959:
habitable orbits of moons; they define an inner border of an habitable moon around a certain planet and call it the circumplanetary "habitable edge". Moons closer to their planet than the habitable edge are uninhabitable. When effects of eclipses as well as constraints from a satellite's orbital stability are used to model the runaway greenhouse limit of hypothetical moons, it is estimated that — depending on a moon's orbital eccentricity — there is a minimum mass of roughly 0.20 solar masses for stars to host habitable moons within the stellar habitable zone. The magnetic environment of exomoons, which is critically triggered by the intrinsic magnetic field of the host planet, has been identified as another factor of exomoon habitability. Most notably, it was found that moons at distances between about 5 and 20 planetary radii from a giant planet could be habitable from an illumination and tidal heating point of view, but still the planetary magnetosphere would critically influence their habitability.
42:
581:
20:
5429:
6472:
907:
6496:
5441:
6448:
6484:
6460:
3407:
541:) pressure of only 1–1.5 standard atmospheres (15–22 psi) not only allows habitable temperatures, but allows liquid water on the dark side of the satellite. The temperature range of a moon that is tidally locked to a gas giant could be less extreme than with a planet locked to a star. Even though no studies have been done on the subject, modest amounts of
781:, and methane rain and snow. Like Earth, Titan is shielded from the solar wind by a magnetosphere, in this case its parent planet for most of its orbit, but the interaction with the moon's atmosphere remains sufficient to facilitate the creation of complex organic molecules. It has a remote possibility of an exotic
576:
Provided gravitational interaction of a moon with other satellites can be neglected, moons tend to be tidally locked with their planets. In addition to the rotational locking mentioned above, there will also be a process termed 'tilt erosion', which has originally been coined for the tidal erosion of
958:
Habitability of extrasolar moons will depend on stellar and planetary illumination on moons as well as the effect of eclipses on their orbit-averaged surface illumination. Beyond that, tidal heating might play a role for a moon's habitability. In 2012, scientists introduced a concept to define the
930:
teams, but none of them have been confirmed. Given the general planet-to-satellite(s) mass ratio of 10,000, Large Saturn or
Jupiter sized gas planets in the habitable zone are believed to be the best candidates to harbour Earth-like moons with more than 120 such planets by 2018. Massive exoplanets
633:
systems, where comparatively high gravitational forces and low luminosities leave the habitable zone in an area where tidal locking would occur. If tidally locked, one rotation about the axis may take a long time relative to a planet (for example, ignoring the slight axial tilt of Earth's Moon and
634:
topographical shadowing, any given point on it has two weeks – in Earth time – of sunshine and two weeks of night in its lunar day) but these long periods of light and darkness are not as challenging for habitability as the eternal days and eternal nights on a planet tidally locked to its star.
659:
of exomoons, which is critically triggered by the intrinsic magnetic field of the host planet, has been identified as another factor of exomoon habitability. Most notably, it was found that moons at distances between about 5 and 20 planetary radii from a giant planet could be habitable from an
646:
for planets orbiting a star, but for moons orbiting a planet. This inner border, which they call the circumplanetary habitable edge, delimits the region in which a moon can be habitable around its planet. Moons closer to their planet than the habitable edge are uninhabitable.
423:, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or
453:, a process whereby atoms are ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic particles, presents a significant problem for natural satellites. All the gas giants in the Solar System, and likely those orbiting other stars, have
512:
to their primary: that is, their days are as long as their orbits. While tidal locking may adversely affect planets within habitable zones by interfering with the distribution of stellar radiation, it may work in favour of satellite habitability by allowing
301:
respectively, in which subsurface liquid water is thought to exist. While the lunar surface is hostile to life as we know it, a deep lunar biosphere (or that of similar bodies) cannot yet be ruled out; deep exploration would be required for confirmation.
577:
planetary obliquity against a planet's orbit around its host star. The final spin state of a moon then consists of a rotational period equal to its orbital period around the planet and a rotational axis that is perpendicular to the orbital plane.
461:
To support an Earth-like atmosphere for about 4.6 billion years (Earth's current age), a moon with a Mars-like density is estimated to need at least 7% of Earth's mass. One way to decrease loss from sputtering is for the moon to have a strong
584:
An artist rendering of an exomoon with an Earth-like atmosphere with liquid water filling its craters and water clouds. It orbits a
Jupiter-like gas giant exoplanet in the habitable zone, mostly white due to water vapor clouds (Class II,
457:
with radiation belts potent enough to completely erode an atmosphere of an Earth-like moon in just a few hundred million years. Strong stellar winds can also strip gas atoms from the top of an atmosphere causing them to be lost to space.
484:
has its own magnetosphere, even though its mass is only 2.5% of Earth's. Alternatively, the moon's atmosphere may be constantly replenished by gases from subsurface sources, as thought by some scientists to be the case with Titan.
601:
has played an important role in stabilizing the axial tilt of the Earth, thereby reducing the impact of gravitational perturbations from the other planets and ensuring only moderate climate variations throughout the planet. On
368:
Liquid water is thought by most astrobiologists to be an essential prerequisite for extraterrestrial life. There is growing evidence of subsurface liquid water on several moons in the Solar System orbiting the
4400:
4395:
629:
would allow for more moderate climates on a moon than there would be if the moon were a similar-sized planet orbiting in locked rotation in the habitable zone of the star. This is especially true of
4390:
4385:
2759:
2310:
Armstrong, John C.; Leovy, Conway B.; Quinn, Thomas (October 2004). "A 1 Gyr climate model for Mars: new orbital statistics and the importance of seasonally resolved polar processes".
1728:
733:
Thought to have a subsurface ocean maintained by geologic activity, tidal heating, and irradiation. The moon may have more water and oxygen than Earth and an oxygen exosphere.
1694:
4380:
354:. However, there are several factors which differentiate natural satellite habitability and additionally extend their habitability outside the planetary habitable zone.
5352:
4542:
4407:
821:
Thought to have a magnetic field, with ice and subterranean oceans stacked up in several layers, with salty water as a second layer on top of the rocky iron core.
443:, sustaining life and for surface water to exist. Most natural satellites in the Solar System lack significant atmospheres, the sole exception being Saturn's moon
1820:
1236:
859:
Its high orbital inclination with respect to
Neptune's equator drives significant tidal heating, which suggests a layer of liquid water or a subsurface ocean.
6400:
4434:
497:
are relatively modest on planets, it can be a significant source of energy for natural satellites and an alternative energy source for sustaining life.
782:
5780:
5770:
4872:
4862:
4219:
4214:
3009:
2609:
Schmidt, B. E.; Blankenship, D. D.; Patterson, G. W. (November 2011). "Active formation of 'chaos terrain' over shallow subsurface water on Europa".
1525:
1352:
Parkinson, Christopher D.; Liang, Mao-Chang; Yung, Yuk L.; Kirschivnk, Joseph L. (2008). "Habitability of
Enceladus: Planetary Conditions for Life".
1159:
172:
162:
3284:
1650:
6067:
4375:
3838:
3142:
3121:
687:, it would continue to rotate relative to its star after becoming tidally locked, and thus would still experience a day-night cycle indefinitely.
1751:
967:
Natural satellites that host life are common in (science-fictional) written works, films, television shows, video games, and other popular media.
