702:… instructed that they be kept there and he gave them half a pint of water per diem. I saw the original order. The weather was very hot for it was summer. According to Indian Army Medical standards, four pints of water a day is the minimum that a man can live upon exposed to hot weather. After 48 hours treatment most of the men were very ill and eleven old and enfeebled ones died. I was instructed that no civil inquest should be held. Finally, the High Commissioner, MacMichael, decided compensation should be paid, and my Assistant and I assessed the damage at the highest rate allowed by the law, and paid out over three thousand pounds to the bereft families.
83:
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480:
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67:
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Palestinian versions put the death toll from dehydration at 13, with one more person shot as he endeavoured to escape. Some witnesses mentioned a second cage, either for women or a 'good' cage with adequate water for men who cooperated. A man who was driven by thirst to falsely claim to have hidden a
854:
decided to assist in establishing a mental health center in Halhul. On 20 November 2012, a Halhul resident, Hamdi
Muhammad Jawad Musa al-Fallah, was shot by IDF soldiers after aiming a laser pen at them during a clash between the soldiers and local Palestinians near the Halhul-Hebron bridge on Route
837:
On 24 March 2007 Israeli authorities demolished a house built without an
Israeli permit. The case was fought in an appeal, reaching the Israeli Supreme Court, which confirmed the verdict. Demonstrations ensued. On 22 June 2007 Halhul resident Shadi Rajeh 'Abdallah al-Mtur was shot dead while walking
1020:
In 1976 an election held and lead to the election of
Mohammad Milhem as Mayor of Halhul, who served around 28 years. In 2004 a new election was held under Palestinian Authority, which lead to the election of 13 Council members who elected Raed A Al Adarsh as the new Mayor of Halhul, who managed to
917:
of fertile land surrounding the town. Some 8,000 dunums remain uncultivated because of
Israeli practices of confiscating land and building settlements, or from water shortages and lack of developmental capital. Almost 2,000 dunams of land are reserved for olive cultivation. Livestock breeding and
810:
On 14 May 2002, a special
Israeli unit entered Halhul and besieged the Palestinian General Intelligence Service offices, shooting dead two security officers on their wanted list, Lieutenant Colonel Khaled Abu al-Khiran and Lieutenant Ahmed 'Abdul 'Aziz Zama'ra, as they attempted to escape. An IDF
799:
On 12 February 2002, Israeli combat helicopters shelled the house of
Lieutenant Ahmed 'Abdul 'Aziz Zama'ra in Halhul. The IDF operation also destroyed a police station, several houses, and a machine shop suspected of manufacturing weapons for Palestinian militants. A 22 year old Palestinian from
1021:
restructure and modernize the municipality, After Raed Al Atrash's resignation, the council elected his deputy Zeyad Abu Yousef as new Mayor. In 2017, an election lead to the election of Hijazi Moreb as the new mayor who is still serving. Hijazi is a long-serving council member since 2004.
880:
881:
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spokesman said the two were wanted for attacks on
Israelis in the Hebron area, and had been shot for refusing to halt. According to Palestinian sources, both had been targeted by previous Israeli attempts to kill them, one involving a missile attack on their office. The
503:
translated the inscription as dating to March or April 966. The deceased person named in the epitaph, according to el-Azzeh, was Lalak ibn Rumi al-Jarmi, but Sharon asserts this was a translation error and the deceased was named Zayd ibn Rumi al-Harami. The
882:
683:, when Halhul, together with the surrounding Kh. Haska, Kh. en Nuqta, Kh. Beit Khiran, Kh. Baqqar and Kh. ez Zarqa had a population of 2,523 people in 487 houses. Except for one Christian woman, the population was still all Muslim.
603:
visited Halhul in 1852, describing its surroundings as "thrifty", with numerous fields, vineyards, cattle, and goats. He reported that it was the "head of its district" and that the old mosque was in poor condition and had a tall
795:
and died of his wounds four days later on 3 October 2000. 22 October 2000 25-year-old Halhul resident Na'el 'Ali Zama'arah was shot dead by
Israeli security forces during a clash that took place after a funeral service.
694:. In an attempt to force the villagers to give up weapons they were suspected of hiding, all the men in the village were imprisoned in a wire cage in the sun with little water. According to the British official
654:
Sahabi
Abdullah bin Masood Mosque, Omary Mosque, Al Therwa Mosque, Al Rebaat Mosque, Dherr Ektat Mosque, Salah Al Dean AL Ayyubi Mosque, Al Hwawer Mosque, Al Huda Mosque, Al Faroouk Mosque and Al Nuor Mosque.
838:
to a grocery store contiguous to an
Israeli checkpoint, after failing to obey an order to stop. He did not have an ID card. On 6 October 2011, two men from Halhul were arrested on charges of having murdered
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379:
refortified the city. Around 1000 BCE the town was abandoned and then slowly resettled until around 650 BCE it emerged as a bustling city. According to Jewish tradition, Halhul was the burial place of
879:
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of land according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 5,529 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 13,656 for cereals, while 165 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
990:. The gender makeup was 51.4% male and 48.6% female. About 54.7% of the inhabitants were below the age of 20, 41.2% were between the ages of 20 and 64, and 0.4% were over the age of 64.
