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20:
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victorious. Also the Shar`abim–from the city of Shar`ab–were strong, but not to the same degree as the
Habbanis. Once in Yemen there was a wild tribe of murderous Arab warriors that conquered town after town, slaughtering whomever they found. Thus they moved forward from settlement to settlement: killing, destroying–may their names by blotted out–until they approached a city of Jews, 13,000 Jews roughly. Everyone felt hopeless-even the Arabs among them put up their hands, searching for a place to escape. Suddenly ten Habbanis arrived and waged war with them–ten against a thousand–and vanquished all of them. Not even one of those warriors was left alive, and not one of the ten fell.
1311:
85:
241:., al-Adani, Doh, Hillel, Maifa'i, Ma'tuf and Shamakh, were reduced to 1-4 adult males each and their families. The entire Habbani Jewish population was estimated to be no more than 50 people at the end of the 18th century. In the 19th century, the population gradually recovered, despite recurrent migrations to the north (al-Ghabiyah in "il-Hadineh") and west (Abyan, Dathinah and Bayda), from less than one-hundred in 1800 to nearly four-hundred and fifty in the mid-1940s.
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319:, never to return. Although intermittent persecution did occur, the biggest threat to Habbani Jews during this time was conversion due to assimilation. During the great famine of 1724, 700 Jews voluntarily converted to Islam to receive greater food rations. Despite the lack of forced conversions, Habbani Jews also converted to Islam to improve their social status, to pursue romantic affairs, and when seeking refuge due to internal feuds.
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19:
342:, Jews in Habban would begin with preparations such as whitewashing the walls of their homes using a stone known in Arabic as a (קטאט) "Qtat" which had been melted in water and would give the color white. Special utensils, such as pots (אלטסות) "Iltsut", kettles (אלדלל) "Ildelal", and serving plates (אלתחון), which were specifically used only on Pesach were brought out and set aside.
594:
occurred during the 1960s and 1970s when Chabad culture was first introduced to the
Habbani, but by the 1990s community resistance to Chabad had faded. The community had welcomed the piety introduced through Chabad education but had taken offence to differences in religious ritual. By the 1980s, Chabad Habbani had established a synagogue and founded the
487:
The vast majority of
Habbani Jews left Yemen in the Spring of 1950, after Operation Magic Carpet and the riots in Aden had concluded. The largest impetus for them was that the earlier migrants over the past few years had left Habban with considerable outstanding debts, and the remaining community was
470:
The way was generally in the direction of Ihwar. In Ihwar they would stay for some time, collecting food, money, and afterwards continue from there to Sheikh `Uthman and `Aden, to the camp Hashid—and from there they would wait their turn for the airplane to the Land . The problem was getting to camp
249:
In Habban, there were two synagogues that were divided between the two major Jewish families, Maatuf and Hillel. The older of the two was the building that the Hillel family continued to pray in after the Maatuf family formed a new synagogue. The Hillel family synagogue was also frequented by members
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Eyewitnesses Gamar bath Hassan `Adeni, Sa`id bin Yusuf and Sa`id bin Musa Mif`i, who were present and participated at the time of the uprising, and presently live in Salame – Tel Aviv, recount the might of those
Habbani Jewish individuals who fought with bravery and strength, and that they killed a
445:
The vanguard of the
Habbani Jews was led by Zecharyah Habbani who kept after the officials in charge of immigration to accelerate the transfer of the Jews from the Hadramaut to the Land of Israel. They are in dire distress," he reported. "They are suffering from hunger and from the edicts of Hussein
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was ground and prepared by women in their community while the baking was performed by the men. The matzah was made the day before Pesach, after mid-day, with various recitations of the Hallel being sung in groups. The first group would sing the lines of the Hallel while the second group would answer
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The drought of the 1700s decimated the
Habbani. The Bah'quer and D'gurkash clans specifically left the valley to seek sustenance for their families. They traveled all the way to India, but when they returned they found that most of their families had died from starvation. They left Yemen again to
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who, under clan founder
Yonadab ben Rechav, led a nomadic existence. Following the destruction of First Temple, they wandered as far as the region of Khaybar, drawn to it by its oasis of palm trees and grain fields. The oasis was strategically located on the Arabian route up to Israel and Syria, 140
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Upon emigration to Israel, the Jews of Habban did not possess many written texts due to a number of factors such as constant travel of men from their communities as well as the theft of their existing texts. In order to bridge the gap Rabbi Shalom
Yitzhaq Maatuf Doh compiled a prayer book based on
216:
In the 16th century, thanks to the advice of a
Habbani Jew, Suleman the Wise, the Jews received a special quarter of Habban. And in the late 17th century, a severe drought hit Habban, resulting in considerable demographic changes. Habbani families came under intense pressure to reproduce to help
