
731:
730:
729:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
657:
656:
655:
650:
643:Hardware cache
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Edge computing
593:
588:
583:
578:
576:Grid computing
573:
571:Bank switching
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
516:Virtual memory
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
481:Disk mirroring
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Temporary file
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
386:Knowledge base
383:
378:
376:Storage record
373:
371:Memory refresh
368:
363:
358:
356:Data structure
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
251:Data integrity
248:
243:
241:Data cleansing
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
197:
196:
191:
181:
176:
174:Object storage
171:
166:
161:
156:
155:
154:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13703:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13663:
13661:
13648:
13643:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13618:
13616:
13614:
13610:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13576:Degraded mode
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13563:
13562:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13552:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13528:
13524:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13502:Data striping
13500:
13498:
13495:
13494:
13492:
13490:
13486:
13482:
13478:
13475:
13470:
13466:
13459:
13454:
13452:
13447:
13445:
13440:
13439:
13436:
13420:
13417:
13414:
13413:
13411:
13409:
13405:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13388:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13347:
13346:
13344:
13342:
13338:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13255:
13254:
13252:
13250:
13249:Parallel IEEE
13246:
13243:
13239:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13219:
13215:
13210:
13207:
13199:
13194:
13192:
13187:
13185:
13180:
13179:
13176:
13165:
13164:sidecar files
13159:
13155:
13151:
13149:
13145:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13133:IMG, IMA, IMZ
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13111:
13107:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13045:
13043:
13039:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12985:
12983:
12981:
12980:Optical discs
12977:
12973:
12968:
12964:
12961:
12954:
12949:
12947:
12942:
12940:
12935:
12934:
12931:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12899:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12858:Parallel port
12856:
12853:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12843:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12808:
12806:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12793:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12761:
12760:
12757:
12753:
12750:
12749:
12748:
12745:
12741:
12738:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12718:
12717:
12714:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12701:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12688:
12685:
12684:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12677:
12675:
12674:Computer case
12671:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12654:
12653:
12650:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12632:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12617:
12615:
12613:
12607:
12601:
12600:Graphics card
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12567:
12564:
12563:
12562:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12554:
12550:
12538:
12535:
12534:
12533:
12530:
12526:
12523:
12522:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12504:
12501:
12500:
12499:
12498:Graphics card
12496:
12494:
12493:Image scanner
12491:
12489:
12486:
12485:
12483:
12479:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12446:
12443:
12442:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12422:
12420:
12418:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12408:Input devices
12405:
12401:
12398:
12390:
12385:
12383:
12378:
12376:
12371:
12370:
12367:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12305:
12303:
12295:
12293:
12285:
12284:
12281:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12254:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12237:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12202:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12186:
12184:
12182:
12181:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12170:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12123:Thomas Buberl
12121:
12120:
12118:
12112:
12105:
12102:
12099:
12098:Ginni Rometty
12096:
12093:
12090:
12087:
12084:
12081:
12078:
12075:
12072:
12069:
12068:Frank T. Cary
12066:
12063:
12060:
12057:
12054:
12051:
12048:
12047:
12045:
12043:
12039:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12004:
12002:
11998:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11927:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11879:
11876:
11875:
11874:
11871:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11861:
11855:
11854:IBM Rochester
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:, Chicago, IL
11802:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11783:
11781:
11777:, Atlanta, GA
11776:
11773:
11770:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11763:
11761:
11757:
11746:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11660:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11637:
11634:
11633:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11620:
11617:
11616:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11599:
11595:
11592:
11586:
11576:
11573:
11569:
11566:
11565:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11504:Mashup Center
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11458:
11455:
11454:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11444:
11442:
11438:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11388:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11329:Power Systems
11327:
11325:
11322:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11313:
11310:
11309:
11307:
11303:
11300:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11287:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11265:
11263:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11246:
11241:
11239:
11234:
11232:
11227:
11226:
11223:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10984:
10981:
10980:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10933:Fuji Electric
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10808:Alps Electric
10806:
10804:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10794:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10768:
10762:
10759:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10743:
10739:manufacturers
10738:
10731:
10726:
10724:
10719:
10717:
10712:
10711:
10708:
10696:
10695:
10686:
10685:
10682:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10650:SFF Committee
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10611:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10550:
10543:
10540:
10537:
10534:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10520:
10517:
10514:
10511:
10508:
10507:Fibre Channel
10505:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10492:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10476:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10426:
10420:
10417:
10412:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10403:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10376:
10373:
10370:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10362:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10339:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10313:
10310:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10294:
10290:
10289:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10268:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10256:Wear leveling
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10156:
10151:
10149:
10144:
10142:
10137:
10136:
10133:
10114:
10111:
10108:
10105:
10102:
10099:
10096:
10093:
10090:
10087:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10074:
10067:
10064:
10062:(c. 3000 BCE)
10061:
10057:
10054:
10053:
10051:
10047:
10042:
10035:
10030:
10028:
10023:
10021:
10016:
10015:
10012:
9999:
9996:
9993:
9990:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9977:
9970:
9967:
9964:
9961:
9958:
9955:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9939:
9932:
9929:
9926:
9923:
9920:
9917:
9914:
9911:
9908:
9905:
9902:
9899:
9896:
9893:
9890:
9887:
9884:
9881:
9878:
9875:
9872:
9869:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9856:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9824:
9817:
9814:
9811:
9808:
9805:
9802:
9799:
9796:
9793:
9790:
9787:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9774:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9754:
9747:
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9008:Computerworld
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8604:September 25,
8596:
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8360:
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8351:Notebookcheck
8348:
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8325:
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8297:. Backblaze.