781:(IDF) enforced a curfew in Halhul lasting sixteen days. Two youths, one a young girl, were shot and killed by a Jewish settler and an Israeli soldier while protesting during the curfew.
2274:
The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
499:. The original description of the epitaph by Abdullah el-Azzeh dated it to 674 and claimed it was the oldest Islamic inscription discovered in Palestine. However, the historian
803:
On 11 February 2002, a Palestinian Security Guards member was killed, and two other Palestinians were wounded, during an IDF operation that penetrated into Halhul to arrest
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1857:
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who settled in Halhul as a result of forceful dislocation in 1948 and 1967, from surrounding villages and towns. According to local traditions, the Sawarah clan (from
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origin. It was also reported that the local Shatrit family has Jewish ancestry tracing back to Jewish communities in North Africa. The name Shitrit is common among
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1669:
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593:. It had an all Muslim population of 92 households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and/or beehives.
979:, in 1961, there were 5,387 residents. Under the Israelis, in censuses taken in 1982 and 1987, Halhul had a population of 6,040 and 9,800, respectively.
615:
visited the village in 1863, and found it to have about 700 inhabitants. He mentions graves dating from the Jewish period carved in the rocks, a spring,
2534:. A video showing the ancient remnants and beautiful nature surrounding Halhul, and complaining against the remains of past Israeli presence. (Arabic)
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1880:
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An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Halhul had a population of 380, in 119 houses, though the population count included only men.
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A Muslim traditionist from Halhul, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Halhuli was recorded to have been killed fighting against the
329:
The Arabic name conserves the biblical toponym for the site, (Hebrew:חַלְחוּל; Greek: Αἰλουά/Άλοόλ; Latin Alula,) which is believed to reflect a
1703:"Assassinations of Palestinians:Report on Extra-Judicial killings Committed by the Israeli Occupation Forces, May 01, 2002 – September 28, 2002"
1962:
858:
In May 2018, a vineyard with hundreds of mature vines was destroyed by unknown persons who left the Hebrew message "We will reach everywhere".
357:
noted that the modern name is identical with the Hebrew given in the Bible, hence "the name has remained unchanged for more than 3,300 years".
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1787:
189:
37:
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368:. The city was demolished during an Egyptian raid in the 17th century BCE and was left in ruins for over 300 years. At the beginning of the
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Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the population of the occupied territories
117:
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1900:
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In August 2003 Israeli police uncovered a large workhouse for fabricating forged drivers license and Israeli ID cards. According to a
2580:. About the financial situation in the Middle East as seen in Halhul (YouTube, Israel TV, Arabic with Hebrew narration and subtitles)
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described Halhul as a large stone village on a hilltop, with two springs and a well. The mosque appeared to be a "modern" building.
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2007:
1930:
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30 September 2000 21-year-old Halhul resident, Muhammad Yunes Mahmoud 'Ayash a-Z'amreh, was injured by Israeli forces while in
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82:
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The core population of Halhul is formed from four local tribes, Al Saadeh, Karjah, Al Zma'ra, and Al Doudah, in addition to
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851:
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2242:. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft.
2217:"Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)"
804:
754:
456:" (LMLK) and mentioning names of locations nearby. Handles with Jewish names inscribed in Greek have been found from the
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report, from June 2005 a four-man Jewish terrorist cell (who allegedly killed over 10 Palestinians) led by a former
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1806:
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902:, the highest peak in the West Bank at 1,030 meters (3,380 ft) above sea level. The city has a land area of 37,335
2174:
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The priorities and needs for development in Halhul town based on the community and local authorities’ assessment
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The priorities and needs for development in Halhul town based on the community and local authorities’ assessment
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807:
leader Jneid Murad, together with Khaled Zabarah, suspected of involvement in smuggling and shooting incidents.
463:
Roman and Islamic house foundations have been dug deeply into older layers of habitation. Building remains with
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762:
312:
westwards, is located 916 m above sea level, and is the highest inhabited place in Palestine. According to the
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1514:"The banality of brutality: British armed forces and the repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39"
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2509:
2034:
Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in
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929:
333:
meaning "to tremble (from the cold)". According to the Bible, Halhul was a city in the tribal territory of
276:) is a Palestinian city located in the southern part of the West Bank, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of
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1463:
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1401:
1361:
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1332:
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The archaeological digs at Burj as-Sur have uncovered the remnants of an ancient fortress city of the mid
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2891:
2162:
First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population
1577:
514:
tribe which had been established in the region throughout the early Islamic period (7th–11th centuries).
1413:
1132:
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senior member, had totally burnt down the mayor of Halhul's house. No one was injured in that incident.
2425:
2318:
Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
2296:
Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
2278:
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2127:
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638:
522:
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1992:
1913:
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1521:
731:
727:
600:
492:
346:
169:
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1670:'Palestinian killed by Israeli security forces, Not known if involved in fighting in the West Bank,'
1438:
557:
visited Halhul, reporting that it lay between Hebron and Jerusalem and contained the tomb of Jonah.