5479:
2117:
6072:
4142:
2174:
1789:
777:
Its atmosphere is considered similar to that of the early Earth, although somewhat thicker. The surface is characterized by hydrocarbon lakes,
198:
2951:
2751:
2789:
679:
to the host star. This has the effect that one hemisphere always faces the star, while the other remains in darkness. Like an exoplanet, an
4777:
2830:
246:
It is projected that parameters for surface habitats will be comparable to those of planets like Earth, namely stellar properties, orbit,
6375:
4947:
4113:
3696:
2811:
1979:
1720:
702:
The following is a list of natural satellites and environments in the Solar System with a possibility of hosting habitable environments:
5690:
5202:
2139:
68:
5389:
4429:
3973:
3381:
2890:
1258:
Castillo, Julie; Vance, Steve (2008). "Session 13. The Deep Cold
Biosphere? Interior Processes of Icy Satellites and Dwarf Planets".
927:
586:
4149:
2250:
1690:
312:, which is not currently sufficiently sensitive. It is possible that some of their attributes could be found through study of their
6117:
5785:
4882:
4797:
4412:
4249:
3978:
660:
illumination and tidal heating point of view, but still the planetary magnetosphere would critically influence their habitability.
228:
121:
2354:
836:
Due to its proximity to
Jupiter, it is subject to intense tidal heating which makes it the most volcanically active object in the
6152:
5922:
5300:
4096:
2829:
Lipps, Jere H; Delory, Gregory; Pitman, Joe; et al. (2004). Hoover, Richard B; Levin, Gilbert V; Rozanov, Alexei Y (eds.).
4633:
4582:
4125:
5823:
5290:
4557:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4130:
874:
Simulations made in 2016 suggest an internal water ocean under 100 kilometres of crust possibly suitable for microbial life.
5775:
5760:
5520:
5075:
4867:
4852:
4239:
4229:
1174:
1164:
167:
152:
4962:
3963:
5750:
5725:
5472:
4842:
4275:
4209:
3323:
142:
3642:
2280:
2196:
Heller, René; Barnes, Rory; Leconte, Jérémy (April 2011). "Tidal obliquity evolution of potentially habitable planets".
1221:
6385:
6228:
5404:
4772:
4567:
4417:
4101:
2685:
Roberts, J. H.; Nimmo, Francis (2008). "Tidal heating and the long-term stability of a subsurface ocean on
Enceladus".
191:
2040:
1812:
5765:
5384:
5305:
4857:
4600:
4234:
1169:
157:
1244:
6322:
5917:
5409:
5242:
4762:
4295:
4285:
3773:
61:
955:) are of particular interest as they may potentially possess natural satellites with liquid water on the surface.
6521:
5347:
5222:
4877:
4370:
4321:
4244:
4083:
3386:
2574:
Greenberg, R.; Hoppa, G. V.; Tufts, B. R.; Geissler, P.; Riley, J.; Kadel, S. (October 1999). "Chaos on Europa".
2061:
Tobie, Gabriel; Lunine, Jonathan I. (2006). "Episodic outgassing as the origin of atmospheric methane on Titan".
2721:
2664:
642:
In 2012, scientists introduced a concept to define the habitable orbits of moons. The concept is similar to the
266:– all lack the conditions for surface water. Unlike the Earth, all planetary mass moons of the Solar System are
5907:
5465:
5232:
5177:
4326:
1301:
Greenberg, Richard (2011). "Exploration and
Protection of Europa's Biosphere: Implications of Permeable Ice".
6172:
6040:
5849:
5740:
5445:
5280:
5140:
4952:
4832:
4552:
4199:
4154:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4003:
3998:
1676:
363:
184:
4537:
3883:
6360:
6233:
5730:
4822:
4189:
3968:
2722:"Liquid water on Saturn moon could support life: Cassini spacecraft sees signs of geysers on icy Enceladus"
2454:
Heller, René (September 2013). "Magnetic shielding of exomoons beyond the circumplanetary habitable edge".
643:
3843:
2973:
746:
6218:
5942:
5414:
5399:
5315:
4992:
4532:
4331:
3276:
3031:
Louis Neal Irwin; Dirk
Schulze-Makuch (June 2001). "Assessing the Plausibility of Life on Other Worlds".
4917:
3990:
3075:
6438:
6292:
6010:
5932:
5247:
4626:
4365:
4360:
4350:
4108:
3768:
1759:
923:
4922:
2661:"Moon of Jupiter could support life: Europa has a liquid ocean that lies beneath several miles of ice"
2113:
5877:
5685:
5325:
5156:
4747:
4595:
4345:
4013:
3798:
3682:
2170:
1781:
6050:
5357:
4355:
4300:
4161:
4053:
3948:
3708:
3351:
2947:
816:
309:
4068:
3158:"Near-infrared spectroscopy of Charon: Possible evidence for cryovolcanism on Kuiper Belt objects"
5745:
5252:
5018:
4837:
4577:
4280:
4204:
3778:
3316:
2974:"Powering Triton's recent geological activity by obliquity tides: Implications for Pluto geology"
2781:
683:
can potentially become tidally locked to its primary. However, since the exomoon's primary is an
126:
2869:
1200:, referring to the hypothetical event of Earth-evolved life travelling to the Moon to live there
593:
If the moon's mass is not too low compared to the planet, it may in turn stabilize the planet's
6302:
6277:
6267:
6107:
5986:
5790:
5715:
4812:
4701:
4290:
4171:
3783:
3733:
1413:"Potential for Liquid Water Biochemistry Deep under the Surfaces of the Moon, Mars, and beyond"
1131:
1103:
1065:
351:
240:
27:
3758:
3156:
Cook, Jason C.; Desch, Steven J.; Roush, Ted L.; Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Geballe, T.R. (2007).
2815:
1971:
798:
6405:
6307:
6132:
6025:
5860:
5795:
5488:
5433:
5372:
5197:
4892:
4757:
4619:
4259:
4028:
3903:
3803:
3637:
3136:
772:
236:
54:
41:
3828:
2924:
2219:
2147:
1927:
1904:
Heller, R. (2012). "Exomoon habitability constrained by energy flux and orbital stability".
1487:
580:
97:
6395:
6282:
6272:
6243:
6060:
5955:
5379:
5367:
5262:
5212:
5207:
5106:
5049:
5038:
4942:
4792:
4676:
4666:
4572:
4547:
4527:
4137:
3808:
3723:
3419:
3346:
3231:
3169:
3097:
3040:
2985:
2920:
2845:
2782:"Colonization Of Titan? New Clues to What's Consuming Hydrogen, Acetylene On Saturn's Moon"
2694:
2618:
2583:
2530:
2473:
2399:
2319:
2215:
2070:
2010:
1923:
1865:
1607:
1544:
1483:
1434:
1361:
1310:
1267:
1098:
994:
940:
518:
471:
313:
92:
8:
6500:
6208:
6055:
6035:
5981:
5947:
5842:
5514:
5502:
5362:
5187:
4340:
3888:
3868:
3823:
3793:
3602:
3597:
3396:
2886:
2258:
606:, however, a planet without significant tidal effects from its relatively low-mass moons
321:
4972:
3235:
3173:
3101:
3044:
2989:
2849:
2698:
2622:
2587:
2534:
2477:
2403:
2323:
2074:
2014:
1869:
1611:
1548:
1438:
1365:
1314:
1271:
889:
Possible internal ocean of water and ammonia, based on suspected cryovolcanic activity.