8296:
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7836:0-262-16123-0
7833:
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7812:
7806:
7790:
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7710:linux.die.net
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6981:Anandtech.com
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6501:techworld.com
6498:
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5898:
5894:
5890:
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5858:
5847:September 20,
5842:
5838:
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5811:
5804:
5785:
5778:
5771:
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5757:
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5728:
5721:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5636:"Hard Drives"
5631:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5542:
5538:
5534:
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5214:
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5042:
5036:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4971:September 19,
4966:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4940:
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4914:
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4894:
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4775:
4773:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4693:
4686:
4680:
4673:
4666:September 30,
4662:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4595:
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4582:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
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4513:
4506:
4498:
4496:9780080502571
4492:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4475:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4438:
4420:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4397:
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4373:
4367:
4360:
4353:
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4326:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4185:Network drive
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Drive mapping
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3956:Fibre Channel
3953:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:HDD enclosure
3932:
3931:Hot-swappable
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3912:) interfaces.
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3873:Plug and play
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3754:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:data recovery
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3665:flying height
3662:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3635:catastrophic.
3632:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3616:Data recovery
3613:
3609:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:Fibre Channel
3529:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3502:AT Attachment
3499:
3496:
3493:
3492:SAS interface
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:Typically, a
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3429:Fibre Channel
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3182:Fujitsu Eagle
3179:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:93.1 GB
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2974:
2970:
2969:unit prefixes
2963:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:(FAT) in the
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2851:drives loses
2846:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:(now part of
2717:
2714:By contrast,
2712:
2710:
2709:random access
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2602:Shannon limit
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:stepper motor
2400:
2394:
2392:
2391:flying height
2388:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2276:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:areal density
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:Apple ProFile
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2129:IBM 2305
2126:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2114:magnetic tape
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2098:Cylinder-mode
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:US$ 14.4 per
2004:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1802:
1800:Date invented
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:unit prefixes
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:mobile phones
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:random-access
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:Bubble memory
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
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1156:Cassette tape
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1151:Videocassette
1149:
1147:
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1128:
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1123:
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1120:Magnetic tape
1118:
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602:
601:Dew computing
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Fog computing
589:
587:
586:Cloud storage
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
566:Memory paging
564:
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401:File deletion
399:
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391:Computer file
389:
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271:Data recovery
269:
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256:Data security
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152:floating-gate
150:
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103:
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98:
94:
91:
90:
54:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
13561:Availability
13545:Non-standard
13517:Parity drive
13480:
13385:
13110:Floppy disks
13041:
12963:file formats
12764:Power MOSFET
12747:Power supply
12720:
12716:Data storage
12652:Flash memory
12630:Optical disc
12612:data storage
12251:
12234:
12215:Deep Thought
12178:
12106:(since 2020)
12074:John R. Opel
12032:Think slogan
11960:
11873:Deep Thunder
11679:Kaleida Labs
11674:AIM alliance
11359:Q System Two
11354:Q System One
11095:Olivetti OPE
10948:GS Magicstor
10903:Dataproducts
10893:Data General
10736:
10692:
10525:SATA Express
10251:Trim command
10241:Secure erase
10236:Read disturb
10191:Flash memory
10095:Punched card
10089:Punched tape
9877:Optical disc
