685:. Skule and Haakon increasingly drifted apart in their administration, and Skule focused mainly on governing Eastern Norway after 1220, which he had gained the right to rule in 1218 as his third of the Norwegian kingdom. From 1221 to 1223, Haakon and Skule separately issued letters as rulers of Norway, and maintained official contacts abroad. In 1223 a great meeting of bishops, clergy, secular nobles, and other high-ranking figures from all across the country was held in Bergen to decide finally on Haakon's right to the throne. Other candidates to the throne were present either personally or through attorneys, but Haakon was in the end unanimously confirmed as King of Norway by the court.
765:
1061:
950:(those supporting the Pope over the Holy Roman Emperor), Haakon in turn sought closer ties with the Ghibelline Emperor Frederick II, who sent ambassadors to Norway. As Haakon had gained a powerful reputation due to the strength of his fleet, other European rulers wanted to benefit from his friendship. Despite the struggle between the Pope and the Emperor, Haakon was able to maintain friendships with both. According to an English chronicler, the Pope wanted Haakon to become Holy Roman Emperor. It has been suggested that Haakon hesitated to leave Norway due to the Mongol threat.
1241:
Haakon's supporters in the years immediately after 1217, and that this may suggest some limited abilities. While neither giving a clear picture of Haakon, Helle maintains that Haakon "obviously" learned to master the political game in his early years. He interprets Haakon as an independent and strong-willed ruler to whom he assigns a "significant personal responsibility" for the policies pursued during his reign: notably regarding the internal consolidation of the kingship, the orientation towards
European culture and the aggressive foreign policy. In his article in
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by the pope due to his illegitimate birth. He nonetheless had a strong personal desire to be approved fully as a
European king. Several papal commissions were appointed to investigate the matter, and Haakon declared his legitimate son Haakon the Young his successor instead of an older living illegitimate son. Although Haakon had children with his mistress Kanga the Young prior to his marriage with Margrete, it was his children with Margrete who were designated as his successors in accordance with a papal recognition. The Catholic principle of
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setback despite his military victory. In 1224, Sigurd escaped from Skule's custody, and Haakon was left to fight him alone as the new ruler of
Eastern Norway. Skule remained passive throughout the rest of the war, and his support for Haakon was lukewarm at best. Assuming the military lead in the fight, Haakon nevertheless defeated Ribbung through comprehensive and organisationally demanding warfare over the next few years. As part of the campaign, Haakon additionally led a large army into the
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the 1230s, and attempted settlements at meetings in 1233 and 1236 only distanced them more from each other. Periodically, the two nonetheless reconciled and spent a great amount of time together, only to have their friendship destroyed - according to the saga, by intrigues derived from rumours and slander by men who played the two against each other. Skule was the first person ever in Norway to be titled duke (
649:
1247:, Knut Helle acknowledges that Haakon was empowered by the strong institutional position of the kingship at the end of his reign (which he had developed himself), and that his policies were not always successful. Helle nonetheless recognises the substantial political abilities and powerful determination Haakon must have had in order to progress from the difficult position in which he started his reign.
441:). Having come into conflict with the royal representative in Iceland, Sturla came to Norway in 1263 in an attempt to reconcile with Haakon. When he arrived, he learned that Haakon was in Scotland, and that Magnus ruled Norway in his place. While Magnus initially took an unfriendly attitude towards Sturla, his talents as a story-teller and
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against Inge, he rejected it in part because of his young age and its bad prospects, as well as because he believed it would be morally wrong to fight Inge and thus split the
Birkebeiner. He instead said that he prayed that God would give him his share of his father's inheritance when the time was right.
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friendship" with Haakon. At the request of
Alfonso, Haakon sent his daughter Christina to Castile to marry one of Alfonso's brothers. However, Christina died four years later without children, which marked the effective end of the short-lived alliance, and the proposed crusade fell into the blue.
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fleet of at least 120 ships. He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet. The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached
Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings
993:. During the conflict, Haakon had reportedly been offered control over the city by Emperor Frederick II. In any case, Haakon's policy regarding Northern German ports largely derived from his strategy of attempting to exploit the internal turmoil in Denmark after the death of King Valdemar II in 1241.
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scattered across the whole of Norway. This was part of an attempt by Haakon to limit Skule's power. In 1239 the conflict between the two erupted into open warfare when Skule had himself proclaimed king. Although he had some support in TrĂžndelag, Opplandene, and eastern Viken, he could not stand up to
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eventually won him the favour of Magnus and his men. The saga is considered the most detailed and reliable of all sagas concerning
Norwegian kings, building on both written archive material and oral information from individuals who had been close to Haakon. It is nonetheless written openly in support
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received backing overseas from North Africa). Haakon could thus potentially also fulfill his papal vow of crusade, although he likely did not intend to. He sent an embassy to
Castile in 1255. A Castilian ambassador to Norway returned with the embassy, and proposed to establish the "strongest ties of
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After King Inge's death in 1217, a succession dispute erupted. Haakon was supported by the majority of
Birkebeiners, including the veterans who had served under his father and grandfather. Other candidates included Inge's illegitimate son Guttorm (who dropped out very soon); Inge's half-brother Earl
505:), but Inga's claim was supported by several of the king's followers. Haakon was born in Bagler-controlled territory, and his mother's claim placed them in a dangerous position. When the Baglers started hunting Haakon, a group of Birkebeiners fled with the child in the winter of 1205/06, heading for
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Haakon has often been compared with Skule BĂ„rdsson, and historians have taken sides in the old conflict. While Munch saw Skule as a traitor to the rightful
Norwegian king, Koht viewed Skule as a heroic figure. On more sketchy grounds, Kinck praised Skule as representing the original and dying Norse
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was a cornerstone of Haakon's foreign policy. As they had become kings around the same time, Haakon wrote to Henry in 1224 that he wished they could maintain the friendship that had existed between their fathers. Haakon sought to defend the Norwegian sovereignty over islands in the west, namely the
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Haakon employed an active and aggressive foreign policy to strengthen Norwegian ties in the west. His policy relied on friendship and trade with the King of England; the first known Norwegian trade agreements were made with England in the years 1217â23 (England's first commercial treaties were also
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While the Church in Norway initially had refused to recognise Haakon as King of Norway, it had largely turned to support his claim to the throne by the 1223 meeting, although later disagreements occurred. Despite being the undisputed ruler of Norway after 1240, Haakon was still not approved as king
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in 1219. Haakon accepted the proposal (although he did not think it would change much politically), but the marriage between Haakon and Margrete did not take place before 1225, partly due to the conflict with Sigurd. The relationship between Haakon and Skule nevertheless deteriorated further during
1236:
have in turn professed a reaction against Koht's view. According to Sverre Bagge, modern historians tend to follow Koht when it comes to see Skule's rebellion as a last desperate attempt to stop Haakon from encroaching on Skule's power, but lean closer to Munch's overall evaluation of the two men.