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by giving to the poor and preparing the food that would be eaten. Members of the community would wash themselves and don their best clothes before going to the synagogue to pray
Minchah and Arvit. On the day of Shavuot after praying Shachrit and Musaf the Jews of Habban had a special tradition to
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tribe accepted Judaism, approximately 100 C.E. According to Habbani Jewish sources Jewish migrants, traveling south from Saudi Arabia, first settled in an area known as "Ilmarkh" (אלמרך) near a mountain known as Ishav (אשב) which is 10 km east from the city of Habban. The area, once known as
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Hasidic movement in some way. According to anthropologist Laurence Loeb, the religious integration and influence of Chabad has reshaped Habbani culture. Traditional Habbani values are praised and valued by the Chabad affiliates, although a preference for Chabad values is also held. Some tensions
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After breakfast they had a tradition of pouring water on each other as symbol of the people of Israel receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai with the water being symbolic of the Torah, based on Isaiah 55:1 which states, "all who are thirsty come for water." The first to start this tradition was Mori
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Habbani Jews were extremely reluctant to migrate to Israel, citing their good relations with their neighbors. In 1945, a Habbani Jew claimed to be the Messiah, gathering both a Jewish and Muslim following from Hadhramaut and made his way to Beihar. He became known for his pomp and extravagance,
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Yavne'eli further described the community structure by stating that the Zecharyah clan were the first of the Habbani Jewish clans and that they were local merchants of silver, leather pelts, and cobbling. He further noted that meat was only eaten on the Shabbat and even coffee was considered a
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like other Yemeni Jews, and, rather than covering their heads, wore an oiled thong through their characteristically long hair. They plucked their mustaches, distinct from other Jews, but similar to neighboring Muslims. They wore a blue prayer shawl over one shoulder, or walked bare chested,
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These population shortages could result in marriages outside of traditional family lines. Around the mid-1800s, one Habbani man from the al-Adani clan whose wife had died married a woman from al-Bedhani. The woman allegedly seduced and married a non-Jewish neighbor, and the ensuing backlash
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The Habbanis were mighty heroes. I heard a lot from elders in my youth about the Habbanis, about their wars, how they would fight ‘according to names’. What does it mean ‘according to names’? –the letters: They would make the shape of the letters with their hands, and by this they would be
438:
decorating his horse's saddle with gold and silver. Following a large battle where the alleged Messiah and his followers were vanquished, tensions between some of the Muslim rulers and the Jewish communities were accentuated. Some Habbani Jews blamed activities and letters by the
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and Yathrib were two Jewish communities in Arabia that initially maintained a measure of independence. The Jews shared Yathrib with two Arab clans that who were sometimes friendly and other times quite hostile. According to tradition, the Jews of Khaybar were descended from the
512:
The Jews of Habban, for most of their history, were separated from the main centers of Yemenite Jewry, and isolated geographically. Despite their isolation they succeeded in developing their own resources, religious as well as economic, and created an environment of their own.
72:. The city of Habban had a Jewish community of 450 in 1947, which was considered to possibly be the remains of a larger community which lived independently in the region before its decline in the 6th century. The Jewish community of Habban disappeared from the map of the
197:
258:
The Jews of Habban, though isolated from the majority of Yemenite Jewish communities, were able to maintain various levels of contact with larger Jewish populations in the north and shared in many of their common traits. They possessed religious texts such as the
581:, which usually accounted for 10-20% of marriages. A co-wife in Habbani culture was referred to as "sarra", or ‘ discord’ and was brought into the household without consent of the existing wives. Most women were prepubescent at the time of their first marriage.
520:, and many were advanced legalists. The most notorious legal scholar among them was Musa bin Rom Shamakh in the 17th century, who was the last individual able to make binding legal decisions. Despite this religious zeal, voluntary conversions of Habbani Jews to
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smearing their torsos with sesame oil and indigo. A course calico loincloth, died indigo, covered their bottom, and they typically walked barefoot or with sandals. The women wore their hair in tiny braids, and wore loose-fitting embroidered dresses.
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Abdallah of Habban and his sons. They are also in debt to the Moslems, who charge them exorbitant rates of interest." The Jewish Agency took action, and few families left the Hadramaut. After 1948, small numbers of Habbani Jews made their way to
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the traditions from Habban, in addition to the traditions of both Baladi and Shami Yemenite communities as well. He did not live to see the first printing of his siddur, but the work was completed by his sons and his son-in-law Avner Maatuf.