9871:Optical tape
9858:Discontinued
9827:Compact disc
9612:
9607:Ferrite core
9488:File systems
9433:Data storage
9387:, Inc., 2015
9377:, March 2010
9296:
9287:
9272:by removing
9259:
9222:
9200:
9188:. Retrieved
9184:
9158:November 23,
9156:. Retrieved
9143:
9131:. Retrieved
9122:
9112:
9102:December 24,
9100:. Retrieved
9091:
9081:
9071:December 24,
9069:. Retrieved
9060:
9050:
9040:November 24,
9038:. Retrieved
9028:
9018:February 20,
9016:. Retrieved
9007:
8998:
8988:February 20,
8986:. Retrieved
8977:
8968:
8958:February 20,
8956:. Retrieved
8947:
8944:"Advantages"
8938:
8928:February 20,
8926:. Retrieved
8917:
8907:
8897:February 20,
8895:. Retrieved
8886:
8877:
8867:November 25,
8865:. Retrieved
8836:February 20,
8834:. Retrieved
8825:
8816:
8804:. Retrieved
8800:
8791:
8779:. Retrieved
8768:
8756:. Retrieved
8746:
8734:. Retrieved
8720:
8708:. Retrieved
8704:the original
8699:
8689:
8681:
8674:. Retrieved
8667:the original
8649:
8639:December 19,
8637:. Retrieved
8602:. Retrieved
8582:
8570:. Retrieved
8561:
8551:
8543:
8536:. Retrieved
8532:the original
8528:hwigroup.net
8527:
8518:
8506:. Retrieved
8502:the original
8492:
8480:. Retrieved
8476:
8466:
8454:. Retrieved
8445:
8436:
8424:. Retrieved
8399:. Retrieved
8385:
8373:. Retrieved
8359:
8350:
8340:
8330:November 24,
8328:. Retrieved
8303:. Retrieved
8288:
8276:. Retrieved
8262:
8250:. Retrieved
8235:
8219:
8209:December 26,
8207:. Retrieved
8186:
8174:. Retrieved
8165:
8156:
8144:. Retrieved
8129:
8118:the original
8104:
8092:. Retrieved
8077:
8069:the original
8059:
8016:
8012:
8005:
7993:. Retrieved
7983:
7971:. Retrieved
7967:the original
7957:
7947:November 26,
7945:. Retrieved
7936:
7926:
7916:November 26,
7914:. Retrieved
7905:
7862:
7843:
7827:
7822:
7805:
7793:. Retrieved
7783:
7771:. Retrieved
7756:
7744:. Retrieved
7730:
7718:. Retrieved
7709:
7700:
7688:. Retrieved
7673:
7654:
7645:
7636:
7624:. Retrieved
7620:the original
7610:
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7591:the original
7578:
7566:. Retrieved
7559:the original
7531:. Retrieved
7527:the original
7517:
7508:
7504:
7491:
7479:. Retrieved
7475:the original
7465:
7455:February 14,
7453:. Retrieved
7432:
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7415:
7411:
7406:
7392:
7378:
7366:. Retrieved
7357:
7345:. Retrieved
7331:
7310:
7298:. Retrieved
7277:
7265:. Retrieved
7251:
7238:
7226:. Retrieved
7222:
7212:
7204:
7199:November 23,
7197:. Retrieved
7193:
7183:
7171:. Retrieved
7167:
7157:
7145:. Retrieved
7117:
7113:
7100:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7048:
7043:November 22,
7041:. Retrieved
7031:
7019:. Retrieved
7010:
7001:
6991:February 20,
6989:. Retrieved
6980:
6971:
6963:
6958:November 15,
6956:. Retrieved
6952:the original
6941:
6931:November 15,
6929:. Retrieved
6919:
6909:November 22,
6907:. Retrieved
6886:
6881:November 15,
6879:. Retrieved
6869:
6859:November 22,
6857:. Retrieved
6847:
6838:
6831:. Retrieved
6816:
6807:
6795:
6786:
6779:. Retrieved
6760:
6748:. Retrieved
6729:
6721:
6714:. Retrieved
6710:the original
6696:
6672:(1): 25–29.
6669:
6665:
6659:
6651:
6644:. Retrieved
6611:
6606:November 12,
6604:. Retrieved
6595:
6570:. Retrieved
6566:the original
6561:
6551:
6539:. Retrieved
6524:
6516:
6509:. Retrieved
6505:the original
6500:
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6482:
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6466:
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6402:
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6381:
6368:
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6286:. Retrieved
6251:. Retrieved
6216:. Retrieved
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6185:the original
6180:
6170:
6151:
6124:. Retrieved
6117:the original
6112:
6099:
6087:. Retrieved
6072:
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6016:
6012:
6006:
5997:
5987:
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5957:the original
5952:
5943:
5931:. Retrieved
5922:
5913:
5901:. Retrieved
5892:
5883:
5871:. Retrieved
5857:
5845:. Retrieved
5830:
5818:. Retrieved
5803:
5791:. Retrieved
5784:the original
5770:
5756:CMOS-MagView
5751:
5739:. Retrieved
5730:
5720:
5708:. Retrieved
5704:the original
5699:
5690:
5678:. Retrieved
5669:
5660:
5648:. Retrieved
5639:
5630:
5609:
5597:. Retrieved
5593:
5583:
5571:. Retrieved
5568:The Register
5567:
5557:
5545:. Retrieved
5536:
5527:
5515:. Retrieved
5506:
5497:
5485:. Retrieved
5476:
5466:
5458:
5453:November 15,
5451:. Retrieved
5428:February 20,
5426:. Retrieved
5422:
5412:
5402:February 20,
5400:. Retrieved
5396:
5374:
5365:
5345:
5338:
5329:
5316:
5299:the original
5294:
5285:
5273:. Retrieved
5269:the original
5264:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5177:. Retrieved
5173:the original
5163:
5153:February 20,
5151:. Retrieved
5142:
5133:
5123:November 22,
5121:. Retrieved
5108:
5096:. Retrieved
5092:the original
5088:IBM Archives
5087:
5078:
5068:November 22,
5066:. Retrieved
5055:
5035:
5023:. Retrieved
4995:
4984:
4976:
4969:. Retrieved
4944:
4939:
4929:November 15,
4927:. Retrieved
4902:November 25,
4900:. Retrieved
4896:
4873:November 21,
4871:. Retrieved
4867:The Register
4865:
4855:
4843:. Retrieved
4837:. Barron's.
4828:
4818:November 24,
4816:. Retrieved
4807:
4761:November 25,
4759:. Retrieved
4755:the original
4744:
4734:February 21,
4732:. Retrieved
4725:the original
4711:
4701:February 10,
4699:. Retrieved
4679:
4671:
4664:. Retrieved
4660:
4634:
4624:
4612:. Retrieved
4608:the original
4542:
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4505:
4481:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4441:
4419:
4366:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4302:910,000 ÷ 62
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4214:
4175:Hybrid drive
4155:Data erasure
4106:
4095:
4091:
4063:
4055:
4040:
4005:
3997:
3910:Parallel ATA
3890:power bricks
3885:
3881:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3777:Desktop HDDs
3752:
3748:
3721:
3709:
3705:file carving
3691:systems and
3681:
3674:
3669:
3654:
3638:
3550:
3506:Parallel ATA
3468:
3441:
3406:
3393:Parallel ATA
3364:
3355:
3335:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3221:
3206:flash memory
3202:
3197:form factors
3196:
3186:
3176:. Digital's
3174:19-inch rack
3171:
3153:IBM 350
3150:
3125:Form factors
3121:
3114:
3103:Snow Leopard
3091:
3062:
3060:
3052:931 GB
3032:100 GB
3000:With prefix
2923:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2863:
2843:subsystems,
2838:
2814:
2801:
2784:
2756:
2737:
2713:
2711:4k speeds).
