33:
878:. Argentine intelligence had sought to determine the position of the carriers from analysis of aircraft flight routes from the task force to the islands. However, the British had a standing order that all aircraft conduct a low level transit when leaving or returning to the carriers to disguise their position. This tactic compromised the Argentine attack, which focused on a group of escorts 40 miles south of the main body of ships. When one of the Super Étendards detected a large target on radar, the Exocet was launched, and the Super Étendards turned for Argentina, while the Skyhawks followed the Exocet, which soon passed out of sight. Two of the attacking Skyhawks were shot down by Sea Darts fired by
3524:
3022:
3196:
55:
2693:
736:
1121:
1021:
210:
725:
1369:
550:, with a maximum total continuous power of 94,000 shaft horsepower (70,000 kW). These drove two propeller shafts via reversible gearboxes, giving a maximum speed of 28 knots (32 mph; 52 km/h). The ship had a range of 5,000 nmi (5,800 mi; 9,300 km) at 18 kn (21 mph; 33 km/h).
1189:
variants). Alternative airgroups were occasionally tested with 16 Harriers and 3 helicopters being embarked. The carrier was equipped with flagship facilities and could provide an operational headquarters for Royal Navy task forces. The runway was 170 metres (560 ft) long and included the ship's
622:
During 1986–1989, she underwent a major refit, with several changes to increase the ship's aircraft operating efficiency. The angle of the ship's ski-jump was increased to 12 degrees. Her hangar was modified to allow more aircraft (nine Sea
Harriers and twelve Sea Kings) to be accommodated below. The
1377:
889:
claiming to have shot down the missile with her 4.5" gun (although this claim is disputed). No damage was caused to any
British vessels. During the war, Argentina claimed to have damaged the ship and continues to do so to this day, although no evidence of any such damage has been produced or
559:
s flight deck was 550 ft (168 m) long and 55 ft (16.8 m) wide. It was connected to the ship's hangar by two lifts, with dimensions of 54 ft 8 in (16.66 m) × 31 ft 8 in (9.65 m) and rated to carry aircraft with a weight of 35,000 pounds
685:. She was accepted into Royal Navy service on 19 March 1980 and after trials, formally commissioned on 11 July 1980. More trials and work-up followed for the ship and her air wing followed before she was declared operational on 19 June 1981, joining the fleet's other carrier
1819:), p. 143–145. The aircraft had been nicknamed "the Burglar". Woodward believed he had been given permission to shoot it down if came within a certain distance of the task force and could be positively identified, although this course of action had not been confirmed.
1077:(DSA) with tenders due by 5 January 2011. The DSA tender documents confirmed that the ship's engines had been removed and that its generators and pumps were "generally unserviceable or not working". On 8 January 2011, the British press relayed an earlier report in the
1313:
This sum, which was to be payable to two instalments, £90 million in 1982 and the remaining £85 million in 1983, was the direct purchase cost for the ship itself. Spare parts, support costs and a pre-sale refit were expected to push total costs to £295
2525:
564:
ramp at an angle of 6.5 degrees was fitted at the forward end of the ship's flight deck. This allowed the carrier's Sea
Harriers to take off with a higher disposal payload, while shortening the take-off run, leaving more space for
1040:
would be inactive until 2010 but available for reactivation at eighteen months' notice. She was decommissioned on 3 August 2005, twenty months after an extensive refit that had been intended to give her ten more years of service.
594:
was mounted above the ship's bridge, with Type 909 fire control directors for the Sea Dart system mounted at the fore and aft end of the ship's superstructure. A Type 992 air-surface search radar was mounted on the ship's
862:
and the continued tracking of the aircraft's course while a Sea
Harrier was dispatched to investigate. The Harrier pilot reported that "it was a Brazilian airliner, with all the normal navigation and running lights on."
780:. Australia planned to make minimal changes to the carrier, adding more fuel and replacing some of the ship's computers. Initially at least, it was planned to operate helicopters only. The sale was confirmed by the
1180:
After the various refits, the carrier's air group grew from the original planned 5 Sea
Harriers and 9 Sea Kings to nine Sea Harrier or Harrier GR7/9s and twelve helicopters (usually all Sea Kings, either
1072:
was tied up and minimally maintained with other decommissioned ships up-river of HMNB Portsmouth. On 10 September 2010, she was struck off the Naval
Reserve List and, in December, offered for sale by the
2029:
623:
ship's overall length increased to 685.8 feet (209.0 m). Additional command facilities were fitted and accommodation for another 120 people (aircrew and command staff) was added. The ship's
560:(16,000 kg). The hangar itself was 500 ft (150 m) long, with width varying between 74 and 40 ft (23 and 12 m) and a height of 20 ft (6.1 m). An upward-curved
814:
s air group included twelve Sea King helicopters that were slightly larger than the ship had originally been designed to accommodate. Small machine guns were added around the flight deck and
506:. During the Falklands Conflict, Argentinian media reported HMS Invincible as sunk on several occasions. In 2005, she was decommissioned, and was eventually sold for scrap in February 2011.