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Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages 126 to
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Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages 90 to
909:
Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages 37 to
862:
Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages 26 to
756:
Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages 8 to
237:. Most of these tribes assimilated into local populations, adopting the surnames of their patrons. Other Habbani Jews during the drought of the 1700s migrated to the west, to Bayda, Bayhan and Aden. The remaining Habbani clans in Yemen,
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Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of the Hatzarmaut in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., page
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Yavne'eli indicated that in 1911 there were only 60 Jewish families left in Habban. Bin Ibrahim Habbani, who was born in Habban and emigrated to Israel in 1945, indicated there were 700 Jews in Hadhramaut, 450 of which were in Habban.
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Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages
680:
Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages
690:
Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., page
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The Jews in these parts are held in high esteem by everyone in Yemen and Aden. They are said to be courageous, always with their weapons and wild long hair, and the names of their towns are mentioned by the Jews of Yemen with great
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Habbani Jews in Israel and America today experience an acute threat of cultural assimilation. By the 1960s, none but the elders wore traditional clothing, and many in Israel complained about discrimination at the hands of
500:. They were often referred to by other Israelis as "primitive" and "wild Indians.". This resulted in some Habbanim fighting back against what was perceived as "cultural imperialism." Through the practice of extensive
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Though isolated, the Jews of Habban did maintain some level of contact with other Yemenite Jewish communities though said contact was infrequent and usually resulted from some quarrel over some point of Jewish law.
996:
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Hashid, for they would not always allow entry, and not to everyone. Therefore the first emigrants remained a relatively long time in Sheikh `Uthman. And when the pogrom in `Aden happened, they were in danger.
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with the statement (הללויה) "Halleluyah" or (כי לעולם חסדו) "Because his mercy is forever". Some even had the tradition to answer the Hallel with the Arabic translation (קד לדהר פצלו) "Qid liddhar fassluw".
1204:
Boyar, Daniel (Apr.,1978). "On the History of the Babylonian Jewish Aramaic Reading Traditions: The Reflexes of *a and *ā." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2, Colloquium on Aramaic Studies,
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were often given either the fifth or the sixth aliyah. Each verse of the Torah read in Hebrew is followed by the Aramaic, and sometimes an additional Arabic translation, usually chanted by a child.
378:" served with honey and fried butter which symbolized the Torah being like honey and milk. This was based on the section of Psalms 19:11 which states: "and sweeter than honey and the honeycomb."
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kilometres (90 mi) north of Medina. The Rechabite warriors of Khaybar built a line of forts and castles with the strongest of them being Kamus, built atop an inaccessible cliff.
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among them. Their traditional occupations included silversmiths, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, and making household utensils, and the men particularly engaged in long-distance trading.
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repopulate the community, despite an acute shortage of women. But the most significant impact of the drought was a large-scale exodus of Habbani Jews across Yemen and far beyond.
303:("translation"). Some non-Yemenite synagogues have a specified person called a Baal Koreh, who reads from the Torah scroll when congregants are called to the Torah scroll for an
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of the Shamakh, Mif'ay, and Adani families. The synagogue not only served the purpose of community prayer during Shabbat and the Haggim but also as a Beit Sefer and a Beit Din.
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The major clans of the Habbani were the al Adani, Doh, Hillel, Maifa'i, Ma'tuf, Shamakh, Bah'quer and D'gurkash. All but the last two exist in Israel today. They did not have
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Yitzhaq ben Salem who would pour drops of water into his hands from a can say, "I threw pure water on you and it purifies you from all of your impurities," from Ezikiel 36:25.
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in Yemen. He noted that this group of Jews were at times in armed combat with various north African tribes and also had contact with Jewish communities in Persia and Egypt.
994:
322:
An example of these types of feuds was an inheritance dispute in the 1930s between the daughters of a man with no sons resulted in one line of the lineage migrating to
1245:
395:
1133:, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages II.
307:, yet in Yemenite communities each person called to the Torah scroll for an aliyah reads for himself. In contrast, in Habban, children under the age of
492:. By September 1950, most Habbani Jews were living at the Ein Shemer Immigration Camp in Israel until permanent housing could be arranged for them.
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recite "Azharot" liturgical poems, or versifications, of the 613 commandments in the rabbinical enumeration as found in the Siddur of Saadia Gaon.
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1208:
Goldberg, Harvey E. (1996). "Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: history and culture in the modern era." Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
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Klorman, Bat-Zion Eraqi (Fall 2007). “Muslim Society as an Alternative: Jews Converting to Islam,” Jewish Social Studies n.s. 14, no. 1 :89–118.
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In Israel the Habbanim settled in two moshavim: Kefar Shalem, near Tel Aviv and Bereqet, 3 kilometres (2 mi) from Ben Gurion Airport.
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Mount "Da'ah" (הר דעה), was said to have once been the seat of a Jewish rulership that may have also been connected to the Himyar tribe.
