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spp. have been overfished in most areas. In New
Zealand, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) have embraced hāpuku as an opportunity for New Zealand to expand, and have identified markets for this species locally in New Zealand and Australia, and internationally in Europe
487:
In New
Zealand for the year of 2008, hāpuku had a commercial value of NZ$ 37 million with an export value of $ 4.29 million at a price of $ 10.29 per kg. Hāpuku is fished both commercially and recreationally in New Zealand. It is highly sought after, but catches are relatively low; this species is
381:. They can be found in waters between 10 m and 800 m deep, but generally prefer waters deeper than 50 m. They are usually found living in cracks, caverns, or caves when found in shallow waters. They are voracious predators, feeding on a large range of other fish species,
575:
NIWA has been running a broodstock selection programme since 2007, and the results are showing which broodstock are producing the surviving first generation. With this information, it will soon be possible to start selecting desirable performance
465:
name by early
European settlers. Hāpuku fisheries were passed down through generations, and the best locations were thought to be far off-shore. Traditionally, the hāpuku was thought to be able to tell when its name was being used, so the name
428:
between 10 and 13 years and have lifespans up to 60 years. They can grow as large as 100 kg, but are usually found around the 25 kg mark. They have an average size of 80–100 cm but can grow up to 180 cm in length.
816:
483:
In the 21st century, hāpuku are a highly rated eating fish, reaching top value on both the local and international markets. Chefs who have tasted farmed hāpuku have stated that it outperforms wild-caught hāpuku.
571:
Currently, the sea cage trials and tank trials are base-lining the performance for hāpuku. These early on-growing trials and results are revealing considerable growth potential in aquaculture for this species.
580:
for the breeding programme. NIWA's aim is to maintain the competitive edge for hāpuku farming as it increases, and become an important species for New
Zealand's aquaculture sector.
911:
795:
337:, and a large, powerful, square-shaped tail. Its lower jaw protrudes from the top, and their very large eyes are adapted for hunting and inhabiting low-light conditions.
553:. These complications were overcome with specific solutions developed for the early rearing of hapuku. The main technical complications that have been overcome are:
904:
649:
416:
In the 19th century, the fish was found around the shores of New
Zealand, but by the 20th century it was found almost exclusively in deeper waters.
298:
at depths between 30 and 800 m. Its length is between 60 and 180 cm, and it can weigh up to 100 kg. It is sometimes described locally as
1760:
897:
673:
480:
In the 1940s, a fishing industry developed around hāpuku in New
Zealand. The meat was canned, and oil was extracted from the liver of the fish.
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529:
Aquaculture Park. Each tank has its own controlled environment which is designed to maintain the optimum temperature and light for natural
792:
1896:
1881:
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technology development for hapuku. The complications encountered in this process were similar to those of other commercialised
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461:
the word hāpuku became a verb, meaning to cram food into your mouth. The name hapuka appears to be a corruption of the fish's
1822:
768:
567:
The transition from live feed to formulated feeds to produce weaned juveniles ready for on-growing and transfer to sea cages.
1778:
857:
1891:
50:
1901:
1886:
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Francis, M. P., Mulligan, K. P., Davies, N. M., and
Beentjes, M. P., Ages and growth estimates for New Zealand hapuku,
325:
Hāpuku are grey in colour with silvery white underbellies, with juveniles generally being blue in colour. They have 10
884:
1848:
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492:(QMS). Currently, no size restriction in New Zealand is in place, but a bag limit of five fish per day exists.
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Wakefield, C. B., Newman, S. J., and Molony, B. W, Age-based demography and reproduction of hapuku,
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Significant interest has been expressed globally for development of this species for
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resource for hāpuku, and these broodstocks are held in large spawning tanks at
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109:
1870:
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449:, considered one of the most prestigious fish. The name hāpuku originated in
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Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New
Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
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is highly prized and considered a local delicacy. Because of this, the
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The system design for the successful incubation of egg and yolk-sac
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Hāpuku are a large, slow growing, long-lived species. They reach
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879:, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
793:"Farmed hapuku a sizzling success with top seafood connoisseurs"
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Beentjes, M. P., and
Francis, M. P., "Movement of hapuku (
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when they are about 50 cm in length. They inhabit
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National
Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research,
791:
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research,
702:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
521:
Since 2003, NIWA has accumulated the world's largest
841:
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
804:
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
919:
533:. NIWA have now progressed through every aspect of
763:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 192–197.