2689:flash memory
2686:
2674:
2669:Gordon Moore
2662:
2647:
2639:
2636:
2625:
2622:
2606:
2595:
2572:
2555:
2540:
2536:loudspeakers
2529:
2505:
2503:
2477:
2469:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2411:
2395:
2384:
2373:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2256:
2249:
2233:
2229:mass storage
2218:
2195:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2103:
2084:
2061:
2056:1250-to-one
2047:c. 2000 hrs
2018:Data density
1978:milliseconds
1924:cubic inches
1880:Improvement
1824:team led by
1747:
1704:
1697:
1669:flash memory
1638:
1602:digital data
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1476:Punched tape
1470:Punched card
1436:Time crystal
1304:Hyper CD-ROM
1243:Optical disc
1217:
1135:Tape library
1070:FeFET memory
1051:Early-stage
931:CompactFlash
926:Memory Stick
886:Flash memory
848:Diode matrix
832:Non-volatile
616:Kryder's law
606:Amdahl's law
531:Software rot
506:Logical disk
406:File copying
341:Data storage
296:File sharing
281:Data cluster
36:
13598:Scalability
13591:Replication
13527:RAID levels
13489:Disk arrays
12863:Serial port
12854:(IEEE 1394)
12831:DisplayPort
12821:Thunderbolt
12694:Motherboard
12657:Memory card
12625:Floppy disk
12467:Touchscreen
12347:Typewriters
12253:Mathematica
12194:Rugby union
12133:Alex Gorsky
12100:(2012–2020)
12094:(2002–2011)
12088:(1993–2002)
12082:(1985–1993)
12076:(1981–1985)
12070:(1973–1981)
12064:(1971–1973)
12058:(1956–1971)
12052:(1914–1956)
12000:Terminology
11956:Floppy disk
11900:SkillsBuild
11863:Initiatives
11844:IBM Hursley
11818:Facilities
11469:Connections
11339:FlashSystem
10582:Thunderbolt
10574:PCI Express
10519:PCI Express
10513:NVM Express
10428:Independent
10322:Controllers
10221:Memory wear
10091:(mid-1800s)
9649:Floppy disk
9619:Stripe card
9524:File server
9190:January 10,
8978:Nimbus Data
8948:Nimbus Data
8676:January 23,
8572:January 11,
8538:January 11,
8375:November 9,
8326:. Backblaze
8146:October 24,
7973:January 22,
7838:, page 266.
7368:December 1,
7228:October 11,
7223:TechPowerUp
7173:October 11,
7011:PC Magazine
6635:. Seagate.
6467:PC Magazine
6415:December 1,
6288:October 24,
6253:October 24,
6191:January 21,
6126:November 5,
5923:Seagate.com
5893:Seagate.com
5865:. Toshiba.
5640:escotal.com
5064:. Backblaze
5025:November 7,
4808:PC Magazine
4614:October 19,
4563:11693/37609
4516:PC Magazine
4244:(after the
4102:Moore's law
4012:price index
3659:inside the
3657:air density
3427:(SAS), and
3238:disk sector
2919:file system
2798:Calculation
2699:introduced
2665:Moore's law
2651:Development
2618:HDD failure
2543:magnet wire
2518:moving coil
2237:Moore's law
2028:square inch
2022:2,000
1987:200-to-one
1972:access time
1887:(formatted)
1826:Rey Johnson
1818:Invented by
1727:file system
1707:performance
1647:device for
1535:Floppy disk
1487:Drum memory
921:Memory card
888:is used in:
822:(2002–2010)
787:(1946–1947)
611:Moore's law
456:Boot sector
396:Object file
301:File system
112:Memory cell
13660:Categories
13636:Oracle ZFS
13613:Interfaces
13603:Throughput
13586:Parity bit
13554:Principles
13419:Lt. Kernal
13415:Hard drive
13341:Serial CBM
13322:Hard drive
13123:DC42, DART
13042:Hard disks
12960:Disk image
12610:Removable
12595:Sound card
12525:Sound chip
12520:Sound card
12510:Microphone
12400:components
12342:System/370
12337:System/360
12128:David Farr
12027:e-business
11929:Inventions
11878:Develothon
11759:Facilities
11619:Promontory
11614:Consulting
11175:StorageTek
11125:PrairieTek
11055:Mitsubishi
11045:MiniScribe
11040:Micropolis
11025:Librascope
11005:JT Storage
10587:USB Type-C
10530:Serial ATA
10494:Interfaces
10460:PMC-Sierra
10176:Encryption
10083:Index card
9498:Encryption
9326:(archived)
9123:forbes.com
8777:. Statista
8754:. Statista
8426:August 28,
8305:August 25,
8278:August 25,
8252:August 25,
8026:1503.06664
7600:January 7,
7300:October 9,
7070:(7): 1–8.
7021:August 21,
6833:January 2,
6781:January 7,
6750:January 7,
6477:August 16,
6392:January 2,
5098:August 11,
4434:References
4221:disk drive
4180:Microdrive
4023:See also:
3946:have less
3894:encryption
3842:See also:
3643: – a
3641:head crash
3620:See also:
3612:Head crash
3567:Serial ATA
3460:bad sector
3417:Serial ATA
3268:capacity.