163:. According to Tudela's travel log he found an independent Jewish warrior tribe living in several mountainous areas near the district of
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or curved knife, matznaph (turban) and avne`t (sash). It was very uncommon for Jews in Yemen, outside of Habban, to wear the Jambiya.
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great number of Arabs. And with what weapons did they fight? Like axes, pickaxes, knives, and iron bars and wooden bats, and the like.”
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Towne, Bradford (1990). "Generational Change in Skin Color Variation among Habbani Yemeni Jews" Human Biology, 62:1 (1990:Feb.).
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There were a number of characteristics that made the Jews of Habban in modern times distinct from the Jews of Northern Yemen.
1965:
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Religious fervor was common among Habbani Jews. Even the most uneducated among them were capable of conducting the role of
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504:, many Habbani Jews were able to retain their identity. Up to 88% of Habbani Jews chose to marry within their community.
1985:
1980:
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are the only communities who maintain the tradition of reading the Torah in the synagogue in both Hebrew and the Aramaic
969:, Jewish Communities in Exotic Places, by Ken Blady, Jason Aronson, Inc, Northvale, New Jersey, Jerusalem, 2000, page 32
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Ahroni, Reuben (1994). "The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: history, culture, and ethnic relations." Brill.
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Weingrod, Alex (1985). "Studies in Israeli ethnicity: after the ingathering." Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
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Belcove-Shalin, Janet S. (1995). "New world Hasidim: ethnographic studies of Hasidic Jews in America." SUNY Press.
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concerned about being held responsible. In January 1950 they traveled from Habban and arrived in Mahane Geula in
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Describing the route followed by most Habbanis who participated in the Israeli airlift, Operation Magic Carpet:
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Local Yemenite accounts place the establishment of a substantial Jewish presence in Southern Yemen after the
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Habbani Jews were described as taller and more muscular than their Muslim neighbors. The men did not sport
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A Living Memory of the Bravery & Might of the Habbani Warriors Continues among Baladi Yemenite Jews
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while another places the earliest migration just before the destruction of the First Temple during the
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275:. Yet, the Jews of Habban also developed their own traditions and customs which made them distinct.
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124:, traveled to Yemen. The Jews of southern Yemen have a tradition that they are the descendants of
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According to researcher Kevin Avruch, about half of the Habbani in Israel are affiliated with the
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in southern Yemen. Yavnieli wrote about the Jews of Habban describing them in the following way.
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Loeb, Laurence D. "HaBaD and Habban:" 770's" Impact on a Yemenite Jewish Community in Israel."
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came into contact with Habbani Jews who ransomed him when he was captured and robbed by eight
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by Shalom Yitzhaq Maatuf Doh, published by Avner Maatuf, 2007, pp.512, pages 12, 14 and 18
8:
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1948:
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1055:, by Devora and Menachem Hacohen, Sabra Books Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1969, page 152
981:, by Devora and Menachem Hacohen, Sabra Books Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1969, page 151
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100:. One such tradition has three divisions of Israelite soldiers being sent by either King
97:
65:
76:, in southeast Yemen, with the emigration of all of its members to Israel in the 1950s.
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450:, sometimes fighting hostile Arab tribes along the way. From there they were airlifted
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112:. Another tradition, shared with northern Yemenite Jews, states that under the prophet
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853:, by Laurence D. Loeb, Institute of Semitic Studies, Princeton University 1999, p. 74
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Kutscher, E. Y.(1966) "Yemenite Hebrew and Ancient Pronunciation," JSS 11: 217-25.
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A special breakfast meal was prepared on Shavuot with a type of pastry known as (
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703:," by Shalom Seri and Naftali Ben-David, Eeleh BeTamar publishing, 1991, page 43
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Habbani.com, official web-site for culture and history of the Jews of Hababan,
747:, by Yehudah David Eisenstien, published by Or Hadash, Jerusalem, 1926, page 40
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who settled in the area before the destruction of the Second Temple during the
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were not uncommon, which often put the community in conflict with each other.
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69:
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A Compendium of Jewish Travels - Book: Travels of Rabbi Benyamin from Tudela
358:
Similar to other holy days, the Jews of Habban would prepare the day before
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travel on the Indian Ocean, settling in India and East Africa along typical
132:. According to tradition, those Judeans belonged to a brigade dispatched by
84:
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journal dedicated to the synthesis of Chabad teachings and Habbani values.
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Judaeo-Yemenite Studies - Proceedings of the Second International Congress
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Jewish-Muslim Socio-Political Relations in Twentieth Century South Yemen
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Region in Southern Yemen/Aden where the bulk of Habbani Jews were found.