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was thus established in the Norwegian order of succession, although Haakon's new law still maintained that illegitimate children could be designated as successor in the absence of any legitimate children or grandchildrenâcontrary to Catholic principles. While his strong position allowed him to set
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after the Earl's death in 1214. Haakon was brought up alongside Inge's son Guttorm, and they were treated as the same. When he was eleven, some of Haakon's friends provoked the king by asking him to give Haakon a region to govern. When Haakon was approached by the men and was urged to take up arms
1240:
Knut Helle interprets the saga to leave an impression of Skule as a skilled warrior and politician, while noting that the author of the saga purposely created a diffuse image of his role in the conflict with Haakon. On the other hand, Helle notes that Skule was outmaneuvered with relative ease by
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Haakon also initiated legal reforms which were crucial for the development of justice in Norway. Haakon's "New Law", written around 1260, was a breakthrough for both the idea and practice of public justice, as opposed to the traditional Norwegian customs of feuds and revenge. The influence of the
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as the Baglers formerly had done. In the summer of 1223, Skule forced the Ribbungar to surrender. However, The great meeting in Bergen soon after renewed the division of the Norwegian kingdom, with Skule gaining control of the northern third of the country instead of the east, in what marked a
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In Scandinavia, Haakon regularly met with neighbouring rulers in the border-area around Elven from the late 1240s through the 1250s. He sent grand fleets as embassies; some reportedly numbered over 300 ships. Haakon also reconciled with the Swedes when he his son Haakon the Young married
870:
The royal court in Bergen also started importing and translating the first true European literature that became available to a wider Norwegian audience. The literature which was popular then was heroic-romantic literature derived from the French and, in turn, English courts, notably
706:
district of Sweden in 1225, to punish the inhabitants for their support of Sigurd. Sigurd died in 1226, and the revolt was finally quashed in 1227 with the surrender of its last leader, Haakon the Crazy's son Knut Haakonsson. This left Haakon more or less uncontested monarch.
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in Bergen in 1218. The result of the trial strengthened the legal basis for his kingship, and improved his relationship with the Church. The saga's claim that Haakon already had been generally accepted as king in 1217/18 has however been contested by modern historians such as
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The last Bagler king Philip Simonsson died in 1217. Speedy political and military manoeuvering by Skule led to a reconciliation between the Birkebeiners and Baglers, and thus the reunification of the kingdom. However, some discontented Baglers found a new royal pretender,
1047:, and possibly giving access to Baltic grain through Norwegian control of LĂŒbeck. Alfonso in turn sought to expand his influence in Northern Europe, as well as to gain Norwegian naval assistance for the campaign or crusade he had proposed in Morocco (seeing that the
859:, where he built a European-style stone palace. He used a grand fleet with stately royal ships when meeting with other Scandinavian rulers, and actively sent letters and gifts to other European rulers; his most far-reaching contact was achieved when he sent
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over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable
563:." Haakon was notably the first Norwegian king to receive formal education at a school. From the late civil war era, the government administration relied increasingly on written communication, which in turn demanded literate leaders. When Haakon was in
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Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the
636:(Göta Ălv). While Skule's supporters initially had attempted to cast doubt about Haakon's royal ancestry, they eventually suspended open resistance to his candidacy. As the dispute could have divided the Birkebeiners, Skule settled on becoming
1020:). Haakon claimed Halland in 1253, and finally invaded the province on his own in 1256, demanding it as compensation for the looting of Norwegian ships in Danish seas. But he was forced to renounce this claim in a 1257 peace agreement with
989:. This trade was halted in the late 1240s by the plundering of Norwegian ships in Danish seas by ships from LĂŒbeck. In 1250, Haakon made a peace and trade agreement with LĂŒbeck, which eventually also opened the city of Bergen to the
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After consolidating his position in 1240, Haakon focused on displaying the supremacy of the kingship, influenced by the increasingly closer contact with European culture. He built several monumental royal buildings, primarily in the
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in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway, where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen. Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of
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had made an agreement for the succession to the throne that excluded himself, Haakon pointed out that the agreement was invalid due to his attorney not having been present. He subsequently identified his attorney as "God and
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on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks. The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the
375:, in 1227. He put a definitive end to the civil war era when he had Skule BĂ„rdsson killed in 1240, a year after he had himself proclaimed king in opposition to Haakon. Haakon thereafter formally appointed his own son as his
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by a delegation of Irish kings, and the command of the French crusader fleet by the French king. He amplified the influence of European culture in Norway by importing and translating contemporary European literature into
1009:. He thus looked for alliance with the Swedes, as well as ties with opponents of the ruling line of monarchs of Denmark. In 1249, Haakon allied with Earl Birger for a joint Swedish-Norwegian invasion into Halland and
670:) from Haakon's reign. While a few of his coins included the inscription "REX HACV" (when with Earl Skule "REX ET COMES"), most only contained images of animals, a crowned head, a crown, a castle, or single letters.