227:, though it is not an indicator that they harbor it. Natural satellites are expected to
6488:
6476:
6330:
6187:
6137:
5927:
5855:
5192:
3936:
3853:
3813:
3728:
3428:
3309:
3252:
3221:
3209:
3187:
3113:
3087:
3001:
2861:
2642:
2551:
2520:
2508:
2489:
2463:
2420:
2389:
2377:
2231:
2205:
2094:
1947:
1913:
1883:
1855:
1631:
1619:
1597:
1570:
1534:
1424:
1393:
1082:
1078:
1041:
976:
944:
668:
494:
259:
2485:
2346:
560:, which would cause volcanic activity to regulate the moon's temperature and create a
16:
Measure of the potential of natural satellites to have environments hospitable to life
5963:
5833:
5532:
5526:
5320:
5070:
5023:
4987:
4727:
4706:
4184:
3818:
3566:
3561:
3510:
3360:
3257:
3191:
3117:
3056:
2865:
2634:
2556:
2493:
2425:
2235:
2086:
1951:
1939:
1878:
1843:
1670:
1635:
1623:
1562:
1557:
1520:
1501:
1496:
1471:
1452:
1385:
1377:
1334:
1326:
1283:
1036:
522:
428:
263:
216:
19:
5810:
3005:
1887:
1574:
1397:
6452:
6410:
6350:
6297:
6203:
6177:
6077:
5654:
5508:
4932:
4562:
4310:
4073:
4063:
3923:
3873:
3763:
3753:
3677:
3607:
3592:
3391:
3247:
3239:
3177:
3105:
3048:
2993:
2928:
2853:
2702:
2646:
2626:
2591:
2546:
2538:
2481:
2415:
2407:
2327:
2223:
2098:
2078:
2018:
1931:
1873:
1615:
1552:
1491:
1442:
1369:
1318:
1275:
1197:
1118:
1089:
1071:
1029:
3076:"Enceladus's and Dione's floating ice shells supported by minimum stress isostasy"
2227:
1935:
281:
like that of Earth are possible. The strongest candidates therefore are currently
6425:
6415:
6238:
6097:
6082:
6045:
6030:
5976:
5902:
5595:
5227:
5060:
4686:
4008:
3848:
3748:
3672:
3662:
3441:
2997:
2706:
2331:
911:
808:
790:
626:
557:
481:
388:. However, none of these subsurface bodies of water has been confirmed to date.
6516:
6312:
6213:
6142:
6092:
5968:
5866:
5603:
5146:
4742:
4681:
4656:
3913:
3908:
3713:
3622:
3052:
1447:
1412:
1217:
1181:
1153:
565:
509:
463:
397:
278:
267:
251:
247:
3073:
2932:
1373:
901:
350:
The conditions of habitability for natural satellites are similar to those of
6510:
6258:
6223:
6182:
5705:
5695:
5568:
5538:
4802:
4048:
4043:
4038:
3718:
3657:
3612:
3551:
3546:
3521:
3456:
3446:
3436:
2573:
2288:
1943:
1627:
1566:
1505:
1456:
1381:
1330:
1287:
1056:
1006:
988:
983:
879:
849:
752:
722:
691:
676:
656:
611:
607:
561:
514:
454:
439:
An atmosphere is considered by astrobiologists to be important in developing
294:
282:
102:
77:
23:
6464:
6420:
6365:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6287:
6162:
6102:
5735:
5700:
4827:
4782:
4767:
4752:
4737:
4696:
4691:
4671:
4661:
4642:
4194:
4179:
4058:
3955:
3878:
3647:
3627:
3617:
3515:
3451:
3261:
3060:
2638:
2595:
2560:
2429:
2090:
2036:
1691:"Exomoons Could Be As Likely To Host Life As Exoplanets, Claims Scientists"
1389:
1338:
1192:
1147:
1116:
system, which is located 41 light years from the Sol system in the lore of
1050:
1001:
932:
864:
837:
764:
467:
444:
339:
335:
329:
271:
232:
112:
87:
3243:
2660:
2542:
2411:
1322:
1279:
614:, axial tilt can undergo extreme changes from 13° to 40° on timescales of
250:, atmosphere and geology. Of the natural satellites in the Solar System's
6355:
6020:
5828:
5646:
5638:
5544:
5123:
5013:
4732:
4722:
4120:
3898:
3893:
3863:
3833:
3788:
3743:
3738:
3667:
3652:
3587:
3531:
3526:
3492:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3109:
2911:
Vance, Steve; et al. (2014). "Astrobiology of
Jupiter's Icy Moons".
2608:
936:
778:
759:) has been detected, providing another potential energy source for life.
505:
480:
measurements suggest that large moons can have magnetic fields; it found
440:
424:
5457:
2630:
2082:
1521:"On the detectability of habitable exomoons withKepler-class photometry"
6370:
6248:
6167:
5611:
5100:
4787:
4091:
3858:
3632:
3556:
3482:
3461:
1109:
952:
948:
841:
672:
594:
450:
328:
in the habitable zone are thought to be the best candidates to harbour
2857:
2752:"NASA: Saturn's Moon Enceladus Has All The Basic Ingredients For Life"
2309:
1721:"Kepler data reveals 121 gas giants that could harbor habitable moons"
597:, i.e. its obliquity against the orbit around the star. On Earth, the
6390:
6127:
6122:
5937:
5912:
5619:
5237:
5094:
5055:
5033:
3541:
3536:
3502:
3487:
3376:
2729:
1519:
Kipping, David M.; Fossey, Stephen J.; Campanella, Giammarco (2009).
1189:
1126:
1018:
915:
826:
738:
684:
630:
526:
501:
370:
325:
308:
are not yet confirmed to exist and their detection may be limited to
298:
3210:"Exomoon habitability constrained by illumination and tidal heating"
2509:"Exomoon habitability constrained by illumination and tidal heating"
2378:"Exomoon habitability constrained by illumination and tidal heating"
6112:
6087:
5999:
5992:
5887:
5818:
5295:
5285:
5217:
5008:
4982:
4957:
3931:
3182:
3157:
3092:
3030:
2022:
2001:
Kuiper, Gerard P. (1944). "Titan: A satellite with an atmosphere".
1429:
1113:
3226:
2525:
2468:
2394:
2210:
1918:
1860:
1602:
1539:
5897:
5872:
5576:
5151:
4977:
3943:
2195:
1185:
1024:
680:
385:
373:
324:. Given the general planet-to-satellite(s) mass ratio of 10,000,
305:
286:
220:
31:
906:
316:. Despite this, some scientists estimate that there are as many
6380:
5892:
5800:
5394:
4967:
4937:
4927:
4887:
4611:
4254:
3582:
3406:
3341:
2828:
381:
377:
290:
231:
and the study of their habitability is therefore important to
5310:
5182:
3301:
3074:
Mikael Beuthe, Attilio Rivoldini, Antony Trinh (2016-09-28).
1588:
Kaltenegger, L. (2010). "Characterizing Habitable Exomoons".
2915:. Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII.
2840:. Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII.
1351:
1237:"Buried alive: Half of Earth's life may lie below land, sea"
529:
stars. They found that an atmosphere with a carbon dioxide (
5662:
5257:
803:
Thought to have a subsurface ocean heated by tidal forces.
603:
598:
338:
are likely to play as significant a role providing heat as
255:
224:
82:
6459:
521:
modelled the temperature on tide-locked exoplanets in the
262:(though some estimates put those outside it) and numerous
5353:
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
4543:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
2887:"Ganymede May Harbor 'Club Sandwich' of Oceans and Ice"
1518:
751:
Thought to have a subsurface liquid water ocean due to
3155:
2338:
2162:
6436:
6401:
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
931:
known to be located within a habitable zone (such as
2242:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1642:
1470:Crawford, Ian A; Cockell, Charles S (2010-07-23).
755:or geothermal activity. Free molecular hydrogen (H
553:are speculated to make the temperature habitable.
