Herod the Great - Knowledge

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on the man himself. Modern critics have described him as "the evil genius of the Judean nation", and as one who would be "prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition." His extraordinary spending spree is cited as one of the causes of the serious impoverishment of the people he ruled, adding to the opinion that his reign was exclusively negative. Herod's religious policies gained a mixed response from the Jewish populace. Although Herod considered himself king of the Jews, he let it be known that he also represented the non-Jews living in Judea, building temples for other religions outside of the Jewish areas of his kingdom. Many Jews questioned the authenticity of Herod's Judaism on account of his

11085: 785:. Herod, owing his throne to Rome, had to pick a side, and he chose Antony. In 31 at Actium, Antony lost to Octavian, posing a second threat to Herod's rule. Herod had to regain Octavian's support if he was to keep his throne. At Rhodes in 31 BCE, Herod, through his ability to keep Judea open to Rome as a link to the wealth of Syria and Egypt, and ability to defend the frontier, convinced Octavian that he would be loyal to him. Herod continued to rule his subjects as he saw fit. Despite the autonomy afforded to Herod in his internal reign over Judea, restrictions were placed upon him in his relations with other kingdoms. 1683: 4593: 1062: 1161: 719: 969: 1070: 777:

request was made, but Cleopatra urged Alexandra to leave Judea with Aristobulus III and visit Antony. Herod received word of this plot, and feared that if Antony met Aristobolus III in person he might name Aristobulus III King of Judea. This concern induced Herod, in 35 BCE, to order the assassination of Aristobulus, ending this first threat to Herod's throne. The marriage of 37 BCE also sparked a power struggle between Roman leaders Octavian, who would later be called

1382: 849: 10936: 916:. In Jerusalem, Herod introduced foreign forms of entertainment, and erected a golden eagle at the entrance of the Temple, which suggested a greater interest in the welfare of Rome than of Jews. Herod's taxes garnered a bad reputation: his constant concern for his reputation led him to make frequent, expensive gifts, increasingly emptying the kingdom's coffers, and such lavish spending upset his Jewish subjects. The two major Jewish sects of the day, the 4608:: "There was also another disturbance at Caesarea, – those Jews who were mixed with the Syrians that lived there rising a tumult against them. The Jews pretended that the city was theirs, and said that he who built it was a Jew, meaning King Herod. The Syrians confessed also that its builder was a Jew; but they still said, however, that the city was a Grecian city; for that he who set up statues and temples in it could not design it for Jews". 1539: 1423:) wrote that "these finds are not conclusive on their own and they also raise new questions." In October 2013, archaeologists Joseph Patrich and Benjamin Arubas also challenged the identification of the tomb as that of Herod. According to Patrich and Arubas, the tomb is too modest to be Herod's and has several unlikely features. Roi Porat, who replaced Netzer as excavation leader after the latter's death, stood by the identification. 1766: 455: 6626: 1455: 1236:'s calculations, which suggest that the date was in or around 4 BCE; this is three years earlier than the previous consensus and tradition (1 BCE). Two of Herod's sons, Archelaus and Philip the Tetrarch, dated their rule from 4 BCE, though Archelaus apparently held royal authority during Herod's lifetime. Philip's reign would last for 37 years, until his death in the 20th year of 5692:, with a certain part of what was called House of Lenodorus, paid the tribute of one hundred talents to Philip; but Idumea, and Judea, and the country of Samaria, paid tribute to Archelaus, but had now a fourth part of that tribute taken off by the order of Caesar, who decreed them that mitigation, because they did not join in this revolt with the rest of the multitude." 507:, a contemporary of Herod, held that the Idumaeans, whom he identified as of Nabataean origin, constituted the majority of the population of western Judea, where they commingled with the Judaeans and adopted their customs. This is a view shared also by some modern scholarly works which consider Idumaeans as of Arab or Nabataean origins. Thus Herod's 1212:, after an unidentified but excruciatingly painful, putrefying illness, known to posterity as "Herod's Evil". Josephus states that the pain of his illness led Herod to attempt suicide by stabbing, and that the attempt was thwarted by his cousin. In some much later narratives and depictions, the attempt succeeds; for example, in the 12th-century 1451:, wrote: "When it was heard that, as part of the slaughter of boys up to two years old, Herod, king of the Jews, had ordered his own son to be killed, he remarked, 'It is better to be Herod's pig than his son' ". This was a reference of how Herod, as a Jew, would not kill pigs, but had three of his sons, and many others, killed. 924:, both showed opposition to Herod. The Pharisees were discontented because Herod disregarded many of their demands with respect to the Temple's construction. The Sadducees, who were closely associated with priestly responsibilities in the Temple, opposed Herod because he replaced their high priests with outsiders from 768:, expected to support the interests of his Roman patrons. Nonetheless, just when Herod obtained leadership in Judea, his rule faced two threats. The first threat came from his mother-in-law Alexandra, who sought to regain power for her family, the Hasmoneans, whose dynasty Herod had overthrown in 37 BCE (see 1699:

is the primary witness against her. Mariamne's mother Alexandra makes an appearance to further incriminate her daughter. Historians speculate that Alexandra was next on Herod's list to be executed, and she only did this to save her own life. Mariamne is executed, and Alexandra declares herself Queen,

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According to contemporary historians, Herod the Great "is perhaps the only figure in ancient Jewish history who has been loathed equally by Jewish and Christian posterity", depicted both by Jews and Christians as a tyrant and bloodthirsty ruler. The study of Herod's reign includes polarizing opinions

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Josephus stated that Herod was so concerned that no one would mourn his death that he commanded a large group of distinguished men to come to Jericho, and he gave an order that they should be killed at the time of his death so that the displays of grief that he craved would take place; his brother in

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Steinmann, Andrew "When Did Herod the Great Reign?", Novum Testamentum, Volume 51, Number 1, 2009, pp. 1–29; Young, Rodger C. and Andrew E. Steinmann, “Caligula’s Statue for the Jerusalem Temple and Its Relation to the Chronology of Herod the Great,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 62

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and other pagan cities because he wanted to appeal to the country's substantial pagan population. In order to fund these projects, Herod utilized a Hasmonean taxation system that heavily burdened the Judean people. Nevertheless, these enterprises brought employment and opportunities for the people's

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or Roman cold-water baths; however, several historians have identified these baths as a combination of both types. While it has been proven that Herod showed a great amount of disrespect toward the Jewish religion, scholar Eyal Regev suggests that the presence of these ritual baths shows that Herod

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Some scholars support the traditional date of 1 BCE for Herod's death. Yet others support 1 CE for the probable date of Herod's death. Filmer, for example, proposes that Herod died in 1 BCE, and that his heirs backdated their reigns to 4 or 3 BCE to assert an overlapping with Herod's

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was warned in a dream that Herod intended to kill Jesus, so he and his family fled to Egypt. When Herod realized he had been outwitted, he gave orders to kill all boys of the age of two and under in Bethlehem and its vicinity. Joseph and his family stayed in Egypt until Herod's death, then moved to

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has said that "many scholars believe that the massacre of the innocents never occurred, but instead was inspired by Herod's reputation". Others, such as Paul Maier, suggest that since Bethlehem was a smaller town, the slaughter of about a half dozen children would not have warranted a mention from

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The relationship between Herod and Augustus demonstrates the fragile politics of a deified Emperor and a King who ruled over the Jewish people and their holy lands. As they interacted, Herod's desire to satisfy both the Jewish and non-Jewish people of his kingdom had to be balanced with satisfying

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states "he tale is not history but myth or folk-lore", while Peter Richardson notes that the story's absence from the Gospel of Luke and the accounts of Josephus "work against the account's accuracy". Richardson suggests that the event in Matthew's gospel was inspired by Herod's murder of his own

3876:(2019): 759–774; Steinmann, Andrew E. and Rodger C. Young, “Elapsed Times for Herod the Great in Josephus,” Bibliotheca Sacra 177 (2020): 308–328; Steinmann, Andrew E. and Rodger C. Young, “Consular Years and Sabbatical Years in the Life of Herod the Great,” Bibliotheca Sacra 177 (2020): 442–461. 1851:

4 BCE – Young disciples of the Pharisees smash the golden eagle over the main entrance of the Temple after their teachers label it as an idolatrous symbol. Herod arrests them, brings them to court, and sentences them. Augustus approves the death penalty for Antipater. Herod executes his son, and

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visited Herod to inquire the whereabouts of "the one having been born king of the Jews", because they had seen his star in the east (or, according to certain translations, at its rising) and therefore wanted to pay him homage. Herod, as King of the Jews, was alarmed at the prospect of a usurper.

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In the 18th year of his reign (20–19 BCE), Herod rebuilt the Temple on "a more magnificent scale". Although work on out-buildings and courts continued for another 80 years, the new Temple was finished in a year and a half. To comply with religious law, Herod employed 1,000 priests as masons and

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Herod's despotic rule has been demonstrated by many of his security measures aimed at suppressing the contempt his people, especially Jews, had towards him. For instance, it has been suggested that Herod used secret police to monitor and report the feelings of the general populace toward him. He

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married the Roman leader Antony. Recognizing Cleopatra's influence over Antony, Alexandra asked Cleopatra for aid in making Aristobulus III the High Priest. As a member of the Hasmonean family, Aristobulus III might partially repair the fortunes of the Hasmoneans if made High Priest. Alexandra's

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and Alexandria, in an effort to gain support from the Jewish Diaspora. Herod's outreach efforts gained him little, and at the end of his reign anger and dissatisfaction were common amongst Jews. Heavy outbreaks of violence and riots followed Herod's death in many cities, including Jerusalem, as

1255:(27 March 1 CE). Objections to the 4 BCE date include the assertion that there was not nearly enough time between the eclipse on March 13 and Passover on April 10 for the recorded events surrounding Herod's death to have taken place. In 66 CE, Eleazar ben Hanania compiled the 375:

Despite Herod's successes, including single-handedly forging a new aristocracy from practically nothing, he has still been criticized by various historians. His reign polarizes opinion among historians, some viewing his legacy as evidence of success, and some viewing it as a reminder of his

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does not have an ethnic connotation, the unit was probably composed of distinguished veteran soldiers and young men from the most influential Jewish families. Thracians had served in the Jewish armies since the Hasmonean dynasty, while the Celtic contingent were former bodyguards of

749: 1118:. Herod therefore sent the magi to Bethlehem, instructing them to search for the child and, after they had found him, to "report to me, so that I too may go and worship him". However, after they had found Jesus, they were warned in a dream not to report back to Herod. Similarly, 1469:

background and his infamous murders of members of his family. However, he generally respected traditional Jewish observances in his public life. For instance, he minted coins without human images to be used in Jewish areas and acknowledged the sanctity of the

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of one half of that which had been subject to Herod, and promised to give him the royal dignity hereafter, if he governed his part virtuously. But as for the other half, he divided it into two parts, and gave it to two other of Herod's sons, to Philip and to

4624:: "All the worldly pomp and splendor which made Herod popular among the pagans, however, rendered him abhorrent to the Jews, who could not forgive him for insulting their religious feelings by forcing upon them heathen games and combats with wild animals". 1833:

in front of a Roman court. Alexander and Aristobulus are found guilty and executed. The succession is amended such that that Antipater becomes the exclusive successor to the throne. Herod Philip, his son by Mariamne II, is now second in the line of

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rule, and bolster their own legitimacy. Based on the coins of Herod's sons Steinmann and Young argue that Herod's sons antedated their reigns to 6 BCE before Herod's death so that their reigns cannot be used to argue for a 4 BCE date for Herod's death.