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proposed (by Matthew Paris as messenger) to Haakon to join him for a Crusade, with Haakon as commander of the fleet, but Haakon declined. While Haakon had been unsuccessful in gaining the recognition of
382:
Under Haakon's rule, medieval Norway is considered to have reached its zenith or golden age. His reputation and formidable naval fleet allowed him to maintain friendships with both the pope and the
1118:, Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland. Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since
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Haakon's forces. The rebellion ended when Skule was killed in 1240, leaving Haakon the undisputed king of Norway. This revolt is generally taken to mark the final end of Norway's civil war era.
395:, and by constructing monumental European-style stone buildings. In conjunction with this he employed an active and aggressive foreign policy, and at the end of his rule added Iceland and the
550:
In the saga, Haakon is described as bright and witty, and as being small for his age. When he was three years old, he was captured by the Baglers but refused to call the Bagler king
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were some of the key reasons which allowed Haakon to assert sovereignty over the islands. The Norwegian kingdom was at the largest it has ever been by the end of Haakon's reign.
1102:. Further, the Norse community in Greenland agreed to submit to the Norwegian crown in 1261, and in 1262 Haakon achieved one of his long-standing ambitions when he incorporated
1329:(1238â1280). Married Ingeborg, daughter of Eric IV of Denmark in 1261. Appointed king and co-ruler after the death of Haakon the Young. Succeeded his father as King of Norway.
1164:, with plans to resume his campaign the next year. During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263. Haakon was buried in the
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boundaries to the Church's political influence, he was on the other hand prepared to give the Church much autonomy in internal affairs and relations with the rural society.
903:, which was finished in 1226 after orders from the young and newly-wed Haakon. Haakon's programme seems to have been the spark for the emergence of a new Norse genre of
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Kone (c. 1225 -), married Toralde Gunnarsson Hvite, until Gulsvik (Buskerud, c. 1220 â Gulsvik, FlĂ„, Buskerud, d. 1260), mentioned on a 1258 document, and had issue.
1036:), that in the end had dire consequences for Norway as it did not have the economic and military resources to persevere and maintain Haakon's aggressive policies.
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at its territorial height. Although he for the moment managed to secure Norwegian control of the islands off the northern and western shores of Scotland, plus the
529:. They eventually managed to bring Haakon to safety with King Inge; this particular event is commemorated in modern-day Norway by the popular annual skiing event
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Haakon had three illegitimate children with his mistress Kanga the Younger av Folkindberg (who is only known by name) (1198â1225), before 1225. They were:
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Haakon pursued a foreign policy that was active in all directions (although foremost to the west and south-east). In the north-east, the relationship with
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into his kingdom by exploiting the island's internal conflicts in his favour. The dependency on Norwegian maritime trade and their subordination to the
1149:(2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter. A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the
942:
Relations were hostile with both Sweden and Denmark from the start of his reign. During Haakon's rivalry with Earl Skule, Skule sought the support of
934:("King's Mirror"), an educational text intended for his son Magnus, which was probably written in cooperation with the royal court in the mid-1250s.
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claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son
54:
981:, but Haakon refused due to the Mongol threat. With Norwegian ships from the port of Elven were active in the waters south of Sweden and into the
946:, but any aid was made impossible after Valdemar's capture by one of his vassals. Since the Danes wanted overlordship of Norway and supported the
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countered and viewed Haakon as an insignificant king subordinated to forces outside of his control, a view which influenced historians such as
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his lord (he nonetheless came from the capture unharmed). When he learned at the age of eight that King Inge BĂ„rdsson and his brother Earl
1181:, and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.
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1313:, daughter of the Swedish statesman Earl Birger in 1251. Appointed king and co-ruler by his father in 1240, but predeceased his father.
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1043:(a potential next Holy Roman emperor) chiefly as it would guarantee new supplies of grain to Castile in light of rising prices in
693:, and launched a new rising from 1219. The rising only gained support in parts of Eastern Norway, and was did not gain control of
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355:, but his reign eventually managed to put an end to the internal conflicts. At the start of his reign, during his minority, Earl
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continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.
920:. The literature also appealed to women, and both Haakon's wife Margrete and his daughter Kristina owned richly illustrated
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Haakon's councillors had sought to reconcile Haakon and Skule by proposing marriage between Haakon and Skule's daughter
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faction. He was dead by the time his son Haakon was born (many believed to have been poisoned by his Swedish stepmother
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In connection with the dispute over the royal election, Haakon's mother Inga had to prove his parentage through a
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807:("Bjarmians") had been forced westwards by the Mongols, Haakon allowed them to stay in the area surrounding the
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Gregorius Andresson, a nephew of the last Bagler king Philip Simonsson in 1241. Widowed in 1246, she married
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1024:. Haakon thereafter negotiated a marriage between his only remaining son, Magnus, and Christopher's niece
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culture, and Haakon as a superficial emulator of foreign culture. Since the 1960s, historians including
799:. In 1241 he converted this into a vow of waging war against pagan peoples in the north in light of the
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733:) in 1237, but instead of control over a region, gained the rights to the incomes from a third of the
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in the summer of 1204, probably in March or April. The father was widely regarded to have been King
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From Gang Leader to the Lord's Anointed: Kingship in Sverris saga and Hakonar saga Hakonarsonar
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under the care of Haakon the Crazy, he began his education at the age of seven, likely at the
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2269:. The Viking Collection: Studies in Northern civilization. Vol. 8. Odense University.