5781:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
5771:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4873:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
4863:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4220:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4215:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
3207:
2506:
2375:
2105:
1848:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1526:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1345:
1218:"Phoenix Mars Mission – Habitability and Biology"
556:Tidal effects could also allow a moon to sustain
6508:
6068:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
3839:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2879:
2273:
1714:
1712:
1512:
1251:
396:For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's
270:and it is not yet known to what extent this and
4798:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
2945:
1958:
1482:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 4.11–4.14.
1469:
1135:; it is also the namesake of their home system.
3203:
3201:
2567:
2114:"How Volcanoes Work – Volcano Climate Effects"
1779:
1581:
694:as a threat for the habitability of exomoons.
5473:
4627:
3317:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
1899:
1897:
1835:
1709:
1411:Lingam, Manasvi; Loeb, Abraham (2020-09-21).
1257:
192:
4778:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
3141:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2965:
2684:
2602:
2347:"Moons Like Avatar's Pandora Could Be Found"
1294:
6376:History of the extraterrestrial life debate
6073:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal
3198:
2678:
2189:
2060:
1587:
1354:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
5691:Planetary habitability in the Solar System
5480:
5466:
5203:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
4634:
4620:
3324:
3310:
2507:Heller, René; Rory Barnes (January 2013).
2436:
1894:
1844:"Transit timing effects due to an exomoon"
1657:. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09
1410:
1125:Harval, the Angara homeworld, orbits the
625:Being tidally locked to a giant planet or
199:
185:
69:Planetary habitability in the Solar System
5487:
5390:European Astrobiology Network Association
3382:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
3251:
3225:
3181:
3091:
2904:
2822:
2550:
2524:
2467:
2419:
2393:
2303:
2209:
1917:
1877:
1859:
1743:
1718:
1601:
1556:
1538:
1495:
1446:
1428:
1423:(1). American Astronomical Society: L11.
1300:
571:
6118:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
5786:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
4883:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
4250:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2809:
2803:
905:
579:
564:which would give the satellite a strong
18:
5923:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
5301:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
2132:
1841:
1648:
239:. There are, nevertheless, significant
6509:
2453:
2111:
2000:
1969:
1903:
1810:
1792:from the original on 16 September 2009
910:Artist's impression of a hypothetical
697:
587:in Sudarsky's exoplanet classification
345:
5824:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
5461:
5291:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
4615:
4558:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
3305:
3274:
2971:
2910:
2831:"Astrobiology of Jupiter's Icy Moons"
2749:
2719:
2345:Choi, Charles Q. (27 December 2009).
1749:
1220:. University of Arizona. 2014-04-24.
1108:Eayn, the Kig-Yar homeworld, orbits
962:
5776:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
5761:Habitability of neutron star systems
5521:Viking lander biological experiments
5440:
4868:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4853:Habitability of neutron star systems
4240:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4230:Habitability of neutron star systems
2344:
1970:LePage, Andrew J. (August 1, 2006).
1234:
391:
5751:Habitability of binary star systems
5726:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
4843:Habitability of binary star systems
4583:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
4210:Habitability of binary star systems
2357:from the original on 12 August 2020
1823:from the original on 5 October 2011
1811:Scharf, Caleb A. (4 October 2011).
1782:"Ocean Hidden Inside Saturn's Moon"
1731:from the original on 3 January 2023
229:outnumber planets by a large margin
49:This article is one of a series on:
13:
6386:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
6229:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
5756:Habitability of natural satellites
5405:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4848:Habitability of natural satellites
4773:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
4568:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4225:Habitability of natural satellites
3287:from the original on 29 March 2019
3208:Heller, René; Rory Barnes (2012).
2972:Nimmo, Francis (15 January 2015).
2376:Heller, René; Rory Barnes (2012).
2248:
2177:from the original on 11 March 2012
2120:from the original on 23 April 2011
1982:from the original on March 5, 2023
971:factual satellite, fictional life
747:Enceladus – potential habitability
213:habitability of natural satellites
14:
6533:
5766:Habitability of red dwarf systems
5385:Center for Life Detection Science
5306:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
4858:Habitability of red dwarf systems
4235:Habitability of red dwarf systems
3012:from the original on 5 March 2023
2762:from the original on 29 June 2023
2456:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
2251:"How Earth and the Moon interact"
2039:. Pennsylvania State University.
1160:K-type main-sequence star systems
799:Callisto – potential habitability
637:
173:F-type main-sequence star systems
163:K-type main-sequence star systems
6494:
6482:
6470:
6458:
6446:
5918:Life Investigation For Enceladus
5439:
5428:
5427:
5410:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
5243:Life Investigation For Enceladus
4763:Extraterrestrial sample curation
4641:
4332:Stars with proto-planetary discs
4296:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
4286:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3774:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3405:
3275:McKie, Robin (13 January 2013).
2168:
1879:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13999.x
1719:Jorgenson, Amber (5 June 2018).
1697:from the original on 28 May 2018
1649:Shriber, Michael (26 Oct 2009).
1558:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15472.x
1497:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2010.51411.x
1235:Boyd, Robert S. (8 March 2010).
1224:from the original on 2014-04-16.
663:
650:
488:
122:Potentially habitable exoplanets
40:
5348:Astrobiology Society of Britain
5223:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
4878:Habitable zone for complex life
4245:Habitable zone for complex life
3683:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3387:Methods of detecting exoplanets
3268:
3149:
3124:from the original on 2022-09-07
3067:
3024:
2954:from the original on 2011-01-05
2939:
2893:from the original on 2020-01-31
2792:from the original on 2010-06-08
2774:
2743:
2713:
2667:from the original on 2020-02-15
2653:
2500:
2369:
2054:
2043:from the original on 2005-02-25
2029:
1994:
1804:
1780:Bryner, Jeanna (24 June 2009).
1773:
1683:
1651:"Detecting Life-Friendly Moons"
357:
5908:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
5233:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
4426:Discovered exoplanets by year
3331:
2946:Charles Q. Choi (2010-06-07).
2814:. Science@NASA. Archived from
2750:Nield, David (13 April 2017).
2140:"Solar System Exploration: Io"
2037:"In Search Of Habitable Moons"
1463:
1404:
1228:
1210:
926:has been assembled by various
844:generates a trace atmosphere.
1:
6041:Berkeley SETI Research Center
5741:Extraterrestrial liquid water
5281:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
4833:Extraterrestrial liquid water
4553:Extrasolar planets in fiction
4200:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2812:"Callisto makes a big splash"
2720:Boyle, Alan (March 9, 2006).
2171:"Magnetic Field of the Earth"
1204:
895:
671:in the habitable zone around
434:
364:Extraterrestrial liquid water
6361:Extraterrestrials in fiction
6234:Interplanetary contamination
5731:Circumstellar habitable zone
5615:(unusual light fluctuations)
5607:(unusual light fluctuations)
5599:(unusual light fluctuations)
5415:Spanish Astrobiology Center
4823:Circumstellar habitable zone
4573:Planets in globular clusters
4190:Circumstellar habitable zone
3080:Geophysical Research Letters
2998:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.01.044
2707:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.010
2332:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.05.007
1906:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1620:10.1088/2041-8205/712/2/L125
817:Ganymede – Subsurface oceans
644:circumstellar habitable zone
470:and radiation belts. NASA's
466:of its own that can deflect
7:
6219:Extraterrestrial hypothesis
5400:NASA Astrobiology Institute
4533:Exoplanet naming convention
3643:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2913:Planetary and Space Science
2810:Phillips, T. (1998-10-23).