1065:
had been stripped of some parts for her sister ships, so operational readiness would require not only eighteen months but also the replacement or removal of systems from those other ships.
1633:
2127:
908:
to
Australia could be cancelled if desired. In July 1983, a year after the end of the Falklands conflict, the Ministry of Defence announced that it had withdrawn its offer to sell
924:
was refused the use of dry dock facilities in Sydney when the Royal Navy declined to divulge to the
Australian authorities whether or not the ship was carrying nuclear weapons.
3278:
2556:
1835:
1017:
on the deck in an attempt to reach 100 mph and stop before the end of the runway. The attempt failed, resulting in The Stig and the Jaguar ending up in the sea.
3588:
1173:. Initially the carriers were armed with a Sea Dart missile system, but this was removed to enlarge the flight deck and to allow magazine storage and deck space for
3593:
803:
bound for the South
Atlantic. On 20 April, the UK government formally ordered its defence forces to bring the islands back under British control. Along with eight
993:
2092:
2673:
1399:
3502:
3474:
3446:
631:
anti-ship missiles for the carrier's Sea
Harriers to be carried, while also increasing the number of torpedoes carried for the ship's helicopters. Three
3488:
3306:
3292:
3509:
3355:
3299:
3271:
3264:
3243:
3215:
3313:
3285:
3432:
3362:
3222:
2944:
2549:
985:
3481:
3460:
3453:
1836:
Lawrence Freedman; Lawrence (King's College London Freedman, University of London UK); Professor of War Studies Lawrence Freedman, Sir (2005).
2500:
3383:
3369:
2036:
894:
2491:
3439:
3390:
2124:
3573:
3397:
3334:
3208:
2640:
2516:
1734:
1334:
2965:
2542:
893:
The aircraft carrier was carrying 10 nuclear depth bombs as part of her standard armament when she deployed for the Falklands, and was
1962:
3578:
3376:
2682:
2666:
2003:
2171:
1149:
Phalanx close-in weapon systems fitted but these were later replaced by three Thales 30 mm Goalkeeper CIWS; there are also two
897:
Royal Navy warships so equipped during the war. The weapons were removed while she was in the South Atlantic during early May 1982.
3341:
662:
87:
1055:
could have been deployed had the need arisen and that Navy policy assumed she was still an active aircraft carrier. According to
2624:
2480:
639:
replaced the Phalanxes. Type 996 air-sea search radar replaced the Type 992 radar, with Type 2016 sonar replaced the Type 184.
2312:
2274:
1946:
1919:
1889:
1847:
1816:
1789:
1083:
that a £5-million bid had been made for the ship by the UK-based Chinese businessman Lam Kin-bong with plans to moor her at
2659:
1706:
781:
754:, on 25 February 1982, after several months of negotiations, the Australian government announced that it had agreed to buy
542:
was 16,000 long tons (16,000 t) standard and 19,500 long tons (19,800 t) full load. The ship was powered by four
962:
851:
to shoot down the 707 as he believed its activity indicated a raid would be launched from the Argentine aircraft carrier
867:
2565:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2407:
2388:
2369:
2350:
2331:
2293:
2240:
1208:
1092:
958:
848:
460:
225:
3528:
2609:
2030:"Operation CORPORATE 1982: The carriage of nuclear weapons by the Task Group assembled for the Falklands campaign"
32:
2615:
468:
2054:"United Kingdom: Falklands Conflict – A Brief History". United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. 14 November 2006.
852:
804:
705:
574:
523:
209:
467:. She was launched on 3 May 1977 as the seventh ship to carry the name. She was originally designated as an
1166:
647:
624:
1104:
A month later, in February 2011, BBC News reported that the Ministry of Defence had announced the sale of
2832:
1675:
1154:
1074:
2419:
The Naval Institute Guide to the Combat Fleets of the World 1990/91: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Armament
1158:
950:
1108:
to Leyal Ship Recycling in Turkey. She was towed out of Portsmouth on 24 March and arrived at Leyal's
1005:
678:
650:
in a ground-attack role. The Sea Dart launcher was removed and the ship's flight deck was enlarged.
1098:
1079:
1057:
981:
751:
673:
on 17 April 1973. The ship's construction was delayed by design changes and industrial action, and
599:, while a Type 1006 navigation radar was also fitted. Type 184 medium range sonar was also fitted.
590:
launcher in the ship's bows. 22 Sea Dart missiles were carried. A Type 1022 long-range air-search
3077:
2930:
2485:
2284:
Burden, Rodney A.; Draper, Michael I.; Rough, Douglas A.; Smith, Colin R.; Wilton, David (1986).
833:
428:
404:
3132:
3035:
1186:
1182:
996:. There, while her helicopters aided refugees, her Harriers were involved in military strikes.
709:
701:
587:
464:
390:
359:
2509:
1936:
1738:
1342:
168:
3536:
3251:
3041:
3026:
2586:
1150:
1042:
946:
815:
770:
365:
2651:
1760:
Bloom, Bridget; Newby, Patricia (26 February 1982). "Protest as Australia buys UK carrier".