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found ritual purity important enough in his private life to place a large number of these baths in his palaces despite his several connections to gentiles and pagan cults. These baths also show, Regev continues, that the combination of the Roman

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However, he was also praised for his work, being considered the greatest builder in Jewish history, and one who "knew his place and followed rules." What is left of his building ventures are now popular tourist attractions in the Middle East.

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in Jerusalem which was undertaken so that he would "have a capital city worthy of his dignity and grandeur", and with this reconstruction Herod hoped to gain more support from the Jews. Recent findings suggest that the Temple Mount walls and

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went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices , and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his

699:, and many intermarried with the Jews and adopted their customs. While Herod publicly identified himself as a Jew and was considered as such by some, this religious identification was undermined by the decadent lifestyle of the 1856:, from the marriage with Malthace, would rule as ethnarch over the tetrachy of Judea, while Herod Antipas by Malthace and Philip from Herod's fifth marriage with Cleopatra of Jerusalem would rule as tetrarchs over Galilee and 1401:

of Hebrew University, led by Netzer, announced they had discovered the tomb. The site is located at the exact location given by Josephus, atop tunnels and water pools, at a flattened desert site, halfway up the hill to

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Although he made many attempts at conforming to traditional Jewish laws, there were more instances where Herod was insensitive, which constitutes one of the major Jewish complaints of Herod as highlighted in Josephus'

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Lower Herodium consists of the remains of a large palace, a race track, service quarters, and a monumental building whose function is still a mystery. Perhaps, says Ehud Netzer, who excavated the site, it is Herod's

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sought to prohibit protests, and had opponents removed by force. He had a bodyguard of 2,000 soldiers. Josephus describes various units of Herod's personal guard taking part in Herod's funeral, including the

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23a). Herod the Great rebuilt the Temple sanctuary and expanded the Temple Mount at its north side around the older Temple courts, and "enclosed an area double the former size." Formerly, according to the

903:) in which he and his family could take refuge in case of insurrection, these vast projects were also intended to gain the support of the Jews and improve his reputation as a leader. Herod also built 4492: 4425: 929:

pent-up resentments boiled over. The scope of the disturbances sparked hopes that the Jews of Judea might some day overthrow the Roman overlords, hopes reawakened decades later in the outbreak of the

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25 BCE – Herod imports grain from Egypt and starts an aid program to combat widespread hunger and disease following a massive drought. He also waives a third of taxes due. He begins construction on

3924:: "He was of commanding presence; he excelled in physical exercises; he was a skillful diplomatist; and, above all, he was prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition." 796:, Josephus characterizes Herod's rule in generally favorable terms, and gives Herod the benefit of the doubt for the infamous events that took place during his reign. However, in his later work, 1492:

Along with holding some respect for the Jewish culture in his public life, there is also evidence of Herod's sensitivity toward Jewish traditions in his private life: around 40 ritual baths or

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Most modern biographers of Herod, and some biblical scholars, dismiss Matthew's story as a literary device. Contemporary non-biblical sources, including Josephus and the surviving writings of

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places it in 39 BCE. Herod went back to Judea to win his kingdom from Antigonus. Toward the end of the campaign against Antigonus, Herod married the granddaughter of Hyrcanus II,

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suggests that Herod sought some type of combination between the Roman and Jewish cultures, as he enjoyed the purity of Jewish tradition and the comfort of Roman luxury simultaneously.

6553:. Konig Herodes – der Mann und sein Werk. Berlin, 1969 (in German, expansion of the former book by the same name from 1960 in Hebrew: הורדוס המלך – האיש ופועלו. ירושלים: מוסד ביאליק). 1263:

attributes the 7 Kislev festivity to king Herod the Great's death (no year is mentioned). Some scholars ignore the Scholion and attribute the 2 Shevat date instead to Herod's death.

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in which Jewish people could submerge themselves and purify their bodies without the presence of a priest. There is some speculation as to whether or not these baths were actual

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It is very probable that Herod had more children, especially with the last wives, and also that he had more daughters, as female births at that time were often not recorded. As

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in the Gaza region. As Augustus did not confirm this revision, no one receives the title of King. However, the three sons were ultimately granted rule of the stated territories.

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also reports that in 37 "the Romans accomplished nothing worthy of note" in the area. According to Josephus, Herod ruled for 37 years, 34 of them after capturing Jerusalem.

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Augustus respected the terms of Herod's will, which stipulated the division of Herod's kingdom among three of his sons. Augustus recognised Herod's son Herod Archelaus as

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the Hasmonean king, who had once summoned Herod to stand trial for murder, but Herod was restrained from doing so by the intervention of his father and his elder brother.

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from 140 until 63 BCE. The Hasmonean kings retained their titles, but became clients of Rome after the conquest by Pompey in 63 BCE. Herod overthrew the Hasmonean

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5 BCE – Antipater is brought before a court, charged with plotting to murder Herod. Now seriously ill, Herod names his son Herod Antipas from his fourth marriage with

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that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and Caesar went out, with Herod between them; while the

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provision. In some instances, Herod took it upon himself to provide for his people in times of need, such as during a severe famine that occurred in 25 BCE.

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was a major factor in enabling him to maintain his authority over Judea. There have been mixed interpretations concerning Herod's popularity during his reign. In

391:, Herod the Great's son. Upon Herod's death in 4 BCE, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister: his son Herod Antipas received the 10187: 7765: 7050: 1826:

8 BCE – Herod accuses his sons Alexander and Aristobulus of high treason. He reconciles with Augustus, who also gives him permission to prosecute his sons.

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went before them, in order to offer sacrifices , and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign.".

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is inaugurated. Owing to the course of the Nabatean war, Herod falls out of favor with Augustus. He again suspects Alexander of plotting to kill him.

603:. Herod fled to Rome to plead with the Romans to restore Hyrcanus II to power. The Romans had a special interest in Judea because their general 1807:

and ensures their future. He amends his will so that Alexander and Aristobulus rise in the succession plans, but Antipater remains the primary heir.

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Augustus then judged Archelaus incompetent to rule, removed him from power, and combined the provinces of Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea into

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intend to recreate the tomb out of a light plastic material, a proposal that has received strong criticism from major Israeli archeologists.

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from Herod's death to 39 CE when he was deposed and exiled; Philip became tetrarch of territories north and east of the Jordan, namely

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The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God The Words And Will of God

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As some believe Herod's family were converts to Judaism, his religious commitment was questioned by some elements of Jewish society. When

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upon the Idumeans, and in that of King Aristobulus, who made the Itureans undergo circumcision (Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 9, § 1; 11, § 3)."

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stating that Herod was mentally unfit to serve. Josephus states that this is a strategic mistake, and Herod executes her without a trial.

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12 BCE – Herod suspects his sons Alexander and Aristobulus, from his marriage to Mariamne, of threatening his life. He takes them to

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Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1999). "Roman Domination: the Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple". In Shanks, Hershel (ed.).

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on the policy led to the use of Romanized construction throughout Herod's Kingdom. An example of Herod's architectural expansion of

8176: 5774: 557: 5862: 4993: 3671: 11409: 10118: 8060: 4165: 4163: 596: 346: 5837: 5017: 11424: 7548: 3728: 4160: 1603: 1259:, which contains two unattributed entries for cause of festivity: 7 Kislev and 2 Shevat. A later Scholion (commentary) on the 611:, thus placing the region in the Roman sphere of influence. In Rome, Herod was unexpectedly appointed King of the Jews by the 11206: 10513: 10320: 7528: 7133: 6541: 6468: 6400: 6348: 6281: 6262: 5710: 5305: 5281: 5174: 5147: 5120: 5077: 4821: 4567: 4402: 4324: 4297: 4270: 4071: 3903: 669: 7790: 5217: 1575: 1138:(who knew Herod personally), provide no corroboration for Matthew's account of the massacre, and it is not mentioned in the 672:(37 BCE), but also says that it was exactly 27 years after Jerusalem fell to Pompey, which would indicate 36 BCE. 11444: 10394: 8869: 8857: 3083: 3076: 3069: 2066: 1360:, read the writings of Josephus and focused his search on the vicinity of the pool and its surroundings. An article in the 515:

on both sides of his family. According to Josephus, Herod was a descendant of Eleazar Maccabeus (Auran) of the Hasmoneans.

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Atkinson, Kenneth (October 1996). "Herod the Great, Sosius, and the Siege of Jerusalem (37 B.C.) in Psalm of Solomon 17".

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Herod and Augustus: Papers Held at the Institute of Jewish Studies Conference, University College London, 21–23 June 2005

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Augustus' aim to spread the culture, architecture and values of Rome throughout his empire. The sway of Augustus and the

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31 BCE – Judea suffers a devastating earthquake. Octavian defeats Mark Antony, and Herod switches allegiances to him.

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formed part of the retaining perimeter wall of this platform. In addition, Herod also used the latest technology in

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being part of it. Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE Roman–Jewish historian

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war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and

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carpenters in the rebuilding. The finished temple, which was destroyed in 70 CE, is sometimes referred to as

883:. While Herod's zeal for building transformed Judea, his motives were not selfless. Although he built fortresses ( 529:, who entrusted Antipater with the public affairs of Judea. Herod was appointed provincial governor of Galilee in 10967: 9120: 8181: 8161: 6790: 6047: 5471: 4642:: "...Antony then resolved to get him made king of the Jews ... told them that it was for their advantage in the 1589: 1415: 863:

Herod undertook many colossal building projects. Around 19 BCE, he began a massive expansion project on the

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In Josephus' account, Herod's death was preceded by first a Jewish fast day (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 BCE), a

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Herod's other achievements include the development of water supplies for Jerusalem, building fortresses such as

11439: 10298: 9681: 9460: 8885: 7970: 7906: 6657: 5773:, 5.33.1. On the historical circumstances of the building of Herodium, see: Jonathan Bourgel & Roi Porat, " 5577: 4125: 3719: 1560: 6243: 6229: 4605: 11434: 11230: 10219: 10006: 10001: 9515: 9306: 8339: 8321: 7832: 7809: 5034:

History of the Jews: From the Reign of Hyrcanus (135 BCE) to the Completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 CE)

3733: 2717: 2355: 1708: 802:, Josephus emphasizes the tyrannical authority that many scholars have come to associate with Herod's reign. 5787: 1571: 650:

for execution to Mark Antony. From this moment, Herod took the role as sole ruler of Judea and the title of

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Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה

1711:, for conspiracy. There is a large festival in Jerusalem, as Herod had built a theater and an amphitheater. 1431: 608: 5901: 5591:

Steinmann, Andrew E. and Rodger C. Young (2021). "The Case for Antedating in the Reigns of Herod's Sons".

