522:, son and heir of Jiajing Emperor, but was soon forced to resign in 1570 after complaints were made over his overzealous handling of land-tenure issues. Major moneylenders in the prefecture were accused of lending at exorbitant rates to smaller landowners and tenants, then seizing their lands as collateral. Hai devoted considerable time to investigate these cases, pressing for the lands' return to their previous owners, but was in turn accused by officials of violating procedures and encouraging frivolous complaints and impeached by Tai Feng-Hsiang, a supervising secretary (
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in of certain individuals in terms of the own sense of social justice. Wu Han, for instance, praises his hero Hai Jui for 'standing on the side of peasantry' in their conflict with the landlords. He also asserts that Hai, 'despite a hundred setbacks, still continued the struggle to build a socialist society."
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While Wu Han considers Hai Rui to be a moral socialist, this was not necessarily the case. As historian Ray Huang puts it, "Though one might expect the moral interpretation of history to be generally discredited by now, this is not the case. Some modern historians tend to view the
Confucian morality
603:), written by Yao, began a propaganda campaign that eventually led to the Cultural Revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, the tomb of Hai Rui was destroyed by red guards. Yao's campaign led to the persecution and death of Wu Han, as well as others involved in related works, such as
40:
476:, Hainan on January 23, 1513. His father died when he was three, and he was raised by his Muslim mother. His great-great-grandfather was an Arab named Hai Da-er (Chinese:
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for the neglect of his duties and bringing disaster to the country, for which he was sentenced to death in 1566. He was released after the
Emperor died in early 1567.
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became interested in the life of Hai Rui, and wrote several articles on his life and his fearless criticism of the emperor. He then wrote a play for
627:, the largest city on Hai Rui's home island of Hainan, celebrates Hai Rui's deeds. A memorial has been constructed and his tomb is open for worship.
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but was unsuccessful, and his official career only began in 1553, when he was 39, with a humble position as clerk of education in
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as an allegorical work, in which the honest, moral official Hai Rui represented the disgraced
Chinese communist marshal
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Hai Rui was promoted to censor-in-chief of
Nanjing in 1586, but died in office a year later. He was given the
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Using the Past to Serve the
Present: Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China
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Hai was reappointed as a minor official serving at South Zhili under the
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Taxation and
Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China
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A Preliminary Study of Hai Rui: His
Biography in the Ming-Shih
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659:. Vol. 1. Columbia University Press. pp. 474–479.
511:. In 1565, he submitted a memorial strongly criticizing the
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716:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 114.
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Goodrich, L. Carrington; Chaoying Fang, eds. (1976).
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802:Rudolf G. Wagner (1997). by Jonathan Unger (ed.).
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587:Yao Wenyuan
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528:, yushi).
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376:Gang Feng
362:Gāng Fēng
309:Jyu5 Jin4
577:titled "
432:art name
391:Jyutping
320:Art name
303:Jyutping
191:Jyutping
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585:member
450:honesty
444:of the
418:Hai Rui
288:Ru Xian
274:Rǔ Xián
221:Hái Sūi
212:Hokkien
176:Hai Jui
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661:ISBN
614:海瑞上疏
452:and
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478:海答兒
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215:POJ
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675:^
639:^
538:忠介
525:御史
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427:汝賢
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132:海瑞
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