HIV - Knowledge

702: 2295: 717:. The density is high as the glycans shield the underlying viral protein from neutralisation by antibodies. This is one of the most densely glycosylated molecules known and the density is sufficiently high to prevent the normal maturation process of glycans during biogenesis in the endoplasmic and Golgi apparatus. The majority of the glycans are therefore stalled as immature 'high-mannose' glycans not normally present on human glycoproteins that are secreted or present on a cell surface. The unusual processing and high density means that almost all broadly neutralising antibodies that have so far been identified (from a subset of patients that have been infected for many months to years) bind to, or are adapted to cope with, these envelope glycans. 1175:. The virions can then infect numerous cellular targets and disseminate into the whole organism. However, a selection process leads to a predominant transmission of the R5 virus through this pathway. In patients infected with subtype B HIV-1, there is often a co-receptor switch in late-stage disease and T-tropic variants that can infect a variety of T cells through CXCR4. These variants then replicate more aggressively with heightened virulence that causes rapid T cell depletion, immune system collapse, and opportunistic infections that mark the advent of AIDS. HIV-positive patients acquire an enormously broad spectrum of opportunistic infections, which was particularly problematic prior to the onset of 1545:

reverse transcriptase could generate an undamaged copy of genomic DNA from two damaged single-stranded RNA genome copies. This view of the adaptive benefit of recombination in HIV could explain why each HIV particle contains two complete genomes, rather than one. Furthermore, the view that recombination is a repair process implies that the benefit of repair can occur at each replication cycle, and that this benefit can be realized whether or not the two genomes differ genetically. On the view that recombination in HIV is a repair process, the generation of recombinational variation would be a consequence, but not the cause of, the evolution of template switching.

1526:). Upon infection and replication catalyzed by reverse transcriptase, recombination between the two genomes can occur. Recombination occurs as the single-strand, positive-sense RNA genomes are reverse transcribed to form DNA. During reverse transcription, the nascent DNA can switch multiple times between the two copies of the viral RNA. This form of recombination is known as copy-choice. Recombination events may occur throughout the genome. Anywhere from two to 20 recombination events per genome may occur at each replication cycle, and these events can rapidly shuffle the genetic information that is transmitted from parental to progeny genomes. 2313: 1478:, responsible for splicing and translation respectively, are sequestered and the DIS (dimerization initiation signal) hairpin is exposed. The formation of the gRNA dimer is mediated by a 'kissing' interaction between the DIS hairpin loops of the gRNA monomers. At the same time, certain guanosine residues in the gRNA are made available for binding of the nucleocapsid (NC) protein leading to the subsequent virion assembly. The labile gRNA dimer has been also reported to achieve a more stable conformation following the NC binding, in which both the DIS and the U5:AUG regions of the gRNA participate in extensive base pairing. 62: 2618:

of most recent common ancestor for HIV-1 groups M and O, as well as on HIV-2 groups A and B, indicates that SIV has given rise to transmissible HIV lineages throughout the twentieth century. The dispersed timing of these transmissions to humans implies that no single external factor is needed to explain the cross-species transmission of HIV. This observation is consistent with both of the two prevailing views of the origin of the HIV epidemics, namely SIV transmission to humans during the slaughter or butchering of infected primates, and the colonial expansion of sub-Saharan African cities.

2304: 2230:(which focused on heterosexual couples). These studies involved couples where one partner was HIV-positive and one was HIV-negative, and included regular HIV testing. Across these four studies, a total of 4,097 couples participated from four continents, reporting 151,880 acts of condomless sex with zero phylogenetically-linked HIV transmissions when the positive partner had an undetectable viral load. Following these findings, the U=U consensus statement advocating the use of the term 'zero risk' was endorsed by numerous individuals and organizations, including the 1508:. As the newly produced Rev protein is produced it moves to the nucleus, where it binds to full-length, unspliced copies of virus RNAs and allows them to leave the nucleus. Some of these full-length RNAs function as mRNAs that are translated to produce the structural proteins Gag and Env. Gag proteins bind to copies of the virus RNA genome to package them into new virus particles. HIV-1 and HIV-2 appear to package their RNA differently. HIV-1 will bind to any appropriate RNA. HIV-2 will preferentially bind to the mRNA that was used to create the Gag protein itself. 1694: 1218: 87: 1205: 615: 1047: 1092:, for entry and are thus able to replicate in both macrophages and CD4 T cells. This CCR5 co-receptor is used by almost all primary HIV-1 isolates regardless of viral genetic subtype. Indeed, macrophages play a key role in several critical aspects of HIV infection. They appear to be the first cells infected by HIV and perhaps the source of HIV production when CD4 cells become depleted in the patient. Macrophages and microglial cells are the cells infected by HIV in the 1898:(ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1. Specimens with a non-reactive result from the initial ELISA are considered HIV-negative, unless new exposure to an infected partner or partner of unknown HIV status has occurred. Specimens with a reactive ELISA result are retested in duplicate. If the result of either duplicate test is reactive, the specimen is reported as repeatedly reactive and undergoes confirmatory testing with a more specific supplemental test (e.g., a 1385: 1857: 1573: 1537:. Recombination may also contribute, in principle, to overcoming the immune defenses of the host. Yet, for the adaptive advantages of genetic variation to be realized, the two viral genomes packaged in individual infecting virus particles need to have arisen from separate progenitor parental viruses of differing genetic constitution. It is unknown how often such mixed packaging occurs under natural conditions. 1910:(IFA)). Only specimens that are repeatedly reactive by ELISA and positive by IFA or PCR or reactive by western blot are considered HIV-positive and indicative of HIV infection. Specimens that are repeatedly ELISA-reactive occasionally provide an indeterminate western blot result, which may be either an incomplete antibody response to HIV in an infected person or nonspecific reactions in an uninfected person. 2532: 2644: 2630: 764: 2445:, two classic symptoms of primary HIV infection. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV). As these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986 LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV. 3112: 1359: 1753:(SIVsmm) are thought to have a long evolutionary history with their hosts. These hosts have adapted to the presence of the virus, which is present at high levels in the host's blood, but evokes only a mild immune response, does not cause the development of simian AIDS, and does not undergo the extensive mutation and recombination typical of HIV infection in humans. 2456:. He independently discovered the AIDS virus in 1983 and named it the AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV). This virus was very different from the virus reported by the Montagnier and Gallo groups. The ARV strains indicated, for the first time, the heterogeneity of HIV isolates and several of these remain classic examples of the AIDS virus found in the United States. 1620:. These are transported to the plasma membrane of the host cell where gp41 anchors gp120 to the membrane of the infected cell. The Gag (p55) and Gag-Pol (p160) polyproteins also associate with the inner surface of the plasma membrane along with the HIV genomic RNA as the forming virion begins to bud from the host cell. The budded virion is still immature as the 1663:(in the case of dendritic cells). Whichever pathway is used, infection by cell-to-cell transfer is reported to be much more efficient than cell-free virus spread. A number of factors contribute to this increased efficiency, including polarised virus budding towards the site of cell-to-cell contact, close apposition of cells, which minimizes fluid-phase 2437:(HTLVs) his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo admitted in 1987 that the virus he claimed to have discovered in 1984 was in reality a virus sent to him from France the year before. Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a patient presenting with swelling of the 1638: 8622:

with HIV had a durably suppressed viral load. Subsequently, the PARTNER and Opposites Attract studies confirmed these findings and extended them to male-male couples. ... The success of U=U as an HIV prevention method depends on achieving and maintaining an undetectable viral load by taking ART daily as prescribed.

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necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV. Furthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, it can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa prior to the 20th century.

579:, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system, for an indeterminate amount of time. The virus can remain dormant in the human body for up to ten years after primary infection; during this period the virus does not cause symptoms. Alternatively, the integrated viral DNA may be 10288:

Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s. ... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose, increasing

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pattern of co-receptor usage (including CD4-independence) may assist the virus in its adaptation to avoid innate restriction factors present in host cells. Adaptation to use normal cellular machinery to enable transmission and productive infection has also aided the establishment of HIV-2 replication

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Arthos J, Cicala C, Martinelli E, Macleod K, Van Ryk D, Wei D, Xiao Z, Veenstra TD, Conrad TP, Lempicki RA, McLaughlin S, Pascuccio M, Gopaul R, McNally J, Cruz CC, Censoplano N, Chung E, Reitano KN, Kottilil S, Goode DJ, Fauci AS (2008). "HIV-1 envelope protein binds to and signals through integrin

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NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., and colleagues summarize results from large clinical trials and cohort studies validating U=U. The landmark NIH-funded HPTN 052 clinical trial showed that no linked HIV transmissions occurred among HIV serodifferent heterosexual couples when the partner living

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An alternative and likely complementary hypothesis points to the widespread use of unsafe medical practices in Africa during years following World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic, and anti-malaria treatment campaigns. Research on the timing

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of CRF_AE, and the remaining 5.3% were composed of other subtypes and CRFs. Most HIV-1 research is focused on subtype B; few laboratories focus on the other subtypes. The existence of a fourth group, "P", has been hypothesised based on a virus isolated in 2009. The strain is apparently derived from

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with distinct subtypes gives rise to circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). In 2000, the last year in which an analysis of global subtype prevalence was made, 47.2% of infections worldwide were of subtype C, 26.7% were of subtype A/CRF02_AG, 12.3% were of subtype B, 5.3% were of subtype D, 3.2% were

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suggested that template switching by reverse transcriptase acts as a repair process to deal with breaks in the single-stranded RNA genome. In addition, Hu and Temin suggested that recombination is an adaptation for repair of damage in the RNA genomes. Strand switching (copy-choice recombination) by

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therapies; however, the same infections are reported among HIV-infected patients examined post-mortem following the onset of antiretroviral therapies. Thus, during the course of infection, viral adaptation to the use of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 may be a key step in the progression to AIDS. A number of

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the expression of CXCR4 on the surface of HIV target cells. M-tropic HIV-1 isolates that use only the CCR5 receptor are termed R5; those that use only CXCR4 are termed X4, and those that use both, X4R5. However, the use of co-receptors alone does not explain viral tropism, as not all R5 viruses are

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activities, either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors, commonly acquire SIV. However, SIV is a weak virus, and it is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection. It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are

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enriched CD4 T cells and inflammatory dendritic cells in the dermis of ulcerated genital skin, persisting even after ulcer healing. HIV's tropism for CCR-5 positive cells contributes to the two- to threefold increased risk of HIV acquisition in persons with genital herpes. Notably, daily antiviral

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occurs, the genome of progeny virions may be composed of RNA strands from two different strains. This hybrid virion then infects a new cell where it undergoes replication. As this happens, the reverse transcriptase, by jumping back and forth between the two different RNA templates, will generate a

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is taken into consideration. A single screening test is correct more than 99% of the time. The chance of a false-positive result in a standard two-step testing protocol is estimated to be about 1 in 250,000 in a low risk population. Testing post-exposure is recommended immediately and then at six

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SIV (SIVcpz), the closest genetic relative of HIV-1, is associated with increased mortality and AIDS-like symptoms in its natural host. SIVcpz appears to have been transmitted relatively recently to chimpanzee and human populations, so their hosts have not yet adapted to the virus. This virus has

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Specific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout the society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to

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and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter. HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread, for which two pathways have been described. Firstly, an infected T cell can transmit virus directly to a target T cell via a

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to CD4. Once gp120 is bound with the CD4 protein, the envelope complex undergoes a structural change, exposing the chemokine receptor binding domains of gp120 and allowing them to interact with the target chemokine receptor. This allows for a more stable two-pronged attachment, which allows the

2063:(e.g., viral RNA or proviral DNA amplification method) can also help diagnosis in certain situations. In addition, a few tested specimens might provide inconclusive results because of a low quantity specimen. In these situations, a second specimen is collected and tested for HIV infection. 7527:

Keele BF, Jones JH, Terio KA, Estes JD, Rudicell RS, Wilson ML, Li Y, Learn GH, Beasley TM, Schumacher-Stankey J, Wroblewski E, Mosser A, Raphael J, Kamenya S, Lonsdorf EV, Travis DA, Mlengeya T, Kinsel MJ, Else JG, Silvestri G, Goodall J, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Pusey AE, Hahn BH (2009).