2160:
2123:
The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
1382:
972:
964:
960:
711:
680:
672:
596:
467:
pavement with writing in Greek has been found on the site (called 'Aqd al-Qin) of a former church.
2345:
Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852
1784:
1386:
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2144:. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress.
643:
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The health of the city residents and local villagers is serviced by many hospitals and clinics.
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862:
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2407:
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1978:
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1858:'Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the West Bank, after operation Cast Lead,'
1702:
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1542:
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land and population survey, Halhul had a recorded population of 3,380 Arabs. While a part of
831:
812:
778:
620:
449:
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2436:
Victory for Us is to See You Suffer: In the West Bank with the Palestinians and the Israelis
2228:
623:'s spring) on the southern side of the hill which furnished the locals with water; a mosque
3370:
2421:
Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500
994:
766:
691:
526:
418:
2239:
Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century
2019:
8:
2487:
2419:
2272:
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2049:"המוה־קנ' האחרון בלתי מסי | שערים | 11 ינואר 1952 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"
2004:
987:
827:
676:
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During repairs to the Nabi Yunis shrine, a slab of limestone was discovered there with a
387:
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2316:
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3037:
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1965:
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506:
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330:
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1881:"A Palestinian Vineyard Annihilated With Chainsaws, With a Chilling Message in Hebrew"
1833:
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2145:
1938:
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488:
442:
403:
391:
2204:
Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine
2038:. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 367
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925:
The local residents of Halhul take pride in their vineyards and the grape industry.
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899:
468:
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301:
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2080:
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679:, Halhul had a population of 1,927, all Muslim. This had increased at the time of
612:
3302:
3202:
3165:
3121:
2967:
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2237:
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Daniel Raizner, Legal aspects of fighting terror, Tel Aviv University, June 2005.
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554:
438:
407:
399:
265:
2260:
Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas
2093:
650:
Eleven mosques now dot the city and its environs. These are: Nabi Yunis Mosque,
3409:
3274:
2415:
1919:(Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center) via palestineremembered.com
1240:
951:
lies on the outskirts of Halhul. Halhul is surrounded by ancient burial caves.
651:
566:
429:, presumably because of its Idumean inhabitants who converted to Judaism under
350:
334:
149:
66:
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2158:
1061:
Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017
3424:
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3310:
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3152:
3020:
2930:
2833:
2795:
2650:
2645:
2567:
1942:
1030:
1006:
820:
788:, Israel confiscated some 1,500 dunams of land from the Halhul municipality.
585:
430:
398:
in 587 BCE. The city is mentioned again in chronicles of battles between the
380:
132:
119:
51:
3082:
448:
A considerable amount of pottery has been unearthed bearing inscriptions in
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2818:
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2690:
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2391:
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2089:
866:
500:
309:
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including a bit on recent history. From a house in Halhul you can see The
1256:
For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE
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3108:
3093:
2823:
2695:
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2198:
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1794:(POICA website – a monitoring organization against Israeli colonization).
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1876:
1827:"UNDP decision on mental health institution establishment in Palestine"
792:
361:
354:
297:
293:
2193:(in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
1931:"Opinion | How a deep Palestinian yearning has been hijacked by Hamas"
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2396:"Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem"
2339:
2312:
2290:
933:
910:
590:
518:
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2190:
Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine
3207:
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2979:
2790:
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2745:
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2730:
2680:
2670:
2547:
1564:
1235:
1190:
998:
937:
816:
690:, the village was the site of an atrocity committed by the British
573:
of 1596, the village appeared in the tax registers as being in the
376:
369:
342:
338:
289:
2461:
986:(PCBS) in 1997, of the total 15,663 residents, 1,686 (10.8%) were
253:
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3344:
3223:
3003:
2955:
2843:
2780:
2765:
2720:
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1885:
1744:
631:) built of ancient stone, foreign access to which was forbidden.
605:
550:
538:
534:
510:'al-Harami' indicated the man belonged to the Haram clan of the
437:, an Idumean army encamped in Halhul during their conflict with
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3279:
3215:
3128:
3098:
2963:
2950:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2725:
2705:
2551:
2020:
Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years
1138:
976:
919:
913:
being major forms of produce—on 10,000 of the estimated 19,000
758:
663:
580:
575:
570:
546:
511:
464:
426:
365:
305:
277:
909:
Half of the population is engaged in agriculture—tomatoes and
565:
Halhul, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the
349:
identified the modern town with the "Halhul" mentioned in the
3318:
3116:
2853:
2715:
2082:
Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922
1757:
Nana News – Police uncover forged documents factory in Halhul
1150:. Amsterdam University Press. 31 December 2000. p. 542.
914:
903:
715:
714:
the population of Halhul was 3,380 Muslims, who owned 37,334
628:
530:
479:
213:
800:
Gaza, Tareq al-Hindawi, was shot dead during the operation.
549:, the governor of Hebron Rashid al-Din Faraj, construct the
2974:
2710:
1901:"Israeli forces kill Palestinian man in occupied West Bank"
1726:
1002:
890:
491:-era epitaph inscription, which is currently stored in the
316:, the city had a population of 27,031 inhabitants in 2017.
2173:
Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945).
1871:
707:
gun down a well was killed when he failed to retrieve it.