2486:10.1088/2041-8205/776/2/L33
2228:10.1051/0004-6361/201015809
1936:10.1051/0004-6361/201220003
1141:
980:(1903) and many other films
902:Exomoon § Habitability
10:
6538:
5933:Mars sample-return mission
5248:Mars sample return mission
3769:Extraterrestrial materials
3403:
3053:10.1089/153110701753198918
2198:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1693:. Cosmos Up. 21 May 2018.
1476:Astronomy & Geophysics
1472:"Astrobiology on the Moon"
1112:, the third planet in the
924:list of exomoon candidates
899:
783:methane-based biochemistry
361:
6321:
6257:
6196:
6151:
6009:
5809:
5714:
5686:Earliest known life forms
5678:
5631:
5588:
5561:
5554:
5495:
5423:
5338:
5326:Terrestrial Planet Finder
5271:
5170:
5132:
5116:
5084:
5001:
4910:
4901:
4811:
4748:Earliest known life forms
4715:
4649:
4596:Discoveries of exoplanets
4591:
4520:
4309:
4268:
4170:
4082:
3989:
3922:
3799:Interplanetary dust cloud
3695:
3575:
3501:
3427:
3414:
3369:
3337:
3277:"Is there life on moons?"
3162:The Astrophysical Journal
2933:10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.011
2003:The Astrophysical Journal
1750:Cowen, Ron (2008-06-07).
1675:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1590:The Astrophysical Journal
1417:The Astrophysical Journal
1374:10.1007/s11084-008-9135-4
1096:Laythe in the video game
517:. Scientists at the NASA
6051:Breakthrough Initiatives
5358:Breakthrough Initiatives
4301:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
4276:Nearby Habitable Systems
4162:Transit-timing variation
2889:. JPL@NASA. 2014-05-04.
2663:. NBC News. 2009-10-08.
2144:Solar System Exploration
1448:10.3847/2041-8213/abb608
918:that could be habitable.
406:around its primary star
310:transit-timing variation
274:influence habitability.
6155:extraterrestrial beings
5746:Galactic habitable zone
5019:Mars Science Laboratory
4838:Galactic habitable zone
4578:Small planet radius gap
4281:Exoplanet Data Explorer
4205:Galactic habitable zone
3779:Giant-impact hypothesis
3086:(19): 10, 088–10, 096.
2948:"Chance For Life On Io"
2925:2014P&SS...96...62V
2220:2011A&A...528A..27H
1928:2012A&A...545L...8H
1842:Kipping, David (2009).
1488:2010A&G....51d..11C
277:Research suggests that
241:environmental variables
127:Galactic habitable zone
6522:Planetary habitability
6303:Planetarium hypothesis
6293:Hart–Tipler conjecture
6278:Dark forest hypothesis
6268:Aestivation hypothesis
5987:Venus In Situ Explorer
5791:Planetary habitability
5580:(misidentified quasar)
5572:(misidentified pulsar)
5198:Enceladus Life Finder
5178:Breakthrough Enceladus
4702:Planetary oceanography
4538:Exoplanet phase curves
4376:Terrestrial candidates
4327:Multiplanetary systems
4291:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3974:Mean-motion resonances
3784:Gravitational collapse
3734:Circumstellar envelope
2596:10.1006/icar.1999.6187
2287:. NASA. Archived from
2146:. NASA. Archived from
1813:"Exomoons Ever Closer"
1152:Habitability of other
1132:Mass Effect: Andromeda
919:
730:Colonization of Europa
669:Earth-sized exoplanets
590:
572:Axial tilt and climate
431:from a Sun-like star.
352:planetary habitability
34:
6406:Post-detection policy
6308:Rare Earth hypothesis
6133:Voyager Golden Record
6026:Allen Telescope Array
5861:Enceladus Life Finder
5796:Superhabitable planet
5489:Extraterrestrial life
5373:Breakthrough Starshot
4973:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
4893:Superhabitable planet
4758:Extraterrestrial life
4413:Potentially habitable
4318:Exoplanetary systems
4260:Superhabitable planet
4019:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3904:Sample-return mission
3804:Interplanetary medium
3244:10.1089/ast.2012.0859
2543:10.1089/ast.2012.0859
2412:10.1089/ast.2012.0859
2281:"Mars 101 – Overview"
1655:Astrobiology Magazine
1323:10.1089/ast.2011.0608
1280:10.1089/ast.2008.1237
914:around a Saturn-like
909:
773:Colonization of Titan
583:
493:While the effects of
237:extraterrestrial life
22:
6396:Planetary protection
6283:Firstborn hypothesis
6273:Berserker hypothesis
6244:Mediocrity principle
6061:Breakthrough Message
5679:Life in the Universe
5380:Carl Sagan Institute
5368:Breakthrough Message
5208:Enceladus Orbilander
4943:Biosatellite program
4793:Planetary protection
4677:Evolutionary biology
4667:Atmospheric sciences
4548:Extragalactic planet
4528:Carl Sagan Institute
3809:Interplanetary space
3724:Circumplanetary disk
3397:Planet-hosting stars
3110:10.1002/2016GL070650
2112:Glatzmaier, Gary A.
1788:. TechMediaNetwork.
1175:yellow dwarf systems
1165:neutron star systems
1099:Kerbal Space Program
1014:fictional satellite
941:Upsilon Andromedae d
690:Scientists consider
657:magnetic environment
519:Ames Research Center
322:habitable exoplanets
243:specific to moons.
215:is the potential of
168:Yellow dwarf systems
153:Neutron star systems
55:Life in the universe
6209:Directed panspermia
6188:Reptilian humanoids
6056:Breakthrough Listen
6036:Arecibo Observatory
5982:Titan Mare Explorer
5555:Signals of interest
5515:Murchison meteorite
5503:Shergotty meteorite
5363:Breakthrough Listen
3889:Protoplanetary disk
3869:Planetary migration
3824:Interstellar medium
3603:Circumtriple planet
3598:Circumbinary planet
3236:2013AsBio..13...18H
3174:2007ApJ...663.1406C
3102:2016GeoRL..4310088B
3045:2001AsBio...1..143I
2990:2015Icar..246....2N
2850:2004SPIE.5555...78L
2699:2008Icar..194..675R
2631:10.1038/nature10608
2623:2011Natur.479..502S
2588:1999Icar..141..263G
2535:2013AsBio..13...18H
2478:2013ApJ...776L..33H
2404:2013AsBio..13...18H
2324:2004Icar..171..255A
2261:on 28 December 2011
2150:on 16 December 2003
2083:10.1038/nature04497
2075:2006Natur.440...61T
2015:1944ApJ...100..378K
1976:Sky & Telescope
1870:2009MNRAS.392..181K
1817:Scientific American
1612:2010ApJ...712L.125K
1549:2009MNRAS.400..398K
1439:2020ApJ...901L..11L
1366:2008OLEB...38..355P
1315:2011AsBio..11..183G
1272:2008AsBio...8..344C
698:In the Solar System
441:prebiotic chemistry
346:Presumed conditions
235:and the search for
143:Binary star systems
6331:Ancient astronauts
5928:Mars Geyser Hopper
5856:Enceladus Explorer
5496:Events and objects
5193:Enceladus Explorer
3854:Nebular hypothesis
3829:Interstellar space
3814:Interstellar cloud
3794:Internal structure
3729:Circumstellar disc
1042:Return of the Jedi
977:A Trip to the Moon
963:In popular culture
945:47 Ursae Majoris b
920:
591:
495:tidal acceleration
318:habitable exomoons
264:minor-planet moons
260:Martian satellites
148:Natural satellites
135:Habitability of...