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521:, Torstein Skevla and Skjervald Skrukka, carried on with the child over the mountain from
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fjord and had them Christianizedâsomething that would please the papacy. Later, in 1248,
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Norwegian historians have held differing views on Haakon's reign. In the 19th century,
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from 1217 to 1263. His reign lasted for 46 years, longer than any Norwegian king since
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1005:. Haakon sought to expand his kingdom southwards of Elven into the Danish province of
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Haakon also attempted to strengthen his ties with the papacy by taking a vow to go on
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19th-century impression of the birkebeiner bringing the infant Haakon to safety by
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in 1248. They both drowned the same year on the return voyage to Great Britain.
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Haakon, Margreta and Haakon the Young, as seen in a psalter owned by Margrete.
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portrayed Haakon as a mighty, almost flawless ruler, which in turn influenced
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961:, as well as raiding from both Norwegian and Karelian sides. Eventually, the
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535:. Haakon's dramatic childhood was often parallelled with that of former king
977:. An embassy from Novgorod one time asked for the hand of Haakon's daughter
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The Norwegian account of Haco's expedition against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII
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Medieval Norway at its greatest extent, around the time of Haakon's death.
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to negotiations with Haakon that likely strengthened Norwegian control of
831:. Haakon finally achieved royal recognition by Pope Innocent in 1246, and
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2379:]. Aschehougs Norgeshistorie (in Norwegian). Vol. 3. Aschehoug.
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Les mascottes des Jeux Olympiques dâhiver dâInnsbruck 1976 Ă Sotchi 2014
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A history of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland
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517:). As the party was struck by a blizzard, two of the best Birkebeiner
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1358:(2016), the infant HĂ„kon IV is portrayed by Jonathan Oskar Dahlgren.
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in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.
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as well as part of the Birkebeiners; and Haakon the Crazy's son,
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1028:. Haakon's Nordic policies initiated the build-up to the later
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1345:. HĂ„kon is named after Haakon IV of Norway and Kristin after
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539:(who introduced Christianity to Norway), as well as with the
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The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait
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Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (2005).
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1013:, but the agreement was eventually abandoned by the Swedes (
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1770:
714:
Haakon and Skule BĂ„rdsson, from the 14th century Icelandic
616:
in June 1217. He was later the same year hailed as king at
596:
30:"Hakon Hakonarson" redirects here. For the researcher, see
1323:, brother of Alfonso X of Castile in 1258. Died childless.
957:
had been tense due to a dispute over the right to tax the
485:, as Inga had been with Haakon in his hostel in Borg (now
2463:
O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1993). "The Norwegian Alliance".
2427:
The Making of Ireland: From Ancient Times to the Present
1767:
433:, it was written by the Icelandic writer and politician
423:
The main source of information concerning Haakon is the
2349:
Fry, Plantagenet Somerset; Fry, Fiona Somerset (1991).
838:
411:
following some military engagements with the expanding
57:). The seal itself was given to Haakon as a gift from
1055:
571:. He continued his education under King Inge at the
2465:
The Learned King: The Reign of Alfonso X of Castile
367:faction, Haakon defeated the uprising of the final
985:, Norway increasingly relied on Baltic grain from
612:and western Norway, Haakon was proclaimed king at
489:) in late 1203. King Haakon was the leader of the
3585:People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School
2446:Kingship and state formation in Sweden, 1130-1290
2401:. Vol. 2. Christiania (Oslo): P. T. Malling.
2329:
1122:. As part of a new development the Scottish king
3511:
2491:Orfield, Lester B.; Boyer, Benjamin F. (2002) .
1586:"Issuing Authorities: HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson's coinage"
1116:community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland
2471:
2467:. University of Pennsylvania. pp. 202â204.
2462:
2408:The art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica majora
1942:(in Norwegian). University of Oslo. p. 117
1177:, for military purposes in connection with the
1039:More distantly, Haakon sought an alliance with
850:in Bergen, constructed in the mid-13th century.
835:was sent to Bergen and crowned Haakon in 1247.
3580:People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School
1664:
1662:
594:, who had been appointed leader of the king's
3281:
2656:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
2490:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
1850:
1848:
1590:University of Oslo's Coin Cabinet exhibition
897:was reportedly the Arthurian romantic story
600:at Inge's deathbed and was supported by the
3595:Illegitimate children of Norwegian monarchs
2227:
2155:
2153:
2151:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1894:
1892:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1659:
1295:on 25 May 1225, daughter of his rival Earl
1069:made with Norway), and the friendship with
910:Haakon also had the popular religious text
893:). The first work that was translated into
453:
450:, and the legitimacy of Haakon's kingship.
3288:
3274:
2663:
2649:
2042:Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.
1873:
1871:
1869:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1609:
1607:
1376:
824:who sought alliances in his struggle with
743:
235:
3206:
2171:
2125:
2038:
2036:
1919:
1845:
1560:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1389:
608:. With his widespread popular support in
407:, he fell ill and died when wintering in
3153:
3120:
3037:
2972:
2148:
1972:
1901:
1889:
1818:
1746:
1730:
1680:
1254:
1250:
1059:
842:
709:
457:
3295:
2703:
2377:Under church and royal power: 1130-1350
1866:
1815:Orfield & Boyer, 2002, pp. 137â138.
1643:
1604:
14:
3512:
2670:
2393:
2348:
2294:Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000-1306
2291:
2033:
1519:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1433:
937:
584:
399:community to his kingdom, leaving the
322:
53:Haakon's seal, from a 1247/48 letter (
3269:
2644:
2424:
2405:
2367:
2310:
2261:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
928:reforms is also apparent in Haakon's
820:, he quickly gained the support from
418:
2443:
839:Cultural influence and legal reforms
351:. Haakon was born into the troubled
2373:Under kirke og kongemakt: 1130-1350
2126:Guhnfeldt, Cato (19 October 2011).
1162:Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney
24:
1925:Orfield & Boyer, 2002, p. 137.
1854:Orfield & Boyer, 2002, p. 138.