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than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2, compared to HIV-1, implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Due to its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to

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Although IFA can be used to confirm infection in these ambiguous cases, this assay is not widely used. In general, a second specimen should be collected more than a month later and retested for persons with indeterminate western blot results. Although much less commonly available,

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Berlier W, Bourlet T, Lawrence P, Hamzeh H, Lambert C, Genin C, Verrier B, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Pozzetto B, Delézay O (2005). "Selective sequestration of X4 isolates by human genital epithelial cells: Implication for virus tropism selection process during sexual transmission of HIV".

2223:. Although initially controversial, subsequent studies have confirmed that the risk of transmitting HIV through sex is effectively zero when the HIV-positive person has a consistently undetectable viral load, a concept now widely known as U=U, or "Undetectable = Untransmittable." 1645:

The classical process of infection of a cell by a virion can be called "cell-free spread" to distinguish it from a more recently recognized process called "cell-to-cell spread". In cell-free spread (see figure), virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood or

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Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L (1983). "Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)".

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taken from the membrane of a human host cell when the newly formed virus particle buds from the cell. The viral envelope contains proteins from the host cell and relatively few copies of the HIV envelope protein, which consists of a cap made of three molecules known as

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Celum CL, Coombs RW, Lafferty W, Inui TS, Louie PH, Gates CA, McCreedy BJ, Egan R, Grove T, Alexander S (1991). "Indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blots: seroconversion risk, specificity of supplemental tests, and an algorithm for evaluation".

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Many HIV-positive people are unaware that they are infected with the virus. For example, in 2001 less than 1% of the sexually active urban population in Africa had been tested, and this proportion is even lower in rural populations. Furthermore, in 2001 only 0.5% of

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in gp41, HR1, and HR2 then interact, causing the collapse of the extracellular portion of gp41 into a hairpin shape. This loop structure brings the virus and cell membranes close together, allowing fusion of the membranes and subsequent entry of the viral capsid.

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not only reproduce the antigenic properties of the native viral spike, but also display the same degree of immature glycans as presented on the native virus. Recombinant trimeric viral spikes are promising vaccine candidates as they display less non-neutralising

1821:), based on the whole genome, which are geographically distinct. The most prevalent are subtypes B (found mainly in North America and Europe), A and D (found mainly in Africa), and C (found mainly in Africa and Asia); these subtypes form branches in the 1728:

This complex scenario leads to the generation of many variants of HIV in a single infected patient in the course of one day. This variability is compounded when a single cell is simultaneously infected by two or more different strains of HIV. When

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Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Gelmann EP, Robert-Guroff M, Richardson E, Kalyanaraman VS, Mann D, Sidhu GD, Stahl RE, Zolla-Pazner S, Leibowitch J, Popovic M (1983). "Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)".

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HIV-2's closest relative is SIVsm, a strain of SIV found in sooty mangabees. Since HIV-1 is derived from SIVcpz, and HIV-2 from SIVsm, the genetic sequence of HIV-2 is only partially homologous to HIV-1 and more closely resembles that of SIVsm.

1560:, including breaks in the single-stranded RNA. For HIV, as well as for viruses in general, successful infection depends on overcoming host defense strategies that often include production of genome-damaging reactive oxygen species. Thus, Michod 8487:

Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, Grinsztejn B, Prestage GP, Zablotska-Manos IB, et al. (August 2018). "Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study".

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Clevestig P, Maljkovic I, Casper C, Carlenor E, Lindgren S, Navér L, Bohlin AB, Fenyö EM, Leitner T, Ehrnst A (2005). "The X4 phenotype of HIV type 1 evolves from R5 in two children of mothers, carrying X4, and is not linked to transmission".

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Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996). "Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1".

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or allow the virus to evade the body's immune system. The reverse transcriptase also has ribonuclease activity that degrades the viral RNA during the synthesis of cDNA, as well as DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity that creates a

2793:"Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Differ Strongly in Frequencies and Spectra between Patients with Low CD4+ Cell Counts Examined Postmortem and Compensated Patients Examined Antemortem Irrespective of the HAART Era" 1473:

form. The selectivity in the packaging is explained by the structural properties of the dimeric conformer of the gRNA. The gRNA dimer is characterized by a tandem three-way junction within the gRNA monomer, in which the SD and AUG

2875:"Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study" 586:

Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more

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Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, Chen Y, Wain LV, Liegeois F, Loul S, Ngole EM, Bienvenue Y, Delaporte E, Brookfield JF, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Hahn BH (2006).

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can also be used. DCs are one of the first cells encountered by the virus during sexual transmission. They are currently thought to play an important role by transmitting HIV to T cells when the virus is captured in the

2090:. A negative result rules out HIV exposure, while a positive one must be followed by an HIV-1/2 antibody differentiation immunoassay to detect which antibodies are present. This gives rise to four possible scenarios: 1458:(nuclear factor kappa B), which is upregulated when T cells become activated. This means that those cells most likely to be targeted, entered and subsequently killed by HIV are those actively fighting infection. 10617: 5198:

Karlsson A, Parsmyr K, Aperia K, Sandström E, Fenyö EM, Albert J (1994). "MT-2 cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates as a marker for response to treatment and development of drug resistance".

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attending urban health facilities were counselled, tested or received their test results. Again, this proportion is even lower in rural health facilities. Since donors may therefore be unaware of their infection,

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Schindler M, Münch J, Kutsch O, Li H, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, Müller-Trutwin MC, Novembre FJ, Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Bailes E, Roques P, Sodora DL, Silvestri G, Sharp PM, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F (2006).

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resulting in genital ulcers. Early 1900s colonial cities were notable for their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers to the degree that as of 1928 as many as 45% of female residents of eastern

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A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4 counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection; any particular individual's disease course may vary considerably.

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polyproteins still need to be cleaved into the actual matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid proteins. This cleavage is mediated by the packaged viral protease and can be inhibited by antiretroviral drugs of the

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AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of

382:. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is not contagious during sexual intercourse without a condom if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable 1659:(APC), such as a macrophage or dendritic cell, can transmit HIV to T cells by a process that either involves productive infection (in the case of macrophages) or capture and transfer of virions 3520:

Gilbert PB, McKeague IW, Eisen G, Mullins C, Guéye-NDiaye A, Mboup S, Kanki PJ (February 28, 2003). "Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal".

1070:. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and CD4 T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells' membrane and also with 10612: 583:, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins, using host cell resources, that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that will begin the replication cycle anew. 5236:"Relation between changes in cellular load, evolution of viral phenotype, and the clonal composition of virus populations in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection" 1493:

to produce mRNAs that are shorter than the full-length genome. Which part of the RNA is removed during RNA splicing determines which of the HIV protein-coding sequences is translated.

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After HIV has bound to the target cell, the HIV RNA and various enzymes, including reverse transcriptase, integrase, ribonuclease, and protease, are injected into the cell. During the

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and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including different patterns of sexual contact (especially multiple, concurrent partnerships), the spread of

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Plantier JC, Leoz M, Dickerson JE, De Oliveira F, Cordonnier F, Lemée V, Damond F, Robertson DL, Simon F (August 2009). "A new human immunodeficiency virus derived from gorillas".

5072:"Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood and genital secretions: evidence for viral compartmentalization and selection during sexual transmission" 1180:

studies with subtype B-infected individuals have determined that between 40 and 50 percent of AIDS patients can harbour viruses of the SI and, it is presumed, the X4 phenotypes.

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Sodora DL, Allan JS, Apetrei C, Brenchley JM, Douek DC, Else JG, Estes JD, Hahn BH, Hirsch VM, Kaur A, Kirchhoff F, Muller-Trutwin M, Pandrea I, Schmitz JE, Silvestri G (2009).

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Schwartz O, Maréchal V, Le Gall S, Lemonnier F, Heard JM (March 1996). "Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein".

6316:"In vitro expression of the HIV-2 genomic RNA is controlled by three distinct internal ribosome entry segments that are regulated by the HIV protease and the Gag polyprotein" 1368:

HIV-1 entry, as well as entry of many other retroviruses, has long been believed to occur exclusively at the plasma membrane. More recently, however, productive infection by

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Levy JA, Kaminsky LS, Morrow WJ, Steimer K, Luciw P, Dina D, Hoxie J, Oshiro L (1985). "Infection by the retrovirus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome".

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suggested that recombination by viruses is an adaptation for repair of genome damage, and that recombinational variation is a byproduct that may provide a separate benefit.

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Hymes KB, Cheung T, Greene JB, Prose NS, Marcus A, Ballard H, William DC, Laubenstein LJ (September 1981). "Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men — a report of eight cases".

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A diagram of the HIV spike protein (green), with the fusion peptide epitope highlighted in red, and a broadly neutralizing antibody (yellow) binding to the fusion peptide

10888: 2369:(CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966. 8745:: When the statement and list of endorsements was retrieved, it had last been updated on 23 August 2018 and included "over 850 organizations from nearly 100 countries." 2388:, had been coined. The CDC, in search of a name and looking at the infected communities, coined "the 4H disease", as it seemed to single out homosexuals, heroin users, 8274: 4177:"A next-generation cleaved, soluble HIV-1 Env trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, expresses multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing but not non-neutralizing antibodies" 1240:

gp41 undergoes significant conformational change; folding in half and forming coiled-coils. This process pulls the viral and cellular membranes together, fusing them.

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Hallenberger S, Bosch V, Angliker H, Shaw E, Klenk HD, Garten W (November 26, 1992). "Inhibition of furin-mediated cleavage activation of HIV-1 glycoprotein gp160".

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Powell MK, Benková K, Selinger P, Dogoši M, Kinkorová Luňáčková I, Koutníková H, Laštíková J, Roubíčková A, Špůrková Z, Laclová L, Eis V, Šach J, Heneberg P (2016).

2590:) in nascent colonial cities. While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are typically low, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners has a 879:

in the case of HIV-2), are regulatory genes for proteins that control the ability of HIV to infect cells, produce new copies of virus (replicate), or cause disease.

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Osmanov S, Pattou C, Walker N, Schwardländer B, Esparza J (2002). "Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000".

10979: 8533:"Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy" 8075: 7963:

Kumaranayake L, Watts C (2001). "Resource allocation and priority setting of HIV/AIDS interventions: addressing the generalized epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa".

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In the beginning, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example,

2219:(<50 copies/ml) due to antiretroviral treatment. This concept was first proposed by the Swiss Federal Commission for AIDS/HIV in 2008 in what is known as the 1161:

mutation are resistant to infection by the R5 virus, as the mutation leaves HIV unable to bind to this co-receptor, reducing its ability to infect target cells.

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of virions, and clustering of HIV entry receptors on the target cell towards the contact zone. Cell-to-cell spread is thought to be particularly important in

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Daniel MD, King NW, Letvin NL, Hunt RD, Sehgal PK, Desrosiers RC (1984). "A new type D retrovirus isolated from macaques with an immunodeficiency syndrome".

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McGovern SL, Caselli E, Grigorieff N, Shoichet BK (2002). "A common mechanism underlying promiscuous inhibitors from virtual and high-throughput screening".

3121: 1327:-based transport to the nucleus, the viral single-strand RNA genome is transcribed into double-strand DNA, which is then integrated into a host chromosome. 12641: 9641:

Faria NR, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Baele G, Bedford T, Ward MJ, Tatem AJ, Sousa JD, Arinaminpathy N, Pépin J, Posada D, Peeters M, Pybus OG, Lemey P (2014).

2662: 6414:"Extensive recombination among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies makes an important contribution to viral diversity in individual patients" 4373:

Klase Z, Winograd R, Davis J, Carpio L, Hildreth R, Heydarian M, Fu S, McCaffrey T, Meiri E, Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Gilad S, Bentwich Z, Kashanchi F (2009).

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Thomson MM, Pérez-Alvarez L, Nájera R (2002). "Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 genetic forms and its significance for vaccine development and therapy".

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Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be transitional strains of HIV-1 and thus are able to use both CCR5 and CXCR4 as co-receptors for viral entry.

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Kalish ML, Wolfe ND, Ndongmo CB, McNicholl J, Robbins KE, Aidoo M, Fonjungo PN, Alemnji G, Zeh C, Djoko CF, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Burke DS, Folks TM (2005).

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van't Wout AB, Kootstra NA, Mulder-Kampinga GA, Albrecht-van Lent N, Scherpbier HJ, Veenstra J, Boer K, Coutinho RA, Miedema F, Schuitemaker H (1994).