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Eyal Regev, "Herod's Jewish Ideology Facing Romanization: On Intermarriage, Ritual Baths, and Speeches,"

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Herod assembled the chief priests and scribes of the people and asked them where the "Anointed One" (the

856: 643: 5752: 5734: 5164: 5137: 4462:] then resolved to get him made king of the Jews...told them that it was for their advantage in the 1728:

23 BCE – Herod builds a palace in Jerusalem as well as the Herodion fortress. He marries his third wife

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to be put on trial. Augustus ultimately reconciles the three. Herod supports the financially strapped

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Herod's rule marked a new beginning in the history of Judea. Judea had been ruled autonomously by the

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The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The

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Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers

1636: 1082: 1056: 1008:. These walls created a flat platform (the Temple Mount) upon which the Temple was then constructed. 696: 384: 353: 155: 5663:, 17.12.317–319. Augustus "appointed Archelaus, not indeed to be the king of the whole country, but 3917: 1739:

22 BCE – Augustus grants Herod the regions of Trachonitis, Batanaea, and Auranitis in the northeast.

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in a three-year-long war between 37 and 34 BCE, ruled under Roman overlordship until his death

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27 BCE – An assassination attempt on Herod is foiled. To honor now-Emperor Augustus, Herod rebuilt

620: 5202: 1682: 10494: 10479: 10414: 10364: 10359: 10268: 10249: 10133: 9853: 9402: 9176: 9135: 8863: 8682: 8658: 8541: 8491: 8461: 8334: 8217: 8095: 8090: 6695: 5069: 4643: 4314: 2724: 1932: 1648: 1549: 947: 731: 647: 592: 235: 6031: 5722: 5672:, that Herod Antipas who disputed with Archelaus for the whole kingdom. Now, to him it was that 387:, the remainder of the Biblical references to the "two Herods of the Bible" are all ascribed to 361: 11399: 11368: 10424: 10048: 9991: 9536: 9240: 9140: 8932: 8346: 7995: 7911: 7498: 7200: 6643:, Jerusalem, February 13, 2013 – October 5, 2013. Curators: Dudi Mevorach and Silvia Rozenberg. 6386: 6373:

Brandon, S. G. F. (1962). "Herod the Great: Judaea's Most Able but Most Hated King".

4260: 3844: 3840: 3797: 3591: 2481: 2131: 2016: 1923: 1447: 1024: 541: 473: 301: 199: 28: 24: 20: 6458: 6054:: "above all, he was prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition". 5969: 5061: 4394: 3690: 1816:– The newly expanded temple in Jerusalem is inaugurated. War breaks out against the Nabateans. 11404: 11260: 11202: 11016: 10326: 10098: 9996: 9743: 9346: 9279: 9097: 8942: 8638: 8546: 8125: 8040: 8030: 7975: 7939: 7851: 7503: 7326: 7291: 7255: 7195: 6485:

Marshak, Adam Kolman (2006). "The Dated Coins of Herod the Great: Towards a New Chronology".

4287: 4051: 3890: 3819: 3121: 1965: 1804: 1651:

begins. After the conquest of Jerusalem and victory over Antigonus, Mark Antony executes him.

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King Herod: a persecuted persecutor : a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography

3839:

Based on Josephus' descriptions, one medical expert has diagnosed Herod's cause of death as

1691:

29 BCE – According to Josephus, amid Herod's great passion and jealousy concerning his wife

10509: 10464: 10113: 10088: 10053: 10043: 10038: 10016: 9803: 9773: 9728: 9703: 8922: 8663: 8643: 8471: 8453: 8427: 8212: 8069: 7240: 7143: 1968: 1420: 1135: 7158: 6301: 4956:"הורדוס, אוגוסטוס והאוגוסטיאום בפניון / Herod, Augustus, and the Augusteum at the Paneion" 8: 10484: 10459: 10399: 10305: 10271: 10239: 10128: 10108: 10103: 10093: 10083: 10073: 10063: 10021: 10011: 9495: 9311: 9115: 9037: 8997: 8917: 8798: 8591: 8571: 8445: 8397: 8368: 8010: 7990: 7891: 7341: 7163: 7079: 7074: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7045: 7040: 7035: 6748: 5552: 4455: 3999: 3642: 3433: 2474: 2024: 2007: 1919: 1733: 1191: 1061: 992:

may not have been completed until at least 20 years after his death, during the reign of

896: 419: 271: 266: 102: 871:, he artificially expanded the platform on which it stood, doubling it in size. Today's 741:, and officially passed on the throne to his sons, thus establishing his own, so-called 10939: 10444: 10058: 9941: 9880: 9875: 9858: 9818: 9326: 9233: 9169: 9107: 9092: 9002: 8987: 8648: 8618: 8521: 8417: 8402: 8329: 8115: 8110: 8000: 7572: 7523: 7513: 7366: 7346: 7276: 7225: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6597: 5950: 5859: 5792: 5500:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

4975: 4923: 4587: 4550: 3715: 1674:

30 BCE – Herod is shown great favor by Octavian, who confirms him as King of Judea at

989: 798: 695:

or to leave; most Idumaeans thus converted to Judaism, which meant that they had to be

392: 6435:

King Herod: A Persecuted Persecutor. A Case Study in Psychohistory and Psychobiography

5628: 1658:

high priest, fearing that the Jews would appoint him as King of the Jews in his place.

11303: 11270: 11255: 11144: 11049: 10983: 10589: 10449: 10354: 10260: 10205: 9902: 9768: 9748: 9470: 9397: 9368: 9356: 9219: 8576: 8292: 8207: 8075: 7210: 7190: 7116: 7106: 7101: 6806: 6559: 6537: 6464: 6396: 6344: 6325: 6277: 6258: 5954: 5834: 5706: 5360: 5301: 5277: 5222: 5170: 5143: 5116: 5073: 4967: 4927: 4882: 4817: 4813: 4398: 4320: 4293: 4266: 4104: 4067: 3994: 3899: 2937: 2143: 1820: 1722: 1665: 1501: 1374: 1357: 1078: 1020: 1001: 880: 852: 841: 727: 661: 212: 9661: 5498:

Vardaman, Jerry; Yamauchi, Edwin M., eds. (1989). "The Nativity and Herod's Death".

4863:

Levine, Amy-Jill. "Visions of Kingdoms: From Pompey to the First Jewish Revolt," in

4009: 1796:

13 BCE – Herod makes his first-born son Antipater, by Doris, first heir in his will.

568:, greatly expanding his realm of influence. He enjoyed the backing of Rome, but the 548:, and he met with success in ridding that region of bandits. Antipater's elder son, 11335: 11318: 11109: 11039: 10772: 10630: 10599: 10559: 10504: 10489: 10274: 9961: 9833: 9823: 9758: 9574: 9475: 9150: 8952: 8947: 8850: 8749: 8737: 8633: 8566: 8561: 8551: 8526: 8412: 8392: 8363: 8222: 7980: 7962: 7856: 7749: 7311: 7306: 7260: 7230: 7215: 7173: 7138: 6671: 6589: 6494: 5940: 5886: 5845: 5529: 4915: 4579: 4542: 4134: 4113: 4099: 3764: 3549: 3062: 1458: 1298:

until the year 41 CE. As to Herod's other sons, Herod Antipas was tetrarch of

1160: 993: 904: 876: 836: 823: 742: 692: 657: 604: 291: 11308: 9931: 11429: 10887: 10767: 10725: 10705: 10690: 10569: 10409: 10404: 10384: 10160: 10150: 9936: 9868: 9828: 9763: 9713: 9646: 8890: 8772: 8556: 8358: 8307: 8105: 8100: 8045: 8005: 7603: 7336: 7245: 6710: 6653: 6577: 6550: 6513: 6441: 6390: 6027: 5866: 5841: 5110: 4807: 4463: 3788: 3426: 2930: 2896: 2573: 1993: 1853: 1655: 1291: 1260: 1256: 1213: 1171: 1128: 718: 600: 403: 261: 135: 92: 9808: 9500: 5352: 4994:"Building the Western Wall: Herod Began it but Didn't Finish it (december 2011)" 1233: 968: 572:

condemned his brutality. When yet a private man, Herod had determined to punish

146: 66: 11313: 11217: 11044: 10818: 10680: 10625: 10499: 10429: 10379: 10226: 9946: 9914: 9798: 9738: 9604: 9579: 9547: 9485: 9455: 9385: 8895: 8880: 8875: 8804: 8608: 8387: 8373: 8351: 8202: 8055: 8050: 8035: 7944: 7843: 7488: 7462: 7351: 7331: 7321: 7153: 6498: 5453: 4374:

The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135)

3808: 2708: 2348: 1939: 1398: 1139: 665: 537: 523: 519: 240: 9908: 1295: 839:. The Germanic contingent was modeled upon Augustus's personal bodyguard, the 11388: 11373: 11325: 11031: 10882: 10803: 10741: 9848: 9843: 9723: 9718: 9641: 9363: 9321: 9274: 9226: 9130: 8957: 8843: 8765: 8717: 8707: 8673: 8653: 8623: 8242: 7111: 7069: 6819: 6729: 6640: 6019: 5945: 5669: 5274:

English romanesque art 1066–1200: Hayward Gallery; London 5 April–8 July 1984

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This article is about the Roman-appointed king of Judea. For other uses, see

11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11122: 11021: 11006: 10877: 10825: 10660: 10419: 9919: 9793: 9450: 9341: 9301: 9247: 9062: 9032: 9027: 9012: 8982: 8687: 8247: 7985: 7447: 7316: 6430: 4867:, ed. Michael D. Coogan. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 357. 4181: 3698: 3419: 2889: 1749: 1485: 1406:, 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Jerusalem. The tomb contained a broken 1148: 1119: 1005: 973: 950:

in devotion to Rome can be seen with the third temple he commissioned, the

943: 872: 864: 789: 765: 761: 706:

Herod later executed several members of his own family, including his wife

688: 612: 545: 423: 365: 10907: 10584: 5680:

paid their tribute, which amounted annually to two hundred talents, while

4316:

Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs

1732:, the daughter of the priest Simon Boethus. Immediately, Herodes deprives 1069: 10998: 10917: 10892: 10813: 10793: 10788: 10762: 10715: 10695: 10645: 10579: 10026: 9813: 9753: 9733: 9693: 9688: 9609: 9559: 9057: 8722: 8692: 8407: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7361: 7235: 7178: 5685: 4651: 4516: 4459: 3177: 1961: 1861: 1729: 1407: 1353: 1311: 892: 782: 673: 639: 588: 580: 573: 518:

Herod rose to power largely through his father's good relations with the

480: 349: 189: 5808:"Archeologist: King Herod's tomb desecrated, but discovery 'high point'" 4979: 4955: 4262:

The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads

4200:

The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads

1381: 848: 560:, the acting Roman governor of Syria, who appointed Herod as general of 10620: 10469: 9956: 9897: 9863: 9656: 9636: 9589: 9584: 9480: 9445: 9435: 9212: 9022: 8972: 8277: 8232: 7924: 7801: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7250: 7168: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6601: 5648: 4942:

From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism

4554: 4123:

Filmer, W.E. (1966). "The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great".