1449:
1395:"Da birkebeinerne skapte historie"
1333:
1303:Olav (born 1226). Died in infancy.
1203:. In the early 20th century, poet
25:
3606:
2511:
1056:The Scottish expedition and death
863:with an embassy to the sultan of
3560:Burials at Christ Church, Bergen
763:
752:
656:
647:
640:for Haakon during his minority.
446:of the political program of the
437:(nephew of the famous historian
324:[ËhÉËËkonËhÉËËkonÉrËson]
47:
3530:13th-century Norwegian monarchs
2472:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011).
2254:
2196:
2187:
2162:
2119:
2088:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1963:
1954:
1928:
1910:
1880:
1857:
1836:
1809:
1788:
1779:
1758:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1671:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1578:
1569:
1551:
1108:Nidaros ecclesiastical province
1001:, a daughter of Swedish leader
257:Christina, Lady of Valdecorneja
218:
3555:Burials at St Magnus Cathedral
2493:The Growth of Scandinavian Law
2476:. University of Pennsylvania.
1936:"Diplomatarium Norvegicum XIX"
1542:
1533:
1424:
1415:
1367:
1135:dispute with the Scottish king
509:, the new Birkebeiner king in
13:
1:
1361:
1270:Cecilia (died 1248). Married
1184:
1084:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles
916:translated into Old Norse as
308:
143:
2410:. University of California.
1160:Haakon over-wintered at the
77:June 1217 â 16 December 1263
32:Hakon Hakonarson (scientist)
7:
2315:. University of Minnesota.
2030:Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.
246:Cecilia, Queen of the Isles
10:
3611:
1898:O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 203.
1886:O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 202.
1709:Lewis, 1987, pp. 456, 467.
1592:. University of Oslo. 1995
1282:King of Mann and the Isles
833:Cardinal William of Sabina
573:Trondheim Cathedral School
29:
27:King of Norway (1204â1263)
3535:Norwegian Roman Catholics
3486:
3442:
3303:
3234:
3191:
3138:
3105:
3022:
2957:
2681:
2629:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2549:
2292:Barrow, G. W. S. (1981).
2241:24 September 2015 at the
2209:Norsk biografisk leksikon
2168:Bagge, 1996, pp. 111â112.
2101:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1960:Helle, 1995, pp. 195â196.
1916:Helle, 1995, pp. 194â195.
1877:O'Callaghan, 2011, p. 17.
1863:Helle, 1995, pp. 197â198.
1842:Bagge, 1996, pp. 121â122.
1806:, retrieved 18 March 2013
1785:Bagge, 1996, pp. 149â150.
1776:Helle, 1995, pp. 171â172.
1764:Helle, 1995, pp. 180â181.
1727:Helle, 1995, pp. 181â183.
1718:Bagge, 1996, pp. 119â120.
1700:Bagge, 1996, pp. 110â111.
1677:Bagge, 1996, pp. 129â130.
1668:Bagge, 1996, pp. 108â109.
1539:Helle, 1995, pp. 169â170.
1501:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1321:Infante Philip of Castile
1244:Norsk biografisk leksikon
801:Mongol invasion of Europe
426:Saga of Haakon Haakonsson
292:
282:
270:
262:Magnus VI, King of Norway
228:
200:
177:
160:
139:
135:
115:
105:
95:
81:
73:
66:
46:
41:
3497:KristjĂĄn X (Christian X)
2920:Magnus VI the Law-mender
2495:. The Lawbook Exchange.
2425:Lydon, James F. (1998).
2334:. Cambridge University.
2296:. Edinburgh University.
1940:Dokumentasjonsprosjektet
1622:Bagge, 1996, pp. 98â102.
1341:were the mascots of the
1022:Christopher I of Denmark
579:
454:Background and childhood
388:High Kingship of Ireland
3550:Medieval child monarchs
3193:III. Independent Norway
2876:Haakon II Broadshoulder
2539:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2406:Lewis, Suzanne (1987).
1640:Helle, 1995, pp. 75â76.
1575:Bagge, 1996, pp. 96â97.
1548:Bagge, 1996, pp. 95â96.
1299:. Their children were:
963:Mongol invasion of Rus'
744:Recognition by the Pope
569:Bergen Cathedral School
353:civil war era in Norway
319:
312: March/April 1204
191:Old Cathedral of Bergen
187:, Kirkwall (until 1264)
147: March/April 1204
3107:II. Independent Norway
2542:(11th ed.). 1911.
2204:"Kristin HĂ„konsdatter"
1260:
1179:Protestant Reformation
1065:
944:Valdemar II of Denmark
857:royal estate in Bergen
851:
776:accorded to Haakon by
721:
466:
332:
3444:Possession of Denmark
2891:Haakon III Sverresson
2864:Eystein II Haraldsson
2839:Sigurd I the Crusader
2688:Foreign and non-royal
2683:I. Independent Norway
2444:Line, Philip (2007).
2311:Derry, T. K. (2000).
2214:Store norske leksikon
2184:Keyser, 1870, p. 230.
2106:Store norske leksikon
2075:Store norske leksikon
1804:Store Norske Leksikon
1566:Keyser, 1870, p. 184.
1506:Store norske leksikon
1496:"Haakon 4 Haakonsson"
1319:(1234â1262). Married
1311:Rikissa Birgersdotter
1309:(1232â1257). Married
1293:Margrete Skulesdatter
1258:
1251:Children and marriage
1155:Anglo-Norman settlers
1063:
846:
713:
602:Archbishop of Nidaros
495:the ongoing civil war
461:
207:Margaret Skulesdatter
128:Magnus VI (1257â1263)
3570:People from Eidsberg
3545:Civil wars in Norway
3305:Possession of Norway
2908:Haakon IV Haakonsson
2809:Magnus II Haraldsson
2696:monarchs in brackets
2561:Cadet branch of the
2351:A History of Ireland
2159:Helle, 1995, p. 181.