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While HIV is highly virulent, transmission through sexual contact does not occur when an HIV-positive individual maintains a consistently undetectable

1810:

does not inhibit T-cell activation and it has lost this function. Without this function, T cell depletion is more likely, leading to immunodeficiency.

10074:"High GUD incidence in the early 20th century created a particularly permissive time window for the origin and initial spread of epidemic HIV strains" 2976:"HIV-Specific Antibodies Capable of ADCC Are Common in Breastmilk and Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Transmission in Women with High Viral Loads" 993:(LTR). Regions in the LTR act as switches to control production of new viruses and can be triggered by proteins from either HIV or the host cell. The 12658: 10012:

Worobey M, Gemmel M, Teuwen DE, Haselkorn T, Kunstman K, Bunce M, Muyembe JJ, Kabongo JM, Kalengayi RM, Van Marck E, Gilbert MT, Wolinsky SM (2008).

2528:

HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.

989:

protein (p16) influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells. The ends of each strand of HIV RNA contain an RNA sequence called a

9965:"Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa" 2423:

independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal

12621: 12604: 12587: 11085: 2075: 529:

properties in common. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long

10558: 10409: 4978:

Zhu T, Mo H, Wang N, Nam DS, Cao Y, Koup RA, Ho DD (1993). "Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 patients with primary infection".

1629:

class. The various structural components then assemble to produce a mature HIV virion. Only mature virions are then able to infect another cell.

13402: 12924: 12853: 12836: 12500: 12225: 3317: 2146: 2357:), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems. Soon thereafter, researchers at the 13364: 12802: 10959: 3827: 1303:, which facilitate efficient cell-to-cell spreading of HIV-1. The gp160 spike contains binding domains for both CD4 and chemokine receptors. 8465: 6288: 12311: 12277: 10831: 10650: 10600: 10548: 8238: 1679:. The many dissemination mechanisms available to HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication in spite of anti-retroviral therapies. 9299: 10944: 10405: 5023:"Macrophage-tropic variants initiate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection after sexual, parenteral, and vertical transmission" 2599:

were thought to have been prostitutes and as of 1933 around 15% of all residents of the same city were infected by one of the forms of

2366: 9698:

Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, Cummins LB, Arthur LO, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH (1999).

8601: 8224: 652:. The single-stranded RNA is tightly bound to nucleocapsid proteins, p7, and enzymes needed for the development of the virion such as 5922:

Keane SC, Heng X, Lu K, Kharytonchyk S, Ramakrishnan V, Carter G, Barton S, Hosic A, Florwick A, Santos J, Bolden NC (May 22, 2015).

3362: 3321: 3059: 2226:

Studies that established the U=U principle include Opposites Attract, PARTNER 1, PARTNER 2 (which focused on male-male couples), and

1446:

The integrated viral DNA may then lie dormant, in the latent stage of HIV infection. To actively produce the virus, certain cellular

6463:"Contribution of recombination to the evolution of human immunodeficiency viruses expressing resistance to antiretroviral treatment" 331:

to thrive. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the

13224: 10758: 9237: 8575:

Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in MSM couples with suppressive ART: The PARTNER2 Study extended results in gay men

10275: 3433:

Smith JA, Daniel R (May 2006). "Following the path of the virus: the exploitation of host DNA repair mechanisms by retroviruses".

8934: 2453: 776: 701: 8757:"Persistence of HIV-1 receptor-positive cells after HSV-2 reactivation is a potential mechanism for increased HIV-1 acquisition" 13355: 13064: 13006: 11987: 10670: 10500: 2264:, does not reduce the subclinical post-reactivation inflammation and therefore does not decrease the risk of HIV acquisition. 1196:

organism. Having achieved a low pathogenicity, over time, variants that are more successful at transmission will be selected.

421:

is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections, leading to the development of AIDS.

11608: 10919: 9498: 9118: 9089: 8879: 6298: 5288: 3662: 3301: 3147:

Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG (August 2010). "Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses".

3034: 8278: 2610:. The virus may have been present in the United States as early as the mid- to late 1960s, as a sixteen-year-old male named 1738:

that is a recombinant between the two parental genomes. This recombination is most obvious when it occurs between subtypes.

851:

codes for a protein called gp160 that is cut in two by a cellular protease to form gp120 and gp41. The six remaining genes,

12556: 11350: 563:, that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the 244: 8726:"Consensus statement: Risk of Sexual Transmission of HIV from a Person Living with HIV who has an Undetectable Viral Load" 4678:

Berger EA, Doms RW, Fenyö EM, Korber BT, Littman DR, Moore JP, Sattentau QJ, Schuitemaker H, Sodroski J, Weiss RA (1998).

12975: 12454: 11038: 9336: 7315:"Toward an AIDS vaccine: lessons from natural simian immunodeficiency virus infections of African nonhuman primate hosts" 4939:"The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy" 4275:

de Taeye SW, Ozorowski G, Torrents de la Peña A, Guttman M, Julien JP, van den Kerkhof TL, et al. (December 2015).

3904:"Glycan clustering stabilizes the mannose patch of HIV-1 and preserves vulnerability to broadly neutralizing antibodies" 2130:, as well as fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent and AIDS as the disease caused by HIV. 13407: 12199: 11475: 10715: 4902: 2294: 8079: 6787: 6710: 1418:(cDNA) molecule. The process of reverse transcription is extremely error-prone, and the resulting mutations may cause 12999: 12251: 10898: 10788: 10189: 1895: 1756:

In contrast, when these strains infect species that have not adapted to SIV ("heterologous" or similar hosts such as

1626: 1482: 1115:-inducing strains (SI; now called X4 viruses) replicate in primary CD4 T cells as well as in macrophages and use the 6562:

Bonhoeffer S, Chappey C, Parkin NT, Whitcomb JM, Petropoulos CJ (2004). "Evidence for positive epistasis in HIV-1".

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). "Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral".

6991:"High multiplicity HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission from macrophages to CD4+ T cells limits antiretroviral efficacy" 4473:

Garcia JV, Miller AD (April 1991). "Serine phosphorylation-independent downregulation of cell-surface CD4 by nef".

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Levy JA, et al. (1984). "Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS".

1795: 1142: 668:. A matrix composed of the viral protein p17 surrounds the capsid ensuring the integrity of the virion particle. 12896: 11617: 11378: 10640: 7686: 6798: 4430: 3692: 2133:

Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research. This research includes behavioral

1431:

cDNA. Together, the cDNA and its complement form a double-stranded viral DNA that is then transported into the

339: 251: 9465: 6056:"Dynamic regulation of HIV-1 mRNA populations analyzed by single-molecule enrichment and long-read sequencing" 2931:(February 2019). "HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable". 413:

of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4 T cells by

13153: 12980: 12771: 12550: 12532: 12526: 12479: 11440: 10954: 10934: 10665: 10553: 9439: 8605: 5859: 3384: 3347: 3325: 2540: 2480: 2414: 2385: 2321: 1742: 1419: 1376:

of HIV-1 has also been reported and was recently suggested to constitute the only route of productive entry.

1373: 1362: 725: 622:

HIV is similar in structure to other retroviruses. It is roughly spherical with a diameter of about 120

383: 279: 258: 237: 8103:"Screening for HIV: systematic review to update the 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation" 7671: 13281: 12736: 12422: 12417: 12363: 11686: 11553: 10826: 10814: 10695: 10655: 7995: 4567:

Stumptner-Cuvelette P, Morchoisne S, Dugast M, Le Gall S, Raposo G, Schwartz O, Benaroch P (October 2001).

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Chitnis A, Rawls D, Moore J (January 2000). "Origin of HIV type 1 in colonial French Equatorial Africa?".

9366:

Centers for Disease Control (1982). "Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States".

2851: 13092: 12761: 12428: 12393: 11912: 11866: 11325: 11021: 10949: 10878: 10836: 10580: 10538: 8806:"Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 6054:

Ocwieja KE, Sherrill-Mix S, Mukherjee R, Custers-Allen R, David P, Brown M, et al. (November 2012).

3572: 1523: 1192:

in humans. A survival strategy for any infectious agent is not to kill its host, but ultimately become a

609: 11965: 7588:"Nef-mediated suppression of T cell activation was lost in a lentiviral lineage that gave rise to HIV-1" 4277:"Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-neutralizing Epitopes" 3855:"Composition and Antigenic Effects of Individual Glycan Sites of a Trimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein" 13290: 12413: 11980: 11015: 10939: 10929: 10660: 10493: 2434: 86: 8239:"Quick Reference Guide—Laboratory Testing for the Diagnosis of HIV Infection: Updated Recommendations" 4326:"Identification of functional microRNAs released through asymmetrical processing of HIV-1 TAR element" 2429:. Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in 688:

molecules that anchor the structure into the viral envelope. The envelope protein, encoded by the HIV

12791: 12731: 12388: 12116: 11954: 11601: 11489: 11457: 11445: 11398: 10974: 4324:

Ouellet DL, Plante I, Landry P, Barat C, Janelle ME, Flamand L, Tremblay MJ, Provost P (April 2008).

2162: 1899: 1424: 631: 538: 5987:

Keane SC, Van V, Frank HM, Sciandra CA, McCowin S, Santos J, Heng X, Summers MF (October 10, 2016).

5377:

Wyatt R, Sodroski J (1998). "The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens".

4837:"HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor" 13422: 13397: 13022: 12766: 12544: 11650: 11330: 11180: 11053: 10741: 10700: 8948:

Friedman-Kien AE (October 1981). "Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men".

4740:

Coakley E, Petropoulos CJ, Whitcomb JM (2005). "Assessing ch vbgemokine co-receptor usage in HIV".

3902:

Pritchard LK, Spencer DI, Royle L, Bonomelli C, Seabright GE, Behrens AJ, et al. (June 2015).

2312: 2170: 2158: 1907: 1799: 1466: 1014: 923: 847:, contain information needed to make the structural proteins for new virus particles. For example, 780: 580: 414: 5816:

Zheng YH, Lovsin N, Peterlin BM (2005). "Newly identified host factors modulate HIV replication".

3831: 2212:

in CD4 T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages is the main barrier to eradication of the virus.

709:

As the sole viral protein on the surface of the virus, the envelope protein is a major target for

13145: 13080: 12052: 11667: 11548: 11420: 11295: 11213: 11115: 10680: 10675: 8804:

Looker KJ, Elmes JA, Gottlieb SL, Schiffer JT, Vickerman P, Turner KM, Boily MC (December 2017).

7096: 4226:

Pritchard LK, Vasiljevic S, Ozorowski G, Seabright GE, Cupo A, Ringe R, et al. (June 2015).

3853:

Behrens AJ, Vasiljevic S, Pritchard LK, Harvey DJ, Andev RS, Krumm SA, et al. (March 2016).

2404:

was introduced at a meeting in July 1982. By September 1982 the CDC started using the name AIDS.

2235: 1835: 1656: 1553: 1316: 1147: 922:

protein (p19) is involved in shuttling RNAs from the nucleus and the cytoplasm by binding to the

760:

than recombinant monomeric gp120, which act to suppress the immune response to target epitopes.

572: 324: 8457: 5989:"NMR detection of intermolecular interaction sites in the dimeric 5′-leader of the HIV-1 genome" 1745:(SIV) has evolved into many strains, classified by the natural host species. SIV strains of the 1146:

able to use CCR5 on macrophages for a productive infection and HIV can also infect a subtype of

13317: 13299: 13249: 12741: 12726: 12047: 11715: 11260: 11233: 11223: 11145: 11130: 11028: 10848: 10778: 10585: 10575: 8461: 8377:"HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: The Swiss Statement—eight years later" 7682: 6512:"High frequency of genetic recombination is a common feature of primate lentivirus replication" 6238:

Soto-Rifo R, Limousin T, Rubilar PS, Ricci EP, Décimo D, Moncorgé O, et al. (March 2012).

5521:"The brain-specific factor FEZ1 is a determinant of neuronal susceptibility to HIV-1 infection" 5280: 2358: 2349: 2248: 2182: 1817:) region: M, N, and O. Group M is the most prevalent and is subdivided into eight subtypes (or 1621: 1534: 1501: 1176: 1093: 998: 418: 265: 13136: 9488: 9079: 8637:, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. (September 2016). 8531:

Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, van Lunzen J, et al. (July 2016).

8249: 7899:

Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, et al. (July 2006).