3895: 2564: 1915: 1704: 1692: 1563: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1319: 707: 628: 616: 561: 556:. During this time the young Herod cultivated a good relationship with 439: 184: 10655: 5629:/not/2009/00000051/00000001/art00001 "When Did Herod the Great Reign?" 5553:"Astronomical and Historical Evidence for Dating the Nativity in 2 BC" 5486:

Imperial Rome and the Christians: From Herod the Great to About 200 AD

4387:

The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: From Alexander to Bar Kochba

1004:. Today, only the four retaining walls remain standing, including the 11363: 11152: 11099: 10897: 10685: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10640: 9966: 9599: 9594: 9569: 9525: 9465: 9316: 9192: 9087: 8937: 8814: 8727: 8702: 8586: 8282: 8272: 8267: 8257: 8237: 8130: 8065: 7634: 7629: 7442: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7396: 7391: 7386: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 5777:," Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 135/2 (2019), 188–209. 5689: 4172:, "Thus, Herod was of Arab origin, although he was a practicing Jew". 4059: 3824: 3276: 2738: 1946: 1442: 1370: 1323: 1111: 1065:

Massacre of the Innocents, 10th century depiction. Herod on the left.

977: 951: 925: 921: 917: 900: 832: 773: 700: 584: 569: 553: 443: 435: 246: 10952: 10720: 9892: 6775: 6593: 6257:(Revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society. 5928: 4903: 1538: 11298: 10911: 10902: 10856: 10700: 10574: 10474: 9971: 9925: 9666: 9520: 9425: 9414: 9052: 8977: 8962: 8826: 8792: 8786: 8732: 8628: 8536: 8531: 8481: 8015: 7919: 7901: 7886: 7595: 7533: 7483: 7478: 7296: 7281: 6767: 6738: 6255:

Ancient Israel: from Abraham to the Roman destruction of the Temple

6239: 6225: 6148:

Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple

6133:

Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple

5664: 5359:, Vol. I, Herod the Great pp. 400–467, New York, Scribner's, 1896. 4467: 3412: 3261: 3226: 2918: 2910: 2294: 2287: 2101: 1985: 1976: 1873: 1869: 1845: 1838: 1800: 1786: 1696: 1403: 1386: 1345: 1339: 1272: 1252: 1237: 1201: 1124: 1016: 983:

Herod's most famous and ambitious project was the expansion of the

888: 811: 778: 753: 652: 484: 477: 431: 427: 407: 369: 251: 194: 167: 107: 9505: 9440: 4186:

King Herod: A Persecuted Persecutor: A Case Study in Psychohistory

1793:. Owing to prosperity in Judea, he waives a quarter of taxes due. 1736:

of the high priesthood, and confers that dignity on Simon instead.

664:. Josephus reports this as being in the year of the consulship of 10846: 10841: 10746: 10710: 10635: 10604: 9651: 9490: 9430: 9296: 9125: 9082: 9047: 9042: 8909: 8712: 8697: 8581: 8486: 8466: 8135: 8020: 7957: 7929: 7457: 7437: 7412: 7371: 6719: 5988:"Top archaeologists condemn Israeli plan to rebuild ancient tomb" 5812: 5681: 5677: 4575: 4372:

Schürer, Emil, T. Alec. Burkill, Geza Vermes, and Fergus Millar.

4005: 2903: 2271: 1765: 1715: 1661:

35 BCE – Aristobulus III is drowned at a party on Herod's orders.

1466: 1352:, to Herodium, where he had given order to be buried." Professor 1349: 1315: 1299: 1209: 1095: 1036: 859:. The expansion of the Temple was Herod's most ambitious project. 565: 549: 500: 411: 286: 151: 5488:(Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1989), pp. 1–43. 1445:(c. 400 CE), one of the last pagan writers in Rome, in his book 703:, which would have earned them the antipathy of observant Jews. 11358: 11330: 11250: 11225: 10851: 10808: 10798: 10434: 10312: 9778: 9564: 9510: 9291: 8820: 8613: 8516: 8511: 8440: 8025: 7934: 7871: 7381: 7356: 6757: 6625: 4759: 4647: 4227: 4150: 4148: 3651: 1865: 1830: 1675: 1394: 1327: 1307: 1303: 1276: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1012: 884: 624: 595:, Hyrcanus' nephew, took the Judean throne from his uncle with 508: 504: 492: 469: 415: 131: 5775:

Herodium as a Reflection of Herod's Policy in Judea and Idumea

5298:

Suicide in the Middle Ages: Volume 2: The Curse on Self-Murder

4881:. Translated by Bowden, John. London: SCM Press. p. 107. 3773: 1232:

Most scholarship concerning the date of Herod's death follows

1224:

law Alexas and his sister Salome did not carry out this wish.

1073:

Members of the Herodian dynasty mentioned in the New Testament

748: 454: 11127: 11010: 10650: 9336: 8967: 8678: 8668: 8287: 8170: 8085: 7896: 7840: 7452: 7432: 7301: 6814: 5673: 3812: 3744:

List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

1857: 1454: 1086: 1039:

from the Dead Sea, which was used in shipbuilding. He leased

1028: 819: 815: 752:

Copper coin of Herod, bearing the legend "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ" ("

488: 396: 380: 357: 9161: 6150:. Prentice Hall Biblical Archeological Society. p. 296. 6135:. Prentice Hall Biblical Archeological Society. p. 270. 5575:

Filmer, W. E. "Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great",

4904:"Herod's golden eagle on the Temple gate: a reconsideration" 4145: 402:

Other family members of Herod the Great include Herod's son

356:. He is known for his colossal building projects throughout 11117: 10872: 10536: 9254: 5401:

Bernegger, P. M. "Affirmation of Herod's Death in 4 B.C.",

4844: 4842: 4840: 3776: 1035:. He and Cleopatra owned a monopoly over the extraction of 684: 512: 496: 6451:

The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse

5357:

A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ

4879:

A History of Israel from Alexander the Great to Bar Kochba

1413:

Not all scholars agree with Netzer: in an article for the

638:

Herod and Sosius, the governor of Syria, at the behest of

4940:

Schiffman, Lawrence H. "The Jewish–Christian Schism," in

1240:(34 CE), which implies his accession as 4 BCE. 422:

who became tetrarch of territories north and east of the

6446:. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2005. 5883:"Herod's tomb reportedly found inside his desert palace" 4837: 4706: 4704: 4691: 4689: 4664: 4662: 4660: 1373:. Next to it is a pool, almost twice as large as modern 5271: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4211: 4209: 3927: 3871: 3869: 5518:, Rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998) 300, §516. 5276:. London: Arts Council of Great Britain. p. 111. 5183: 1474:

by employing priests as artisans in its construction.

760:

Herod was granted the title of "King of Judea" by the

6069: 6057: 5970:"Archaeological stunner: Not Herod's Tomb after all?" 4747: 4716: 4701: 4686: 4657: 4242: 4240: 635:, and chose therefore to banish Doris and her child. 5929:"Editorial: Has Herod's Place of Burial Been Found?" 5388:

Barnes, Timothy David. "The Date of Herod's Death,"

4771: 4728: 4674: 4206: 4080: 3866: 3802: 3779: 1654:

36 BCE – Herod makes his 17-year-old brother-in-law

1348:, who writes, "And the body was carried two hundred 691:) in 140–130 BCE, he required all Idumaeans to obey 6526:

Herod the King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans

6238: 6196: 6178: 6160: 5805: 5609: 5334: 5316: 5253: 5235: 5169:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 288. 5142:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 298. 5036:, Cosimo Books, New York, Volume 2, 2009 ed, p. 109 4480: 4413: 4354: 3975: 3770: 3767: 3739:

Judean date palm: Germination of 2000-year-old seed

1105: 879:and underwater construction to build the harbor at 835:given as a gift by Augustus to Herod following the 6558: 6427:(Leiden, Brill, 2009) (IJS Studies in Judaica, 6). 5753:"The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus" 5735:"The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus" 5540:(4) – via International Planetarium Society. 4237: 2112:In part based on the tree of Rick Swartzentrover. 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 11386: 5835:"Israeli Archaeologist Finds Tomb of King Herod" 5497: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5272:Zarnecki, George; Hayward Gallery, eds. (1984). 1085:. According to this account, after the birth of 867:. In addition to fully rebuilding and enlarging 722:Herodian Kingdom of Judea at its greatest extent 656:(Βασιλεύς, "king") for himself, ushering in the 6613:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. 6437:(Berlin and New York, Walter de Gruyter, 2006). 5166:Herod King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans 5139:Herod King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans 4944:(Hoboken: Ktav Publishing House, 1991), p. 145. 3965:. Translation by Karen Gold. Walter de Gruyter. 3665: 642:, set out with a large army in 37 BCE and 536:, when he was about either 25 or 28 years old ( 364:in Jerusalem and the expansion of its base—the 6108: 6106: 6026:(1910): "Herod, surnamed the Great, called by 4036: 1500:were known for being used during this time in 1344:The location of Herod's tomb is documented by 360:. Among these works are the rebuilding of the 10968: 9177: 7817: 6791: 6481:Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans, 2015. 6423:Jacobson, David M. and Nikos Kokkinos (eds). 5364: 5218:What loathsome disease did King Herod die of? 3960: 1782:– Herod traveled to Rome for the second time. 1508:as they have also been identified as stepped 1216:. Other medieval dramatizations, such as the 1127:in Galilee to avoid living under Herod's son 957: 552:, served in the same capacity as governor of 6608: 6536:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6507:The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder 5806:Haaretz Staff; Barkat, Amiram (7 May 2007). 5418:(University Press of America, 2005), p. 179. 4954:Berlin, Andrea M.; ברלין, אנדראה מ. (2015). 4568:Circumcision: Circumcision Necessary or Not? 4312: 2367: 1496:were found in several of his palaces. These 1077:Herod's reign over Judea is recorded in the 6637:"Herod the Great: The King's Final Journey" 6463:. Princeton University Press. p. 126. 6341:From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology 6103: 5961: 5560:Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 5502:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns: 85–92. 5382: 5064:. In Summers, Ray; Vardaman, Jerry (eds.). 4953: 4859: 4857: 4102:(2009). "When Did Herod the Great Reign?". 4056:The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad 1703:28 BCE – Herod executes his brother-in-law 1330:, and ruled until his death in 34 CE. 1099: 1050: 587:. They were placed in this role to support 472:, south of Judea. He was the second son of 10975: 10961: 9184: 9170: 7824: 7810: 6798: 6784: 6224: 5967: 5521: 5162: 5135: 4633: 4599: 4498: 4449: 4431: 4292:. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. 4024: 3695:Calmets Great dictionary of the holy bible 3684: 3682: 540:: "15 years of age"). There he faithfully 379:While Herod the Great is described in the 6460:Masada: From Jewish Revolt to Modern Myth 6343:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. 6338: 5944: 5621: 5590: 5571: 5569: 5395: 5208:Archives, 2002. Accessed 30 January 2013. 5013: 5011: 4154: 4098: 3884: 3882: 1623:Learn how and when to remove this message 7831: 6420:(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007). 6413:(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009). 5926: 5902:"Archaeologists Find Tomb of King Herod" 5469:Edwards, Ormond. "Herodian Chronology", 5055: 5053: 4876: 4865:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 4854: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4532: 4175: 4049: 3961:Kasher, Aryeh; Witztum, Eliezer (2007). 1764: 1681: 1668:war begins, with victory one year later. 1476: 1453: 1437: 1380: 1294:. This enlarged province was ruled by a 1159: 1081:, which describes an event known as the 1068: 1060: 967: 847: 747: 717: 615:. Josephus puts this in the year of the 453: 6576: 6556: 6534:The Building Program of Herod the Great 6512: 6484: 6456: 6372: 6271: 6030:"the evil genius of the Judean nation" 5899: 5645:Megillat Taanit – The Scroll of Fasting 5189: 5086: 4986: 4901: 4765: 4753: 4722: 4710: 4695: 4668: 4285: 3933: 3679: 1837:6 BCE – Herod takes action against the 583:named Herod and his brother Phasael as 218: 11387: 6580:(1963). "Herod: A Malevolent Maniac". 6569:Schwentzel, Christian-Georges (2011). 6531: 6453:(Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1998). 6299: 6121:Regev, "Herod's Jewish Ideology," 212. 6112:Regev, "Herod's Jewish Ideology," 211. 6100:Regev, "Herod's Jewish Ideology," 207. 5635:, Volume 51, Number 1, 2009, pp. 1–29. 5566: 5550: 5008: 4376:. Edinburgh: Clark, 1973. pp. 270–275. 4246: 4169: 4122: 3945: 3879: 3729:Cultural depictions of Herod the Great 3688: 1686:Bronze coin of Herod minted at Samaria 845:, responsible for guarding the palace. 48:Herod's sarcophagus, displayed at the 10982: 10956: 10514:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus 9165: 7805: 6805: 6779: 6611:The Rise and Fall of the Judean State 6518:The Life and Times of Herod the Great 6395:. New York: American Heritage Press. 6385: 6319: 6274:The Life and Times of Herod the Great 6252: 6075: 6063: 6003: 5527: 5108: 5059: 5050: 4848: 4805: 4790: 4784: 4741: 4680: 4526: 4313:Shahid, Irfan; Shahîd, Irfan (1984). 4258: 4215: 4086: 3650: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3589: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3354: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3275: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3175: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3003: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2824: 2766: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2707: 2645: 2587: 2572: 2570: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2527: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2222: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 1880: 1829:7 BCE – Court hearings take place in 936: 683:conquered the region of Idumaea (the 6217: 5638: 5379:(Dallas: St. John, 2012), pp. 35–65. 5201:CNN.com – Health (25 January 2002). 5062:"Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem" 4339: 3913: 3911: 3894:. (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. 1785:14 BCE – Herod supports the Jews in 1561:adding citations to reliable sources 1532: 1110:) was to be born. They answered, in 972:Distinctive Herodian masonry at the 7588:The Gospel According to St. Matthew 6292: 5872:, May 8, 2007. Accessed 7 May 2013. 4611: 4197: 3792: 495:. Herod's father was by descent an 13: 7862:Life of Jesus in the New Testament 6479:The Many Faces of Herod the Great. 6359: 5705:, Harvard University Press, 1976, 4902:Bourgel, Jonathan (1 April 2021). 1707:, husband of Salome and father to 1019:, and founding new cities such as 954:, a temple dedicated to Augustus. 764:. As such, he was a vassal of the 14: 11461: 6618: 6248:. Translated by Whiston, William. 6234:. Translated by Whiston, William. 6145: 6130: 5786:Rosovsky, Nitza. (24 April 1983) 5300:, 2000, Oxford University Press, 5203:Mystery of Herod's death 'solved' 4582:(l.c.), prevailed in the time of 3908: 1428:Israel Nature and Parks Authority 713: 579:In 41 BCE, the Roman leader 499:; his ancestors had converted to 149:) or January–April 1 BCE (Filmer) 11083: 10935: 10934: 10390:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 10285:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 6624: 6487:Journal for the Study of Judaism 6139: 6124: 6115: 6094: 6081: 6041: 6012: 5997: 5980: 5927:Jacobson, David (January 2007). 5920: 5893: 5875: 5853: 5827: 5799: 5528:Pratt, John P. (December 1990). 4618:Herod I: Opposition of the Pious 3763: 1752:; Herod completely rebuilds the 1537: 1419:, archaeologist David Jacobson ( 1164:The Division of Herod's Kingdom: 476:, a high-ranking official under 468:Herod was born around 72 BCE in 42: 11450:People of Antony's Parthian War 6509:(Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006). 6300:Perowne, Stewart Henry (2023). 6272:Perowne, Stewart Henry (2003). 5986:Hasson, Nir (29 January 2012). 5968:Nir Hasson (October 11, 2013). 5933:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 5833:Associated Press (7 May 2007). 5780: 5763: 5745: 5727: 5716: 5695: 5653: 5584: 5544: 5530:"Yet Another Eclipse for Herod" 5515:Handbook of Biblical Chronology 5506: 5491: 5478: 5472:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 5463: 5447: 5434: 5421: 5408: 5346: 5290: 5265: 5211: 5195: 5156: 5129: 5102: 5039: 5026: 4947: 4934: 4895: 4870: 4561: 4510: 4379: 4366: 4333: 4306: 4279: 4252: 4221: 4191: 4092: 3833: 2107: 1548:needs additional citations for 1416:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 1333: 1251:(29 Dec 1 BCE) and followed by 461:Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum 458:Herod the Great medallion from 11410:1st-century BC Herodian rulers 10370:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland 10299:Christmas Day in the Workhouse 9682:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 9461:Legend of the Christmas Spider 6658:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 6647:Herod and the Herodian Dynasty 6609:Zeitlin, Solomon (1962–1978). 6324:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 6212: 5881:Kalman, Matthew (8 May 2007). 5703:A History of the Jewish People 5578:Journal of Theological Studies 5403:Journal of Theological Studies 5390:Journal of Theological Studies 5097:The Historical Figure of Jesus 4996:. Israel Antiquities Authority 4385:J. H. Hayes & S. Mandell, 4126:Journal of Theological Studies 3987: 3954: 3939: 3756: 3720:The Feast of Herod (Donatello) 1860:, as well as over Gaulanitis, 1: 11425:Judaism-related controversies 11231:Annunciation to the shepherds 10321:Christmas television specials 10220:The New Oxford Book of Carols 9307:Annunciation to the shepherds 9191: 6339:Steinmann, Andrew E. (2011). 5900:Weizman, Steve (8 May 2007). 4289:The Myth of a Gentile Galilee 3950:. Princeton University Press. 3854: 1810: 1776: 1742: 1528: 1280: 1266: 1091:a group of magi from the East 735: 609:conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE 530: 503:. Herod was raised as a Jew. 335: 124: 16:1st century BCE King of Judea 10375:Christmas and holiday season 8187:People named Simon or Simeon 5788:"Discovering Herod's Israel" 3859: 3825: 2115: 1852:changes his will again: now 1641: 1432:Gush Etzion Regional Council 1356:, an archaeologist from the 1220:, follow Josephus' account. 449: 7: 11445:People of the War of Actium 8604:Mary, mother of (John) Mark 6565:. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 6520:. New York: Abingdon Press. 6416:Günther, Linda-Marie (hg.) 6409:Günther, Linda-Marie (hg.) 6322:All the People in the Bible 6089:The Jewish Quarterly Review 5460:, (Zondervan, 1980) p. 251. 5115:. American Heritage Press. 4809:The Army of Herod the Great 4391:Westminster John Knox Press 3946:Peters, Francis E. (2005). 3803: 3724:The Feast of Herod (Rubens) 3709: 1890: 1886:Herod's wives and children 1760: 1106: 857:Holyland Model of Jerusalem 826:contingent. While the term 10: 11466: 9287:Adoration of the Shepherds 8177:People named Judas or Jude 7519:Five Discourses of Matthew 6561:Herod: Profile of a Tyrant 6499:10.1163/157006306776564700 6320:Losch, Richard R. (2008). 5163:Richardson, Peter (1996). 5136:Richardson, Peter (1996). 5099:. Viking Adult. pp. 87–88. 4064:Cambridge University Press 3898:. Keter Publishing House. 