3265:throughput
3161:model 1311
2995:ver 10.6+
2960:See also:
2928:(MBR) and
2887:Formatting
2869:partitions
2807:using the
2728:turbulence
2531:voice coil
2449:Components
2399:voice coil
2376:4200
2286:See also:
2265:Technology
2137:Winchester
2106:model 1311
2000:US$ 97,500
1946:(910
1915:(1.9
1913:cubic feet
1890:3.75
1810:1954-12-24
1667:, rely on
1594:fixed disk
1590:hard drive
1458:Historical
1130:Tape drive
956:SmartMedia
779:Historical
476:Disk image
471:Disk array
346:Data store
147:MOS memory
137:Memory map
53:Serial ATA
13474:Redundant
13223:Datasette
13206:Commodore
12873:PS/2 port
12868:Game port
12781:Fax modem
12620:Disk pack
12472:Trackball
12435:Light pen
12210:Deep Blue
12116:directors
11575:WebSphere
11514:PureQuery
11422:Selectric
11397:Blue Gene
11312:Mainframe
11100:Panasonic
10898:Datapoint
10888:Data Disc
10843:Burroughs
10398:SandForce
10347:Fusion-io
10049:Antiquity
9998:Super DLT
9992:Floptical
9883:LaserDisc
9865:Microform
9667:Racetrack
9631:Thin film
9613:Hard disk
9290:July 2020
9274:excessive
9092:AnandTech
8918:The Verge
8700:jcmit.com
8593:. Intel.
8508:April 26,
7995:August 4,
7991:. Seagate
7795:April 26,
7773:April 26,
7690:March 15,
7481:April 26,
7322:1301.6106
7267:August 4,
7168:AnandTech
7084:0018-9464
7050:roadmaps.
6679:1201.5543
6511:March 18,
6382:ACM Queue
6146:, Hitachi
6113:idema.org
5963:March 13,
5933:March 13,
5903:March 13,
5873:March 13,
5621:1201.5543
5537:blaze.com
4897:jcmit.com
4661:Backblaze
4635:AnandTech
4526:March 21,
4311:600 ÷ 2.5
4226:disk file
4140:Cleanroom
4082:gigabytes
4070:gigabytes
3954:(SAS) or
3878:enclosure
3689:UNIX-like
3650:corrosion
3583:LocalTalk
3514:crosstalk
3395:interface
3231:Seek time
3079:terabytes
3075:gigabytes
3071:megabytes
3014:100
2915:partition
2858:checksums
2817:cylinders
2473:amplifier
2422:ruthenium
2257:In 2019,
2191:IBM PC/XT
2110:disk pack
2068:megabytes
2002:in 2022)
1996:US$ 9,200
1958:(62
1926:(34
1898:terabytes
1892:megabytes
1871:Parameter
1750:interface
1719:gigabytes
1586:hard disk
1517:Disk pack
1482:Plugboard
1319:DVD-Video
1248:LaserDisc
1146:Videotape
1017:3D XPoint
1008:Memristor
648:CPU cache
416:Core dump
336:Data bank
286:Directory
13581:Failover
13535:Standard
13382:Indus GT
13318:SFD-1001
13217:Cassette
13118:ADF, ADZ
12852:FireWire
12845:Obsolete
12811:Ethernet
12590:Speakers
12488:Keyboard
12462:Touchpad
12397:computer
12292:Category
12259:IBM Plex
12114:Board of
12007:Big Blue
11807:Honolulu
11716:Merative
11701:EduQuest
11684:Taligent
11653:Research
11590:entities
11588:Business
11529:OpenQASM
11457:Cloudant
11427:ThinkPad
11350:Quantum
11298:Hardware
11290:Products
10694:Category
10665:T10/SCSI
10445:Maxiotek
10405:SK Hynix
10375:Indilinx
10287:SK Hynix
10068:(105 CE)
9957:MiniDisc
9907:DataPlay
9816:DVD-R DL
9810:DVD+R DL
9746:BD-RE XL
9483:Robotics
9334:Archived
9221:(2011).
9127:Archived
9096:Archived
9065:Archived
9012:Archived
8982:Archived
8952:Archived
8922:Archived
8891:Archived
8830:Archived
8806:March 6,
8781:July 28,
8758:July 28,
8730:Archived
8710:July 25,
8630:Archived
8595:Archived
8566:Archived
8482:July 21,
8456:July 20,
8450:Archived
8395:Archived
8369:Archived
8299:Archived
8272:Archived
8246:Archived
8200:Archived
8170:Archived
8140:Archived
8088:Archived
8051:33974771
7941:Archived
7910:Archived
7882:Archived
7870:Archived
7852:Archived
7767:Archived
7740:Archived
7720:July 18,
7714:Archived
7684:Archived
7662:Archived
7533:June 28,
7449:Archived
7347:July 27,
7341:Archived
7291:Archived
7258:Archived
7138:Archived
7092:22858444
7015:Archived
6985:Archived
6827:Archived
6775:Archived
6744:Archived
6637:Archived
6600:Archived
6572:July 21,
6541:July 15,
6535:Archived
6471:Archived
6441:Archived
6386:Archived
6358:July 28,
6349:Archived
6323:July 28,
6314:Archived
6279:Archived
6244:Archived
6212:Archived
6159:Archived
6083:Archived
6041:29531529
5927:Archived
5897:Archived
5867:Archived
5841:Archived
5814:Archived
5793:July 17,
5759:Archived
5735:Archived
5710:July 16,
5680:July 16,
5674:Archived
5650:July 16,
5644:Archived
5599:July 21,
5573:July 21,
5541:Archived
5539:. 2013.