472:was used in its place during fishing expeditions.
1868:
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877:Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand
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409:. The fish has an overlapping range with the
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631:" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891.
453:, typically used to refer to fish in the
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862:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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817:"Fish Identification – Hapuku (Groper)"
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596:
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504:. In Europe, a very similar species of
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340:
1636:
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893:
823:, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
806:, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
475:
445:The hāpuku is a traditional food for
432:
1802:ee5f49c9-6d92-4781-873a-4494a8427ad3
843:, n.d. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
826:
700:) determined from tagging studies",
684:, n.d. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
660:, n.d. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
329:running along their back, a rounded
302:, although that properly refers to
24:
850:
759:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
25:
1918:
1897:Marine fish of Southern Australia
419:
51:Kelly Tarlton's Sea Life Aquarium
1882:Fauna of Temperate South America
1620:
875:Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox,
66:
920:Non-endemic fish of New Zealand
809:
785:
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719:ICES Journal of Marine Science
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663:
618:
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413:, its closest known relative.
309:
13:
1:
671:" Knots and Rigs for Hapuku."
583:
441:Hāpuku fishing in New Zealand
205:Schneider & Forster, 1801
564:Initiation of first feeding.
345:Juveniles are thought to be
7:
1892:Marine fish of South Africa
488:managed in the New Zealand
10:
1923:
1902:Marine fish of New Zealand
1887:Fauna of Tristan da Cunha
1644:
1618:
1471:Congiopodus leucopaecilus
991:Macruronus novaezelandiae
925:
625:Oxford English Dictionary
198:
191:
168:
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63:Scientific classification
61:
48:
39:
34:
1549:Paratrachichthys trailli
1406:Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
1319:Nemadactylus macropterus
1154:Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
614:. December 2019 version.
600:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
517:Research and development
278:, found around southern
1585:Pseudocaranx georgianus
1076:Carcharhinus brachyurus
1050:Hyperoglyphe antarctica
815:Ministry of Fisheries,
490:Quota Management System
361:waters of the southern
1907:Fish described in 1801
1510:Nemadactylus douglasii
1458:Aplodactylus arctidens
1419:Anguilla dieffenbachii
858:"Polyprion oxygeneios"
468:
442:
322:
321:by Frank Edward Clarke
202:Epinephelus oxygeneios
1562:Helicolenus percoides
1402:New Zealand eagle ray
1357:Chironemus marmoratus
821:Ministry of Fisheries
721:, 2010 67: 1164-1174.
669:The Fishing Website,
440:
317:
1675:Polyprion_oxygeneios
1646:Polyprion oxygeneios
1611:Colistium nudipinnis
1572:Epinephelus daemelii
1568:Spotted black groper
1536:Chelidonichthys kumu
1445:Girella tricuspidata
1271:Polyprion oxygeneios
1232:Rhombosolea tapirina
1128:Colistium nudipinnis
1014:Latridopsis ciliaris
981:Rhombosolea retiaria
732:Polyprion oxygeneios
715:Polyprion oxygeneios
698:Polyprion oxygeneios
604:Polyprion oxygeneios
451:Polynesian languages
319:Polyprion oxygeneios
264:Polyprion oxygeneios
218:Polyprion prognathus
172:Polyprion oxygeneios
1523:Pseudophycis bachus
1497:Caprodon longimanus
1396:Genypterus blacodes
1251:Grey spiny dogfish/
1225:Greenback flounder/
1212:Gilthead sea bream/
1167:Callorhinchus milii
1141:Coryphaena hippurus
1089:Epigonus telescopus
1069:Bronzewhaler shark/
942:Engraulis australis
738:, 1999 97: 227-242.