4425: 3724: 3291: 13412: 12952: 12489: 12474: 12434: 12000: 11973: 11861: 11740: 11679: 11655: 11543: 11497: 11435: 11425: 11335: 11270: 10841: 10809: 10746: 10570: 10486: 10411:

Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access

9310: 8689: 8119: 8102: 4175:

Sanders RW, Derking R, Cupo A, Julien JP, Yasmeen A, de Val N, et al. (September 2013).

1851: 1722: 1672: 1597: 1517: 1407: 1388: 1306:

The first step in fusion involves the high-affinity attachment of the CD4 binding domains of

1138: 721: 694:

gene, allows the virus to attach to target cells and fuse the viral envelope with the target

653: 560: 405:. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4 T cells through a number of mechanisms, including 44: 8170: 8153: 7530:"Increased mortality and AIDS-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz" 6819:

Zhang C, Zhou S, Groppelli E, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Borrow P, Chain BM, Jolly C (2015).

2376:, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. They also used 2338:

The first news story on "an exotic new disease" appeared May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper

1469:

into RNA. The full-length genomic RNAs (gRNA) can be packaged into new viral particles in a

1183:

HIV-2 is much less pathogenic than HIV-1 and is restricted in its worldwide distribution to

13205: 13197: 13162: 11854: 11820: 11710: 11594: 11512: 11430: 11345: 11320: 11305: 11243: 11195: 11175: 11100: 11095: 11080: 10821: 10753: 10317: 10144: 10085: 10025: 9769: 9711: 9654: 9523: 9405: 9160: 8318: 8301: 8204: 7912: 7672:"Reference sequences representing the principal genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the pandemic" 7541: 7490: 7435: 7170: 7108: 7051: 6842: 6744: 6686: 6571: 6375: 6055: 6000: 5935: 5580:"Involvement of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry" 5532: 5386: 4987: 4848: 4793: 4691: 4580: 4482: 4131: 4118:

Lyumkis D, Julien JP, de Val N, Cupo A, Potter CS, Klasse PJ, et al. (December 2013).

4074: 4061:

Julien JP, Cupo A, Sok D, Stanfield RL, Lyumkis D, Deller MC, et al. (December 2013).

3915: 3195: 2804: 2705: 2536: 2468:

in West-central Africa, and are believed to have transferred to humans (a process known as

2195: 2166: 2134: 1549: 1447: 1058:

refers to the cell types a virus infects. HIV can infect a variety of immune cells such as

990: 889: 772: 729: 728:. These advances in structural biology were made possible due to the development of stable 522: 76:. Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions. 37: 3097: 2353:

pneumonia (PCP or PJP, the latter term recognizing that the causative agent is now called

8: 13240: 13216: 12294: 11662: 11646: 11639: 11527: 11502: 11470: 11388: 11360: 11310: 11228: 11218: 11170: 11160: 11150: 11125: 10736: 10710: 10424:"Beta-chemokine receptors 5 and 3 are expressed on the head region of human spermatozoon" 9206: 9113: 8573: 8154:"Screening for HIV: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 6821:"Hybrid Spreading Mechanisms and T Cell Activation Shape the Dynamics of HIV-1 Infection" 6314:

Ricci EP, Herbreteau CH, Decimo D, Schaupp A, Datta SA, Rein A, et al. (July 2008).

2873:

Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, et al. (June 2019).

2756: 2448:

Another group working contemporaneously with the Montagnier and Gallo groups was that of

2380:, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981. In the general press, the term 2362: 2273: 2154: 1761: 1706: 1647: 1396: 1300: 893: 748: 359: 11586: 10321: 10264: 10148: 10089: 10029: 9773: 9715: 9658: 9527: 9409: 9164: 8101:

Chou R, Selph S, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Zakher B, Blazina I, Korthuis PT (November 2012).

7916: 7856:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

7545: 7494: 7439: 7364:"High virus loads in naturally and experimentally SIVagm-infected African green monkeys" 7174: 7112: 7055: 6846: 6748: 6690: 6639: 6614: 6575: 6379: 6004: 5939: 5678:"Visualizing fusion of pseudotyped HIV-1 particles in real time by live cell microscopy" 5536: 5390: 4991: 4852: 4797: 4695: 4584: 4486: 4135: 4078: 3919: 3199: 3182:

Doitsh G, Galloway NL, Geng X, Yang Z, Monroe KM, Zepeda O, et al. (January 2014).

2808: 2709: 1813:

Three groups of HIV-1 have been identified on the basis of differences in the envelope (

1154:

that maintains infection when CD4 T cell numbers have declined to extremely low levels.

13228: 12667: 12630: 12368: 11703: 11691: 11517: 11507: 11415: 11410: 11383: 11370: 11355: 11340: 11290: 11253: 11238: 11190: 11185: 11165: 11135: 11110: 11070: 11062: 10994: 10989: 10858: 10783: 10685: 10461: 10393: 10340: 10305: 10270: 10241: 10194: 10170: 10108: 10073: 10046: 10013: 9989: 9964: 9937: 9912: 9888: 9863: 9844: 9790: 9757: 9737: 9675: 9642: 9618: 9593: 9281: 9242: 9184: 9060: 9008: 8921: 8896: 8830: 8805: 8781: 8756: 8665: 8638: 8513: 8350: 8183: 8132: 7933: 7900: 7876: 7851: 7806: 7743:

Perrin L, Kaiser L, Yerly S (2003). "Travel and the spread of HIV-1 genetic variants".

7725: 7617: 7562: 7529: 7339: 7314: 7292: 7245: 7196: 7132: 7097:"Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing replication despite antiretroviral therapy" 7072: 7039: 7015: 6990: 6971: 6917: 6892: 6865: 6832: 6820: 6768: 6652: 6595: 6536: 6511: 6487: 6462: 6438: 6413: 6340: 6315: 6264: 6239: 6215: 6188: 6080: 6031: 5988: 5964: 5753: 5728: 5704: 5677: 5653: 5628: 5555: 5520: 5501: 5472:"Transmission, acute HIV-1 infection and the quest for strategies to prevent infection" 5449: 5348: 5180: 4882: 4869: 4836: 4817: 4765: 4717: 4652: 4627: 4549: 4506: 4455: 4401: 4374: 4350: 4325: 4301: 4276: 4252: 4227: 4203: 4176: 4152: 4119: 4095: 4062: 4038: 4014:"Targeting host-derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody-based vaccine design" 4013: 3985: 3960: 3936: 3903: 3879: 3854: 3803: 3776: 3757: 3545: 3497: 3472: 3267: 3240: 3216: 3183: 3084: 3002: 2975: 2974:

Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J (2012). Desrosiers RC (ed.).

2956: 2901: 2874: 2827: 2792: 2765: 2740: 2667: 2489: 1188: 1164: 752: 649: 417:

that recognize infected cells. When CD4 T cell numbers decline below a critical level,

219: 212: 81: 8996: 8961: 8821: 8501: 8434: 8417: 7756: 7648: 6164: 6139: 5899: 5874: 5604: 5579: 5335: 5318: 5234:

Koot M, van 't Wout AB, Kootstra NA, de Goede RE, Tersmette M, Schuitemaker H (1996).

5096: 5071: 5047: 5022: 5020: 3744: 3060:"Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding" 2891: 2198:. In many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition, with progression to 13392: 13034: 12672: 12576: 12561: 12445: 12343: 12111: 12097: 11842: 11465: 11315: 11285: 11265: 11248: 11155: 11120: 11105: 11090: 11075: 10853: 10763: 10720: 10590: 10453: 10385: 10345: 10233: 10162: 10133:"An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the epidemic" 10113: 10051: 9994: 9942: 9893: 9836: 9795: 9729: 9680: 9623: 9574: 9539: 9494: 9421: 9396: 9375: 9218: 9176: 9151: 9127: 9085: 9052: 9000: 8965: 8926: 8875: 8835: 8786: 8755:

Zhu J, Hladik F, Woodward A, Klock A, Peng T, Johnston C, et al. (August 2009).

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Kurth R, Norley S (1996). "Why don't the natural hosts of SIV develop simian AIDS?".

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in the single-stranded viral DNA and/or interferes with reverse transcription). The

530: 468: 286: 183: 12991: 10397: 10245: 9064: 9012: 8517: 8188: 8137: 7810: 7729: 7621: 7296: 7200: 6975: 6656: 6599: 6429: 6155: 5595: 5505: 5352: 5184: 5087: 4886: 4821: 4769: 4424:

Vasudevan AA, Smits SH, Höppner A, Häussinger D, Koenig BW, Münk C (November 2013).

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Gilman SL (1987). GilmanSL (ed.). "AIDS and Syphilis: The Iconography of Disease".

9207:"Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States" 9168: 9042: 8992: 8957: 8916: 8908: 8855: 8825: 8817: 8776: 8768: 8660: 8650: 8544: 8497: 8429: 8388: 8313: 8165: 8114: 8049: 7972: 7928: 7920: 7871: 7863: 7790: 7752: 7709: 7644: 7599: 7557: 7549: 7498: 7453: 7443: 7375: 7334: 7326: 7276: 7249: 7227: 7178: 7136: 7116: 7067: 7059: 7010: 7002: 6953: 6912: 6904: 6860: 6850: 6772: 6752: 6694: 6634: 6626: 6579: 6531: 6523: 6482: 6474: 6433: 6425: 6383: 6335: 6327: 6259: 6251: 6240:"Different effects of the TAR structure on HIV-1 and HIV-2 genomic RNA translation" 6210: 6200: 6159: 6151: 6116: 6112: 6075: 6067: 6026: 6008: 5959: 5943: 5894: 5886: 5825: 5785: 5748: 5740: 5699: 5689: 5648: 5640: 5599: 5591: 5550: 5540: 5483: 5433: 5394: 5330: 5247: 5208: 5164: 5129: 5091: 5083: 5042: 5034: 4995: 4950: 4911: 4900:

Knight SC, Macatonia SE, Patterson S (1990). "HIV I infection of dendritic cells".

4864: 4856: 4801: 4749: 4721: 4699: 4647: 4639: 4598: 4588: 4553: 4533: 4510: 4490: 4459: 4439: 4396: 4386: 4345: 4337: 4296: 4288: 4247: 4239: 4198: 4188: 4147: 4139: 4090: 4082: 4033: 4025: 3980: 3972: 3931: 3923: 3874: 3866: 3798: 3788: 3761: 3739: 3626: 3618: 3581: 3529: 3492: 3484: 3442: 3407: 3262: 3252: 3211: 3203: 3156: 3079: 3071: 2997: 2987: 2940: 2928: 2896: 2886: 2822: 2812: 2760: 2752: 2713: 2514: 2502: 2142: 2123: 1888: 1784: 1557: 1335: 379: 9188: 8248:. New York State Department of Health. June 27, 2014. pp. 1–2. Archived from 5398: 1157:

Some people are resistant to certain strains of HIV. For example, people with the

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Koch P, Lampe M, Godinez WJ, Müller B, Rohr K, Kräusslich HG, Lehmann MJ (2009).

4860: 4375:"HIV-1 TAR miRNA protects against apoptosis by altering cellular gene expression" 4243: 4193: 4120:"Cryo-EM structure of a fully glycosylated soluble cleaved HIV-1 envelope trimer" 4029: 3870: 3793: 3027:

Anthropology and public health : bridging differences in culture and society

2992: 2817: 2635: 2430: 2373: 2340: 2303: 2220: 2209: 1831: 1688: 1668: 1601: 1593: 1585: 1134: 1067: 956: 733: 634: 534: 501: 362:. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during 332: 272: 147: 135: 123: 9609: 9570: 5829: 5212: 5168: 3828:"Crystal structure of key HIV protein reveals new prevention, treatment targets" 3586: 3567: 3488: 2188: 1592:

The final step of the viral cycle, assembly of new HIV-1 virions, begins at the

698:

releasing the viral contents into the cell and initiating the infectious cycle.

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The earliest, well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the

2544: 2494: 2420: 2329: 2252: 1884: 1757: 1750: 1331: 1283:, but others are known to interact) on the target cell surface. Gp120 binds to 1267:

Entry to the cell begins through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex (

1264:

with the target cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.

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Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases

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Hu WS, Temin HM (1990). "Retroviral recombination and reverse transcription".