5511:Archived
5481:Archived
5275:June 25,
5179:July 26,
5147:Archived
5143:Hgst.com
5044:Archived
5019:Archived
4965:Archived
4839:Archived
4812:Archived
4783:Archived
4692:Archived
4639:Archived
4581:17794134
4520:Archived
4487:Elsevier
4464:March 7,
4455:Archived
4246:IBM 3340
4237:CKD disk
4234:(DASD),
4112:See also
3948:air drag
3902:FireWire
3591:FireWire
3483:Atari ST
3246:bit rate
3166:IBM 2314
3099:Mac OS X
3063:millions
2950:metadata
2944:in many
2877:diskpart
2805:IBM 3390
2761:Capacity
2732:friction
2589:for the
2508:actuator
2317:platters
2080:IBM 1405
2076:IBM 7300
2034:terabits
2007:terabyte
1970:Average
1896:32
1885:Capacity
1715:terabyte
1689:exabytes
1618:actuator
1610:platters
1446:UltraRAM
1324:DVD card
1279:Video CD
1264:CD Video
1034:Nano-RAM
1003:Memistor
976:XQD card
951:SIM card
809:Dekatron
695:XDR DRAM
690:EDO DRAM
627:Volatile
421:Hex dump
331:Database
226:Metadata
221:Big data
13389:3½-inch
13348:5¼-inch
13279:5¼-inch
13211:systems
13017:MDF+MDS
13002:CCD+SUB
12988:BIN+CUE
12901:Related
12804:Current
12645:Blu-ray
12583:Plotter
12578:Printer
12561:Monitor
12537:Softcam
12445:Optical
12302:Commons
12269:ScicomP
11812:Seattle
11765:Towers
11711:Lexmark
11706:Kyndryl
11648:Red Hat
11597:Current
11568:Granite
11563:Watsonx
11479:Fortran
11407:PowerPC
11334:Storage
11305:Current
11268:History
11260:History
11210:YE-Data
11170:Siemens
11135:Quantum
11110:Philips
11090:Okidata
11035:Memorex
11020:Kyocera
11015:Kennedy
10973:Hyosung
10963:Hitachi
10938:Fujitsu
10883:Cornice
10858:Calcomp
10848:C. Itoh
10796:Defunct
10782:Toshiba
10770:Current
10675:T13/ATA
10645:SATA-IO
10450:Marvell
10409:Bought
10393:Seagate
10388:Samsung
10342:SanDisk
10330:Captive
10291:Bought
10282:Samsung
10196:SLC/MLC
10113:Barcode
10109:(1930s)
10097:(1880s)
10085:(1640s)
10060:papyrus
10056:Writing
9963:MD Data
9953:(1980s)
9951:MO disc
9919:ProData
9740:BD-R XL
9719:Blu-ray
9657:(~1970)
9645:(~1968)
9643:Twistor
9373:(PDF),
9363:(PDF),
9268:Please
9260:use of
9133:July 4,
8887:Bgr.com
8736:May 26,
8401:May 24,
8176:May 24,
8094:May 24,
8031:Bibcode
7937:PCWorld
7906:ITWorld
7746:May 24,
7626:May 23,
7568:June 8,
7147:May 24,
7122:Bibcode
6810:. 2020.
6771:LWN.net
6740:LWN.net
6716:July 5,
6684:Bibcode
6646:May 23,
6447:July 5,
6218:May 26,
6089:May 26,
6021:Bibcode
5953:Wdc.com
5820:May 26,
5741:July 9,
5547:May 23,
5517:May 15,
5487:May 15,
5265:ibm.com
4845:May 15,
4076:(NGFF)
4051:Toshiba
4047:Seagate
3989:Economy
3783:desktop
3697:Windows
3571:EIA-422
3389:Seagate
3298:10,000
3290:15,000
3272:Latency
3241:period.
3101:10.6 ("
3037:1
2988:Windows
2881:Windows
2697:Seagate
2691:–based
2370:diagram
2329:ceramic
2311:spindle
2156:⁄
2091:⁄
2072:IBM 355
1808: (
1772:History
1760:, SAS (
1735:latency
1681:Toshiba
1677:Seagate
1665:tablets
1653:servers
1531:(~1970)
1525:(~1968)
1507:(1960s)
1344:Blu-ray
1334:MiniDVD
1329:DVD-RAM
1289:Mini CD
1231:Optical
1191:U-matic
1186:MicroMV
1166:Betamax
1030:(ECRAM)
971:MicroP2
946:SD card
936:PC Card
727:1T-SRAM
685:QDRSRAM
276:Storage
106:General
13621:bioctl
13540:Nested
13398:CMD FD
13377:MSD SD
13256:8-inch
12759:MOSFET
12699:Memory
12566:Screen
12532:Webcam
12395:Basic
12274:Unions
11885:Fellow
11696:Cognos
11669:AdStar
11662:Former
11626:Kenexa
11604:Apptio
11558:Watson
11524:Qiskit
11390:Former
11379:Condor
11369:Osprey
11344:DS8000
11200:Tokico
11185:Tandon
11160:Sequel
11145:Rodime
11030:Maxtor
11000:Iomega
10983:AdStar
10918:Emulex
10818:Anelex
10670:T11/FC
10640:USB-IF
10620:INCITS
10532:(SATA)
10521:(PCIe)
10515:(NVMe)
10503:(AHCI)
10455:Phison
10383:Micron
10364:Kioxia
10306:Kioxia
10277:Micron
10115:(1948)
10103:(1904)
10076:Modern
10000:(1998)
9994:(1991)
9988:(1986)
9971:(2004)
9965:(1993)
9959:(1992)
9944:(1877)
9933:(2006)
9931:HD DVD
9927:(2004)
9921:(2003)
9915:(2003)
9909:(2002)
9903:(1999)
9901:MIL-CD
9897:(1997)
9895:GD-ROM
9891:(1979)
9885:(1978)
9867:(1870)
9850:(1997)
9844:(1991)
9838:(1988)
9829:(1982)
9818:(2005)
9812:(2004)
9806:(2002)
9800:(2001)
9798:DVD+RW
9794:(1999)
9792:DVD-RW
9788:(1997)
9779:(1995)
9768:(2004)
9759:(2003)
9748:(2010)
9742:(2010)
9736:(2006)
9730:(2006)
9721:(2006)
9669:(2008)
9663:(1995)
9655:Bubble
9651:(1969)
9639:(1962)
9633:(1962)
9627:(1956)
9621:(1956)
9615:(1956)
9609:(1949)
9603:(1932)
9597:(1928)
9591:(1898)
9229:
9207:
8049:
7834:
7090:
7082:
6613:this.'