525:
documented in 1173 that Halhul was a part of the Crusader
1741:
IDF kills 2 Palestinians in Halhul, arrests 17 in W. Bank
1298:
963:, Halhul had a population of 1,927, rising to 2,523 in a
1315:
1313:
372:
in the 11th century BCE it was resettled by Israelites.
2159:
Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964).
425:) and its immediate environs were considered a part of
922:
also form a significant element in the local economy.
599:
described it in 1847 as a place of Jewish pilgrimage.
386:
Halhul was destroyed, together with Jerusalem and the
18:
Municipality type A in Hebron, Palestinian territories
2005:
Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status
1723:
L-1647608,00.html 'Scores hit in IDF Attack on Gaza,'
1310:
2235:
2207:. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.
1562:
apology sought for British war crimes in Palestine,'
1194:
A cyclopædia of biblical literature, ed. by J. Kitto
375:
The Bible mentions a tradition that the Jewish King
2236:Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977).
1623:Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics.
1607:Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics.
1591:Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics.
815:also arrested Jamal Hasan Abu Ra'sbeh, a member of
553:of Halhul's mosque. That same year, the geographer
1477:Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p.
1055:
1053:
842:as a result of a stone-throwing incident near the
698:, after permission had been obtained, the officers
2141:La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations
1537:. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016.
1258:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 532.
1184:
667:Villagers waiting for an open-air film show, 1940
3422:
2368:Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, H-I
1547:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
216:(37.3 km or 14.4 sq mi)
2112:
1698:
1696:
1050:
2869:From June 2007, the Gaza Strip has been under
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1191:William Lindsay Alexander; John Kitto (1864).
608:from which many other villages could be seen.
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2605:
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2307:
2285:
1488:
1486:
1473:
1471:
869:civilian during a military raid in the town.
741:In 1961, the population of Halhul was 5,387.
2078:
1914:Welcome To Halhul: Town Statistics and Facts
1693:
1391:William Whyte, Edinburgh, 1847 vol.1, p.384.
850:on 23 September 2011. In December 2011, the
56:
2414:
2400:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
2279:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
2221:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
2128:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
1785:One house demolished, two facing demolition
1656:
1587:
1585:
529:and contained the tomb of Yunis ibn Matta (
2906:
2892:
2612:
2598:
2578:Israeli rubbish sold at Halhul flea market
1963:'Jumelage avec Halhul. Un nouveau bureau,'
1712:Palestinian Center for Human Rights, 2002.
1483:
1468:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1218:, published by Yehuda Levi Nahum in book:
761:; since 1995, it has been governed by the
753:, Halhul, like the rest of the West Bank,
2518:photo (black and white) by Nissim Krispil
2256:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1331:Ali of Herat quoted in le Strange, 1890,
3461:Municipalities of the State of Palestine
2211:
2023:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
2008:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
1928:
1582:
1419:
1360:Al-Hamawi quoted in le Strange, 1890, p.
1068:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
984:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
889:
876:
662:
478:
314:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
23:Municipality type A in Hebron, Palestine
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1570:
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1373:Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 123
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1101:
658:
445:, the town's defenses were fortified.
2887:
2593:
2477:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 21:
2390:
2263:. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
982:According to the first census by the
772:
3436:Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea
2492:Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem
932:arrangement with the French town of
1929:Ignatius, David (1 November 2023).
1576:Department of Statistics, 1945, p.
1098:
337:, located in the hill country near
269:
57:
13:
2586:for tilling land near Karmei Tzur.
2527:images of Halhul town in the 1920s
2028:
1986:
1247:
14:
3472:
2455:
1024:
560:
364:, presumably associated with the
196: • Head of Municipality
3036:
3029:
2584:April 2009 activities of Taayush
1983:InterVarsity Press, 2010 p. 296.
1625:Village Statistics, April, 1945.
1609:Village Statistics, April, 1945.
1593:Village Statistics, April, 1945.
1284:Lexicon of Eretz Israel – Halhul
1147:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
886:Snow on Halhul (28 January 2017)
721:
88:
81:
65:
2176:Village Statistics, April, 1945
2071:
2041:
2013:
1998:
1971:
1956:
1922:
1907:
1893:
1865:
1851:
1819:
1797:
1778:
1769:
1750:
1732:
1715:
1684:
1645:
1639:Government of Jordan, 1964, p.
1633:
1617:
1601:
1462:Conder and Kitchener, 1883, p.
1456:
1450:Conder and Kitchener, 1883, p.
1444:
1431:
1406:
1394:
1376:
1367:
1354:
1338:
1325:
1289:
1244:(Book IV, chapter IX, verse 6).
1074:. February 2018. pp. 64–82
954:
471:ceramics have also been found.
1229:
1220:Ṣohar la-ḥasifat ginzei teiman
1209:
1125:
1086:
474:
245:from "Hulhul", a personal name
89:
1:
2467:Welcome To The City of Halhul
1043:
1033:, peace activist and pacifist
1015:
521:in 1148–1149. The chronicler
2433:Winslow, Phillip C. (2007).
1347:quoted in le Strange, 1890,
1254:Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021).