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Viral recombination produces genetic variation that likely contributes to the

1141:

for CXCR4, suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. It does this by

13386: 13088: 13056: 12266: 12179: 12016: 11808: 11803: 10964: 10873: 9864:"The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?" 9862:

Sharp PM, Bailes E, Chaudhuri RR, Rodenburg CM, Santiago MO, Hahn BH (2001).

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Permanyer M, Ballana E, Esté JA (2010). "Endocytosis of HIV: anything goes".

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is the major mode of HIV transmission. Both X4 and R5 HIV are present in the

1059: 1055: 1025: 952: 695: 676: 576: 390: 351: 320: 10229: 9781: 9666: 9535: 9417: 9172: 8708: 7924: 7502: 7448: 6893:"HIV-1 cell to cell transfer across an Env-induced, actin-dependent synapse" 6583: 6387: 6013: 5947: 5545: 5133: 4999: 4569:"HIV-1 Nef impairs MHC class II antigen presentation and surface expression" 4143: 4086: 2944: 2717: 1232:

Conformational change in gp120 allows for secondary interaction with CXCR4.

1217: 32:

This article is about the virus. For the infection caused by the virus, see

13340: 12870: 12752: 12484: 12157: 11926: 11892: 11828: 10999: 10690: 10457: 10389: 10349: 10237: 10117: 10055: 9998: 9980: 9946: 9928: 9897: 9879: 9840: 9815:"Retrotransposons revisited: the restraint and rehabilitation of parasites" 9799: 9684: 9627: 9056: 8930: 8839: 8790: 8674: 8558: 8549: 8532: 8509: 8443: 8402: 8393: 8376: 8335: 8220: 8179: 8128: 8025: 7942: 7885: 7867: 7802: 7764: 7721: 7656: 7613: 7571: 7389: 7380: 7363: 7348: 7288: 7241: 7128: 7081: 7024: 6967: 6926: 6874: 6706: 6591: 6545: 6496: 6447: 6349: 6273: 6224: 6173: 6089: 6040: 5973: 5908: 5852:"IV. Viruses> F. Animal Virus Life Cycles > 3. The Life Cycle of HIV" 5837: 5797: 5762: 5713: 5694: 5662: 5613: 5564: 5497: 5445: 5141: 4964: 4761: 4661: 4612: 4593: 4451: 4410: 4391: 4359: 4310: 4274: 4261: 4212: 4161: 4104: 4047: 4009: 3994: 3961:"Cell- and Protein-Directed Glycosylation of Native Cleaved HIV-1 Envelope" 3945: 3888: 3812: 3638: 3595: 3541: 3506: 3454: 3276: 3225: 3168: 3093: 3011: 2952: 2910: 2836: 2774: 2579: 2518: 2408: 2325: 1933: 1903: 1735: 1490: 1432: 1257: 1204: 972: 661: 564: 517: 159: 10440: 10423: 10166: 9733: 9578: 9543: 9425: 9379: 9222: 9180: 9131: 9047: 9030: 9004: 8969: 8912: 8655: 8578:. AIDS2018: 22nd International AIDS Conference. Amsterdam, the Netherlands 8061: 8011: 7510: 7467: 7192: 6764: 6648: 6630: 6395: 6255: 6124: 5424:

alpha(4)beta(7), the gut mucosal homing receptor for peripheral T cells".

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Zhu T, Wang N, Carr A, Nam DS, Moor-Jankowski R, Cooper DA, Ho DD (1996).

5056: 5007: 4923: 4878: 4813: 4713: 4566: 4545: 4502: 4443: 3753: 3419: 2725: 2107:

must be carried out to detect the acute infection of HIV-1 or its absence.

1671:, where CD4 T cells are densely packed and likely to interact frequently. 1046: 896:

acting by binding the TAR RNA element. The TAR may also be processed into

713:

efforts. Over half of the mass of the trimeric envelope spike is N-linked

13349: 13188: 13108: 12907: 12782: 12214: 12190: 11995: 11931: 11837: 11813: 10903: 10804: 10595: 10422:

Muciaccia B, Padula F, Vicini E, Gandini L, Lenzi A, Stefanini M (2005).

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Sigal A, Kim JT, Balazs AB, Dekel E, Mayo A, Milo R, Baltimore D (2011).

6908: 6527: 6478: 6071: 6053: 4341: 3976: 3184:"Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection" 3075: 2575: 2522: 2510: 2449: 2389: 2205: 2150: 2079: 1826: 1803: 1746: 1730: 1713:, with the generation of about 10 virions every day, coupled with a high 1324: 1260:

on its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the

1184: 1074: 1041: 968: 935: 710: 614: 597: 592: 443: 371: 10449: 10037: 7670:

Carr JK, Foley BT, Leitner T, Salminen M, Korber B, McCutchan F (1998).

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Nora T, Charpentier C, Tenaillon O, Hoede C, Clavel F, Hance AJ (2007).

3630: 3207: 2574:. Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of 1384: 1158: 13260: 13257: 12965: 12887: 12717: 12511: 12332: 11950: 11907: 11878: 11873: 11760: 11752: 10863: 10705: 10533: 9285: 8354: 7183: 7158: 7063: 6331: 5488: 5471: 4537: 3927: 2672: 2438: 2240: 2216: 1963: 1718: 1581: 1312: 1253: 1245: 1105: 1063: 982: 737: 689: 511: 406: 398: 367: 312: 307: 195: 171: 73: 10381: 10306:"Dating the age of the SIV lineages that gave rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2" 9643:"The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations" 5038: 3622: 3446: 2100:

3. HIV-1 (+) & HIV-2 (+): both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies detected

1856: 720:

The molecular structure of the viral spike has now been determined by

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de Sousa JD, Müller V, Lemey P, Vandamme AM (2010). Martin DP (ed.).

10014:"Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960" 8602:"The science is clear: with HIV, undetectable equals untransmittable" 7280: 6756: 6205: 5890: 5858:. Community College of Baltimore County. January 2008. Archived from 4805: 4494: 4225: 3533: 3257: 2487:(HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies 2261: 1993: 1879: 1664: 1530: 1505: 1497: 1475: 1440: 1193: 1071: 1004: 917: 901: 884: 665: 623: 588: 568: 545: 438: 410: 363: 111: 13311: 9277: 8772: 8302:"The Current Status of Latency Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Remission" 7976: 7794: 7330: 7265:"Estimating drug efficacy and viral dynamic parameters: HIV and HCV" 7264: 7232: 7215: 6189:"Coordination of Genomic RNA Packaging with Viral Assembly in HIV-1" 3398:

Levy JA (November 1993). "HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival".

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gene that is present in most SIVs. For non-pathogenic SIV variants,

1572: 61: 13334: 13236: 13179: 11783: 11727: 11698: 11626: 10969: 10868: 10565: 10513: 6837: 5437: 5233: 2600: 2596: 2587: 2559: 2476: 2469: 2442: 2227: 2127: 2083: 2043: 1983: 1973: 1953: 1806:, and signals that affect T cell trafficking. In HIV-1 and SIVcpz, 1462: 1284: 1112: 1101: 1081: 938: 931: 897: 744: 657: 33: 10478: 10157: 10132: 9913:"Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus" 9724: 9699: 4704: 4679: 2464:

Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human

2194:

The management of HIV/AIDS typically involves the use of multiple

1675:

studies have supported the concept of the HIV virological synapse

1451: 567:

and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded enzyme,

11765: 10893: 8639:"Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission" 8078:. The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 5277:

Lentiviruses and Macrophages: Molecular and Cellular Interactions

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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The distal tips of gp41 are inserted into the cellular membrane.

942: 757: 741: 526: 10131:

Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (1998).

9440:"The 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release" 9147: 9114:"Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males" 8486: 7780: 7699: 6890: 5118: 4523: 3852: 3657:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3. 2361:

studied gay men developing a previously rare skin cancer called

771:

The RNA genome consists of at least seven structural landmarks (

732:

forms of the viral spike by the introduction of an intersubunit

12960: 11849: 11009: 9700:"Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes" 8205:"Postexposure prophylaxis against human immunodeficiency virus" 6561: 6412:

Charpentier C, Nora T, Tenaillon O, Clavel F, Hance AJ (2006).

5627:

Miyauchi K, Kim Y, Latinovic O, Morozov V, Melikyan GB (2009).

4423: 3958: 2531: 2396:. However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the 2023: 2013: 1596:

of the host cell. The Env polyprotein (gp160) goes through the

1436: 1403: 1392: 1352: 1344: 1171:, which enables the virus to be transmitted from a male to his 1104:

of HIV-infected patients, macrophages fuse into multinucleated

1097: 714: 645: 552: 328: 9392: 8874:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 8348: 6411: 6140:"Destiny of unspliced retroviral RNA: ribosome and/or virion?" 5577: 5197: 4063:"Crystal structure of a soluble cleaved HIV-1 envelope trimer" 3901: 3777:"Few and far between: how HIV may be evading antibody avidity" 3029:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 449. 2973: 11996: 11775: 10925:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

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Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. (2010). "Chapter 169".

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Chou R, Huffman LH, Fu R, Smits AK, Korthuis PT (July 2005).

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Two RNA genomes are encapsidated in each HIV-1 particle (see

1414:

genome from the attached viral proteins and copies it into a

1348: 1307: 1296: 1280: 1268: 1120: 906: 763: 681: 507: 375: 355: 347: 98: 10421: 10366: 10011: 7362:

Holzammer S, Holznagel E, Kaul A, Kurth R, Norley S (2001).

7214:

Rambaut A, Posada D, Crandall KA, Holmes EC (January 2004).

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HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as

12970: 11043: 11004: 10190:"Boy's 1969 death suggests AIDS invaded U.S. several times" 10071: 9910: 9754: 9365: 9204: 9111: 8803: 8530: 7898: 7361: 7312: 7213: 5626: 3725:"Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein" 3519: 2872: 2790: 2493:). The closest relative of HIV-2 is SIVsmm, a virus of the 2365:(KS). Many more cases of PJP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. 2256: 2199: 1613: 1415: 1358: 1276: 1089: 912: 685: 641: 316: 7634: 5275:

Cheney K, McKnight A (2010). "HIV-2 Tropism and Disease".

4739: 4426:"Structural features of antiviral DNA cytidine deaminases" 3146: 1187:. The adoption of "accessory genes" by HIV-2 and its more 374:. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free 11616: 9758:"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1" 9556: 7901:"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1" 7421: 6942:"Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses" 5726: 2231: 1411: 1272: 964: 947: 637: 556: 549: 394: 43:"AIDS virus" redirects here. For the computer virus, see 10608:

WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease

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Jolly C, Kashefi K, Hollinshead M, Sattentau QJ (2004).

5578:

Daecke J, Fackler OT, Dittmar MT, Kräusslich HG (2005).

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are resistant to HIV-1 infection, possibly because of a

2400:, it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and 1496:

Mature HIV mRNAs are exported from the nucleus into the

1435:. The integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's 1355:, is believed to prevent the infection of cells by HIV. 1299:, the central integrin involved in the establishment of 997:

is involved in viral genome packaging and recognized by

555:

is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded

319:(AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the 9024: 9022: 8633: 8038: 6612: 5921: 5729:"Mechanisms of viral entry: sneaking in the front door" 4834: 4117: 3361:

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2002).

3296:(9th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 147. 2097:

2. HIV-1 (−) & HIV-2 (+): HIV-2 antibodies detected

2094:

1. HIV-1 (+) & HIV-2 (−): HIV-1 antibodies detected

1705:

HIV differs from many viruses in that it has very high

1369: 1084:-inducing strains (NSI; now called R5 viruses) use the 370:

by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through

11576:

List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region

10130: 9697: 9028: 8982: 8754: 8300:

Rodari A, Darcis G, Van Lint CM (September 29, 2021).

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Pollard VW, Malim MH (1998). "The HIV-1 Rev protein".

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In 1983, two separate research groups led by American

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Macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or non-

13021: 8610:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

8368: 7992:"Patient information: Blood donation and transfusion" 7038:

Sewald X, Gonzalez DG, Haberman AM, Mothes W (2012).

5986: 4677: 2741:"Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS" 2157:. Other medical research areas include the topics of 626:, around 100,000 times smaller in volume than a 9019: 8299: 7526: 7480: 5775: 5518: 2663:

Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors

2625: 1764:), the animals develop AIDS and the virus generates 1315:

fusion peptide gp41 to penetrate the cell membrane.

11571:

List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate

10960:

President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)

10945:

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

10289:

sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.