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993:, Words of Rav Yoseph Maghori-Kohen, Recorded by Rabbi Michael Bar-Ron
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28:
24:
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New World Hasidim: Ethnographic Studies of Hasidic Jews in America
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105:
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Silver Treasures from the Land of Sheba; Regional Remeni Jewelry
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886:"The passion of Aramaic-Kurdish Jews brought Aramaic to Israel"
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173:
121:
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226:
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101:
61:
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Unlike the Jews of northern Yemen, the Habbani Jews wore a
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Differences between Habbani Jews and Northern Yemenite Jews
489:
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323:
160:
820:
818:
189:, whose distinctive work was valued across the Hadramaut.
1021:
1019:
1017:
551:
Their unique traditions on holidays and happy occasions.
136:
to assist the Roman legions fighting in the region (see
16:
Jewish community from the Habban region of eastern Yemen
1169:
Avruch, Kevin. "The emergence of ethnicity in Israel."
873:
Tiklal, Atereth Zqenim - Prayers for the year - Book 1,
815:
225:
settlement routes, finding work as mercenaries for the
1014:
735:, Hippocrene Books, New York, 1990, pages 166 to 167
537:
Their distinct profession (they were silversmiths).
790:
788:
771:. American University in Cairo Press. p. 219.
326:and avoided conversion, and them migrated to the
159:traveled through Arabia arriving as far south as
3002:
785:
849:, ed. Ephraim Isaac & Yosef Tobi, article:
79:
1336:
1239:
1129:Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry
192:
760:
628:History of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula
373:
367:
2825:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
1253:
287:
1343:
1329:
1246:
1232:
584:
68:), a subset of the larger ethnic group of
417:According to Rabbi Yoseph Maghori-Kohen:
1372:Index of Jewish history-related articles
1053:One People The Story of The Eastern Jews
979:One People The Story of The Eastern Jews
643:Jews of the Bilad el-Sudan (West Africa)
554:Their version of the prayers and piyutim
196:
83:
18:
2871:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1508:
432:
253:
3003:
1186:, ed. JS Belcove-Shalin (1995): 69-85.
766:
353:
1324:
1227:
1131:of Hatzarmaut in the Last Generations
633:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
1350:
531:Their outer appearance and clothing.
333:
279:Prayer book - Tiklal "Ateret Zqenim"
23:Yemenite Habbani family celebrating
713:Jewish Communities in Exotic Places
368:
43:
13:
2818:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
2798:American Jewish Historical Society
1192:
442:for aggravating tensions further.
116:some 75,000 Israelites, including
14:
3052:
315:resulted in the family moving to
96:in Arabia as early as the era of
3041:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
2982:
2969:
2968:
1309:
653:List of Jews from the Arab World
3036:People from Shabwah Governorate
1176:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1123:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1058:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1005:
984:
972:
960:
941:
931:
922:
913:
903:
878:
866:
856:
828:
806:
797:
701:A Journey to Yemen and Its Jews
534:Their food and its preparation.
385:
185:Habbani was home to "renowned"
2890:Relations with other religions
967:The Jews of Habban South Yemen
750:
738:
722:
706:
694:
684:
674:
201:Habbani woman doing handicraft
1:
2877:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
668:
638:Jewish exodus from Arab lands
244:
180:
2808:Leo Baeck Institute New York
2803:American Sephardi Federation
187:Yemenite Jewish silversmiths
155:Between 1165 and 1117 Rabbi
80:Ancient and medieval history
52:) are a culturally distinct
7:
1631:Constantinopolitan Karaites
731:," by Monroe Rosenthal and
601:
374:
130:Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE
10:
3057:
2859:National Library of Israel
1500:Zionism, race and genetics
1173:14, no. 2 (1987): 327-339.
1110:Belcove-Shalin 1995, p. 72
1092:Belcove-Shalin 1995, p. 82
1074:Belcove-Shalin 1995, p. 76
193:Habbani communal structure
110:597 BCE Siege of Jerusalem
3011:Jews and Judaism in Yemen
2957:
2813:Yeshiva University Museum
2793:Center for Jewish History
2783:
2648:
2520:
2394:
2288:
1819:
1438:
1380:
1362:
1307:
1261:
1160:Goldberg, 1996 p. 265-267
767:Ransom, Marjorie (2014).