1216:Burial Places of the Fathers
872:
744:
324:
45:Arabic transcription(s)
7:
3446:Historic Jewish communities
2532:Fi Filastin: Madinat Halhul
1627:Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p.
1611:Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p.
1595:Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p.
1177:Robinson, 1841, vol. 1, p.
965:1931 British Mandate census
677:British Mandate authorities
644:Survey of Western Palestine
394:during his invasion of the
10:
3477:
3268:Kheroshewesh Wal Hadedeyah
3255:• Umm Lasafa • Wadi Ubeid)
2954:(incl: Arab al-Fureijat •
2426:Palestine Exploration Fund
2094:"Scenes from the Uprising"
2085:. Government of Palestine.
2079:Barron, J.B., ed. (1923).
319:
102:Location of Halhul within
38:Municipality type A (City)
3395:
3137:
3046:
3027:
2921:
2867:
2804:
2631:
2099:23 September 2015 at the
1762:23 September 2015 at the
1522:English Historical Review
894:The spring of 'Ayin Ayoub
732:1949 Armistice Agreements
686:In July 1939, during the
410:after his victory in the
249:
241:
237:720/km (1,900/sq mi)
233:
225:
220:
208:
203:
195:
185:
180:
170:Governorates of Palestine
168:
158:
148:
113:
76:
64:
49:
44:
35:
28:
2504:Halhul Town aerial photo
2488:Halhul Town (Fact Sheet)
1721:Felix Frisch, Ali Waked,
1512:Hughes, Matthew (2009).
1226:), Tel-Aviv 1986, p. 253
865:shot dead a 27-year old
840:Asher and Yonatan Palmer
673:1922 census of Palestine
452:, most of them reading "
288:. The town, bordered by
3441:Cities in the West Bank
2321:. Vol. 2. Boston:
2299:. Vol. 1. Boston:
2257:Mills, E., ed. (1932).
2126:. Vol. 3. London:
767:Area A of the West Bank
627:(mosque of the prophet
3185:Deir al-'Asal al-Tahta
3181:Deir al-'Asal al-Fauqa
2544:Halhul panoramic video
2538:Driving through Halhul
2474:, Welcome to Palestine
2371:. Vol. 5. BRILL.
2323:Crocker & Brewster
2301:Crocker & Brewster
895:
887:
704:
668:
484:
435:First Jewish–Roman War
406:. It was fortified by
302:al-Arroub refugee camp
3171:Beit ar-Rush al-Fauqa
3162:Beit ar-Rush al-Tahta
1995:Palestine Remembered.
1809:30 March 2014 at the
1690:Winslow, 2007, p.105.
1675:13 April 2014 at the
1295:Dauphin, 1998, p. 937
893:
885:
832:Jewish Defense League
779:Israel Defense Forces
763:Palestinian Authority
728:1948 Arab–Israeli War
700:
666:
482:
133:31.57889°N 35.09917°E
2623:administered by the
1708:3 March 2016 at the
1224:צהר לחשיפת גנזי תימן
995:Palestinian refugees
988:Palestinian refugees
692:Black Watch Regiment
611:The French explorer
527:Kingdom of Jerusalem
419:Second Temple period
234: • Density
3456:Hebrew Bible cities
2498:Halhul Town Profile
2424:. Committee of the
1790:27 May 2007 at the
1729:, 12 February 2002.
1437:Hartmann, 1883, p.
1400:Robinson, 1856, p.
1388:Lands of the Bible,
1307:, pp. 279–281.
828:Tel Aviv University
823:'s personal guard.
777:In March 1979, the
726:In the wake of the
659:British Mandate era
272:, transliteration:
150:Palestine grid
129: /
3431:Hebron Governorate
3259:Khallet al-Masafer
2951:Hebron (al-Khalil)
2915:Hebron Governorate
2625:State of Palestine
2462:www.halhul-city.ps
2383:(Sharon, 2013, p.
1535:10.1093/ehr/cep002
1441:, noted 118 houses
1412:Guérin, 1869, pp.
1197:. pp. 199–200
1131:Guérin, 1869, pp.
945:Israeli settlement
896:
888:
844:Israeli settlement
773:Israeli occupation
669:
625:Djama'a Nebi Yunis
485:
458:Hellenistic period
412:Battle of Beth Zur
408:Judah the Maccabee
304:to the north, and
282:Hebron Governorate
254:www.halhul-city.ps
226: • Total
209: • Total
138:31.57889; 35.09917
3418:
3417:
3256:
3174:
3125:
3113:
3090:
3074:
3012:
3000:
2971:
2881:
2880:
2483:Wikimedia commons
2446:978-0-8070-6906-6
2378:978-90-04-25097-0
1993:Welcome to Halhul
1567:7 September 2022-
1265:978-0-300-24813-5
1157:978-90-5356-503-2
1092:Palmer, 1881, p.
1070:(PCBS) (Report).