2128:"En norsk kongegrav"
2060:Barrow, 1981 p. 119.
2051:Helle, 1995, p. 173.
2012:Barrow, 1981 p. 118.
1994:Bagge, 1996, p. 126.
1985:Helle, 1995, p. 196.
1907:Helle, 1995, p. 194.
1833:Helle, 1995, p. 197.
1755:Helle, 1995, p. 199.
1743:Helle, 1995, p. 198.
1691:Helle, 1995, p. 180.
1373:Helle, 1995, p. 183.
1343:1994 Winter Olympics
1151:High King of Ireland
1071:Henry III of England
1041:Alfonso X of Castile
335:), sometimes called
314:â 16 December 1263;
305:Haakon IV Haakonsson
287:Haakon III of Norway
59:Henry III of England
3565:People from Ăstfold
3297:Monarchs of Iceland
3127:Christian Frederick
2940:Haakon VI Magnusson
2935:Magnus VII Ericsson
2881:Magnus V Erlingsson
2849:Magnus IV the Blind
2834:Eystein I Magnusson
2824:Magnus III Barefoot
2804:Harald III Hardrada
2726:Harald II Greycloak
2193:Line, 2007, p. 589.
2021:Lydon, 1998, p. 78.
2003:Derry, 2000, p. 49.
1969:Derry, 2000, p. 48.
1656:Helle, 1995, p. 77.
1631:Bagge, 1996, p. 99.
1613:Helle, 1995, p. 76.
1557:Bagge, 1996, p. 96.
1530:Bagge, 1996, p. 95.
1446:Helle, 1995, p. 75.
1430:Bagge, 1996, p. 91.
1421:Helle, 1995, p. 74.
1393:(19 October 2011).
1347:Christina of Norway
1327:Magnus VI of Norway
1267:Sigurd (died 1252).
1222:Per Sveaas Andersen
1166:St Magnus Cathedral
938:Involvements abroad
585:Succession struggle
469:Haakon was born in
413:Kingdom of Scotland
363:. As a king of the
193:(destroyed in 1531)
185:St Magnus Cathedral
3488:Kingdom of Iceland
2945:Olaf IV Haakonsson
2930:Haakon V Magnusson
2897:Guttorm Sigurdsson
2819:Haakon Toresfostre
1261:
1066:
900:Tristan and Iseult
852:
826:Holy Roman Emperor
813:Louis IX of France
803:. When a group of
722:
620:in Bergen, and at
467:
419:Historical sources
384:Holy Roman Emperor
3505:
3504:
3263:
3262:
3230:
3229:
3187:
3186:
3140:Union with Sweden
3134:
3133:
3101:
3100:
3018:
3017:
2953:
2952:
2925:Eric II Magnusson
2886:Sverre Sigurdsson
2870:Magnus Haraldsson
2859:Inge I Haraldsson
2799:Magnus I the Good
2768:Olaf II the Saint
2756:EirĂkr HĂĄkonarson
2744:Olaf I Tryggvason
2738:Haakon Sigurdsson
2721:Haakon I the Good
2711:Harald I Fairhair
2697:
2639:
2638:
2630:Succeeded by
2623:
2612:
2551:Haakon Haakonsson
2525:Project Gutenberg
1796:HĂ„kon 4 HĂ„konsson
1339:HĂ„kon and Kristin
1197:in his 1863 play
1096:Earldom of Orkney
891:Matter of Britain
874:chansons de geste
532:Birkebeinerrennet
483:Haakon Sverresson
371:royal pretender,
302:
301:
16:(Redirected from
3602:
3540:Fairhair dynasty
3290:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3204:
3203:
3165:Charles III John
3151:
3150:
3118:
3117:
3035:
3034:
2970:
2969:
2914:Haakon the Young
2903:Inge II BĂ„rdsson
2762:Sweyn Haakonsson
2732:Harald Bluetooth
2701:
2700:
2687:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2619:
2610:Haakon the Young
2608:
2590:Preceded by
2580:
2579:16 December 1263
2573:
2564:Fairhair dynasty
2547:
2546:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2506:
2487:
2468:
2459:
2440:
2421:
2402:
2390:
2364:
2345:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2249:
2248:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2212:(in Norwegian).
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2104:(in Norwegian).
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2073:(in Norwegian).
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1794:Per G. Norseng:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1657:
1654:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1602:
1601:
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1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1504:(in Norwegian).
1492:
1447:
1444:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1387:
1374:
1371:
1307:Haakon the Young
1213:Edvard Bull, Sr.
1018:Treaty of Lödöse
991:Hanseatic League
967:Alexander Nevsky
931:Konungs skuggsjĂĄ
883:Matter of France
822:Pope Innocent IV
767:
756:
660:
651:
556:Haakon the Crazy
552:Philip Simonsson
537:Olaf Tryggvasson
439:Snorri Sturluson
435:Sturla ĂĂłrĂ°arson
341:his namesake son
326:
320:HĂĄkon HĂĄkonarson
313:
310:
252:Haakon the Young
239:
222:
220:
173:, Orkney, Norway
167:
164:16 December 1263
148:
145:
123:Haakon the Young
51:
39:
38:
21:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3575:House of Sverre
3510:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3482:
3438:
3299:
3294:
3264:
3259:
3255:Swedish monarch
3249:English monarch
3226:
3202:
3183:
3149:
3130:
3116:
3097:
3033:
3014:
2968:
2949:
2844:Harald IV Gille
2780:Haakon Ericsson
2750:Sweyn Forkbeard
2716:Eric I Bloodaxe
2695:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2635:
2617:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2556:House of Sverre
2552:
2530:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2484:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2399:Norges historie
2387:
2361:
2342:
2323:
2304:
2277:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2243:Wayback Machine
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2172:
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2137:
2124:
2120:
2110:
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1510:
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1494:
1493:
1450:
1445:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1391:Guhnfeldt, Cato
1388:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1336:
1334:Popular culture
1291:Haakon married
1278:Harald Olafsson
1253:
1187:
1147:Battle of Largs
1120:Magnus Barefoot
1058:
1030:personal unions
940:
918:Duggals leiĂ°sla
905:chivalric sagas
885:) and tales of
841:
818:Pope Gregory IX
784:
783:
782:
781:
770:
769:
768:
759:
758:
757:
746:
678:trial by ordeal
674:
673:
672:
671:
663:
662:
661:
653:
652:
606:Knut Haakonsson
587:
582:
479:Inga of Varteig
456:
448:House of Sverre
421:
401:Norwegian realm
397:Norse Greenland
349:Harald Fairhair
339:in contrast to
333:HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson
311:
297:Inga of Varteig
266:
236:among others...