295:and the Aramaic speaking
92:Several traditions place
1405:Ancient Israel and Judah
1011:Ahroni, 1994 p. 201, 204
288:Torah reading and Targum
3021:Jewish tribes of Arabia
1781:North African Sephardim
1754:Jewish tribes of Arabia
1255:Jewish tribes of Arabia
1142:Ahroni, 1994 p. 201-202
1034:Ahroni, 1994 p. 200-201
585:Affiliation with Chabad
577:Habbani Jews practiced
460:Operation Flying Carpet
54:Jewish population group
2884:Holocaust Encyclopedia
2854:Jewish Virtual Library
928:Klorman, 2007 p. 94-98
345:The special flour for
202:
89:
31:
3016:Jewish Yemeni history
2831:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2613:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
1798:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
1548:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
1101:Weingrod 1985, p. 210
1083:Weingrod 1985, p. 205
1025:Goldberg, 1996 p. 271
919:Goldberg, 1996 p. 273
834:Goldberg, 1996 p. 268
623:Demographics of Yemen
338:Several weeks before
200:
87:
22:
3026:Jewish ethnic groups
1410:Second Temple period
1171:American Ethnologist
1151:Ahroni, 1994, p. 202
812:Ahroni, 1994, p. 204
719:Inc., 2000, pages 32
433:Emigration to Israel
254:Religious traditions
2848:Jewish Encyclopedia
2593:Hekhalot literature
2404:Religious movements
1939:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1043:Ahroni, 1994 p. 206
803:Ahroni, 1994 p. 201
354:Pentecost - Shavuot
273:Duties of the Heart
66:Shabwah Governorate
2989:Judaism portal
2925:Jews and Halloween
2920:Jews and Christmas
2310:Rabbinic authority
2062:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1495:Xueta Christianity
1400:Origins of Judaism
1367:Outline of Judaism
999:2011-07-17 at the
954:2013-11-05 at the
618:Abrahamic religion
203:
157:Benjamin of Tudela
90:
60:region in eastern
32:
2998:
2997:
2964:extinct languages
2865:YIVO Encyclopedia
2640:Hebrew literature
2608:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
2448:Reconstructionist
2126:Judaeo-Portuguese
1815:
1814:
1771:Eastern Sephardim
1415:Synagogal Judaism
1318:
1317:
1205:pp. 141–160.
794:Towne, 1990 p. 87
715:," by Ken Blady,
648:Judaism and Islam
334:Passover - Pesach
328:Palestine Mandate
3048:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2104:Judeo-Golpaygani
1705:Palestinian Jews
1680:Alexandrian Jews
1636:Crimean Karaites
1553:Unterlander Jews
1506:
1505:
1420:Rabbinic Judaism
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
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1099:
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1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
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1026:
1023:
1012:
1009:
1003:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
945:
939:
935:
929:
926:
920:
917:
911:
907:
901:
900:
898:
897:
888:. Archived from
882:
876:
870:
864:
860:
854:
844:
835:
832:
826:
822:
813:
810:
804:
801:
795:
792:
783:
782:
764:
758:
754:
748:
742:
736:
729:Wars of the Jews
726:
720:
710:
704:
698:
692:
688:
682:
678:
591:Chabad-Lubavitch
396:Shmuel Yavne'eli
377:
371:
370:
98:Solomon's Temple
45:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2983:
2981:
2953:
2779:
2644:
2516:
2390:
2284:
2099:Judeo-Borujerdi
2074:Judeo-Malayalam
2020:Judeo-Aragonese
1991:Lishanid Noshan
1823:
1811:
1543:Oberlander Jews
1504:
1434:
1376:
1358:
1349:
1319:
1314:
1305:
1257:
1252:
1195:
1193:Further reading
1190:
1181:
1177:
1168:
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1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
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1114:
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1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:Wayback Machine
989:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
956:Wayback Machine
946:
942:
936:
932:
927:
923:
918:
914:
908:
904:
895:
893:
884:
883:
879:
871:
867:
861:
857:
845:
838:
833:
829:
823:
816:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
786:
779:
765:
761:
755:
751:
743:
739:
727:
723:
711:
707:
699:
695:
689:
685:
679:
675:
671:
604:
587:
510:
435:
388:
356:
336:
290:
281:
256:
247:
231:Mughal emperors
195:
183:
134:Herod the Great
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2978:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:non-Christian
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
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2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
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2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Shulchan Aruch
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:Sefer Yetzirah
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Pardes Rimonim
2595:
2588:Kabbalah texts
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
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2484:
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2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2445:
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2434:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2381:Land of Israel
2378:
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2376:
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2356:
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2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2257:Judeo-Alsatian
2249:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
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2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Judeo-Hamedani
2106:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2084:Judaeo-Occitan
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2025:Jewish English
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1956:Judaeo-Aramaic
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:Judeo-Tunisian
1941:
1936:
1934:Judeo-Moroccan
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:Judeo-Baghdadi
1914:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
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1867:
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1829:
1817:
1816:
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1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1778:
1776:Livornese Jews
1773:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
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1712:
1707:
1702:
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1687:
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1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Afrikaner-Jode
1514:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
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1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
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1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
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1360:
1359:
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1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1303:
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1268:
1262:
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1258:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1175:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1122:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1013:
1004:
983:
971:
959:
940:
930:
921:
912:
902:
877:
865:
855:
836:
827:
814:
805:
796:
784:
777:
759:
749:
737:
721:
705:
693:
683:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
663:Yehoshua Sofer
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
603:
600:
586:
583:
556:
555:
552:
549:
540:There were no
538:
535:
532:
509:
506:
482:
481:
474:
473:
434:
431:
426:
425:
411:
410:
387:
384:
355:
352:
335:
332:
289:
286:
280:
277:
269:Shulkhan Arukh
255:
252:
246:
243:
194:
191:
182:
179:
81:
78:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3053:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Yemenite Jews
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2991:
2990:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Protestantism
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Sefer HaBahir
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Sifrei Kodesh
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
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2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2386:Who is a Jew?