682:The Fishing Website
341:Habitat and feeding
1258:Squalus mitsukurii
1180:Lepidopus caudatus
1102:Galaxias maculatus
1063:Colistium guntheri
676:2010-05-22 at the
652:2010-08-20 at the
645:Ocean Hunter Ltd,
476:Modern consumption
443:
433:In a human context
411:Atlantic wreckfish
323:
154:P. oxygeneios
1864:
1863:
1836:Open Tree of Life
1638:Taxon identifiers
1629:
1628:
1432:Isurus oxyrinchus
1383:Meuschenia scaber
1370:Geotria australis
1286:Hammerhead shark/
928:marine fish in NZ
770:978-1-77554-179-0
541:species, such as
369:, being found in
266:), also known as
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230:teindachner, 1875
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1312:Jackass morwong/
1306:Trachurus saurus
1193:Hyporhamphus ihi
1115:Conger verreauxi
1095:Common galaxias/
1037:Seriolella brama
968:Polyprion moeone
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627:, 1st ed. "cod,
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1425:Mackerel shark/
1293:Sphyrna zygaena
1027:Prionace glauca
974:Black flounder/
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1529:Red gurnard/
1522:
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1490:Pink maomao/
1483:
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1412:Longfin eel/
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1238:Grey mullet/
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961:Bass groper/
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363:Indian Ocean
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324:
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49:Hāpuku from
29:
1748:iNaturalist
1557:pohuiakaroa
1451:Marblefish/
1365:pihapiharau
1108:Conger eel/
1020:Blue shark/
948:Barracouta/
658:OceanHunter
502:aquaculture
496:Aquaculture
455:Epinephelus
387:crustaceans
379:New Zealand
359:subtropical
310:Description
296:New Zealand
282:, southern
120:Perciformes
1871:Categories
1591:Trumpeter/
1332:Zeus faber
1325:John Dory/
1288:mangoopare
1173:Frostfish/
1147:Eagle ray/
779:Q114871191
584:References
523:broodstock
513:and Asia.
304:other fish
1578:Trevally/
1477:Pilchard/
1466:purumorua
1350:Kelpfish/
1175:taharangi
1149:whai repo
1058:patikinui
1043:Bluenose/
1010:Blue moki
999:taketonga
551:sea bream
527:Bream Bay
510:Polyprion
506:wreckfish
375:Australia
355:temperate
280:Australia
272:wreckfish
180:Schneider
148:Species:
141:Polyprion
86:Kingdom:
80:Eukaryota
1766:10453026
1722:FishBase
1714:46578883
1661:Q4929094
1655:Wikidata
1593:kohikohi
1555:Scarpee/
1531:kumukumu
1516:Red cod/
1479:mohimohi
1464:Pigfish/
1391:hokarari
1363:Lamprey/
1352:hiwihiwi
1314:tarakihi
1240:hopuhopu
1199:Gemfish/
1186:Garfish/
1162:reperepe
1136:mahimahi
935:Anchovy/
867:18 April
837:"Hapuku"
796:Archived
775:Wikidata
674:Archived
650:Archived
647:"Hapuku"
611:FishBase
535:hatchery
531:spawning
407:crayfish
395:blue cod
351:demersal
331:anal fin
193:Synonyms
126:Family:
100:Chordata
96:Phylum:
90:Animalia
76:Domain:
55:Auckland
1841:1038846
1740:5211261
1604:Turbot/
1542:Roughy/
1339:Kahawai
1301:hauture
1264:Groper/
1227:paatiki
1022:poutini
543:halibut
539:finfish
469:rarawai
391:red cod
347:pelagic
270:, is a
260:whapuku
239:de Buen
186:, 1801)
184:Forster
136:Genus:
116:Order:
106:Class:
35:Hāpuku
1854:221430
1828:221430
1815:598504
1799:NZOR:
1792:334912
1779:167915
1606:patiki
1580:araara
1544:patohe
1440:parore
1378:hiriri
1327:kuparu
1266:hapuku
1253:koinga
1214:tamure
1201:tikati
1188:takeke
1123:patiki
1097:īnanga
1056:Brill/
1045:matiri
963:moeone
950:mangaa
883:
777:
767:
578:traits
559:larvae
547:turbot
268:groper
256:hapuka
252:hāpuku
241:, 1959
182:&
18:Hapuku
1849:WoRMS
1761:IRMNG
1753:85286
1701:4LKML
1688:15207
1505:porae
1389:Ling/
1277:Hake/
1110:koiro
1084:akiwa
1071:toiki
459:Māori
447:Māori
403:crabs
371:Chile
1823:OBIS
1787:NCBI
1774:ITIS
1735:GBIF
1683:BOLD
1518:hoka
1492:mata
1453:keke
1427:mako
1279:kehe
881:ISBN
869:2006
765:ISBN
405:and
399:hoki
393:and
385:and
377:and
365:and
357:and
294:and
250:The
1727:350
1709:EoL
1696:CoL
1670:AFD
629:n.³
300:cod
258:or
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860:.
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828:^
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802:,
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689:^
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636:^
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