233:
232:
224:
221: 1225)
216:
212:
209:
196:
169:
165:
149:
146:
131:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3537:
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3527:
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3503:
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3500:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3473:Frederick VIII
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:Christian VIII
3455:
3449:
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3440:
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3431:
3426:
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3308:
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3300:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3243:Danish monarch
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3201:
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3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
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3028:
3026:
3024:DenmarkâNorway
3020:
3019:
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3015:
3013:
3008:
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2910:
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2900:
2893:
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2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Sigurd II Munn
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:Olav Magnusson
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Olaf III Kyrre
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2786:Sweyn Knutsson
2770:
2765:
2746:
2741:
2728:
2723:
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2705:
2698:
2679:
2678:
2668:
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2660:
2653:
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2637:
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2631:
2628:
2600:King of Norway
2596:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:Regnal titles
2582:
2581:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2533:"Haakon"
2528:
2513:
2512:External links
2510:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2488:
2482:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2403:
2395:Keyser, Rudolf
2391:
2385:
2365:
2359:
2346:
2340:
2332:Viking Empires
2327:
2321:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2275:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2226:
2195:
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2147:
2136:(in Norwegian)
2118:
2087:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1888:
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1403:(in Norwegian)
1375:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1335:
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1330:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1297:Skule BĂ„rdsson
1289:
1288:
1285:
1268:
1252:
1249:
1200:The Pretenders
1186:
1183:
1153:and expel the
1057:
1054:
939:
936:
913:Visio Tnugdali
840:
837:
772:
771:
762:
761:
760:
751:
750:
749:
748:
747:
745:
742:
691:Sigurd Ribbung
665:
664:
655:
654:
646:
645:
644:
643:
642:
592:Skule BĂ„rdsson
586:
583:
581:
578:
464:Knud Bergslien
455:
452:
420:
417:
373:Sigurd Ribbung
357:Skule BĂ„rdsson
345:King of Norway
337:Haakon the Old
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168:(aged 59)
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87:29 July 1247 (
85:
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68:King of Norway
64:
63:
52:
44:
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26:
18:Haakon the Old
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3607:
3596:
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3590:Sons of kings
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3463:Frederick VII
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Christian VII
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Frederick III
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Christian III
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Christopher I
3357:
3355:
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3345:
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3327:
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3128:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
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3095:
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3089:Christian VII
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Frederick III
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Christian III
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3009:
3007:
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2529:
2526:
2522:
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2516:
2515:
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2502:9781584771807
2498:
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2483:9780812243024
2479:
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2461:
2457:
2455:9789004155787
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2436:9780415013482
2432:
2429:. Routledge.
2428:
2423:
2419:
2417:9780520049819
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
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2362:
2360:9780415048880
2356:
2353:. Routledge.
2352:
2347:
2343:
2341:9780521829922
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2322:9780816637997
2318:
2314:
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2303:9780748601042
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
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2263:Bagge, Sverre
2260:
2259:
2244:
2240:
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2230:
2215:
2211:
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2205:
2199:
2190:
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2175:
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2097:
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2037:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
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1966:
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1941:
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1396:
1392:
1386:
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1355:The Last King
1350:
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1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:Hans E. Kinck
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:In 1263, the
1131:
1129:
1128:Alexander III
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:Faroe Islands