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2353:
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2349:
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2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Chosen people
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2271:Scots-Yiddish
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:Klezmer-loshn
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
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2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
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2117:
2115:
2114:Judeo-Shirazi
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
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2089:Judeo-Persian
2087:
2085:
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2080:
2079:Judeo-Marathi
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2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
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2058:
2057:Judeo-Italian
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2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
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2018:
2012:
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2008:
2007:
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1999:
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1994:
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1912:Judeo-Amazigh
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1735:Hadhrami Jews
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1726:
1723:
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1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Mountain Jews
1698:
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1695:Egyptian Jews
1693:
1691:
1690:Bukharan Jews
1688:
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1683:
1681:
1678:
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1479:
1478:Lists of Jews
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1474:
1471:
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1454:
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1334:
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1323:
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1291:Banu Shutayba
1289:
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975:
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892:on 2017-08-16
891:
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778:9789774166006
774:
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763:
753:
746:
741:
734:
733:Isaac Mozeson
730:
725:
718:
717:Jason Aronson
714:
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631:
629:
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624:
621:
619:
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613:Yemenite Jews
611:
609:
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605:
599:
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596:Alon Bareqqet
592:
582:
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568:
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440:Jewish Agency
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331:
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312:
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306:
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298:
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293:Yemenite Jews
285:
276:
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270:
266:
265:Mishneh Torah
262:
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242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
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190:
188:
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141:
139:
138:Aelius Gallus
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
77:
75:
71:
70:Yemenite Jews
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
2980:
2973:
2959:
2882:
2875:
2863:
2846:
2829:
2663:perspectives
2497:Samaritanism
2458:Neo-Hasidism
2438:Conservative
2352:Names of God
2261:
2242:
2052:Judaeo-Greek
2047:Judeo-Gascon
1986:Lishán Didán
1981:Lishana Deni
1949:Judeo-Yemeni
1917:Judeo-Arabic
1791:Meshuchrarim
1729:
1710:Persian Jews
1643:Kurdish Jews
1621:Kaifeng Jews
1570:Beta Abraham
1533:Galitzianers
1488:Antisemitism
1463:Israeli Jews
1448:Assimilation
1301:Habbani Jews
1300:
1276:Banu Qurayza
1271:Banu Qaynuqa
1183:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1125:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1007:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
943:
933:
924:
915:
905:
894:. Retrieved
890:the original
880:
872:
868:
858:
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846:
830:
808:
799:
768:
762:
752:
744:
740:
728:
724:
712:
708:
700:
696:
686:
676:
658:Mizrahi Jews
595:
588:
576:
569:
561:
557:
526:
515:
511:
494:
486:
483:
477:
469:
464:
451:
444:
436:
427:
421:
416:
412:
406:
389:
386:Modern times
380:
365:
357:
344:
337:
321:
313:
297:Kurdish Jews
291:
282:
257:
248:
238:
219:
215:
204:
184:
171:
154:
142:
91:
48:
47:
46:, Standard:
36:Habbani Jews
35:
33:
2905:Catholicism
2487:Hellenistic
2325:Eschatology
2263:Lachoudisch
2188:Lotegorisch
2166:Lachoudisch
2156:Koiné Greek
2069:Judeo-Latin
2006:Palestinian
1900:Palestinian
1749:Mustaʿravim
1675:Afghan Jews
1663:Berber Jews
1587:Bene Israel
1575:Falash Mura
1565:Beta Israel
1483:Persecution
1425:Middle Ages
1296:Hejazi Jews
1286:Banu Harith
548:among them.
458:as part of
408:admiration.