898:It is built atop
883:
755:has been occupied
675:conducted by the
443:Bar Kokhba revolt
421:, Halhul (Greek:
404:Ptolemaic kingdom
392:Nebuchadnezzar II
259:
258:
186: • Type
3468:
3451:Canaanite cities
3382:Wadi ash-Shajina
3340:Shuyukh al-Arrub
3262:Khashem al-Daraj
3250:
3248:Khalet al-Maiyya
3168:
3149:Arab al-Ka'abneh
3119:
3111:
3080:
3068:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3009:Khirbat al-Simia
3006:
2982:
2953:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2874:Hamas governance
2814:Abasan al-Kabira
2614:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2540:video on YouTube
2450:
2439:. Beacon Press.
2429:
2411:
2382:
2353:
2326:
2304:
2282:
2264:
2253:
2232:
2208:
2194:
2180:
2169:
2167:
2155:
2131:
2086:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1977:Pekka Pitkänen,
1975:
1969:
1968:, 18 March 2014.
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1832:. Archived from
1831:
1823:
1817:
1804:'On the Agenda,'
1801:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1754:
1748:
1736:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1700:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1667:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1529:(507): 314–354.
1518:
1509:
1496:
1492:Mills, 1932, p.
1490:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1425:Socin, 1879, p.
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1065:
1057:
900:Mount Nabi Yunis
884:
861:On 9 June 2022,
751:1967 Six-Day War
730:, and after the
569:in 1517. In the
537:). In 1226, the
483:Neby Yunis, 1940
417:During the late
396:Kingdom of Judah
271:
144:
143:
141:
140:
139:
134:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
92:
91:
85:
69:
60:
59:
26:
25:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3391:
3333:Sahel Wadi Elma
3307:Marah al-Baqqar
3244:Khallet al-Aqed
3203:Hadab al-Fawwar
3169:(Beit Mirsim •
3133:
3122:Khirbet al-Deir
3042:
3035:
3034:
3025:
2968:Wadi al Hussein
2966:• Qla'a Zeta •
2917:
2912:
2882:
2877:
2863:
2800:
2627:
2618:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2416:Strange, le, G.
2379:
2250:
2165:
2152:
2118:Kitchener, H.H.
2101:Wayback Machine
2074:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2036:Shomron studies
2033:
2029:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1935:Washington Post
1927:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1879:(24 May 2018).
1870:
1866:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1811:Wayback Machine
1802:
1798:
1792:Wayback Machine
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1764:Wayback Machine
1755:
1751:
1737:
1733:
1720:
1716:
1710:Wayback Machine
1701:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1677:Wayback Machine
1668:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1622:
1618:
1606:
1602:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1540:
1539:
1516:
1510:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1266:
1252:
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1234:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1037:Mohammed Milhim
1027:
1018:
967:. According to
957:
877:
875:
786:Second Intifada
775:
747:
736:ruled by Jordan
724:
712:1945 statistics
661:
601:Edward Robinson
563:
555:Yaqut al-Hamawi
545:had one of his
543:al-Mu'azzam Isa
477:
439:Simon bar Giora
400:Seleucid Empire
347:Edward Robinson
327:
322:
137:
135:
131:
128:
123:
120:
118:
116:
115:
109:
108:
107:
106:
100:
99:
98:
97:
93:
72:
40:
31:
24:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3375:Wadi al-Amayer
3373:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Khirbet Zanuta
3272:
3271:Khirbet Salama
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:Hadab al-Alaqa
3197:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3075:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3001:
2977:
2972:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
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2609:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2456:External links
2454:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2430:
2412:
2388:
2377:
2359:
2332:
2305:
2283:
2265:
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2181:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2132:
2110:
2087:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2053:www.nli.org.il
2040:
2027:
2012:
1997:
1985:
1970:
1955:
1921:
1906:
1903:. 9 June 2022.
1892:
1864:
1850:
1839:on 1 July 2014
1818:
1796:
1777:
1768:
1749:
1747:, 15 May 2002.
1731:
1714:
1692:
1683:
1655:
1644:
1632:
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1600:
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1569:
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1393:
1375:
1366:
1353:
1337:
1324:
1322:, p. 278.
1309:
1297:
1288:
1271:
1264:
1246:
1241:The Jewish War
1228:
1208:
1183:
1170:
1156:
1137:
1124:
1097:
1085:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:, former mayor
1034:
1026:
1025:Notable people
1023:
1017:
1014:
956:
953:
874:
871:
863:Israeli forces
774:
771:
746:
743:
723:
720:
660:
657:
567:Ottoman Empire
562:
561:Ottoman period
559:
493:Islamic Museum
476:
473:
450:ancient Hebrew
351:Book of Joshua
331:Canaanite word
326:
323:
321:
318:
257:
256:
251:
247:
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3398:
3397:Refugee camps
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:Wadi al-Kilab
3377:
3374:
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3312:
3311:Masafer Yatta
3309:
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3294:
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3288:
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3265:Khallet Salih
3264:
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3258:
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3198:
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3182:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:Anab al-Kabir
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
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3097:
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2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
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2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Deir al-Balah
2832:
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2568:Tel Aviv-Yafo
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2157:
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2151:0-860549-05-4
2147:
2143:
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2125:
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2119:
2115:
2111:
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2098:
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2077:
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2054:
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2044:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1966:Le Télégramme
1964:
1959:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1918:
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1910:
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1428:
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1187:
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1159:
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1148:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1122:, ARIJ, 2000.