3468:
3425:
3237:
3230:
3174:
2839:
2818:
2790:
2720:
1966:
1711:
1680:
1259:
1215:
1141:
initially lacked any close-in weapon systems. As one of the lessons from the Falklands War
774:
432:
408:
386:
2007:
179:
8:
3583:
3007:
2993:
2979:
2972:
2958:
2867:
2853:
2825:
2804:
2776:
2734:
2727:
2713:
2593:
2144:
871:
837:
628:
561:
543:
539:
3543:
3090:
3083:
3062:
3048:
3000:
2986:
2909:
2860:
2797:
2769:
2755:
1645:
970:
929:
843:
that had been monitoring the fleet's movements. The previous day, Task Group Commander
759:
118:
3419:
3153:
2937:
2888:
2874:
2783:
2748:
2706:
2460:
2441:
2422:
2403:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2270:
2189:
2181:
1942:
1915:
1885:
1843:
1812:
1785:
1777:
1716:
1685:
1649:
1426:
670:
570:
91:
2534:
2081:"Australia turns back British carrier". United Press International. 9 December 1983.
3495:
3348:
3328:
3160:
3146:
3125:
2902:
2895:
2881:
2846:
2762:
2741:
1637:
1190:
characteristic ski jump (initially at an angle of 7°, but later increased to 12°).
1091:
as a floating international school. In light, however, of China's re-arming of the
934:, during this deployment. She then visited Auckland and Wellington in New Zealand.
879:
870:, one carrying Argentina's last remaining air-launched Exocet, accompanied by four
822:
788:
735:
686:
476:
305:
231:
1641:
3404:
3257:
3139:
3097:
3069:
2520:
2495:
2131:
1909:
1879:
1837:
1201:
1174:
800:
636:
527:
356:
291:
152:
3523:
3195:
3021:
2951:
1804:
1280:
901:
844:
763:
712:, equipped with Sea King anti-submarine helicopters. In August–September 1981,
616:
519:
422:
398:
308:
173:
20:
3567:
3167:
2185:
1720:
1689:
1235:
1228:
973:
954:
859:
499:
472:
334:
3055:
2193:
3181:
3118:
2811:
2176:
942:
682:
632:
612:
535:
294:
1120:
1097: – bought under a similar pretext – and the
716:
took part in the NATO naval exercises "Ocean Venture" and "Ocean Safari".
530:
of 90 ft (27 m) at the waterline and 115 ft (35 m) at
3320:
2923:
2214:
1438:
1273:
1266:
666:
547:
531:
322:
3411:
3111:
3104:
2698:
1245:
1014:
840:
566:
452:
337:(13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
298:
164:
1020:
858:. As the 707 would be no direct threat to the fleet, Woodward ordered
2096:
1684:. Vol. 120, no. 3779. 10 October 1981. pp. 1046–1047.
1338:
1252:
1088:
456:
345:
1,051 total, including 726 ship's company and 384 Air Group personnel
2110:
Ingham, John (2 August 2005). "Invincible docks for the last time".
1109:
1146:
1131:
1048:
1010:
596:
584:
503:
483:
248:
874:
each with two 500 lb (230 kg) bombs, took off to attack
724:
1839:
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: War and diplomacy
1406:
1162:
989:
2052:
The UK formally declared an end to hostilities on 20 June 1982 (
2035:. London: CBRN Policy, Ministry of Defence. 2005. Archived from
1988:"Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War: An Operational View".
1938:
Exocet Falklands: The Untold Story of Special Forces Operations
1101:, doubts were raised as to whether such a sale would go ahead.
1084:
1036:
On 6 June 2005, the British Ministry of Defence announced that
743:
3200:
2681:
1992:. Federal Information and News Dispatch, Inc. 20 August 2002.
1170:
830:
646:
was subject to further modifications to allow her to operate
591:
577:
491:
244:
1715:. Vol. 121, no. 3800. 6 March 1982. p. 528.
607:
In September 1982, after returning from the Falklands War,
2215:"HMS Invincible makes final journey to Turkish scrapyard"
1439:"HMS Invincible sold for scrap to Turkish ship recyclers"
2362:
Aircraft Carriers of the Royal and Commonwealth Navies
2283:
1865:
1431:
2564:
2459:. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd.
1934:
2267:
Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design Since 1945
1965:(in Spanish). www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. Archived from
1928:
1759:
2421:. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press.
2345:. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press.
2326:. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press.
2454:
2341:Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen, eds. (1995).
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1676:"Anti-submarine exercise Ocean Venture successful"
1662:
904:, advised the British government that the sale of
719:
569:operations. The ship had a design air wing of ten
2343:Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995
2322:Couhat, Jean Labayle; Baker, A. D., eds. (1986).
2172:"Chinese businessman bids £5m for HMS Invincible"
791:. Three days later, a naval task force headed by
583:As built, defensive armament consisted of a twin
471:, but was used as an aircraft carrier during the
3589:Cold War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
3565:
2340:
2145:"Ex-Navy ship HMS Invincible in website auction"
1861:
1859:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1470:
787:On 2 April 1982, however, Argentina invaded the
3594:Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
1822:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1304:was the first ship fitted with Type 1022 radar.