9307:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

9084:(2nd ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. p. 106. 8869: 8349:Swiss National AIDS Commission (October 15, 2016). 7094: 5815: 4782: 2066:Modern HIV testing is extremely accurate, when the 1450:need to be present, the most important of which is 1402:Shortly after the viral capsid enters the cell, an 10265:"Precursor to H.I.V. was in monkeys for millennia" 10263: 9962: 9486: 9238:"New homosexual disorder worries health officials" 8480: 8151: 7156: 6137: 3652: 2614:presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969. 1825:representing the lineage of the M group of HIV-1. 10215: 9969:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 9868:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 8145: 7962: 7776: 7774: 7742: 7422:Baier M, Dittmar MT, Cichutek K, Kurth R (1991). 5268: 4835:Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA (1996). 4626:Arrildt KT, Joseph SB, Swanstrom R (March 2012). 3723:Chan DC, Fass D, Berger JM, Kim PS (April 1997). 3722: 2738: 2696:Weiss RA (May 1993). "How does HIV cause AIDS?". 2558:There is evidence that humans who participate in 1612:resulting in the two HIV envelope glycoproteins, 1489:(mRNAs). In most cases, this processing involves 13384: 8697:. British HIV Association Autumn Conference 2017 8691:U=U: Talking to patients about transmission risk 8202: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7522: 7520: 5872: 3328:. Archived from the original on October 14, 2006 3122:"Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV" 1768:similar to what is seen in human HIV infection. 1584:. The HIV virions have been marked with a green 1379: 10559:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program 10303: 9812: 9300:"Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances" 9029:Basavapathruni A, Anderson KS (December 2007). 8374: 7852:"The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS" 7702:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 7308: 7306: 7262: 6670:Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008). 5993:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5727:Thorley JA, McKeating JA, Rappoport JZ (2010). 5525:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5519:Haedicke J, Brown C, Naghavi MH (August 2009). 3470: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2103:4. HIV-1 (−) or indeterminate & HIV-2 (−): 2078:(CDC) show that HIV testing must start with an 1641:Animation demonstrating cell-free spread of HIV 1588:and then viewed under a fluorescent microscope. 1050:Diagram of the immature and mature forms of HIV 835:), encoding 19 proteins. Three of these genes, 751:of an amino acid) in gp41. The so-called SOSIP 12501:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus 9143: 9141: 8950:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 8415: 8076:"Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS - Deaths" 7771: 7216:"The causes and consequences of HIV evolution" 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 6672:"Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens" 6407: 6405: 5274: 5069: 4673: 4671: 4628:"The HIV-1 env protein: a coat of many colors" 3826:National Institute of Health (June 17, 1998). 3655:Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology 3466: 3464: 3318:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2786: 2784: 2505:living in littoral West Africa (from southern 2147:microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases 1794:function in non-pathogenic forms of SIV is to 1439:is carried out by another viral enzyme called 1275:and a chemokine co-receptor (generally either 648:composed of 2,000 copies of the viral protein 13007: 12704: 12025: 11981: 11602: 10494: 10417:. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 10067: 10065: 9200: 9198: 9031:"Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic" 8947: 7949: 7517: 6785: 6557: 6555: 6186: 5924:"Structure of the HIV-1 RNA packaging signal" 5376: 4007: 3774: 3645: 3238: 2475:HIV-1 appears to have originated in southern 2378:Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections 2176: 1461:During viral replication, the integrated DNA 1410:liberates the positive-sense single-stranded 548:. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral 13418:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections 10209: 10005: 9958: 9956: 9691: 8976: 8941: 7303: 7256: 7207: 6989:Duncan CJ, Russell RA, Sattentau QJ (2013). 6663: 6509: 6102: 5465: 5463: 4977: 4560: 4472: 4366: 4317: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3175: 2922: 2920: 2861: 2412: 1556:. Thus, the HIV genome may be vulnerable to 315:) that infect humans. Over time, they cause 10651:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome 9904: 9598:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 9466:"GALLO ADMITS FRENCH DISCOVERED AIDS VIRUS" 9292: 9138: 8595: 8593: 8375:Vernazza P, Bernard EJ (January 29, 2016). 8275:"HIV Treatment: FDA-Approved HIV Medicines" 8007: 8005: 7817: 7677:. In Los Alamos National Laboratory (ed.). 7402: 7143: 6793:. In Los Alamos National Laboratory (ed.). 6402: 6286: 4668: 4517: 4466: 3477:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 3461: 3432: 2781: 2732: 1228:Initial interaction between gp120 and CD4. 967:(the major viral receptor), as well as the 783:, PE, SLIP, CRS, and INS), and nine genes ( 630:. It is composed of two copies of positive- 13014: 13000: 12188: 11988: 11974: 11609: 11595: 10884:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement 10501: 10487: 10406:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 10062: 9855: 9634: 9585: 9359: 9195: 9105: 8897:"Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. 1981" 8246:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7989: 6779: 6552: 4936: 4735: 4733: 4731: 3565: 3471:Siliciano RF, Greene WC (September 2011). 3310: 3024: 2689: 2367:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2076:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1872: HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma 1271:spike) on the HIV viral envelope and both 72:of HIV-1 (in green) budding from cultured 60: 10439: 10339: 10329: 10156: 10107: 10097: 10045: 9988: 9953: 9936: 9887: 9830: 9789: 9723: 9674: 9617: 9591: 9235: 9077: 9046: 8920: 8829: 8780: 8664: 8654: 8565: 8548: 8524: 8433: 8392: 8317: 8187: 8169: 8136: 8118: 7983: 7932: 7875: 7849: 7603: 7561: 7457: 7447: 7379: 7338: 7231: 7182: 7071: 7040:"In vivo imaging of virological synapses" 7014: 6957: 6939: 6933: 6916: 6864: 6854: 6836: 6638: 6535: 6486: 6437: 6339: 6263: 6214: 6204: 6163: 6079: 6030: 6012: 5963: 5898: 5752: 5703: 5693: 5652: 5603: 5554: 5544: 5487: 5469: 5460: 5418: 5416: 5334: 5251: 5112: 5095: 5046: 4954: 4868: 4703: 4651: 4602: 4592: 4400: 4390: 4349: 4300: 4251: 4202: 4192: 4151: 4094: 4037: 3984: 3935: 3878: 3802: 3792: 3743: 3694:HIV Sequence Compendium 2008 Introduction 3671: 3585: 3561: 3559: 3496: 3266: 3256: 3239:Garg H, Mohl J, Joshi A (November 2012). 3215: 3083: 3001: 2991: 2917: 2900: 2890: 2849: 2843: 2826: 2816: 2764: 2126:that attempts to prevent, treat, or cure 1894:HIV-1 testing is initially done using an 1783:suppresses T cell activation through the 1709:. This diversity is a result of its fast 1632: 9806: 9463: 8894: 8627: 8590: 8231: 8120:10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007 8002: 7693: 7628: 7263:Perelson AS, Ribeiro RM (October 2008). 7157:Robertson DL, Hahn BH, Sharp PM (1995). 6886: 6884: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5191: 3602: 2582:, and the concomitant high frequency of 2530: 1887:and blood products used in medicine and 1855: 1692: 1636: 1571: 1383: 1357: 1336:mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors 1216: 1203: 1045: 762: 700: 613: 575:. Once integrated, the virus may become 10252: 9963:Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E (2001). 9513: 9487:Aldrich R, Wotherspoon G, eds. (2001). 9229: 8599: 8293: 8227:from the original on November 28, 2023. 8171:10.7326/0003-4819-143-1-200507050-00010 7736: 6613:Israël N, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA (1997). 6365: 6138:Butsch M, Boris-Lawrie K (April 2002). 6096: 6047: 5866: 5316: 5063: 4971: 4728: 3819: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3690: 3653:Fisher B, Harvey RP, Champe PC (2007). 3426: 3354: 3057: 2454:University of California, San Francisco 1916:HIV deaths in 2014 excluding the U.S.: 1567: 603: 14: 13385: 10299: 10297: 10258: 10187: 9748: 9594:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic" 9386: 9334: 9263: 8888: 8863: 8687: 8571: 8319:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-103029 8203:Tolle MA, Schwarzwald HL (July 2010). 8196: 8032: 7031: 6982: 5413: 4893: 4742:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3556: 2739:Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA (2009). 1710: 1682: 13403:Discovery and invention controversies 13316: 13315: 12995: 11969: 11590: 10920:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories 10482: 9368:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 9328: 9211:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 9119:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7823: 7663: 7088: 6881: 6805: 6361: 6359: 6287:Saad JS, Muriaux DM (July 28, 2015). 5804: 5359: 5297: 5154: 5148: 3568:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2" 3289: 2695: 2082:combination test for HIV-1 and HIV-2 2074:The latest recommendations of the US 2071:weeks, three months, and six months. 1866: CD4 T cell count (cells per µL) 1725:properties of reverse transcriptase. 930:protein (p23) prevents the action of 12557:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus 10278:from the original on January 3, 2022 10218:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 10124: 9490:Who's who in gay and lesbian history 9205:Centers for Disease Control (1982). 9112:Centers for Disease Control (1982). 8937:from the original on April 22, 2009. 7965:Journal of International Development 6619:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 5227: 5122:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 5014: 4930: 4828: 4776: 3711: 3397: 3391: 2757:10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549 1212: 1199: 1108:that produce huge amounts of virus. 767:Structure of the RNA genome of HIV-1 671:This is, in turn, surrounded by the 378:particles and virus within infected 245:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus 12976:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus 12455:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 11039:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert 10508: 10304:Wertheim JO, Worobey M (May 2009). 10294: 8643:The New England Journal of Medicine 5873:Hiscott J, Kwon H, Génin P (2001). 5856:Doc Kaiser's Microbiology Home Page 3241:"HIV-1 induced bystander apoptosis" 3051: 2479:through the evolution of SIVcpz, a 1504:to produce HIV proteins, including 24: 12200:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus 10359: 9493:. London: Routledge. p. 154. 8468:from the original on April 7, 2019 8042:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 6356: 6187:Hellmund C, Lever AM (July 2016). 5240:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 5201:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 4903:International Review of Immunology 3775:Klein JS, Bjorkman PJ (May 2010). 2255:is associated with an increase in 1834:SIV (SIVgor), first isolated from 533:. Lentiviruses are transmitted as 317:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 25: 13434: 12252:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus 11913:Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 10625:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate 10474: 8901:American Journal of Public Health 7850:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (August 2010). 6679:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 5879:Journal of Clinical Investigation 5027:Journal of Clinical Investigation 3064:Environmental Health Perspectives 3025:Hahn RA, Inhorn MC, eds. (2009). 2597:Leopoldville (currently Kinshasa) 1896:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 684:, and a stem consisting of three 495: 12523:(human immunodeficiency viruses) 11086:Democratic Republic of the Congo 10646:AIDS-defining clinical condition 10181: 9813:Goodier JL, Kazazian HH (2008). 9550: 9507: 9480: 9457: 9432: 9257: 9071: 8846: 8797: 8748: 8718: 8681: 8450: 8416:The Lancet HIV (November 2017). 8409: 8342: 8267: 8094: 8068: 8014:MMWR Recommendations and Reports 7892: 7843: 7714:10.1097/00042560-200202010-00013 7578: 7474: 7415: 7396: 6897:Journal of Experimental Medicine 6510:Chen J, Powell D, Hu WS (2006). 