3813: 3697:. p. 340 – via 1748:– Expansion starts on the 1634: 1410:but no remains of a body. 1337: 1054: 961: 958:Architectural achievements 57:Roman client king of Judea 18: 11351: 11279: 11243: 11216: 11143: 11136: 11108: 11092: 11081: 11058: 11030: 10997: 10990: 10930: 10865: 10834: 10781: 10755: 10734: 10613: 10558: 10545: 10531:WWE Tribute to the Troops 10343: 10292:A Visit from St. Nicholas 10238: 10213:The Oxford Book of Carols 10149: 9980: 9789:Feast of the Seven Fishes 9702: 9623: 9534: 9411: 9352:Massacre of the Innocents 9265: 9201: 9106: 8928:Alexander the Coppersmith 8908: 8835: 8757: 8746: 8426: 8380:Disciple whom Jesus loved 8320: 8228:Female disciples of Jesus 8195: 8149: 7879: 7870: 7839: 7786:American Standard Version 7758: 7622: 7612:The Visual Bible: Matthew 7564: 7471: 7405: 7269: 7122:Massacre of the Innocents 7092: 6981: 6828: 6813: 6764: 6755: 6745: 6736: 6726: 6717: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6665: 6532:Roller, Duane W. (1998). 5860:"Herod's Tomb Discovered" 5551:Nollet, James A. (2012). 5032:Graetz, Heinrich (1893). 4908:Journal of Jewish Studies 4286:Chancey, Mark A. (2002). 4202:. Routledge. p. 374. 3689:Calmet, Augustin (1812). 3657: 3648: 3621: 3619: 3587: 3560: 3553: 3504: 3502: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3437: 3423: 3408: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3318: 3306: 3304: 3292: 3290: 3257: 3205: 3203: 3173: 3150: 3148: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2945: 2943: 2914: 2893: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2747: 2735: 2714: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2560: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2478: 2418: 2416: 2389: 2368:Marriages and descendants 2361: 2352: 2331: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2172: 2170: 2137: 1725:and its adjoining harbor. 1718:, and renames it Sebaste. 1637:Herodian Kingdom of Judea 1227: 1100: 1083:Massacre of the Innocents 1057:Massacre of the Innocents 842:Germani Corporis Custodes 788:Herod's support from the 623:and Pollio (40 BCE), but 385:Massacre of the Innocents 354:Herodian Kingdom of Judea 315: 307: 297: 285: 211: 174: 161: 141: 120: 116: 85: 75: 61: 56: 41: 36: 10333:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 8303:Women at the crucifixion 7539:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew 7186:Jesus preaches in a ship 6557:Sandmel, Samuel (1967). 6020:"Herod: Herod the Great" 6006:The Birth of the Messiah 5946:10.1179/003103207x227346 4768:, pp. 77–80, 92–93. 4547:10.1163/1568536962613216 4118:10.1163/156853608X245953 3749: 2075:a cousin (name unknown) 1918:, daughter of Hasmonean 1647:39–37 BCE – War against 1155: 1051:New Testament references 1047:from the Roman emperor. 869:the Second Jewish Temple 756:Hērōdou") on the obverse 434:including the cities of 10495:Small Business Saturday 10365:Black Friday (shopping) 10360:Black Friday (partying) 9854:Nine Lessons and Carols 9784:Events and celebrations 8542:James, brother of Jesus 8462:Ananias son of Nedebeus 8096:Simon, brother of Jesus 7544:Rabbinical translations 6582:Jewish Quarterly Review 6306:Encyclopædia Britannica 6245:Antiquities of the Jews 6198:Antiquities of the Jews 6180:Antiquities of the Jews 6162:Antiquities of the Jews 6004:Brown, Raymond (1993). 5611:Antiquities of the Jews 5336:Antiquities of the Jews 5318:Antiquities of the Jews 5255:Antiquities of the Jews 5237:Antiquities of the Jews 5109:Grant, Michael (1971). 5070:Mercer University Press 5060:Maier, Paul L. (1998). 4877:Jagersma, Henk (1985). 4482:Antiquities of the Jews 4415:Antiquities of the Jews 4356:Antiquities of the Jews 4342:Antiquities of the Jews 4050:Schwartz, Seth (2014). 3977:Antiquities of the Jews 2087:a niece (name unknown) 1872:was also given a small 1649:Antigonus the Hasmonean 1484:in the House of Herod. 1459:Coin of Herod the Great 1275:of Judea, Samaria, and 1142:. Classical historian 914:Antiquities of the Jews 544:of that region for the 11369:Church of the Nativity 10139:Post-War United States 8347:James, son of Alphaeus 8046:Mary, sister of Martha 7499:Augustinian hypothesis 7337:Mary, sister of Martha 6477:Marshak, Adam Kolman. 6457:Magness, Jodi (2021). 6433:and Witztum, Eliezer. 6008:. New York: Doubleday. 5994:. Accessed 8 May 2013. 5890:, Accessed 7 May 2013. 5850:, Accessed 7 May 2013. 5796:. Accessed 7 May 2013. 5581:ns 17 (1966), 283–298. 5405:ns 34 (1983), 526–531. 4920:10.18647/3480/jjs-2021 4806:Rocca, Samuel (2009). 4393:: Louisville 1998, p. 4139:10.1093/jts/XVII.2.283 3841:chronic kidney disease 2017:Cleopatra of Jerusalem 1924:Alexandra the Maccabee 1772: 1687: 1489: 1461: 1390: 1379: 1205: 1200: Territory under 1190: Territory under 1180: Territory under 1170: Territory under 1074: 1066: 1025:Cave of the Patriarchs 1023:and the enclosures of 980: 931:First Jewish–Roman War 860: 757: 723: 474:Antipater the Idumaean 465: 302:Antipater the Idumaean 200:Cleopatra of Jerusalem 29:Herod the Great (play) 25:Herod the Great (film) 11440:Roman client monarchs 11266:Saint Joseph's dreams 11261:Virgin birth of Jesus 11203:Adoration of the Magi 10188:Hit singles in the US 10183:Hit singles in the UK 9744:Carols by Candlelight 9672:Santa Claus' daughter 9280:Adoration of the Magi 9098:Tryphena and Tryphosa 8359:James, son of Zebedee 8041:Mary, mother of James 8031:Mary, mother of Jesus 7791:World English Version 7509:Matthean Posteriority 7504:Two-gospel hypothesis 7196:Feeding the multitude 7159:Behold the bridegroom 6411:Herodes und Jerusalem 6024:Catholic Encyclopedia 5392:ns 19 (1968), 204–219 4541:(4). Brill: 312–322. 4184:and Eliezer Witztum, 3891:Encyclopaedia Judaica 1942:, executed 7 BCE 1935:, executed 7 BCE 1908:, executed 4 BCE 1768: 1685: 1635:Further information: 1502:Jewish purity rituals 1480: 1457: 1438:Opinions of his reign 1384: 1366: 1163: 1072: 1064: 971: 964:Herodian architecture 851: 772:). In the same year, 751: 721: 646:, Herod then sending 457: 426:; and Herod's sister 383:as the author of the 320:Second Temple Judaism 267:Olympias the Herodian 11435:New Testament people 10480:Santa's Candy Castle 9804:Google Santa Tracker 8923:Alexander of Ephesus 8121:Syrophoenician woman 8070:Nicodemus ben Gurion 7833:New Testament people 7556:Joseph Smith–Matthew 7241:Crucifixion of Jesus 6633:at Wikimedia Commons 6369:(Paris: Cerf, 2019). 5072:. pp. 170–171. 4650:and the rest of the 4578:view, voiced in the 3672:Family Tree of Herod 1557:improve this article 1421:University of Oxford 1136:Nicolaus of Damascus 80:Monarchy established 10485:Santa Claus Village 10400:Christmas Mountains 10306:Journey of the Magi 9312:Baptism of the Lord 8998:Euodia and Syntyche 8167:People named Joseph 8061:Son of Nain's widow 7991:Joseph of Arimathea 7892:Anna the Prophetess 7164:Sermon on the Mount 6573:. Paris: Pygmalion. 6524:Richardson, Peter. 6367:Hérode Roi d'Israël 6052:Jewish Encyclopedia 5627:Steinmann, Andrew. 5296:Murray, Alexander, 5226:, November 23, 1979 5022:Jewish Encyclopedia 4851:, pp. 269–273. 4622:Jewish Encyclopedia 4572:Jewish Encyclopedia 4340:Josephus, Flavius. 4259:Retso, Jan (2013). 4198:Jan, Retsö (2013). 4157:, pp. 219–256. 3922:Jewish Encyclopedia 3845:Fournier's gangrene 3675:Rick Swartzentrover 3643:Philip the Tetrarch 2025:Philip the Tetrarch 1887: 1734:Jesus, son of Fabus 1488:, late 19th century 1393:On May 7, 2007, an 1192:Philip the Tetrarch 855:as depicted on the 487:Arab princess from 145:March–April 4 BCE ( 103:Philip the Tetrarch 11415:Biblical murderers 10595:Twelve-dish supper 10445:Jews and Christmas 10395:Christmas Lectures 10124:American Civil War 9859:NORAD Tracks Santa 9235:Saint Nicholas Day 8597:cousin of Barnabas 8157:People named James 8111:Simon the Pharisee 7781:King James Version 7573:St Matthew Passion 7524:Calling of Matthew 7514:Genealogy of Jesus 7127:Return to Nazareth 6652:2016-08-14 at the 6528:(Edinburgh: 1999). 6365:Bourgel, Jonathan 5908:. Associated Press 5865:2007-08-14 at the 5840:2008-12-06 at the 5793:The New York Times 5701:Ben-Sasson, H. H. 5375:Marshall, Taylor. 4816:. pp. 15–16. 4584:King John Hyrcanus 4319:. Dumbarton Oaks. 4066:. pp. 59–62. 3716:The Feast of Herod 1926:, executed 29 BCE 1885: 1881:Wives and children 1773: 1688: 1490: 1462: 1391: 1389:from the southwest 1375:Olympic-size pools 1206: 1075: 1067: 981: 937:Herod and Augustus 861: 799:Jewish Antiquities 770:Siege of Jerusalem 758: 724: 644:captured Jerusalem 466: 430:, who was given a 11382: 11381: 11314:Nativity displays 11304:Christmas village 11271:Flight into Egypt 11256:Star of Bethlehem 11239: 11238: 11145:Gospel of Matthew 11110:Gifts of the Magi 11079: 11078: 10984:Nativity of Jesus 10950: 10949: 10926: 10925: 10590:Thirteen desserts 10510:Virginia O'Hanlon 10355:Advent Conspiracy 10269:Films (Christmas, 10261:A Christmas Carol 10206:Carols for Choirs 9749:Cavalcade of Magi 9729:Boar's Head Feast 9398:Star of Bethlehem 9369:Nativity of Jesus 9357:flight into Egypt 9242:St. Stephen's Day 9159: 9158: 8904: 8903: 8316: 8315: 8293:Seventy disciples 8182:People named Mary 8162:People named John 7963:Impenitent thief 7799: 7798: 7529:Kingdom of heaven 7211:Great Commandment 7191:Calming the storm 7149:Galilean ministry 7134:Kingdom of heaven 7117:Flight into Egypt 7107:Star of Bethlehem 7088: 7087: 6807:Gospel of Matthew 6774: 6773: 6765:Succeeded by 6746:Succeeded by 6727:Succeeded by 6708:Succeeded by 6702:King of the Jews 6629:Media related to 6543:978-0-520-91935-8 6470:978-0-691-21677-5 6449:Kokkinos, Nikos. 6440:Knoblet, Jerry. 6402:978-0-07-024073-5 6350:978-0-7586-2799-5 6283:978-0-7509-3273-8 6264:978-1-880317-53-2 6218:Secondary sources 5757:www.gutenberg.org 5739:www.gutenberg.org 5711:978-0-674-39731-6 5633:Novum Testamentum 5593:Bibliotheca Sacra 5484:Keresztes, Paul. 5306:978-0-19-161399-9 5283:978-0-7287-0386-5 5223:The Straight Dope 5176:978-1-57003-136-6 5149:978-1-57003-136-6 5122:978-0-07-024073-5 5079:978-0-86554-582-3 4823:978-1-8460-3206-6 4814:Osprey Publishing 4586:, who forced the 4535:Novum Testamentum 4403:978-0-664-25727-9 4326:978-0-88402-115-5 4299:978-1-139-43465-2 4272:978-1-136-87289-1 4105:Novum Testamentum 4100:Steinmann, Andrew 4073:978-1-107-04127-1 4052:"Herod to Florus" 3995:Babylonian Talmud 3936:, pp. 92–93. 3904:978-965-07-0665-4 3822: 3801: 3661: 3660: 3440:Joseph ben Joseph 2938:Aristobulus Minor 2365: 2364: 2098: 2097: 2092:no known children 2080:no known children 1821:Caesarea Maritima 1723:Caesarea Maritima 1633: 1632: 1625: 1607: 1572:"Herod the Great" 1358:Hebrew University 1079:Gospel of Matthew 1021:Caesarea Maritima 881:Caesarea Maritima 739: 4 BCE 662:Hasmonean Dynasty 591:. In 40 BCE 491:, in present-day 376:tyrannical rule. 325: 324: 231:Antipater II 204:plus 5 more wives 71:36–1 BCE (Filmer) 11457: 11420:Herodian dynasty 11141: 11140: 11087: 10995: 10994: 10977: 10970: 10963: 10954: 10953: 10942: 10938: 10937: 10773:Redcurrant sauce 10562: 10556: 10555: 10551: 10525:Winter festivals 10275:Christmas horror 10242: 10153: 9984: 9839:Meals and feasts 9759:Christmas jumper 9706: 9677:Santa's reindeer 9629: 9575:Father Christmas 9539: 9496:Santa's workshop 9417: 9379:in later culture 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9195: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9163: 9162: 9151:Whore of Babylon 8755: 8754: 8562:Judas of Galilee 8552:Joseph Barsabbas 8527:Ethiopian eunuch 8457: 8449: 8413:Simon the Zealot 8208:Jesus's brothers 7981:John the Baptist 7971:Jairus' daughter 7966: 7948: 7915: 7877: 7876: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7803: 7802: 7776:Wycliffe Version 7750:Magdalen papyrus 7576:(Bach, 1727/29) 7494:Textual variants 7312:John the Baptist 7261:Great Commission 7231:Passion of Jesus 7216:Olivet Discourse 7201:Walking on water 6826: 6825: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6777: 6776: 6739:Ruler of Batanea 6720:Ruler of Galilee 6693:Preceded by 6688: 6681: 6672:Herodian dynasty 6667:Herod the Great 6663: 6662: 6628: 6614: 6605: 6578:Zeitlin, Solomon 6566: 6564: 6551:Schalit, Abraham 6547: 6521: 6514:Perowne, Stewart 6502: 6474: 6406: 6382: 6354: 6335: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6293:Tertiary sources 6287: 6268: 6249: 6235: 6206: 6194: 6188: 6176: 6170: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6091:100 (2010): 210. 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6045: 6039: 6036:., v. II, p. 77) 6016: 6010: 6009: 6001: 5995: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5948: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5897: 5891: 5887:The Boston Globe 5879: 5873: 5857: 5851: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5803: 5797: 5784: 5778: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5731: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5657: 5651: 5642: 5636: 5625: 5619: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5588: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5563: 5557: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5525: 5519: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5475:114 (1982) 29–42 5467: 5461: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5414:Knoblet, Jerry. 