6039:
5353:
4579:
4569:
4493:
4240:, and
4049:, and
3717:Google
3693:CHKDSK
3624:, and
3614:, and
3551:copper
3346:Gbit/s
3342:Mbit/s
3338:buffer
3322:4,800
3314:5,400
3306:7,200
3249:files.
3195:, HDD
3083:memory
3049:9.95%
3026:7.37%
3009:Diff.
3006:Bytes
3003:Bytes
2942:inodes
2866:hidden
2724:helium
2593:data.
2526:magnet
2212:, and
2189:. The
1955:ounces
1943:pounds
1941:2,000
1938:Weight
1764:), or
1683:, and
1626:blocks
1604:using
1537:(1971)
1519:(1962)
1513:(1962)
1501:(1957)
1495:(1949)
1489:(1932)
1478:(1725)
1472:(1725)
1466:(1725)
1339:HD DVD
1299:CD-ROM
1255:(CDDA)
1181:MiniDV
900:(SSHD)
882:(SSS)
868:EEPROM
816:(2009)
805:(1952)
799:(1951)
793:(1947)
411:Backup
13631:mdadm
13481:disks
13477:array
13209:8-bit
13148:CD-DA
12878:eSATA
12796:Ports
12481:Other
12440:Mouse
12172:Other
11643:Press
11636:India
11452:Cloud
11440:Other
11374:Heron
11364:Eagle
11317:IBM Z
11205:Xebec
11150:SAGEM
11140:Ricoh
11130:Priam
11080:Nomaï
10923:Epson
10813:Ampex
10604:EDSFF
10564:mSATA
10544:(USB)
10538:(SAS)
10411:Intel
10293:Intel
10066:Paper
10043:media
9969:Hi-MD
9848:CD-RW
9804:DVD+R
9786:DVD-R
9734:BD-RE
9712:media
9579:media
9181:(PDF)
9153:(PDF)
9061:Alphr
8862:(PDF)
8670:(PDF)
8659:(PDF)
8633:(PDF)
8626:(PDF)
8598:(PDF)
8591:(PDF)
8203:(PDF)
8196:(PDF)
8121:(PDF)
8114:(PDF)
8047:S2CID
8021:arXiv
7814:(PDF)
7594:(PDF)
7587:(PDF)
7562:(PDF)
7555:(PDF)
7501:(PDF)
7445:IDEMA
7441:(PDF)
7317:arXiv
7294:(PDF)
7287:(PDF)
7261:(PDF)
7248:(PDF)
7141:(PDF)
7110:(PDF)
7088:S2CID
6804:(PDF)
6674:arXiv
6640:(PDF)
6633:(PDF)
6352:(PDF)
6345:(PDF)
6317:(PDF)
6310:(PDF)
6282:(PDF)
6275:(PDF)
6247:(PDF)
6240:(PDF)
6120:(PDF)
6109:(PDF)
6037:S2CID
5787:(PDF)
5780:(PDF)
5616:arXiv
5321:(PDF)
5240:(PDF)
5216:(PDF)
5117:(PDF)
4728:(PDF)
4721:(PDF)
4695:(PDF)
4688:(PDF)
4577:S2CID
4458:(PDF)
4451:(PDF)
4207:Notes
3898:Wi-Fi
3869:eSATA
3865:USB-C
3579:RS485
3543:iSCSI
3435:, or
3367:price
3325:6.25
3317:5.55
3309:4.16
2993:macOS
2956:Units
2875:like
2821:zones
2562:servo
2512:is a
2458:left.