35:
6434:
6433:
5964:SpaceX Red Dragon
5879:Rosalind Franklin
5674:
5673:
5533:Allan Hills 84001
5527:Allan Hills 77005
5455:
5454:
5334:
5333:
5158:Rosalind Franklin
5071:Trace Gas Orbiter
4728:Allan Hills 84001
4707:Planetary science
4609:
4608:
4185:Astrooceanography
3819:Interstellar dust
3691:
3690:
3567:Ultra-hot Neptune
3562:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3511:Eccentric Jupiter
3361:Planetary science
2950:. Science Daily.
2858:10.1117/12.560356
2617:(7374): 502–505.
1972:"Habitable Moons"
1170:red dwarf systems
893:
892:
523:habitability zone
508:are likely to be
392:Orbital stability
340:stellar radiation
285:such as those of
209:
208:
158:Red dwarf systems
111:Life outside the
6529:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6463:
6462:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6442:
6411:San Marino Scale
6351:Brookings Report
6298:Neocatastrophism
6204:Cosmic pluralism
6178:Little green men
6153:Types of alleged
6078:Astrolinguistics
5667:
5659:
5658:(unknown origin)
5655:Fast radio burst
5651:
5643:
5624:
5623:(unknown origin)
5620:HD 164595 signal
5616:
5608:
5600:
5581:
5573:
5559:
5558:
5509:Nakhla meteorite
5482:
5475:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5443:
5442:
5431:
5430:
4908:
4907:
4803:Yamato meteorite
4636:
4629:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4563:Neptunian desert
3949:Tidally detached
3884:Planet formation
3874:Planetary system
3764:Exozodiacal dust
3754:Disrupted planet
3678:Ultra-cool dwarf
3608:Disrupted planet
3593:Chthonian planet
3425:
3424:
3409:
3392:Planetary system
3326:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3229:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3168:(2): 1406–1419.
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3095:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2868:. Archived from
2835:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2756:sciencealert.com
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2728:. Archived from
2717:
2711:
2710:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2528:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2471:
2451:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2397:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:. Archived from
2246:
2240:
2239:
2213:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1921:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1863:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1758:. Archived from
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1605:
1596:(2): L125–L130.
1585:
1579:
1578:
1560:
1542:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1432:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1243:. Archived from
1232:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1198:Lunar habitation
1090:The Midnight Sky
1083:Avatar franchise
705:
704:
621:
620:10 million years
617:
562:geodynamo effect
552:
551:
550:
540:
539:
538:
477:
422:
421:
417:
201:
194:
187:
44:
37:
36:
26:, a potentially
6537:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6495:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6457:
6447:
6445:
6437:
6435:
6430:
6426:Xenoarchaeology
6416:Technosignature
6317:
6253:
6239:Kardashev scale
6192:
6154:
6147:
6143:Xenolinguistics
6108:Project Phoenix
6098:Project Cyclops
6083:Lincos language
6046:Bracewell probe
6031:Arecibo message
6012:
6005:
5903:Icebreaker Life
5805:
5717:
5710:
5670:
5665:
5657:
5649:
5641:
5627:
5622:
5614:
5606:
5598:
5584:
5579:
5571:
5550:
5491:
5486:
5456:
5451:
5419:
5340:
5330:
5273:
5267:
5228:Icebreaker Life
5166:
5128:
5112:
5086:
5080:
4997:
4903:
4897:
4814:
4807:
4711:
4687:Geomicrobiology
4645:
4640:
4610:
4605:
4601:Search projects
4587:
4516:
4305:
4264:
4166:
4138:Radial velocity
4078:
4034:K/Orange dwarfs
4024:G/Yellow dwarfs
3985:
3979:Titius–Bode law
3918:
3849:Molecular cloud
3749:Detached object
3700:
3698:
3687:
3673:Toroidal planet
3663:Sub-brown dwarf
3571:
3497:
3469:(Super-Mercury)
3442:Coreless planet
3418:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3365:
3333:
3330:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3273:
3269:
3206:
3199:
3154:
3150:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3072:
3068:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2944:
2940:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2714:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2607:
2603:
2572:
2568:
2505:
2501:
2452:
2437:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2291:on 15 June 2009
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2255:Astronomy Today
2247:
2243:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2069:(7080): 61–64.
2059:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1959:
1902:
1895:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1752:"A Shifty Moon"
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1647:
1643:
1586:
1582:
1517:
1513:
1468:
1464:
1409:
1405:
1350:
1346:
1299:
1295:
1256:
1252:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1144:
1017:Andor from the
965:
904:
898:
758:
700:
666:
653:
640:
627:sub-brown dwarf
619:
615:
574:
558:plate tectonics
549:
546:
545:
544:
542:
537:
534:
533:
532:
530:
500:Moons orbiting
491:
475:
437:
419:
415:
414:
412:
405:
394:
366:
360:
348:
279:deep biospheres
205:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6535:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6504:
6503:
6491:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6323:Related topics
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6313:Zoo hypothesis
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6214:Drake equation
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6093:Pioneer plaque
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5966:
5961:
5953:
5945:
5943:Northern Light
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5870:
5867:Europa Clipper
5863:
5858:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5811:Space missions
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5666:(radio signal)
5660:
5652:
5650:(inconclusive)
5644:
5642:(radio source)
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5617:
5609:
5604:EPIC 204278916
5601:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5574:
5565:
5563:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5437:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:Northern Light
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5272:Cancelled and
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5149:
5147:Europa Clipper
5144:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5053:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Drake equation
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:Exoplanetology
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:Astrochemistry
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4150:Transit method
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4097:Direct imaging
4094:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3914:Star formation
3911:
3909:Scattered disc
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3759:Excretion disk
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Accretion disk
3711:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Eyeball planet
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3267:
3197:
3183:10.1086/518222
3148:
3066:
3023:
2964:
2938:
2903:
2878:
2875:on 2008-08-20.
2821:
2818:on 2009-12-29.
2802:
2788:. 2010-06-07.
2773:
2742:
2712:
2693:(2): 675–689.
2677:
2652:
2601:
2582:(2): 263–286.
2566:
2499:
2435:
2368:
2337:
2318:(2): 255–271.
2302:
2272:
2249:Henney, Paul.
2241:
2188:
2161:
2131:
2104:
2053:
2028:
2023:10.1086/144679
1993:
1957:
1893:
1854:(1): 181–189.
1834:
1803:
1772:
1742:
1708:
1682:
1641:
1580:
1533:(1): 398–405.
1511:
1462:
1403:
1360:(4): 355–369.
1344:
1309:(2): 183–191.
1293:
1266:(2): 344–346.
1250:
1247:on 2014-04-25.