309:Bar Mitzvah
64:(in modern
3005:Categories
2900:Anabaptism
2842:Jew (word)
2709:Leadership
2522:Literature
2507:Secularism
2453:Humanistic
2320:Conversion
2290:Philosophy
2131:Judeo-Urdu
1895:Babylonian
1740:Saada Jews
1725:Adeni Jews
1518:Ashkenazim
1473:Samaritans
1440:Population
1395:Israelites
1266:Banu Nadir
896:2013-04-21
669:References
608:Adeni Jews
498:Ashkenazim
245:Synagogues
181:Silverwork
149:Rechabites
94:Israelites
44:חַבָּאנִים
2962:indicate
2910:Mormonism
2895:Christian
2775:Symbolism
2763:Synagogue
2743:Mythology
2704:Education
2675:Astronomy
2658:Astrology
2475:relations
2280:Zarphatic
2228:Galitzish
2030:Yeshivish
1907:Catalanic
1870:Samaritan
1845:Ashkenazi
1826:Diasporic
1821:Languages
1766:Sephardim
1761:Romaniote
1648:Krymchaks
1582:Desi Jews
1458:Buddhists
394:emissary
375:Mi'tzubah
74:Hadramaut
56:from the
2975:Category
2945:Hinduism
2935:Buddhism
2837:Genetics
2753:Politics
2726:Marriage
2685:Holidays
2680:Calendar
2561:Rabbinic
2537:/Hebrew
2482:Haymanot
2409:Orthodox
2396:Branches
2369:Kabbalah
2364:Haskalah
2342:Holiness
2218:dialects
2198:Shassagh
2161:Krymchak
2141:Kayliñña
2035:Yinglish
2011:Galilean
2001:Talmudic
1996:Biblical
1971:Betanure
1890:Biblical
1885:Mishnaic
1880:Medieval
1865:Tiberian
1860:Yemenite
1850:Sephardi
1786:Paradesi
1730:Ḥabbanim
1720:Teimanim
1685:Baghdadi
1658:Maghrebi
1626:Karaites
1604:Gruzínim
1592:Kochinim
1510:Diaspora
1468:Karaites
1453:Atheists
1390:Timeline
1281:Banu Awf
997:Archived
952:Archived
602:See also
579:polygyny
502:endogamy
452:en masse
414:luxury.
390:In 1912
233:and the
223:Hadhrami
114:Jeremiah
104:or King
49:Ḥabbanim
29:Tel Aviv
25:Passover
2960:Italics
2785:Studies
2731:Divorce
2697:Kashrut
2692:Cuisine
2650:Culture
2581:Midrash
2576:Tosefta
2566:Mishnah
2554:Ketuvim
2549:Nevi'im
2512:Schisms
2502:Science
2492:Karaite
2463:Renewal
2424:Litvaks
2419:Hasidic
2374:Sefirot
2359:Halakha
2330:Messiah
2303:Mitzvah
2298:Beliefs
2252:Western
2238:Poylish
2233:Litvish
2223:Eastern
2213:Yiddish
2208:Shuadit
2193:Qwareña
2181:Tetuani
2176:Haketia
2151:Knaanic
2146:Kivruli
2094:Bukhori
2040:Heblish
1976:Hulaulá
1966:Barzani
1922:Yahudic
1855:Mizrahi
1715:Urfalim
1670:Mizrahi
1614:Neofiti
1609:Italkim
1538:Lita'im
1430:Zionism
1382:History
1356:Judaism
949:Shavuot
572:jambiya
546:Levites
542:Kohanim
400:Bedouin
392:Zionist
360:Shavuot
317:Dathina
235:Al Said
211:Levites
165:Tihamah
144:Khaybar
126:Judeans
122:Levites
118:priests
106:Solomon
2768:Hazzan
2758:Prayer
2635:Siddur
2571:Talmud
2535:Tanakh
2470:Neolog
2443:Reform
2431:Modern
2414:Haredi
2337:Ethics
2203:Shassi
2171:Ladino
2136:Karaim
2119:Juhuri
1961:Targum
1875:Signed
1840:Modern
1835:Hebrew
1803:Xuetes
1599:Dönmeh
1558:Yekkes
775:
518:cantor
456:Israel
369:מעצובה
347:matzah
340:Pesach
305:aliyah
301:Targum
271:, and
261:Talmud
229:, the
174:Himyar
58:Habban
40:Hebrew
2940:Islam
2748:Names
2738:Music
2719:Rebbe
2714:Rabbi
2668:Monen
2623:Zohar
2544:Torah
2539:Bible
1653:Lemba
1528:Chuts
564:peyot
522:Islam
227:Nizam
207:Kohen
102:David
62:Yemen
1354:and
1352:Jews
1120:III.
1065:127.
773:ISBN
490:Aden
448:Aden
324:Aden
161:Aden
120:and
34:The
2347:God
938:91.
910:37.
863:28.
681:II.
544:or
454:to
372:) "
239:viz
209:or
140:).
27:in
3007::
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839:^
825:I.
817:^
787:^
757:9.
691:8.
462:.
330:.
267:,
263:,
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1828:)
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899:.
781:.
38:(
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