2327:, or
2325:glass
1992:Price
1985:about
1723:bytes
1592:, or
1399:ECRAM
1379:CBRAM
1314:DVD+R
1274:CD-RW
1211:D-VHS
1206:VHS-C
1201:S-VHS
1142:(DDS)
1065:ReRAM
1060:FeRAM
1053:NVRAM
1039:CBRAM
996:NVRAM
894:(SSD)
863:EPROM
820:Z-RAM
814:T-RAM
746:(CAM)
734:ReRAM
700:RDRAM
680:LPDDR
675:SGRAM
670:SDRAM
665:eDRAM
99:types
13626:geom
13465:RAID
13408:SCSI
13393:1581
13372:1571
13367:1570
13362:1551
13357:1541
13352:1540
13331:9090
13326:9060
13313:8250
13308:8050
13303:4040
13298:4031
13293:3040
13288:2040
13283:2031
13275:8280
13270:8062
13265:8061
13260:8060
13241:Disk
13232:1531
13227:1530
13095:VMDK
13080:UDIF
13075:QCOW
13070:NDIF
12836:HDMI
12752:SMPS
12740:SSHD
12734:NVMe
12730:SATA
12709:BIOS
12317:FOSS
12042:CEOs
11946:DRAM
11541:SPSS
11484:ILOG
11190:TEAC
10958:HGST
10833:BASF
10660:SSSI
10655:SNIA
10630:ONFI
10509:(FC)
10440:Goke
10419:FADU
10357:sTec
10352:HGST
10312:YMTC
10304:and
10216:MB/s
10211:IOPS
9889:WORM
9842:CD-i
9836:CD-R
9728:BD-R
9661:MRAM
9637:CRAM
9625:MICR
9601:Drum
9595:Tape
9589:Wire
9503:RAID
9385:HGST
9227:ISBN
9205:ISBN
9192:2020
9160:2019
9135:2016
9104:2018
9073:2018
9042:2019
9020:2019
8990:2019
8960:2019
8930:2019
8899:2019
8869:2019
8838:2019
8808:2020
8783:2023
8760:2023
8738:2019
8712:2015
8678:2015
8641:2013
8606:2013
8574:2014
8540:2014
8510:2012
8484:2021
8458:2015
8428:2023
8403:2019
8377:2019
8332:2019
8307:2015
8280:2015
8254:2015
8211:2011
8178:2019
8148:2012
8096:2019
7997:2018
7975:2011
7949:2010
7918:2010
7832:ISBN
7797:2012
7775:2012
7748:2019
7722:2015
7692:2015
7628:2011
7602:2013
7570:2013
7535:2010
7511:(1).
7483:2012
7457:2016
7370:2019
7349:2014
7302:2012
7269:2014
7253:IEEE
7230:2021
7201:2019
7175:2021
7149:2019
7080:ISSN
7045:2019
7023:2010
6993:2019
6960:2019
6933:2019
6911:2019
6883:2019
6861:2019
6835:2016
6783:2015
6752:2015
6718:2014
6648:2014
6608:2014
6574:2014
6543:2017
6513:2022
6479:2014
6449:2015
6417:2019
6394:2014
6360:2018
6325:2018
6290:2013
6255:2013
6220:2019
6193:2014
6128:2013
6091:2019
5965:2009
5935:2009
5905:2009
5875:2009
5849:2014
5822:2019
5795:2011
5743:2011
5712:2011
5682:2011
5652:2011
5601:2021
5575:2021
5549:2014
5519:2018
5489:2018
5477:CNET
5455:2019
5430:2019
5404:2019
5351:ISBN
5277:2015
5181:2015
5155:2019
5125:2023
5100:2014
5070:2023
5027:2009
4973:2014
4931:2019
4904:2019
4875:2019
4847:2018
4820:2012
4763:2012
4736:2023
4703:2012
4668:2021
4616:2012
4567:ISBN
4547:IEEE
4528:2018
4518:UK.
4491:ISBN
4466:2014
4378:and
4086:PCIe
4078:NVMe
4027:and
4006:The
3846:and
3715:and
3685:fsck
3675:For
3595:SCSI
3545:and
3485:and
3450:and
3448:PRML
3421:SCSI
3244:The
3178:RK05
2946:UNIX
2917:and
2841:RAID
2839:For
2790:and
2769:Two
2730:and
2716:HGST
2516:and
2504:The
2298:bits
2250:The
2202:SCSI
2181:and
2125:e.g.
2078:and
2049:MTBF
2032:1.4
2026:per
2024:bits
1953:2.2
1922:2.1
1766:PATA
1754:SATA
1663:and
1655:and
1389:NRAM
1361:WORM
1269:CD-R
1023:MRAM
858:PROM
853:MROM
755:VRAM
739:QRAM
722:SRAM
710:GDDR
660:DRAM
556:RAID
206:Data
95:and
13138:VFD
13128:DMS
13100:WIM
13090:VHD
13085:VDI
13065:ISO
13060:IMG
13055:FVD
13050:DMG
13032:UIF
13027:NRG
13022:MDX
13012:ISZ
13007:ISO
12998:IMG
12993:DAA
12888:VGA
12883:DVI
12816:USB
12769:VRM
12726:SSD
12721:HDD
12704:RAM
12640:DVD
12503:GPU
11252:IBM
11070:NEC
11065:NCR
11010:JVC
10978:IBM
10599:U.3
10594:U.2
10569:M.2
10465:SMI
10369:OCZ
10181:ECC
10058:on
9925:UMD
9913:UDO
9777:DVD
9766:PDD
9276:or
8039:doi
7130:doi
7072:doi
6029:doi
5507:Inc
4559:hdl
4551:doi
4380:GCR
4376:MFM
4074:M.2
3695:on
3687:on
3587:USB
3525:CPU
3444:DSP
3437:USB
3413:ATA
3409:bus
3157:IBM
2938:DOS
2879:in
2853:1/n
2809:CKD
2591:ECC
2378:rpm
1911:68
1822:IBM
1758:USB
1741:in
1641:IBM
1584:),
1582:HDD
1309:DVD
1196:VHS
1013:PCM
966:SxS
841:ROM
715:HBM
705:DDR
636:RAM
13662::
12732:/
12635:CD
10803:3M
9383:,
9332:.
9183:.
9125:.
9121:.
9094:.
9090:.
9063:.
9059:.
9006:.
8976:.
8946:.
8920:.
8916:.
8885:.
8846:^
8824:.
8799:.
8698:.
8680:.
8661:.
8628:.
8614:^
8564:.
8560:.
8542:.
8526:.
8475:.
8444:.
8411:^
8393:.
8367:.
8349:.
8315:^
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