1227:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1182:Kepler-1625b I
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1154:celestial body
1150:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1106:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1061:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1012:
1011:
1010:
999:
981:
964:
961:
897:
894:
891:
890:
887:
885:
882:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
855:
852:
846:
845:
834:
832:
829:
823:
822:
819:
814:
811:
805:
804:
801:
796:
793:
787:
786:
775:
770:
767:
761:
760:
756:
749:
744:
741:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
712:
709:
699:
696:
677:tidally locked
665:
662:
652:
649:
639:
638:Habitable edge
636:
573:
570:
566:magnetic field
547:
535:
510:tidally locked
490:
487:
464:magnetic field
455:magnetospheres
436:
433:
427:that orbits 1
410:
403:
398:orbital period
393:
390:
362:Main article:
359:
356:
347:
344:
283:icy satellites
268:tidally locked
252:habitable zone
248:planetary mass
207:
206:
204:
203:
196:
189:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
137:
136:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
116:
115:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
72:
71:
65:
64:
58:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6534:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6502:
6492:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6468:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6454:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:Fermi paradox
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6224:Fermi paradox
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6183:Nordic aliens
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6163:Energy beings
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6013:communication
6008:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5706:Life on Titan
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Life on Venus
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5664:
5661:
5656:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5621:
5618:
5613:
5610:
5605:
5602:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5578:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:Misidentified
5560:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5539:Yamato 000593
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5448:
5447:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Europa Lander
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:Extremophiles
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4074:Yellow giants
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Merging stars
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Asteroid belt
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:Pulsar planet
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Double planet
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Super-Neptune
3550:
3548:
3547:Super-Jupiter
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Helium planet
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Hycean planet
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Desert planet
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Carbon planet
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:(2): 143–60.
3038:
3034:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2791:
2787:
2786:Science Daily
2783:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2732:on 2014-04-03
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1762:on 2011-11-04
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1007:Marvel Comics
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
990:
989:Europa Report
985:
982:
979:
978:
973:
972:
970:
969:
968:
960:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
925:
917:
913:
908:
903:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
839:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
780:
776:
774:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
754:
753:tidal heating
750:
748:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
703:
695:
693:
692:tidal heating
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:Tidal-locking
661:
658:
651:Magnetosphere
648:
645:
635:
632:
628:
623:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
588:
582:
578:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:tidal heating
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
489:Tidal effects
486:
483:
479:
474:
469:
465:
459:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
432:
430:
426:
413:must be <
409:
402:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
365:
355:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
202:
197:
195:
190:
188:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
101:
99:
96:
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6501:Solar System
6421:UFO religion
6366:Extremophile
6346:Biosignature
6341:Astroecology
6336:Astrobiology
6288:Great Filter
6103:Project Ozma
6011:Interstellar
5998:
5991:
5969:
5957:Perseverance
5956:
5948:
5878:
5865:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5755:
5736:Earth analog
5718:habitability
5701:Life on Mars
5444:
5432:
5341:and programs
5339:Institutions
5157:
5139:
5117:Heliocentric
5105:
5093:
5061:
5048:
5040:Perseverance
5039:
5024:
4847:
4828:Earth analog
4815:habitability
4783:Ocean planet
4753:Earth analog
4738:Biosignature
4697:Paleontology
4692:Microbiology
4672:Biochemistry
4662:Astrophysics
4643:Astrobiology
4418:Proper names
4224:
4195:Earth analog
4180:Astrobiology
4172:Habitability
4109:Microlensing
4069:White dwarfs
4039:M/Red dwarfs
4029:Herbig Ae/Be
4014:Brown dwarfs
3956:Rogue planet
3937:Interstellar
3879:Planetesimal
3648:Planetesimal
3628:Giant planet
3618:Ecumenopolis
3516:Mini-Neptune
3452:Dwarf planet
3289:. Retrieved
3281:The Guardian
3280:
3270:
3220:(1): 18–46.
3217:
3214:Astrobiology
3213:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3137:cite journal
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3083:
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3033:Astrobiology
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2881:
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2785:
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2755:
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2730:the original
2725:
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2669:. Retrieved
2655:
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2575:
2569:
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2516:
2513:Astrobiology
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2502:
2459:
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2388:(1): 18–46.
2385:
2382:Astrobiology
2381:
2371:
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2350:
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2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2284:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2254:
2244:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2143:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2107:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2045:. Retrieved
2031:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1975:
1909:
1905:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1816:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1785:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1756:Science News
1755:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1699:. Retrieved
1685:
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
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1303:Astrobiology
1302:
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1260:Astrobiology
1259:
1253:
1245:the original
1241:McClatchy DC
1240:
1230:
1212:
1193:Kepler-1625b
1148:Earth analog
1130:
1129:Faroang, in
1117:
1097:
1088:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1028:
1005:
993:
987:
975:
974:The Moon in
966:
957:
933:Gliese 876 b
928:exoastronomy
921:
838:Solar System
779:cryovolcanos
701:
689:
667:
654:
641:
624:
592:
575:
555:
506:brown dwarfs
499:
492:
472:
468:stellar wind
460:
449:
438:
407:
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395:
367:
358:Liquid water
349:
336:Tidal forces
334:
317:
304:
276:
272:tidal forces
245:
233:astrobiology
212:
210:
147:
113:Solar System
6489:Outer space
6477:Spaceflight
6356:Exotheology
6168:Grey aliens
6021:Active SETI
5949:Opportunity
5829:BioSentinel
5647:Wow! signal
5596:KIC 8462852
5545:CI1 fossils
5274:undeveloped
5124:BioSentinel
5014:Fobos-Grunt
4911:Earth orbit
4733:Biomolecule
4723:Abiogenesis
4716:Main topics
4650:Disciplines
4430:before 2000
4346:Discoveries
4121:Polarimetry
4009:Binary star
3899:Rubble pile
3894:Ring system
3864:Outer space
3834:Kuiper belt
3789:Hills cloud
3744:Debris disk
3739:Cosmic dust
3668:Sub-Neptune
3653:Protoplanet
3588:Brown dwarf
3576:Other types
3532:Hot Neptune
3527:Hot Jupiter
3518:(Gas dwarf)
3493:Super-Earth
3478:Ocean world
3473:Lava planet
3467:Iron planet
3429:Terrestrial
3370:Main topics
3016:21 February
2295:25 December
2265:25 December
2181:29 February
2154:29 February
2124:29 February
2009:: 378–383.
1986:November 4,
1184:, possible
1069:(2012) and
1054:(1979) and
992:(2013) and
937:55 Cancri f
425:brown dwarf
219:to provide
6511:Categories
6391:Noogenesis
6371:Hemolithin
6249:Panspermia
6197:Hypotheses
6173:Insectoids
6138:Water hole
5639:SHGb02+14a
5612:VVV-WIT-07
5321:Red Dragon
5101:OSIRIS-REx
5085:Comets and
4788:Panspermia
4341:Exoplanets
4322:Host stars
4269:Catalogues
4092:Astrometry
4054:Subdwarf B
3991:Host stars
3964:Retrograde
3859:Oort cloud
3697:Formation
3633:Mesoplanet
3557:Super-puff
3483:Mega-Earth
3462:Ice planet
3347:Definition
3332:Exoplanets
3291:15 January
3128:2022-09-07
3093:1610.00548
2958:2011-07-10
2897:2016-04-15
2838:Proc. SPIE
2796:2011-07-10
2736:2011-07-10
2671:2011-07-10
2462:(2): L33.
2361:16 January
2047:2011-07-11
1827:6 November
1766:2013-05-12
1430:2008.08709
1205:References
1066:Prometheus
1063:LV-223 in
1048:LV-426 in
953:HD 37124 c
949:HD 28185 b
900:See also:
896:Extrasolar
842:outgassing
675:are often
673:red dwarfs
595:axial tilt
502:gas giants
451:Sputtering
435:Atmosphere
371:gas giants
330:Earth-like
326:gas giants
6453:Astronomy
6261:solutions
6128:setiQuest
6123:SETI@home
5938:Mars 2020
5913:Laplace-P
5850:Dragonfly
5835:Curiosity
5716:Planetary
5238:Laplace-P
5141:Dragonfly
5095:Hayabusa2
5087:asteroids
5056:Tianwen-1
5034:Mars 2020
5025:Curiosity
4958:Eu:CROPIS
4813:Planetary
4435:2000–2009
4401:1501–2000
4396:1001–1500
4084:Detection
4049:Red giant
3709:Accretion
3701:evolution
3542:Ice giant
3537:Gas giant
3488:Sub-Earth
3377:Exoplanet
3227:1209.5323
3192:122757071
3118:119236092
2866:140590649
2526:1209.5323
2494:118695568
2469:1309.0811
2395:1209.5323
2351:Space.com
2236:118784209
2211:1101.2156
2169:Nave, R.