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1049:Iberian Moors
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
984:
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976:
972:
968:
965:drove Prince
964:
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945:
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901:
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875:
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866:
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858:
849:
848:Haakon's Hall
845:
836:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
790:
779:
778:Matthew Paris
775:
774:Coats of arms
766:
755:
741:
738:
737:
732:
727:
719:
718:
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542:
538:
534:
533:
528:
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520:
516:
512:
508:
507:Inge BĂ„rdsson
504:
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492:
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465:
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90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3507:
3468:Christian IX
3453:Frederick VI
3434:Frederick VI
3419:Christian VI
3414:Frederick IV
3399:Christian IV
3394:Frederick II
3379:Christian II
3313:
3094:Frederick VI
3079:Christian VI
3074:Frederick IV
3059:Christian IV
3054:Frederick II
3011:Christian II
2993:
2959:Kalmar Union
2907:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2736:
2730:
2691:
2625:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2537:
2518:
2492:
2473:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2407:
2398:
2376:
2372:
2350:
2331:
2312:
2293:
2266:
2255:Bibliography
2245:Olympic.org
2234:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2189:
2164:
2138:. Retrieved
2131:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2071:"Eske Bille"
2065:
2056:
2047:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1965:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1882:
1859:
1838:
1811:
1790:
1781:
1760:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1673:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1509:. Retrieved
1499:
1426:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1398:
1369:
1353:
1351:
1337:
1290:
1271:
1262:
1242:
1239:
1218:Narve BjĂžrgo
1209:Halvdan Koht
1198:
1195:Henrik Ibsen
1188:
1159:
1139:
1132:
1124:Alexander II
1112:
1067:
1038:
1034:Kalmar Union
1032:(called the
1014:
995:
952:
941:
929:
926:
917:
911:
909:
898:
872:
869:
853:
829:Frederick II
794:
785:
734:
730:
723:
717:FlateyjarbĂłk
715:
687:
683:Sverre Bagge
675:
595:
588:
549:
530:
497:against the
468:
424:
422:
381:
336:
304:
303:
234:
166:(1263-12-16)
116:Junior kings
55:with reverse
36:
3525:1263 deaths
3520:1204 births
3490:(1918â1944)
3478:Christian X
3446:(1814â1918)
3424:Frederick V
3409:Christian V
3384:Frederick I
3369:Christian I
3307:(1262â1814)
3084:Frederick V
3069:Christian V
3044:Frederick I
3001:Christian I
2989:Christopher
2672:Monarchs of
2626:(1257â1263)
2615:(1240â1257)
2369:Helle, Knut
2247:(in French)
2133:Aftenposten
2096:"Tord Roed"
1400:Aftenposten
1234:KĂ„re Lunden
1191:P. A. Munch
1098:), and the
1094:(under the
1082:(under the
1003:Earl Birger
959:Sami people
887:King Arthur
879:Charlemagne
666:Two coins (
545:Child Jesus
523:Lillehammer
493:faction in
491:Birkebeiner
405:Isle of Man
365:Birkebeiner
125:(1240â1257)
96:Predecessor
3514:Categories
3349:Margaret I
3334:Magnus VII
3213:Haakon VII
3207:Since 1905
3175:Charles IV
3160:Charles II
2694:, disputed
2690:rulers in
2386:8203220312
2276:8778381088
1362:References
1230:Svein Haga
1226:Knut Helle
1185:Evaluation
1175:Eske Bille
983:Baltic Sea
861:gyrfalcons
789:legitimacy
699:Opplandene
668:bracteates
628:and local
626:Borgarting
561:Saint Olaf
527:Ăsterdalen
471:Folkenborg
359:served as
151:Folkenborg
83:Coronation
3364:Charles I
3339:Haakon VI
3319:Magnus VI
3314:Haakon IV
3154:1814â1905
3121:Only 1814
3038:1524â1814
2995:Charles I
2973:1387â1523
2633:Magnus VI
2621:Magnus VI
2604:1217â1263
2448:. BRILL.
2285:0108-8408
1800:Norwegian
1317:Christina
1171:Bergenhus
979:Christina
895:Old Norse
805:Karelians
622:Haugating
610:TrĂžndelag
515:Trondheim
487:Sarpsborg
393:Old Norse
377:co-regent
329:Norwegian
316:Old Norse
110:Magnus VI
106:Successor
42:Haakon IV
3354:Eric III
3329:Haakon V
3223:Harald V
3180:Oscar II
2984:Eric III
2979:Margaret
2704:872â1387
2397:(1870).
2371:(1995).
2265:(1996).
2239:Archived
2219:12 April
2140:12 April
2111:26 April
2080:26 April
1946:12 April
1596:22 April
1407:11 April
1273:lendmann
1088:Shetland
1076:Hebrides
1026:Ingeborg
975:Finnmark
955:Novgorod
922:psalters
809:Malangen
726:Margaret
704:VĂ€rmland
632:east of
618:Gulating
614:Ăyrating
503:Margaret
475:Eidsberg
473:(now in
171:Kirkwall
61:in 1236.
3344:Olaf IV
3324:Eric II
3170:Oscar I
2792:Ălfgifu
2692:italics
2593:Inge II
1511:1 April
1141:leidang
1104:Iceland
1045:England
1007:Halland
999:Rikissa
948:Guelphs
877:around
797:Crusade
736:syssels
541:gospels
511:Nidaros
223:
215:
211:
100:Inge II
3374:John I
3238:Regent
3218:Olav V
2783:&
2777:&
2759:&
2753:&
2735:&
2675:Norway
2575:
2499:
2480:
2452:
2433:
2414:
2383:
2357:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2283:
2273:
1232:, and
1092:Orkney
1011:Scania
987:LĂŒbeck
731:hertug
638:regent
630:things
565:Bergen
519:skiers
499:Bagler
431:Magnus
409:Orkney
369:Bagler
361:regent
343:, was
293:Mother
283:Father
277:Sverre
248:(ill.)
201:Spouse
178:Burial
155:Norway
89:Bergen
3253:Also
3247:Also
3241:Also
2607:with
2577:Died:
2570:Born:
2375:[
971:Troms
889:(the
881:(the
865:Tunis
695:Viken
634:Elven
580:Reign
513:(now
477:) to
443:skald
272:House
230:Issue
217:(
213:
74:Reign
3006:John
2774:Cnut
2572:1204
2497:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2281:ISSN
2271:ISBN
2221:2012
2142:2012
2113:2012
2082:2012
1948:2012
1798:(in
1598:2012
1513:2012
1409:2012
1211:and
1090:and
1078:and
973:and
697:and
597:hird
543:and
161:Died
140:Born
2523:at
1352:In
1086:),
1080:Man
1015:see
525:to
3516::
2536:.
2279:.
2206:.
2173:^
2150:^
2130:.
2098:.
2035:^
1974:^
1938:.
1891:^
1868:^
1847:^
1820:^
1802:)
1769:^
1748:^
1732:^
1682:^
1661:^
1645:^
1606:^
1588:.
1521:^
1498:.
1451:^
1435:^
1397:.
1378:^
1349:.
1280:,
1228:,
1224:,
1220:,
1173:,
924:.
907:.
867:.
624:,
415:.
379:.
331::
327:;
318::
309:c.
219:m.
153:,
144:c.
3289:e
3282:t
3275:v
2916:)
2912:(
2899:)
2895:(
2872:)
2868:(
2795:)
2789:(
2664:e
2657:t
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91:)
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