6290:Role of Lipids in Virus Assembly 4956:10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006 4754:10.1097/00001432-200502000-00003 4680:"A new classification for HIV-1" 3412:10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001 3110: 2642: 2628: 2311: 2302: 2293: 1891:are routinely screened for HIV. 1511: 409:of abortively infected T cells, 85: 12527:Simian immunodeficiency viruses 12122:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus 12107:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus 11955:Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) 11618:Sexually transmitted infections 9309:. July 28, 2006. Archived from 8810:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 7355: 7159:"Recombination in AIDS viruses" 6788:"Fine structure of HIV and SIV" 6728: 6606: 6503: 6454: 6430:10.1128/JVI.80.5.2472-2482.2006 6307: 6280: 6231: 6180: 6156:10.1128/JVI.76.7.3089-3094.2002 6131: 5980: 5915: 5844: 5769: 5720: 5669: 5620: 5596:10.1128/jvi.79.3.1581-1594.2005 5571: 5512: 5088:10.1128/JVI.70.5.3098-3107.1996 4619: 4417: 4268: 4219: 4168: 4111: 4054: 4001: 3952: 3895: 3846: 3830:(Press release). Archived from 3768: 3513: 3283: 3232: 3149:Current Opinion in Microbiology 3140: 3104: 2551:, and the chimpanzee source of 2525:of two viral resistance genes. 2122:HIV/AIDS research includes all 890:transcriptional transactivators 640:that codes for the virus' nine 346:by contact with or transfer of 55:Human immunodeficiency viruses 27:Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS 12897:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus 12545:Equine infectious anemia virus 8907:(6): 980–1, discussion 982–3. 8711:for presentation on behalf of 8688:Hodson M (November 17, 2017). 8600:Hoffman H (January 10, 2019). 7745:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 7687:Los Alamos National Laboratory 7637:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 7163:Journal of Molecular Evolution 6799:Los Alamos National Laboratory 6117:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.491 5319:"HIV entry and its inhibition" 3611:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 3018: 2967: 2592:sexually transmitted infection 2247:Additionally, reactivation of 1150:, which probably constitute a 1111:T-tropic strains of HIV-1, or 340:sexually transmitted infection 299:human immunodeficiency viruses 252:Equine infectious anemia virus 220:Human immunodeficiency virus 2 213:Human immunodeficiency virus 1 13: 1: 12981:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W 12772:Strawberry vein banding virus 12551:Bovine immunodeficiency virus 12533:Feline immunodeficiency virus 12480:Abelson murine leukemia virus 10955:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS 10935:International AIDS Conference 10889:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry 10832:Discrimination against people 10188:Kolata G (October 28, 1987). 8997:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92740-9 8962:10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2 8822:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30405-X 8606:National Institutes of Health 8502:10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30132-2 8435:10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30183-2 7990:Kleinman S (September 2004). 7757:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00484-5 7649:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00343-2 6105:Annual Review of Microbiology 5399:10.1126/science.280.5371.1884 5336:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81430-0 3745:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80205-6 3326:National Institutes of Health 2927:Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW, 2892:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0 2850:UNAIDS, WHO (December 2007). 2683: 2568: 2481:simian immunodeficiency virus 2472:) in the early 20th century. 2386:gay-related immune deficiency 1743:simian immunodeficiency virus 1734:newly synthesized retroviral 1721:per cycle of replication and 1380:Replication and transcription 1374:clathrin-mediated endocytosis 1363:Clathrin-mediated endocytosis 963:protein (p27) down-regulates 726:cryogenic electron microscopy 559:by a virally encoded enzyme, 280:Simian immunodeficiency virus 259:Feline immunodeficiency virus 238:Bovine immunodeficiency virus 13356:Human immunodeficiency virus 13217:CRISPR genome-editing method 12737:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus 12364:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus 11687:Mycoplasma hominis infection 10815:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS 10696:HIV Drug Resistance Database 10331:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000377 10099:10.1371/journal.pone.0009936 9917:Emerging Infectious Diseases 9081:Encyclopedia of Microbiology 8859:. May 18, 2020. pp. 2A. 7007:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283632ec4 6856:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004179 6699:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002 4861:10.1126/science.272.5263.872 4244:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.017 4194:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003618 4030:10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.002 3871:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.058 3794:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000908 2993:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739 2818:10.1371/journal.pone.0162704 2435:human T-lymphotropic viruses 2284: 2280:Category:HIV/AIDS by country 2251:(HSV-2) in individuals with 2189:HIV/AIDS § Transmission 1845: 1773:also lost a function of the 1717:of approximately 3 x 10 per 1351:, which occurs naturally in 1028:required to make functional 1009:proteins. The SLIP element ( 70:Scanning electron micrograph 7: 12762:Carnation etched ring virus 12429:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus 12394:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus 11116:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 10950:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS 10879:List of HIV-positive people 10370:Journal of Medical Virology 9610:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841 9571:10.7326/0003-4819-103-5-694 9559:Annals of Internal Medicine 9464:Crewdson J (May 30, 1991). 8158:Annals of Internal Medicine 8107:Annals of Internal Medicine 7405:The Journal of NIH Research 6946:Nature Reviews Microbiology 5830:10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.026 5169:10.1126/science.276.5309.51 4018:Current Opinion in Virology 3651:Compared with overview in: 3587:10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1253 3573:Journal of General Virology 3566:Reeves JD, Doms RW (2002). 3489:10.1101/cshperspect.a007096 2852:"2007 AIDS epidemic update" 2621: 2490:Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2111: 1524:Structure and genome of HIV 888:proteins (p16 and p14) are 610:Structure and genome of HIV 424: 10: 13439: 13291:James Webb Space Telescope 12414:Human T-lymphotropic virus 11016:Reports from the Holocaust 10940:International AIDS Society 10930:Elton John AIDS Foundation 10310:PLOS Computational Biology 9832:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022 9592:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (2011). 9236:Altman LK (May 11, 1982). 8730:Prevention Access Campaign 8277:. AIDSinfo. Archived from 7994:. Uptodate. Archived from 7824:Smith L (August 3, 2009). 7605:10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.033 6825:PLOS Computational Biology 5645:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.046 4937:Tang J, Kaslow RA (2003). 4293:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.056 2459: 2277: 2271: 2267: 2186: 2180: 2177:Treatment and transmission 2115: 1849: 1686: 1600:and is transported to the 1515: 1039: 1035: 675:, that is composed of the 607: 499: 430:Comparison of HIV species 42: 31: 13408:IARC Group 2B carcinogens 13324: 13271:developed at record speed 13032: 13026:Breakthroughs of the Year 12951: 12922: 12905: 12885: 12868: 12851: 12834: 12817: 12800: 12792:Cassava vein mosaic virus 12780: 12750: 12732:Cacao swollen shoot virus 12715: 12693: 12656: 12639: 12619: 12602: 12585: 12574: 12509: 12463: 12443: 12402: 12389:Mouse mammary tumor virus 12377: 12352: 12341: 12330: 12309: 12292: 12275: 12264: 12240: 12223: 12212: 12177: 12166: 12155: 12130: 12117:Woodchuck hepatitis virus 12095: 12078: 12061: 12036: 12014: 11889: 11774: 11751: 11726: 11625: 11566: 11536: 11488: 11456: 11406: 11397: 11369: 11204: 11061: 11052: 10975:Treatment Action Campaign 10912: 10797: 10729: 10691:Tuberculosis co-infection 10633: 10554:disease progression rates 10521: 9078:Lederberg J, ed. (2000). 8306:Annual Review of Virology 8209:American Family Physician 5790:10.1016/j.tim.2010.09.003 5745:10.1007/s00709-010-0152-6 5470:Pope M, Haase AT (2003). 5213:10.1093/infdis/170.6.1367 4916:10.3109/08830189009056627 4644:10.1007/s11904-011-0107-3 3383:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3346:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3161:10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002 2745:Annual Review of Medicine 2413: 2411:and French investigators 2171:accelerated aging effects 2163:post-exposure prophylaxis 1900:polymerase chain reaction 1208:The HIV replication cycle 934:(a cellular protein that 618:Diagram of the HIV virion 521:. Lentiviruses have many 415:CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes 233: 228: 208: 203: 82:Scientific classification 80: 68: 59: 54: 12767:Cauliflower mosaic virus 11651:lymphogranuloma venereum 10701:Innate resistance to HIV 10671:Neurocognitive disorders 9374:(37): 507–508, 513–514. 9335:Kher U (July 27, 1982). 9217:(26): 353–354, 360–361. 8418:"U=U taking off in 2017" 8054:10.1093/infdis/164.4.656 5317:Chan DC, Kim PS (1998). 5253:10.1093/infdis/173.2.349 4632:Current HIV/AIDS Reports 4434:(Submitted manuscript). 2483:(SIV) that infects wild 2415:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 2322:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 2159:pre-exposure prophylaxis 2145:, such as research into 2137:, such as research into 1908:immunofluorescence assay 1836:western lowland gorillas 1347:by DCs. The presence of 1222:Mechanism of viral entry 819:, and sometimes a tenth 338:In most cases, HIV is a 325:opportunistic infections 323:allows life-threatening 13146:Human genetic variation 13081:Whole genome sequencing 12053:Heron hepatitis B virus 11668:Klebsiella granulomatis 11022:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor 11005:Gay Men's Health Crisis 10681:Opportunistic infection 10230:10.1089/088922200309548 9782:10.1126/science.1126531 9667:10.1126/science.1256739 9536:10.1126/science.6206563 9418:10.1126/science.6601823 9337:"A Name for the Plague" 9173:10.1126/science.6189183 8572:Rodger A( (July 2018). 7925:10.1126/science.1126531 7679:HIV sequence compendium 7503:10.1126/science.6695172 7449:10.1073/pnas.88.18.8126 7220:Nature Reviews Genetics 6795:HIV sequence compendium 6584:10.1126/science.1101786 6388:10.1126/science.1700865 6014:10.1073/pnas.1614785113 5948:10.1126/science.aaa9266 5546:10.1073/pnas.0900502106 5134:10.1089/aid.2005.21.371 5000:10.1126/science.8356453 4144:10.1126/science.1245627 4087:10.1126/science.1245625 3293:Robbins Basic Pathology 2945:10.1001/jama.2018.21167 2718:10.1126/science.8493571 2332:, co-discoverers of HIV 2236:British HIV Association 1657:antigen-presenting cell 1554:reactive oxygen species 1548:HIV-1 infection causes 1535:anti-retroviral therapy 1148:myeloid dendritic cells 823:, which is a fusion of 506:HIV is a member of the 13250:Single-cell sequencing 13154:Cellular reprogramming 12742:Rubus yellow net virus 12727:Banana streak MY virus 12048:Duck hepatitis B virus 11716:Ureaplasma urealyticum 10849:HIV-affected community 10789:HIV and homosexual men 10262:(September 16, 2010). 9981:10.1098/rstb.2001.0867 9929:10.3201/eid1112.050394 9880:10.1098/rstb.2001.0863 8550:10.1001/jama.2016.5148 8462:Terrence Higgins Trust 8394:10.4414/smw.2016.14246 7868:10.1098/rstb.2010.0031 7683:Los Alamos, New Mexico 7381:10.1006/viro.2001.0870 7269:Statistics in Medicine 6786:Gelderblom HR (1997). 6293:. Frontiers Media SA. 6244:Nucleic Acids Research 6060:Nucleic Acids Research 5778:Trends in Microbiology 5695:10.1186/1742-4690-6-84 5281:Caister Academic Press 4594:10.1073/pnas.221256498 4392:10.1186/1742-4690-6-18 4330:Nucleic Acids Research 3522:Statistics in Medicine 2555: 2359:NYU School of Medicine 2355:Pneumocystis jirovecii 2249:herpes simplex virus-2 2183:Management of HIV/AIDS 1906:or, less commonly, an 1874: 1800:inflammatory cytokines 1731:simultaneous infection 1702: 1642: 1633:Spread within the body 1589: 1576:HIV assembling on the 1399: 1365: 1244:The HIV virion enters 1241: 1209: 1094:central nervous system 1051: 951:protein (p14) arrests 768: 706: 644:enclosed by a conical 619: 419:cell-mediated immunity 266:Jembrana disease virus 36:. For other uses, see 13065:Accelerating universe 12490:Feline leukemia virus 12475:Murine leukemia virus 12435:Bovine leukemia virus 11862:Molluscum contagiosum 11741:Trichomonas vaginalis 11680:Neisseria gonorrhoeae 11656:Chlamydia trachomatis 11029:Silence=Death Project 10827:Criminal transmission 10747:Multiple sex partners 10441:10.1096/fj.05-3962fje 9048:10.1096/fj.07-8697rev 8913:10.2105/AJPH.96.6.980 8656:10.1056/NEJMoa1600693 8351:"The Swiss statement" 7044:Nature Communications 6631:10.1007/s000180050106 4444:10.1515/hsz-2013-0165 3908:Nature Communications 2534: 2278:Further information: 2155:anti-retroviral drugs 1859: 1852:Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS 1696: 1687:Further information: 1640: 1598:endoplasmic reticulum 1575: 1518:Genetic recombination 1516:Further information: 1448:transcription factors 1408:reverse transcriptase 1389:Reverse transcription 1387: 1361: 1220: 1207: 1119:-chemokine receptor, 1088:-chemokine receptor, 1049: 1013:) is involved in the 766: 722:X-ray crystallography 704: 682:glycoprotein (gp) 120 654:reverse transcriptase 617: 561:reverse transcriptase 515:, part of the family 305:) are two species of 45:AIDS (computer virus) 13198:Cancer immunotherapy 13163:Ardipithecus ramidus 12001:Reverse transcribing 11822:Human papillomavirus 11711:Ureaplasma infection 11351:United Arab Emirates 10822:Circumcision and HIV 10779:City of Hope Patient 10539:structure and genome 8895:Gottlieb MS (2006). 