1952:118458061
1944:0004-6361
1919:1209.0050
1861:0810.2243
1786:Space.com
1725:Astronomy
1636:117385339
1628:2041-8205
1603:0912.3484
1567:0035-8711
1540:0907.3909
1506:1366-8781
1457:2041-8213
1382:0169-6149
1331:1531-1074
1288:1531-1074
1190:exoplanet
1127:gas giant
1081:from the
1072:Predators
1030:Star Wars
1021:franchise
1019:Star Wars
916:exoplanet
739:Enceladus
685:exoplanet
631:red dwarf
527:red dwarf
299:Enceladus
98:Enceladus
28:habitable
6113:SERENDIP
6088:NIROSETI
6000:Viking 2
5993:Viking 1
5898:Foton-M3
5888:ExoLance
5819:Beagle 2
5434:Category
5296:Kazachok
5286:Beagle 3
5218:ExoLance
5171:Proposed
5009:Beagle 2
4983:OREOcube
4963:EXOSTACK
4904:missions
4391:501–1000
4371:Heaviest
4351:Extremes
4059:Subgiant
3932:Exocomet
3285:Archived
3262:23305357
3122:Archived
3061:12467118
3010:Archived
3006:40342189
2984:: 2–10.
2952:Archived
2891:Archived
2790:Archived
2766:22 April
2760:Archived
2726:NBC News
2665:Archived
2639:22089135
2561:23305357
2430:23305357
2355:Archived
2285:Mars 101
2175:Archived
2118:Archived
2091:16511489
2041:Archived
1980:Archived
1888:14754293
1821:Archived
1796:22 April
1790:Archived
1729:Archived
1695:Archived
1671:cite web
1575:16106255
1398:15416810
1390:18566911
1339:21417946
1222:Archived
1142:See also
1102:and its
995:Watchmen
922:A small
809:Ganymede
791:Callisto
482:Ganymede
314:transits
306:Exomoons
221:habitats
30:moon of
6439:Portals
5977:Tanpopo
5873:ExoMars
5577:CTA-102
5569:CP 1919
5446:Commons
5263:Trident
5253:Oceanus
5152:ExoMars
5133:Planned
5107:Rosetta
5062:Zhurong
5050:Phoenix
4988:Tanpopo
4978:O/OREOS
4923:BIOCORE
4366:Largest
4361:Nearest
4064:T Tauri
3960:Orbits
3944:Exomoon
3924:Systems
3638:Planemo
3503:Gaseous
3253:3549631
3232:Bibcode
3170:Bibcode
3098:Bibcode
3041:Bibcode
2986:Bibcode
2921:Bibcode
2846:Bibcode
2695:Bibcode
2647:4405195
2619:Bibcode
2584:Bibcode
2552:3549631
2531:Bibcode
2474:Bibcode
2421:3549631
2400:Bibcode
2320:Bibcode
2216:Bibcode
2204:: A27.
2099:4335141
2071:Bibcode
2011:Bibcode
1924:Bibcode
1866:Bibcode
1608:Bibcode
1545:Bibcode
1484:Bibcode
1435:Bibcode
1362:Bibcode
1311:Bibcode
1268:Bibcode
1186:exomoon
1087:K23 in
1079:Pandora
1025:Yavin 4
854:Neptune
831:Jupiter
813:Jupiter
795:Jupiter
727:Jupiter
714:Article
681:exomoon
473:Galileo
418:⁄
386:Neptune
374:Jupiter
332:moons.
287:Jupiter
62:Outline
32:Jupiter
6381:MERMOZ
5970:Spirit
5893:EXPOSE
5843:Darwin
5801:Tholin
5547:(2011)
5541:(2000)
5535:(1984)
5529:(1977)
5523:(1976)
5517:(1969)
5511:(1911)
5505:(1865)
5395:MERMOZ
5188:CAESAR
5076:Viking
4993:VEGGIE
4968:EXPOSE
4948:E-MIST
4938:BIOPAN
4928:Biolab
4888:Tholin
4381:Kepler
4356:Firsts
4255:Tholin
4126:Timing
4044:Pulsar
3969:Trojan
3583:Blanet
3342:Planet
3260:
3250:
3190:
3116:
3059:
3004:
2978:Icarus
2919:: 62.
2864:
2844:: 10.
2687:Icarus
2645:
2637:
2611:Nature
2576:Icarus
2559:
2549:
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2418:
2312:Icarus
2234:
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2089:
2063:Nature
1950:
1942:
1912:: L8.
1886:
1735:9 June
1701:27 May
1634:
1626:
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1388:
1380:
1337:
1329:
1286:
1156:types
1114:Y'Deio
1110:Chu'ot
1104:sequel
1093:(2020)
1075:(2010)
1060:(1986)
1057:Aliens
1045:(1983)
1033:(1977)
998:(2019)
984:Europa
880:Charon
869:Saturn
850:Triton
840:. The
769:Saturn
743:Saturn
723:Europa
717:Notes
711:System
612:Deimos
608:Phobos
384:, and
382:Uranus
378:Saturn
295:Europa
291:Saturn
258:, two
254:– the
93:Europa
24:Europa
6517:Moons
6465:Stars
5972:rover
5959:rover
5951:rover
5881:rover
5837:rover
5632:Other
5589:Stars
5311:MELOS
5183:BRUIE
5160:rover
5064:rover
5042:rover
5027:rover
4902:Space
4521:Other
4386:1–500
4311:Lists
3420:types
3415:Sizes
3222:arXiv
3188:S2CID
3114:S2CID
3088:arXiv
3002:S2CID
2873:(PDF)
2862:S2CID
2834:(PDF)
2643:S2CID
2521:arXiv
2490:S2CID
2464:arXiv
2390:arXiv
2232:S2CID
2206:arXiv
2095:S2CID
1948:S2CID
1914:arXiv
1884:S2CID
1856:arXiv
1661:9 May
1632:S2CID
1598:arXiv
1571:S2CID
1535:arXiv
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1002:Titan
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765:Titan
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217:moons
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5258:THEO
5002:Mars
4933:Bion
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4505:2023
4500:2022
4495:2021
4490:2020
4485:2019
4480:2018
4475:2017
4470:2016
4465:2015
4460:2014
4455:2013
4450:2012
4445:2011
4440:2010
4155:list
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3417:and
3293:2017
3258:PMID
3143:link
3057:PMID
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2842:5555
2768:2017
2635:PMID
2557:PMID
2426:PMID
2363:2012
2297:2011
2267:2011
2183:2012
2156:2012
2126:2012
2087:PMID
1988:2020
1940:ISSN
1829:2011
1798:2013
1737:2018
1703:2018
1677:link
1663:2013
1624:ISSN
1563:ISSN
1502:ISSN
1453:ISSN
1386:PMID
1378:ISSN
1335:PMID
1327:ISSN
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912:moon
708:Name
655:The
610:and
604:Mars
599:Moon
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289:and
256:Moon
225:life
223:for
211:The
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