731:in the South Atlantic, during the Falklands War
2417:Prézelin, Bernard; Baker, A. D., eds. (1990).
2169:
2134:Barrow-built Invincible thrown out of the Navy
1656:
1617:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
847:had sought permission from Commander-in-Chief
611:had her close-in armament supplemented by two
2667:
2550:
2416:
2070:. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 19 July 1982. p. 19.
1903:
1901:
1856:
1596:
1558:
254:22,000 t (22,000 long tons) fully loaded
1907:
1607:
1605:
1457:
1153:. Countermeasures were provided by a Thales
912:so it could maintain a three-carrier force.
16:1980 Invincible-class light aircraft carrier
2641:List of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy
2321:
2307:. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Ltd.
2241:"Crowds gather to see Invincible towed out"
1800:
1798:
1773:
1771:
1592:
1590:
1552:
1540:
1512:
1510:
1476:
980:contributed to Operation "Bolton" (part of
957:. In 1997, flying the flag of Rear-Admiral
681:until 3 May 1977. The ship was launched by
2674:
2660:
2557:
2543:
2440:. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group.
2264:
1898:
1877:
1782:Official History of the Falklands Campaign
1701:
1699:
1546:
1528:
1501:
994:NATO action against Yugoslavia over Kosovo
928:was accompanied by other ships, including
900:On 1 June, the Australian Prime Minister,
2683:British Naval Forces of the Falklands War
1764:. The Financial Times Limited. p. 4.
1602:
1575:
1495:
538:of 24 ft (7.3 m) at full load.
2455:Sturtivant, Ray; Ballance, Theo (1994).
2435:
1871:
1795:
1768:
1611:
1587:
1534:
1522:
1507:
1427:The Big Interview: Admiral Sir Alan West
1221:1984–1986: Captain Christopher Layman RN
1119:
1019:
734:
723:
19:For other ships with the same name, see
2265:Brown, David K.; Moore, George (2012).
2118:
1696:
1623:
1115:
750:Pursuant to the plans announced in the
3566:
2526:Argentina's claim to have damaged HMS
2302:
2109:
1935:Ewen Southby-Tailyour (2 April 2014).
1364:
1362:
1360:
1241:1993–1995: Captain Richard Hastilow RN
1193:
2655:
2538:
2397:
2378:
2359:
2269:. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.
2004:"Argentine Aircraft in the Falklands"
1624:Bellamy, Martin (2022). "Editorial".
1581:
1569:
1516:
1489:
1224:1988–1990: Captain Michael Gretton RN
1112:yard on 12 April 2011 for scrapping.
829:mistakenly locked her Sea Darts on a
573:anti-submarine helicopters and eight
51:
2068:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1881:RAF Harrier Ground Attack: Falklands
1707:"Invincible sets sail for Australia"
663:Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering
2288:. British Aviation Research Group.
2066:"Invincible Sale Offer Withdrawn".
1357:
1003:featured in a skit of the BBC show
963:Commander United Kingdom Task Group
762:) as a replacement, under the name
297:gas turbines providing 97,000
13:
3574:Invincible-class aircraft carriers
2489:class Aircraft Carrier Information
2457:The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm
2324:Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87
976:. During the following two years,
14:
3605:
2474:
2170:Jonathan Watts (8 January 2011).
2114:. Express Newspapers. p. 15.
1842:. Psychology Press. p. 545.
1634:The Society for Nautical Research
1370:"Sale By Tender – HMS Invincible"
1051:. The Royal Navy maintained that
1024:A Sea Harrier FA2 on the deck of
988:before she was redeployed to the
969:led a deployment that included
821:On 23 April, while en route from
380:Until December 2010, 22 aircraft;
3579:Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
3522:
3194:
3020:
2691:
2481:HMS Invincible: Aircraft Carrier
1941:. Pen and Sword. pp. 238–.
1335:"Sea Harriers still in business"
868:Dassault-Breguet Super Étendards
700:s initial air wing consisted of
602:
208:
53:
31:
2438:Jane's Fighting Ships 2002–2003
2436:Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2002).
2258:
2233:
2207:
2163:
2137:
2103:
2085:
2074:
2059:
2046:
2022:
1996:
1981:
1955:
1753:
1727:
1668:
1307:
1295:
1047:succeeded her as the service's
720:Proposed sale and Falklands War
416:Multi Mission - Strike and ASuW
325:(52 km/h; 32 mph) max
1884:. Pen and Sword. p. 132.
1663:Sturtivant & Ballance 1994
1420:
1392:
1327:
758:for £175 million (285 million
469:anti-submarine warfare carrier
1:
2400:Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86
2381:Jane's Fighting Ships 1979–80
1642:10.1080/00253359.2022.2117453
1400:"Invincible Recycling Report"
1321:
575:British Aerospace Sea Harrier
475:, when she was deployed with
2402:. London: Jane's Yearbooks.