1121:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:Ali Abu Awwad
1029:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Moroccan Jews
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
952:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
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907:
905:
901:
892:
870:
868:
864:
859:
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
835:
833:
829:
824:
822:
821:Yasser Arafat
818:
814:
808:
806:
805:Islamic Jihad
801:
797:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
742:
739:
737:
734:, Halhul was
733:
729:
722:Jordanian era
719:
717:
713:
708:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
665:
656:
653:
648:
646:
645:
640:
637:In 1883, the
635:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:Victor Guérin
609:
607:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
587:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
558:
556:
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508:
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494:
490:
481:
472:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
441:. During the
440:
436:
433:. During the
432:
431:John Hyrcanus
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
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358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:to the east,
295:
291:
287:
283:
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275:
267:
263:
255:
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248:
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240:
236:
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184:
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176:
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171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
142:
114:Coordinates:
112:
105:
84:
75:
68:
63:
55:
53:
50: •
48:
43:
39:
34:
27:
21:
16:
3371:Umm al-Khair
3241:Khallet Edar
3087:Khirbet Safa
2945:
2936:ad-Dhahiriya
2870:
2819:Bani Suheila
2700:
2686:ad-Dhahiriya
2435:
2420:
2403:
2399:
2367:
2344:
2336:Robinson, E.
2317:
2309:Robinson, E.
2295:
2287:Robinson, E.
2273:
2269:Palmer, E.H.
2259:
2238:
2224:
2220:
2213:Hartmann, M.
2203:
2189:
2175:
2161:
2140:
2122:
2114:Conder, C.R.
2104:
2081:
2072:Bibliography
2057:. Retrieved
2052:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2015:
2000:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1934:
1924:
1909:
1895:
1884:
1867:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1821:
1799:
1780:
1771:
1752:
1739:
1738:Amos Harel,
1734:
1717:
1686:
1647:
1635:
1624:
1619:
1608:
1603:
1592:
1572:
1557:
1543:cite journal
1526:
1520:
1458:
1446:
1433:
1421:
1408:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1356:
1345:Mujir ad-Din
1340:
1327:
1300:
1291:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1193:
1186:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1146:
1140:
1127:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1019:
1011:
992:
981:
958:
955:Demographics
942:
927:
924:
908:
897:
860:
857:
836:
825:
809:
802:
798:
790:
783:
776:
748:
740:
725:
709:
705:
701:
685:
670:
649:
642:
636:
633:
624:
616:
610:
595:
584:
574:
564:
523:Ali of Herat
516:
505:
501:Moshe Sharon
486:
462:
447:
422:
416:
388:First Temple
385:
381:Gad the Seer
374:
359:
328:
273:
261:
260:
242:Name meaning
212:37,335
199:Hijazi Moreb
71:Halhul, 2009
20:
15:
3367:Umm al-Butm
3364:Umm Ashoqan
3158:Beit Maqdum
3109:ash-Shuyukh
3094:Deir Sammit
2824:Beit Hanoun
2696:al-Eizariya
2656:Beit Sahour
2556:Kiryat Arba
2516:Nebbi Yunas
2350:John Murray
2136:Dauphin, C.
2109:, July 1988
2090:Chomsky, N.
2055:(in Hebrew)
1917:Sami Hadawi
1873:Gideon Levy
1383:John Wilson
1320:Sharon 2013
1305:Sharon 2013
969:Sami Hadawi
949:Karmei Tzur
930:a twin city
928:Halhul has
920:bee-keeping
867:Palestinian
848:Kiryat Arba
784:During the
765:as part of
696:Keith-Roach
688:Arab Revolt
681:1931 census
597:John Wilson
475:Middle Ages
454:To the king
136: /
3425:Categories
3324:al-Ramadin
3189:Deir Razih
3153:Beit 'Amra
3078:Beit Ummar
3061:Beit Kahil
3016:Tarqumiyah
2993:Beit Einun
2989:al-Uddeisa
2985:ad-Duwwara
2960:Al Bowereh
2931:Bani Na'im
2859:az-Zawayda
2849:Khan Yunis
2829:Beit Lahia
2806:Gaza Strip
2666:Beit Ummar
2651:Bani Na'im
2363:Sharon, M.
2348:. London:
2199:Hadawi, S.
2185:Guérin, V.
2106:Z Magazine
1948:28 January
1877:Alex Levac
1078:24 October
1044:References
1016:Government
793:Beit Ummar
749:Since the
362:Bronze Age
355:John Kitto
298:Beit Ummar
294:al-Shuyukh
221:Population
181:Government
124:35°05′57″E
121:31°34′44″N
3405:al-Arroub
3360:at-Tuwani
3329:ar-Rihiya
3315:an-Najada
3253:at-Tabaqa
3237:al-Karmil
3193:ad-Deirat
3177:al-Buweib
3112:(Hamrush)
3056:Beit Awwa
2839:Gaza City
2771:Tarqumiya
2676:Bethlehem
2661:Beit Jala
2633:West Bank
2564:Jerusalem
2560:Bethlehem
2392:Socin, A.
2340:Smith, E.
2313:Smith, E.
2291:Smith, E.