5412: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5377:The Eternal City 5373: 5362: 5350: 5344: 5332: 5326: 5314: 5308: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5269: 5263: 5251: 5245: 5233: 5227: 5215: 5209: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5106: 5100: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5057: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4874: 4868: 4861: 4852: 4846: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4803: 4788: 4782: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4655: 4631: 4625: 4615: 4609: 4597: 4591: 4580:Book of Jubilees 4574:: "The rigorous 4565: 4559: 4558: 4530: 4524: 4514: 4508: 4496: 4490: 4478: 4472: 4447: 4441: 4429: 4423: 4411: 4405: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4364: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4235: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4189: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4121: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4047: 4034: 4022: 4016: 3991: 3985: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3915: 3906: 3886: 3877: 3873: 3848: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3760: 3703: 3702: 3686: 3677: 3669: 3550:Herod of Chalcis 3063:Herod Agrippa II 2372: 2371: 2120: 2119: 2053:daughter Roxanne 1888: 1884: 1864:, Batanaea, and 1815: 1812: 1781: 1778: 1747: 1744: 1628: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1565: 1541: 1533: 1385:Aerial photo of 1289: 1285: 1282: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1109: 1103: 1102: 994:Herod Agrippa II 877:hydraulic cement 837:Battle of Actium 743:Herodian dynasty 740: 737: 658:Herodian dynasty 605:Pompey the Great 589:Hyrcanus II 542:farmed the taxes 535: 532: 483:, and Cypros, a 344: 340: 337: 224: 166:Most likely the 129: 126: 46: 34: 33: 11465: 11464: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11395:Herod the Great 11385: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11347: 11275: 11235: 11212: 11132: 11104: 11088: 11075: 11071:Herod the Great 11054: 11026: 10986: 10981: 10951: 10946: 10940: 10922: 10888:Pickled herring 10861: 10830: 10777: 10768:Cranberry sauce 10751: 10730: 10706:Red velvet cake 10691:Poppy seed roll 10609: 10560: 10549: 10547: 10541: 10520:White Christmas 10410:Christmas truce 10405:Christmas seals 10385:Christmas creep 10347: 10345: 10339: 10240: 10234: 10151: 10145: 9982: 9976: 9829:Lord of Misrule 9764:Christmas Peace 9714:Advent calendar 9704: 9698: 9647:Knecht Ruprecht 9627: 9625: 9619: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9419: 9415: 9407: 9332:Herod the Great 9267: 9261: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9197: 9193: 9190: 9160: 9155: 9102: 8900: 8831: 8780:Herod the Great 8748: 8742: 8557:Judas Barsabbas 8455: 8447: 8422: 8393:Judas Thaddaeus 8312: 8191: 8145: 8106:Simon the Leper 8101:Simon of Cyrene 8081:Samaritan woman 7964: 7946: 7945:Penitent thief 7913: 7866: 7852:In Christianity 7835: 7830: 7800: 7795: 7754: 7618: 7560: 7467: 7401: 7265: 7206:Transfiguration 7094: 7084: 6977: 6817: 6809: 6804: 6770: 6761: 6758:Ruler of Iamnia 6751: 6742: 6732: 6723: 6713: 6711:Herod Archelaus 6704: 6698: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6668: 6654:Wayback Machine 6631:Herod the Great 6621: 6594:10.2307/1453457 6571:Hérode le Grand 6544: 6471: 6443:Herod the Great 6418:Herodes und Rom 6403: 6392:Herod the Great 6362: 6360:Further reading 6357: 6351: 6332: 6310: 6308: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6265: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6195: 6191: 6177: 6173: 6159: 6155: 6144: 6140: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6046: 6042: 6018:Tierney, John. 6017: 6013: 6002: 5998: 5985: 5981: 5966: 5962: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5898: 5894: 5880: 5876: 5867:Wayback Machine 5858: 5854: 5842:Wayback Machine 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5804: 5800: 5785: 5781: 5768: 5764: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5700: 5696: 5658: 5654: 5643: 5639: 5626: 5622: 5608: 5604: 5589: 5585: 5574: 5567: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5526: 5522: 5512:Finegan, Jack. 5511: 5507: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5468: 5464: 5454:Hoehner, Harold 5452: 5448: 5439: 5435: 5426: 5422: 5416:Herod the Great 5413: 5409: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5365: 5351: 5347: 5333: 5329: 5315: 5311: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5270: 5266: 5252: 5248: 5234: 5230: 5216: 5212: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5112:Herod the Great 5107: 5103: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5027: 5018:Temple of Herod 5016: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4804: 4791: 4783: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4658: 4632: 4628: 4616: 4612: 4598: 4594: 4566: 4562: 4531: 4527: 4515: 4511: 4497: 4493: 4479: 4475: 4448: 4444: 4430: 4426: 4412: 4408: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4367: 4353: 4349: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4207: 4196: 4192: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4146: 4133:(2): 283–298 . 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4048: 4037: 4023: 4019: 3992: 3988: 3974: 3970: 3959: 3955: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3909: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3843:complicated by 3838: 3834: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3687: 3680: 3670: 3666: 3645: 3593: 3583: 3427:Herod Archelaus 3279: 3264: 3253: 3169: 3119: 2931:Herod Agrippa I 2921: 2897:Herod Archelaus 2727: 2711: 2576: 2574:Aristobulus III 2567: 2556: 2442: 2385: 2370: 2280: 2141: 2133: 2118: 2110: 1994:Herod Archelaus 1883: 1854:Herod Archelaus 1813: 1779: 1763: 1745: 1656:Aristobulus III 1644: 1639: 1629: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1566: 1564: 1554: 1542: 1531: 1517:and the Jewish 1440: 1342: 1336: 1292:Iudaea province 1287: 1283: 1269: 1261:Megillat Taanit 1257:Megillat Taanit 1230: 1214:Eadwine Psalter 1197: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172:Herod Archelaus 1167: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1059: 1053: 990:Robinson's Arch 966: 960: 939: 933:in 66 CE. 738: 728:Hasmonean kings 716: 660:and ending the 533: 511:background was 452: 404:Herod Archelaus 395:of Galilee and 381:Christian Bible 342: 338: 332:Herod the Great 281: 262:Herod Archelaus 220: 216: 215: 207: 170: 150: 136:Hasmonean Judea 130: 127: 112: 93:Herod Archelaus 70: 52: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11463: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11328: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11285: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11247: 11245: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11222: 11220: 11218:Gospel of Luke 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11149: 11147: 11138: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11114: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11089: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11068: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11036: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11003: 11001: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10980: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10828: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10819:Smoking Bishop 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10759: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10738: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10566: 10564: 10553: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10539: 10534: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10507: 10502: 10500:Super Saturday 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10430:Giving Tuesday 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10380:Christmas club 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10278: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10257: 10246: 10244: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227:Piae Cantiones 10223: 10216: 10209: 10199: 10193:Music charts ( 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10157: 10155: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9878: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9662:Père Fouettard 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9628:Saint Nicholas 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9580:Grandpa Indian 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9548:Saint Nicholas 9544: 9542: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9486:Old Man Winter 9483: 9478: 9473: 9471:Miner's figure 9468: 9463: 9458: 9456:Kallikantzaros 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9422: 9420: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9386:Nativity scene 9383: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9366: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9271: 9269: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9221:Children's Day 9217: 9210: 9207:Blue Christmas 9202: 9199: 9198: 9189: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9166: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9112: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8914: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8761: 8759: 8752: 8750:Herod's family 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8451: 8443: 8438: 8432: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8388:Judas Iscariot 8385: 8384: 8383: 8376: 8371: 8361: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8332: 8326: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8164: 8159: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8063: 8058: 8056:Naked fugitive 8053: 8051:Mary of Clopas 8048: 8043: 8038: 8036:Mary Magdalene 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7837: 7836: 7829: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7806: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7608: 7600: 7599:(1971 musical) 7592: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7489:Gospel of Mark 7486: 7481: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7463:Sea of Galilee 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7352:Pontius Pilate 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7332:Mary Magdalene 7329: 7324: 7322:Judas Iscariot 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7156: 7154:Fishers of men 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7098: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7075:27:1–12; 52–66 7072: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6832: 6823: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6763: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6744: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6725: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6669: 6666: 6661: 6660: 6644: 6634: 6620: 6619:External links 6617: 6616: 6615: 6606: 6574: 6567: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6529: 6522: 6510: 6505:Netzer, Ehud. 6503: 6493:(2): 212–240. 6482: 6475: 6469: 6454: 6447: 6438: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6401: 6387:Grant, Michael 6383: 6370: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6336: 6330: 6317: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6282: 6269: 6263: 6250: 6236: 6231:The Jewish War 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6189: 6171: 6153: 6146:Cohen, Shaye. 6138: 6131:Cohen, Shaye. 6123: 6114: 6102: 6093: 6080: 6078:, p. 272. 6068: 6066:, p. 273. 6056: 6040: 6011: 5996: 5979: 5960: 5939:(3): 207–208. 5919: 5892: 5874: 5852: 5826: 5798: 5779: 5762: 5744: 5726: 5715: 5694: 5652: 5637: 5620: 5602: 5583: 5565: 5543: 5520: 5505: 5490: 5477: 5462: 5446: 5433: 5420: 5407: 5394: 5381: 5363: 5345: 5327: 5309: 5289: 5282: 5264: 5246: 5228: 5210: 5194: 5192:, p. 126. 5182: 5175: 5155: 5148: 5128: 5121: 5101: 5093:Sanders, E. P. 5085: 5078: 5049: 5038: 5025: 5007: 4985: 4946: 4933: 4894: 4887: 4869: 4853: 4836: 4822: 4789: 4787:, p. 271. 