2383:. London: Jane's Yearbooks.
2093:"Carrier Group Ordered Home"
1471:Gardiner & Chumbley 1995
1214:1983–1984: Captain the Hon.
1187:Airborne Early Warning (AEW)
1183:anti-submarine warfare (ASW)
1031:
951:Operation "Deliberate Force"
915:
88:Vickers Shipbuilding Limited
7:
2364:. London: Greenhill Books.
1990:Air and Space Power Journal
1878:Jerry Pook (15 June 2008).
1374:Disposal Services Authority
1075:Disposal Services Authority
849:Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse
845:Rear Admiral Sandy Woodward
619:anti-aircraft autocannons.
368:20 mm close-range guns
272:118.1 ft (36.0 m)
10:
3610:
2243:. Navy News. 24 March 2011
1963:"- Fuerza Aérea Argentina"
982:Operation "Southern Watch"
665:on 17 April 1973, and was
653:
522:and 632 feet (193 m)
518:was 677 feet (206 m)
486:of the British fleet when
18:
3554:
3529:Civilian Auxiliary (RMAS)
3520:
3201:Ships Taken Up From Trade
3192:
3018:
2689:
2636:
2604:
2575:
2398:Moore, John, ed. (1985).
2379:Moore, John, ed. (1979).
2130:13 September 2014 at the
1597:Prézelin & Baker 1990
509:
498:was also deployed in the
280:28.9 ft (8.8 m)
216:
46:
30:
2519:12 December 2010 at the
1914:. Phoenix. p. 240.
1735:"Sea Harrier Down Under"
1665:, pp. 130, 198, 393
1288:
1099:EU arms embargo on China
1080:South China Morning Post
831:VARIG Brazilian Airlines
752:1981 Defence White Paper
627:were enlarged, allowing
385:Multi Mission - Strike,
264:689 ft (210 m)
2569:-class aircraft carrier
2125:North West Evening Mail
2099:. June 1999. p. 4.
1553:Couhat & Baker 1986
1541:Couhat & Baker 1986
947:Operation "Deny Flight"
937:Between 1993 and 1995,
746:after the Falklands War
465:light aircraft carriers
217:General characteristics
3280:British Enterprise III
2286:Falklands: The Air War
1805:Admiral Sandy Woodward
1529:Brown & Moore 2012
1502:Brown & Moore 2012
1165:launchers provide for
1151:Oerlikon 20 mm cannons
1135:
1028:
818:for close-in defence.
747:
732:
710:820 Naval Air Squadron
702:801 Naval Air Squadron
588:surface to air missile
524:between perpendiculars
3027:Naval Auxiliary (RFA)
2360:Hobbs, David (1996).
2305:The Age of Invincible
1908:David Morgan (2007).
1123:
1023:
771:Royal Australian Navy
738:
727:
704:, equipped with five
2494:19 June 2008 at the
1712:Flight International
1681:Flight International
1626:The Mariner's Mirror
1260:James Burnell-Nugent
1216:Nicholas Hill-Norton
1116:Weapons and aircraft
941:was deployed in the
2303:Childs, N. (2009).
2042:on 26 October 2012.
2010:on 23 February 2009
1792:), p. 223–224.
1741:on 12 December 2010
1345:on 8 September 2008
1279:2004–2005: Captain
1272:2002–2004: Captain
1265:1999–2001: Captain
1258:1997–1999: Captain
1251:1996–1997: Captain
1244:1995–1996: Captain
1234:1992–1993: Captain
1227:1990–1992: Captain
1207:1982–1983: Captain
1200:1979–1982: Captain
1194:Commanding officers
1145:had two 20 mm
855:Veinticinco de Mayo
838:Argentine Air Force
836:rather than on the
782:Ministry of Defence
544:Rolls-Royce Olympus
482:. She took over as
60:United Kingdom
2501:Maritimequest HMS
2151:. 30 November 2010
1868:, pp. 37, 113
1866:Burden et al. 1986
1555:, pp. 180–181
1136:
1029:
971:3 Commando Brigade
920:In December 1983,
825:to the Falklands,
748:
733:
119:Queen Elizabeth II
3561:
3560:
3420:Queen Elizabeth 2
3238:Atlantic Causeway
3231:Atlantic Conveyor
2649:
2648:
2314:978-1-84415-857-7
2276:978-1-84832-150-2
1948:978-1-4738-3513-9
1921:978-0-7538-2199-2
1891:978-1-84884-556-5
1849:978-0-7146-5207-8
1817:978-0-00-713467-0
1790:978-0-415-41911-6
1778:Lawrence Freedman
671:Barrow-in-Furness
661:was ordered from
571:Westland Sea King
443:
442:
311:diesel generators
144:10 September 2010
115:Sponsored by
92:Barrow-in-Furness
3601:
3527:
3526:
3329:Contender Bezant
3199:
3198:
3025:
3024:
2834:Dumbarton Castle
2697:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2470:
2451:
2432:
2413:
2394:
2375:
2356:
2337:
2318:
2299:
2280:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:. Archived from
2000:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1969:on 28 April 2009
1959:
1953:
1952:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1820:
1809:One Hundred Days
1802:
1793:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1737:. Archived from
1731:
1725:
1724:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1504:, pp. 69–70
1499:
1493:
1487:
1474:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1376:. Archived from
1366:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:. Archived from
1331:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1129:
823:Ascension Island
813:
789:Falkland Islands
699:
558:
375:Aircraft carried
301:(72,000 kW)
232:aircraft carrier
212:
61:
58:
57:
56:
35:
28:
27:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3521:
3516:
3504:Wimpey Seahorse
3476:Stena Seaspread
3469:Stena Inspector
3193:
3188:
3019:
3014:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2650:
2645:
2632:
2626:Queen Elizabeth
2600:
2571:
2563:
2521:Wayback Machine
2496:Wayback Machine
2477:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2410:
2391:
2372:
2353:
2334:
2315:
2296:
2277:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2221:. 24 March 2011
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2149:BBC News Online
2143:
2142:
2138:
2132:Wayback Machine
2123:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1834:
1823:
1803:
1796:
1776:
1769:
1762:Financial Times
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1477:
1469:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1445:. 2 August 2011
1437:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1380:on 10 July 2011
1368:
1367:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1202:Michael Livesay
1196:
1175:Royal Air Force
1127:
1118:
1068:In March 2010,
1034:
1013:racing a white
992:to support the
918:
866:On 30 May, two
811:
801:HMNB Portsmouth
742:returns to the
722:
697:
656:
637:Goalkeeper CIWS
605:
556:
512:
153:HMNB Portsmouth
59:
54:
52:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3607:
3597:
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3555:
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3551:
3549:
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3541:
3533:
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3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3448:Scottish Eagle
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3190:
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3179:
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3144:
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3109:
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3095:
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2893:
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2809:
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2753:
2746:
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2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2507:
2498:
2483:
2476:
2475:External links
2473:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2446:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2395:
2389:
2376:
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2136:
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2102:
2084:
2073:
2058:
2045:
2021:
1995:
1980:
1954:
1947:
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1920:
1897:
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1855:
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1323:
1320:
1317:
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1306:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1281:Neil Morisetti
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1177:Harrier GR7s.
1117:
1114:
1033:
1030:
917:
914:
902:Malcolm Fraser
895:one of several
721:
718:
655:
652:
617:Oerlikon 20 mm
604:
601:
580:jet fighters.
511:
508:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
433:Merlin HM Mk.1
425:
423:Harrier GR.7/9
418:
413:
412:
409:Merlin HM Mk.1
401:
399:Harrier GR.7/9
394:
381:
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222:Class and type
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160:
159:Identification
156:
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142:
138:
137:
134:
133:Decommissioned
130:
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85:
81:
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63:
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49:
48:
44:
43:
36:
21:HMS Invincible
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3606:
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3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:Europic Ferry
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:British Trent
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:British Tamar
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:Balder London
3249:
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3242:
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3235:
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3232:
3228:
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3225:
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3197:
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3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:Sir Percivale
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
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3017:
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3006:
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2899:
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2740:
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2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:Followed by:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2608:Preceded by:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2505:photo gallery
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2466:0-85130-223-8
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2447:0-7106-2432-8
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2428:0-87021-250-8
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2409:0-7106-0814-4
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2390:0-354-00587-1
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2371:1-85367-252-1
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2352:1-55750-132-7
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2333:0-85368-860-5
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2295:0-906339-05-7
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2242:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2077:
2069:
2062:
2049:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1911:Hostile Skies
1904:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
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1763:
1756:
1740:
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1718:
1714:
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1708:
1702:
1700:
1691:
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1677:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1614:, p. 770
1613:
1612:Saunders 2002
1608:
1606:
1599:, p. 696
1598:
1593:
1591:
1584:, p. 620
1583:
1578:
1572:, p. 126
1571:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1543:, p. 180
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1519:, p. 594
1518:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1492:, p. 125
1491:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1473:, p. 501
1472:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1428:
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1257:
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1237:
1236:Fabian Malbon
1233:
1230:
1229:John Tolhurst
1226:
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1199:
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1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:southern Iraq
983:
979:
975:
974:Royal Marines
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:Yugoslav Wars
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
932:
927:
923:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
891:
888:
884:
883:
877:
873:
872:A-4C Skyhawks
869:
864:
861:
860:Weapons Tight
857:
856:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
819:
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707:
703:
696:
692:
690:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
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664:
660:
651:
649:
648:Harrier GR.7s
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
603:Modifications
600:
598:
593:
589:
586:
581:
579:
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568:
563:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:level, and a
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
500:Yugoslav Wars
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