1943:0190-8286
1843:5 January
1725:(Hebrew)
1072:Palestine
934:Hennebont
873:Geography
745:Post-1967
617:Ain Ayoub
533:, son of
519:Crusaders
497:Jerusalem
469:Byzantine
325:Antiquity
286:Palestine
163:Palestine
104:Palestine
3220:Imneizil
3208:al-Heila
3196:Fuqeiqis
3139:Villages
3066:Beit Ula
2871:de facto
2791:al-Yamun
2746:Ramallah
2736:Qalqilya
2731:Qabatiya
2681:al-Bireh
2671:Beitunia
2548:Dead Sea
2418:(1890).
2394:(1879).
2365:(2013).
2342:(1856).
2315:(1841).
2293:(1841).
2271:(1881).
2215:(1883).
2201:(1970).
2187:(1869).
2138:(1998).
2120:(1883).
2097:Archived
1861:B'tselem
1814:B'tselem
1807:Archived
1788:Archived
1766:(Hebrew)
1760:Archived
1706:Archived
1680:B'tselem
1673:Archived
1565:BBC News
1286:(Hebrew)
1236:Josephus
1120:'Halhul'
1001:) is of
999:Beit Sur
938:Brittany
817:Force 17
414:nearby.
402:and the
377:Rehoboam
370:Iron Age
345:scholar
343:Biblical
339:Beth-zur
3355:Tarrama
3345:as-Sura
3303:al-Majd
3224:Imreish
3166:al-Burj
3007:(incl:
3004:as-Samu
2983:(incl:
2956:al-Baqa
2844:Jabalia
2781:Tulkarm
2766:as-Samu
2721:Jericho
2641:Abu Dis
2059:5 March
2025:(PCBS).
2010:(PCBS).
1980:Joshua,
1886:Haaretz
1745:Haaretz
710:In the
671:In the
606:minaret
583:of the
551:minaret
547:mamluks
541:sultan
539:Ayyubid
535:Amittai
489:Fatimid
320:History
280:in the
250:Website
154:160/109
3410:Fawwar
3293:Kuseis
3285:al-Kum
3280:Khursa
3216:Hureiz
3129:Taffuh
3099:Kharas
2997:Kuziba
2964:Qalqas
2946:Halhul
2923:Cities
2786:Ya'bad
2761:Salfit
2751:Rawabi
2726:Nablus
2706:Hebron
2701:Halhul
2646:Arraba
2621:Cities
2552:Hebron
2512:, ARIJ
2506:, ARIJ
2500:, ARIJ
2494:(ARIJ)
2472:Halhul
2443:
2375:
2246:
2148:
1941:
1262:
1222:(Heb.
1201:5 June
1163:5 June
1154:
1135:-p.285
1003:Jewish
977:Jordan
915:dunams
911:squash
904:dunams
819:, and
759:Israel
716:dunams
576:Nahiya
571:census
512:Judham
465:mosaic
427:Idumea
423:Alurus
366:Hyksos
306:Kharas
278:Hebron
274:Ḥalḥūl
266:Arabic
262:Halhul
229:27,031
214:dunams
175:Hebron
96:Halhul
52:Arabic
30:Halhul
3350:Susya
3336:Sikka
3319:Rabud
3298:Ma'in
3289:Kurza
3232:Karma
3212:Hitta
3117:Surif
3048:Towns
3021:Yatta
2980:Sa'ir
2854:Rafah
2796:Yatta
2776:Tubas
2756:Sa'ir
2716:Jenin
2410:–163.
2354:(pp.
2231:–149.
2166:(PDF)
1837:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1816:2012.
1527:CXXIV
1517:(PDF)
1416:– 287
1349:p.448
1333:p.447
1064:(PDF)
652:Maqam
629:Jonah
581:Halil
531:Jonah
507:nisba
390:, by
335:Judah
290:Sa'ir
270:حلحول
159:State
58:حلحول
3228:Jala
3104:Nuba
3083:Jala
3071:Qila
2975:Idna
2941:Dura
2711:Idna
2691:Dura
2572:Gaza
2570:and
2441:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2327:(p.
2244:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2061:2024
1950:2024
1939:ISSN
1875:and
1845:2014
1727:Ynet
1549:link
1260:ISBN
1203:2011
1165:2011
1152:ISBN
1080:2023
973:1945
961:1922
943:The
855:35.
852:UNDP
591:Quds
586:Liwa
310:Nuba
308:and
300:and
292:and
204:Area
190:City
3387:Zif
2741:Ram
2479:IAA
2408:135
2385:278
2356:278
2329:186
2229:102
1629:143
1531:doi
1464:329
1452:305
1439:142
1427:154
1414:284
1402:281
1362:447
1179:319
1133:284
1094:393
971:'s
959:In
947:of
936:in
846:of
813:IDF
757:by
641:'s
639:PEF
621:Job
589:of
579:of
495:in
284:of
3427::
3085:*
2995:•
2991:•
2987:•
2962:•
2958:•
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2558:,
2554:,
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2277:.
2227::
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2219:.
2116:;
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2051:.
1937:.
1933:.
1883:.
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1952:.
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619:(
264:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