4770: 4758: 4746: 4744:, p. 270. 4727: 4715: 4700: 4685: 4683:, p. 267. 4673: 4656: 4635:The Jewish War 4626: 4610: 4601:The Jewish War 4592: 4588:Abrahamic rite 4560: 4525: 4509: 4500:The Jewish War 4491: 4473: 4451:The Jewish War 4442: 4433:The Jewish War 4424: 4406: 4378: 4365: 4347: 4332: 4325: 4305: 4298: 4278: 4271: 4251: 4236: 4220: 4218:, p. 155. 4205: 4190: 4174: 4159: 4155:Steinmann 2011 4144: 4091: 4089:, p. 269. 4079: 4072: 4035: 4026:The Jewish War 4017: 3986: 3968: 3953: 3938: 3926: 3907: 3878: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3832: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3734:Herod's Palace 3731: 3726: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3678: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3586: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3280:king of Arabia 3273: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709:Aristobulus IV 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2571: 2569: 2561: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2349:Aristobulus IV 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1971: 1964:, daughter of 1958: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1940:Aristobulus IV 1936: 1927: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1824: 1817: 1808: 1797: 1794: 1783: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1740: 1737: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1701: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1652: 1643: 1640: 1631: 1630: 1545: 1543: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1439: 1436: 1399:archaeologists 1362:New York Times 1338:Main article: 1335: 1332: 1268: 1265: 1229: 1226: 1208:Herod died in 1157: 1154: 1140:Gospel of Luke 1055:Main article: 1052: 1049: 1002:Herod's Temple 962:Main article: 959: 956: 938: 935: 853:Herod's Temple 794:The Jewish War 715: 714:Reign in Judea 712: 538:Greek original 464:, 16th century 451: 448: 418:; Herod's son 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 289: 283: 282: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 243: 241:Aristobulus IV 238: 233: 227: 225: 209: 208: 206: 205: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 178: 176: 172: 171: 165: 163: 159: 158: 143: 139: 138: 122: 118: 117: 114: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 89: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 47: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11462: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11400:70s BC births 11398: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11375: 11374:Nativity Fast 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11326:Nativity play 11324: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11242: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11086: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10973: 10971: 10966: 10964: 10959: 10958: 10955: 10943: 10933: 10932: 10929: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866:Meat and fish 10864: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10833: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10804:Hot chocolate 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10754: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10544: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10532: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10505:Ugly sweaters 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10415:Controversies 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10342: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10296: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10250:In literature 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10237: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10148: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10119:United States 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9849:Moravian star 9847: 9845: 9844:Midnight Mass 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9734:Candle arches 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9724:Advent wreath 9722: 9720: 9719:Advent candle 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9626:Companions of 9622: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538:Gift-bringers 9533: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9410: 9404: 9403:Twelfth Night 9401: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9364:Nativity Fast 9362: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9322:Christmastide 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9297:Angel Gabriel 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9275:Biblical Magi 9273: 9272: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9253: 9251: 9246: 9244: 9239: 9237: 9232: 9230: 9228:Christmas Eve 9225: 9223: 9218: 9216: 9211: 9209: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9187: 9182: 9180: 9175: 9173: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9131:Two witnesses 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9121:Four Horsemen 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8810:Pilate's wife 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8674:Seven Deacons 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7822: 7820: 7815: 7813: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7771:Latin Vulgate 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7174:Lord's Prayer 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6820:New Testament 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6794: 6789: 6787: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6730:Herod Antipas 6722: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6641:Israel Museum 6638: 6635: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6431:Kasher, Aryeh 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6375:History Today 6371: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6331:9780802824547 6327: 6323: 6318: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6107: 6097: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5830: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5688:, as well as 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5670:Herod Antipas 5666: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5570: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5458:Herod Antipas 5455: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5411: 5404: 5398: 5391: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5353:Schürer, Emil 5349: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5159: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5132: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5105: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5012: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4888:9780800618902 4884: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4767: 4762: 4756:, p. 75. 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4725:, p. 72. 4724: 4719: 4713:, p. 71. 4712: 4707: 4705: 4698:, p. 67. 4697: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4671:, p. 70. 4670: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4521:Roman History 4518: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4309: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4265:. Routledge. 4264: 4263: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3883: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3653: 3644: 3628: 3626: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3585: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3511: 3509: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3405:Herod Antipas 3397: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3301: 3299: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3255: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3212: 3210: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3171: 3157: 3155: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3117:Simon Boethus 3098: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3040: 3037: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2973: 2971: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2924:Herod Antipas 2920: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2858: 2856: 2848: 2846: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2740: 2726: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2687: 2685: 2669: 2667: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2641: 2605: 2603: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2566: 2558: 2544: 2541: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2476: 2456: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2441: 2425: 2423: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2373: 2360: 2357: 2350: 2338: 2336: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2289: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2246: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2198: 2196: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2121: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2001:Herod Antipas 1998: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848:as successor. 1847: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 10 BCE 1809: 1806: 1805:Olympic Games 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 18 BCE 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770:Tomb of Herod 1767: 1755: 1754:Second Temple 1751: 1746: 20 BCE 1741: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664:32 BCE – The 1663: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1627: 1624: 1616: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1574: – 1573: 1569: 1568:Find sources: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1546:This section 1544: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1472:Second Temple 1468: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:lunar eclipse 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1218:Ordo Rachelis 1215: 1211: 1203: 1193: 1183: 1182:Herod Antipas 1173: 1162: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1144:Michael Grant 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1071: 1063: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 997: 995: 991: 986: 985:Second Temple 979: 975: 970: 965: 955: 953: 949: 945: 934: 932: 927: 923: 919: 915: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 858: 854: 850: 846: 844: 843: 838: 834: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 803: 801: 800: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 775: 771: 767: 763: 755: 750: 746: 744: 733: 729: 720: 711: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681:John Hyrcanus 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558:Sextus Caesar 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 47 BCE 528: 527:Julius Caesar 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 479: 475: 471: 463: 462: 456: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 389:Herod Antipas 386: 382: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 362:Second Temple 359: 355: 351: 348: 339: 72 BCE 333: 329: 321: 318: 314: 310: 306: 303: 300: 296: 293: 290: 288: 284: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 257:Herod Antipas 255: 253: 250: 248: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 226: 223: 222: 214: 210: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 180: 179: 177: 173: 169: 164: 160: 157: 153: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 128: 72 BCE 123: 119: 115: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 98:Herod Antipas 96: 94: 91: 90: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 68: 64: 60: 55: 51: 50:Israel Museum 45: 40: 35: 30: 26: 22: 11405:0s BC deaths 11352:Remembrances 11198:Matthew 2:11 11193:Matthew 1:25 11188:Matthew 1:24 11183:Matthew 1:23 11178:Matthew 1:22 11173:Matthew 1:21 11168:Matthew 1:20 11163:Matthew 1:19 11158:Matthew 1:18 11123:Frankincense 11070: 11007:Christ Child 10878:Gefilte fish 10826:Ponche crema 10661:Melomakarono 10529: 10420:Cyber Monday 10325: 10290: 10259: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10201:Music books 10194: 10032:Nazi Germany 9924: 9920:Secret Santa 9907: 9794:Flying Santa 9501:Tió de Nadal 9451:Korvatunturi 9331: 9302:Annunciation 9268:Christianity 9249:Sol Invictus 9146:Three Angels 9013:Jesus Justus 8983:Epaphroditus 8868: 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