474:
473:Falklands War
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
434:
430:
429:Sea King ASaC
426:
424:
420:
419:
417:
414:
410:
406:
405:Sea King ASaC
402:
400:
396:
395:
393:
392:
388:
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379:
378:
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367:
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200:Scrapped 2011
199:
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136:3 August 2005
135:
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98:
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83:
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79:17 April 1973
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
50:
45:
40:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3544:
3537:
3511:Yorkshireman
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3406:Nordic Ferry
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3357:Fort Toronto
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3301:British Test
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3273:British Dart
3272:
3266:British Avon
3265:
3259:Baltic Ferry
3258:
3250:
3245:Avelona Star
3244:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3217:Anco Charger
3216:
3209:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3162:Sir Tristram
3161:
3154:
3148:Sir Lancelot
3147:
3140:
3133:
3127:Sir Bedivere
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2932:Leeds Castle
2931:
2924:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
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2861:
2854:
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2798:
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2742:
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2721:
2714:
2707:
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2610:
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2587:
2580:
2579:
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2527:
2511:
2502:
2486:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2399:
2380:
2361:
2342:
2323:
2304:
2285:
2266:
2259:Bibliography
2245:. Retrieved
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2177:The Guardian
2175:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2148:
2139:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2087:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2048:
2037:the original
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:the original
1998:
1989:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1957:
1937:
1930:
1910:
1880:
1873:
1838:
1808:
1784:, Volume 2 (
1781:
1761:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1729:
1710:
1679:
1670:
1658:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1577:
1548:
1536:
1531:, p. 68
1524:
1497:
1447:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1373:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1329:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1209:Jeremy Black
1179:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1124:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1004:
1000:
998:
977:
966:
938:
936:
930:
925:
921:
919:
909:
905:
899:
892:
886:
881:
875:
865:
854:
826:
820:
808:
805:Sea Harriers
796:
792:
786:
776:
765:
755:
749:
739:
728:
713:
706:Sea Harriers
694:
693:
691:in service.
687:
683:Elizabeth II
674:
669:at Vickers'
658:
657:
643:
641:
621:
613:Phalanx CIWS
608:
606:
582:
553:
552:
548:gas turbines
540:Displacement
520:long overall
515:
513:
495:
490:was sold to
487:
478:
447:
445:
444:
415:
384:
295:Olympus TM3B
243:16,000
238:Displacement
226:
128:11 July 1980
125:Commissioned
69:
38:
25:
3315:British Wye
3287:British Esk
3141:Sir Geraint
3134:Sir Galahad
3078:Fort Grange
3071:Fort Austin
3043:Brambleleaf
2588:Illustrious
2155:30 November
2112:The Express
2014:25 February
1973:26 February
1384:30 November
1274:Trevor Soar
1267:Rory McLean
1157:system and
1061:, however,
1044:Illustrious
953:during the
890:uncovered.
885:, with HMS
635:30 mm
532:flight deck
435:helicopters
411:helicopters
333:7,000
292:Rolls-Royce
189:Nickname(s)
3584:1977 ships
3568:Categories
3434:Salvageman
3364:G.A.Walker
3224:Astronomer
3176:Tidespring
3057:Blue Rover
2918:Invincible
2820:Courageous
2792:Broadsword
2699:Royal Navy
2581:Invincible
2567:Invincible
2528:Invincible
2514:Down Under
2512:Invincible
2503:Invincible
2487:Invincible
2199:10 January
1582:Moore 1985
1570:Hobbs 1996
1517:Moore 1979
1490:Hobbs 1996
1412:29 January
1322:References
1302:Invincible
1246:Ian Forbes
1143:Invincible
1139:Invincible
1125:Invincible
1106:Invincible
1070:Invincible
1063:Invincible
1053:Invincible
1038:Invincible
1026:Invincible
1015:Jaguar XJS
1009:involving
1001:Invincible
978:Invincible
967:Invincible
939:Invincible
926:Invincible
922:Invincible
910:Invincible
906:Invincible
876:Invincible
841:Boeing 707
827:Invincible
809:Invincible
793:Invincible
775:HMAS
769:, for the
764:HMAS
756:Invincible
740:Invincible
729:Invincible
714:Invincible
695:Invincible
675:Invincible
659:Invincible
644:Invincible
609:Invincible
567:helicopter
554:Invincible
516:Invincible
514:As built,
496:Invincible
453:Royal Navy
448:Invincible
357:Goalkeeper
342:Complement
285:Propulsion
227:Invincible
165:IMO number
110:3 May 1977
70:Invincible
39:Invincible
3538:Goosander
3483:Strathewe
3462:St Helena
3455:St Edmund
3427:Rangatira
3169:Stromness
3036:Appleleaf
2981:Sheffield
2946:Northella
2869:Glamorgan
2841:Endurance
2806:Conqueror
2778:Brilliant
2729:Andromeda
2722:Ambuscade
2611:Audacious
2595:Ark Royal
2186:1756-3224
2097:Navy News
1721:0015-3710
1690:0015-3710
1650:253161552
1339:Navy News
1253:Roy Clare
1169:or flare
1089:Liverpool
1032:2005–2011
999:In 2003,
959:Alan West
949:and then
916:1983–2005
880:HMS
853:ARA
777:Melbourne
766:Australia
667:laid down
642:In 2000,
629:Sea Eagle
625:magazines
526:, with a
477:HMS
463:of three
461:her class
457:lead ship
251:) (light)
249:long tons
180:Deck code
102:July 1973
99:Laid down
94:, England
3385:Irishman
3371:Geesport
3322:Canberra
3183:Tidepool
3120:Resource
3092:Pearleaf
3085:Plumleaf
3064:Engadine
3009:Yarmouth
2995:Splendid
2974:Plymouth
2960:Penelope
2911:Intrepid
2862:Fearless
2855:Farnella
2827:Coventry
2813:Cordella
2757:Argonaut
2736:Antelope
2715:Alacrity
2517:Archived
2492:Archived
2247:28 March
2225:28 March
2219:BBC News
2194:60623878
2128:Archived
1449:2 August
1443:BBC News
1407:DE&S
1314:million.
1161:system,
1147:Raytheon
1132:Sea Dart
1049:flagship
1011:The Stig
1006:Top Gear
943:Adriatic
931:Achilles
679:launched
677:was not
615:and two
597:mainmast
585:Sea Dart
562:ski-jump
504:Iraq War
502:and the
484:flagship
451:was the
350:Armament
247:(16,000
149:Homeport
141:Stricken
107:Launched
3545:Typhoon
3441:Saxonia
3413:Norland
3392:Laertes
3050:Bayleaf
3002:Valiant
2988:Spartan
2939:Minerva
2925:Junella
2876:Glasgow
2799:Cardiff
2785:Bristol
2771:Avenger
2620:classes
2617:Centaur
1636:: 387.
1163:Seagnat
1155:jamming
990:Balkans
887:Avenger
654:History
536:draught
366:GAM-B01
309:Valenta
277:Draught
192:"Vince"
174:Pennant
169:8949551
167::
84:Builder
76:Ordered
47:History
41:in 2005
3556:- Sunk
3497:Uganda
3399:Lycaon
3336:Eburna
3210:Alvega
3113:Regent
3106:Olmeda
2897:Hermes
2890:Herald
2848:Exeter
2750:Ardent
2743:Antrim
2708:Active
2696:
2463:
2444:
2425:
2406:
2387:
2368:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2292:
2273:
2192:
2184:
1945:
1918:
1888:
1846:
1815:
1788:
1745:27 May
1719:
1688:
1648:
1349:1 July
1171:decoys
1110:Aliağa
1094:Varyag
1085:Zhuhai
1058:Jane's
882:Exeter
816:island
797:Hermes
744:Solent
688:Hermes
633:Thales
510:Design
488:Hermes
479:Hermes
306:Paxman
261:Length
229:-class
2904:Hydra
2883:Hecla
2764:Arrow
2628:class
2040:(PDF)
2033:(PDF)
1646:S2CID
1632:(4).
1403:(PDF)
1289:Notes
1167:chaff
1128:'
984:) in
834:DC-10
812:'
799:left
698:'
592:radar
578:STOVL
557:'
546:TBM3
492:India
421:18 x
403:10 x
397:12 x
330:Range
323:knots
318:Speed
205:Badge
176:: R05
3378:Iris
3099:Olna
2967:Pict
2953:Onyx
2614:and
2510:HMS
2461:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2385:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2249:2011
2227:2011
2201:2011
2190:OCLC
2182:ISSN
2157:2010
2016:2009
1975:2009
1943:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1747:2008
1717:ISSN
1686:ISSN
1451:2011
1414:2013
1386:2010
1351:2008
945:for
795:and
708:and
528:beam
446:HMS
431:and
427:4 x
407:and
389:and
387:ASuW
364:2 ×
360:CIWS
355:3 ×
290:4 ×
269:Beam
197:Fate
66:Name
37:HMS
3343:Elk
1638:doi
1630:108
1185:or
1159:ECM
1087:or
773:'s
760:A$
459:of
455:'s
391:ASW
335:nmi
321:28
182:: N
3570::
2217:.
2188:.
2180:.
2174:.
2147:.
2095:.
2056:).
1900:^
1858:^
1824:^
1807:,
1797:^
1780:,
1770:^
1709:.
1698:^
1678:.
1644:.
1628:.
1604:^
1589:^
1560:^
1509:^
1478:^
1459:^
1441:.
1405:.
1372:.
1359:^
1337:.
1283:RN
1276:RN
1269:RN
1262:RN
1255:RN
1248:RN
1238:RN
1231:RN
1218:RN
1211:RN
1204:RN
1130:s
965:,
961:,
807:,
784:.
494:.
304:8
299:hp
90:,
2675:e
2668:t
2661:v
2558:e
2551:t
2544:v
2530:.
2469:.
2450:.
2431:.
2412:.
2393:.
2374:.
2355:.
2336:.
2317:.
2298:.
2279:.
2251:.
2229:.
2203:.
2159:.
2018:.
1977:.
1951:.
1924:.
1894:.
1852:.
1811:(
1749:.
1723:.
1692:.
1652:.
1640::
1453:.
1416:.
1388:.
1353:.
1134:.
245:t
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