8381:Swiss Medical Weekly 8281:on February 23, 2017 6940:Sattentau Q (2008). 6909:10.1084/jem.20030648 6528:10.1128/JVI.00936-06 6479:10.1128/JVI.00083-07 4949:(Suppl 4): S51–S60. 4431:Biological Chemistry 3977:10.1128/JVI.01190-15 3834:on February 19, 2006 3435:ACS Chemical Biology 3322:"61.0.6. Lentivirus" 3076:10.1289/ehp.116-a426 2885:(10189): 2428–2438. 2537:African green monkey 2499:Cercocebus atys atys 2260:medication, such as 2196:antiretroviral drugs 2135:health interventions 2061:nucleic acid testing 2052: Other (29.21%) 1762:cynomologus macaques 1747:African green monkey 1741:The closely related 1568:Assembly and release 1550:chronic inflammation 1301:virological synapses 991:long terminal repeat 981:also interacts with 604:Structure and genome 38:HIV (disambiguation) 13241:neutron star merger 13229:gravitational waves 13137:Poincaré conjecture 12064:Herpetohepadnavirus 11640:Haemophilus ducreyi 10899:AIDS Memorial Quilt 10711:HIV-positive people 10322:2009PLSCB...5E0377W 10149:1998Natur.391..594Z 10090:2010PLoSO...5.9936S 10038:10.1038/nature07390 10030:2008Natur.455..661W 9774:2006Sci...313..523K 9716:1999Natur.397..436G 9659:2014Sci...346...56F 9528:1984Sci...225..840L 9410:1983Sci...220..865G 9165:1983Sci...220..868B 7917:2006Sci...313..523K 7554:10.1038/nature08200 7546:2009Natur.460..515K 7495:1984Sci...223..602D 7440:1991PNAS...88.8126B 7175:1995JMolE..40..249R 7121:10.1038/nature10347 7113:2011Natur.477...95S 7056:2012NatCo...3.1320S 6959:10.1038/nrmicro1972 6847:2015PLSCB..11E4179Z 6749:1992Natur.360..358H 6691:2008InfGE...8..267M 6576:2004Sci...306.1547B 6516:Journal of Virology 6467:Journal of Virology 6418:Journal of Virology 6380:1990Sci...250.1227H 6256:10.1093/nar/gkr1093 6144:Journal of Virology 6005:2016PNAS..11313033K 5999:(46): 13033–13038. 5940:2015Sci...348..917K 5584:Journal of Virology 5537:2009PNAS..10614040H 5531:(33): 14040–14045. 5391:1998Sci...280.1884W 5076:Journal of Virology 4992:1993Sci...261.1179Z 4853:1996Sci...272..872F 4798:1996Natur.381..661D 4696:1998Natur.391..240B 4585:2001PNAS...9812144S 4487:1991Natur.350..508G 4136:2013Sci...342.1484L 4079:2013Sci...342.1477J 3965:Journal of Virology 3920:2015NatCo...6.7479P 3208:10.1038/nature12940 3200:2014Natur.505..509D 3100:on 6 November 2008. 2809:2016PLoSO..1162704P 2710:1993Sci...260.1273W 2535:Left to right: the 2274:History of HIV/AIDS 2202:increasingly rare. 1707:genetic variability 1683:Genetic variability 1653:virological synapse 1648:extracellular fluid 1397:double-stranded DNA 749:radical replacement 431: 229:Other lentiviruses 13282:protein structures 12668:Simian foamy virus 12642:Prosimiispumavirus 12631:Feline foamy virus 12369:Rous sarcoma virus 11704:Treponema pallidum 11692:Mycoplasma hominis 11476:Dominican Republic 10859:HIV/AIDS denialism 10784:Women and HIV/AIDS 10774:The London Patient 10641:Signs and symptoms 10549:CDC classification 10271:The New York Times 10195:The New York Times 9444:www.nobelprize.org 9243:The New York Times 8458:"Can't Pass It On" 7998:on April 12, 2008. 7184:10.1007/BF00163230 7064:10.1038/ncomms2338 6332:10.1261/rna.813608 6072:10.1093/nar/gks753 5818:Immunology Letters 5489:10.1038/nm0703-847 4538:10.1038/nm0396-338 4342:10.1093/nar/gkn076 3928:10.1038/ncomms8479 3363:"61. Retroviridae" 2668:HIV/AIDS denialism 2586:diseases (such as 2556: 2384:, which stood for 2208:and the resulting 1875: 1703: 1701:of the SIV and HIV 1673:Intravital imaging 1643: 1627:protease inhibitor 1590: 1552:and production of 1485:to produce mature 1400: 1366: 1242: 1210: 1165:Sexual intercourse 1052: 900:that regulate the 769: 707: 620: 429: 13380: 13379: 13318:Taxon identifiers 13309: 13308: 13269:COVID-19 vaccines 13225:First observation 13093:Molecular circuit 12989: 12988: 12947: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12939: 12938: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12673:Human foamy virus 12577:Spumaretrovirinae 12570: 12569: 12562:Visna-maedi virus 12446:Epsilonretrovirus 12344:Orthoretrovirinae 12326: 12325: 12260: 12259: 12208: 12207: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12112:Hepatitis B virus 12098:Orthohepadnavirus 11963: 11962: 11855:HSV-1 & HSV-2 11843:Hepatitis B virus 11584: 11583: 11562: 11561: 11484: 11483: 10965:The SING Campaign 10854:HIV/AIDS activism 10842:Cost of treatment 10764:Timothy Ray Brown 10759:World AIDS Museum 10428:The FASEB Journal 10408:(UNAIDS) (2011). 10382:10.1002/jmv.20478 9522:(4664): 840–842. 9500:978-0-415-22974-6 9468:. Chicago Tribune 9404:(4599): 865–867. 9159:(4599): 868–871. 9091:978-0-08-054848-7 9041:(14): 3795–3808. 9035:The FASEB Journal 8991:(8247): 598–600. 8881:978-0-443-06839-3 8856:News & Record 8816:(12): 1303–1316. 8604:(Press release). 8082:on April 30, 2017 7862:(1552): 2487–94. 7689:. pp. 10–19. 7540:(7254): 515–519. 7001:(14): 2201–2206. 6801:. pp. 31–44. 6625:(11–12): 864–70. 6570:(5701): 1547–50. 6374:(4985): 1227–33. 6300:978-2-88919-582-4 5934:(6237): 917–921. 5862:on July 26, 2010. 5426:Nature Immunology 5290:978-1-904455-60-8 5039:10.1172/JCI117560 4986:(5125): 1179–81. 4130:(6165): 1484–90. 4073:(6165): 1477–83. 3664:978-0-7817-8215-9 3623:10.1021/jm010533y 3580:(Pt 6): 1253–65. 3447:10.1021/cb600131q 3303:978-1-4557-3787-1 3036:978-0-19-537464-3 2515:New World monkeys 2443:physical weakness 2244:medical journal. 2118:HIV/AIDS research 2105:Nucleic acid test 1823:phylogenetic tree 1766:genetic diversity 1711:replication cycle 1699:phylogenetic tree 1533:of resistance to 1500:, where they are 1416:complementary DNA 1213:Entry to the cell 1200:Replication cycle 926:RNA element. The 531:incubation period 493: 492: 469:Common chimpanzee 295: 294: 287:Visna-maedi virus 185:Orthoretrovirinae 16:(Redirected from 13430: 13373: 13372: 13360: 13359: 13358: 13345: 13344: 13343: 13313: 13312: 13302: 13294: 13285: 13272: 13263: 13252: 13244: 13231: 13219: 13211: 13200: 13192: 13183: 13174: 13166: 13156: 13148: 13140: 13131: 13122: 13111: 13103: 13101:RNA interference 13095: 13083: 13075: 13067: 13059: 13051: 13016: 13009: 13002: 12993: 12992: 12713: 12712: 12702: 12701: 12696:dsDNA-RT viruses 12583: 12582: 12495:Koala retrovirus 12350: 12349: 12339: 12338: 12273: 12272: 12221: 12220: 12186: 12185: 12175: 12174: 12169:ssRNA-RT viruses 12164: 12163: 12133:Parahepadnavirus 12081:Metahepadnavirus 12034: 12033: 12023: 12022: 11990: 11983: 11976: 11967: 11966: 11942: 11923: 11904: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11588: 11587: 11554:Papua New Guinea 11404: 11403: 11059: 11058: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10480: 10479: 10469: 10443: 10418: 10416: 10401: 10354: 10353: 10343: 10333: 10301: 10292: 10291: 10285: 10283: 10267: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10160: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10111: 10101: 10069: 10060: 10059: 10049: 10009: 10003: 10002: 9992: 9975:(1410): 911–20. 9960: 9951: 9950: 9940: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9891: 9874:(1410): 867–76. 9859: 9853: 9852: 9834: 9810: 9804: 9803: 9793: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9727: 9710:(6718): 436–41. 9695: 9689: 9688: 9678: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9621: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9347:on March 7, 2008 9343:. Archived from 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9316:on June 24, 2008 9315: 9304: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9145: 9136: 9135: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9050: 9026: 9017: 9016: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8924: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8833: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8784: 8752: 8746: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8722: 8716: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8696: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8668: 8658: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8618: 8616: 8597: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8552: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8496:(8): e438–e447. 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8437: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8396: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8321: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8255:on March 2, 2017 8254: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8173: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8122: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7960: 7947: 7946: 7936: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7778: 7769: 7768: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7676: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7607: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7565: 7524: 7515: 7514: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7461: 7451: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7383: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7310: 7301: 7300: 7281:10.1002/sim.3116 7260: 7254: 7253: 7235: 7226:(52–61): 52–61. 7211: 7205: 7204: 7186: 7154: 7141: 7140: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7018: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6961: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6920: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6868: 6858: 6840: 6816: 6803: 6802: 6792: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6757:10.1038/360358a0 6743:(6402): 358–61. 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6709:. Archived from 6676: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6642: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6539: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6490: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6343: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6267: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6218: 6208: 6206:10.3390/v8070192 6184: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6066:(20): 10345–55. 6051: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6016: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5891:10.1172/JCI11918 5870: 5864: 5863: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5813: 5802: 5801: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5756: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5707: 5697: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5656: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5590:(3): 1581–1594. 5575: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5548: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5491: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5385:(5371): 1884–8. 5374: 5357: 5356: 5338: 5314: 5295: 5294: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4958: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4872: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4806:10.1038/381661a0 4780: 4774: 4773: 4737: 4726: 4725: 4707: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4606: 4596: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4495:10.1038/350508a0 4481:(6318): 508–11. 4470: 4464: 4463: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4394: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4353: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4196: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3939: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3882: 3865:(11): 2695–706. 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3806: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3729: 3720: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3691:Various (2008). 3688: 3669: 3668: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3589: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3534:10.1002/sim.1342 3517: 3511: 3510: 3500: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3290:Kumar V (2012). 3287: 3281: 3280: 3270: 3260: 3258:10.3390/v4113020 3236: 3230: 3229: 3219: 3194:(7484): 509–14. 3179: 3173: 3172: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3096:. Archived from 3087: 3058:Mead MN (2008). 3055: 3049: 3048: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3005: 2995: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2894: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2820: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2768: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2704:(5112): 1273–9. 2693: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2573: 2570: 2503:Old World monkey 2441:of the neck and 2418: 2417: 2363:Kaposi's sarcoma 2315: 2306: 2297: 2143:drug development 2124:medical research 2051: 2041: 2031: 2021: 2011: 2001: 1991: 1981: 1971: 1961: 1951: 1941: 1931: 1921: 1889:medical research 1871: 1865: 1793: 1669:lymphoid tissues 1558:oxidative damage 1481:RNA can also be 1317:Repeat sequences 1068:microglial cells 1012: 451:Inferred origin 432: 428: 204:Groups included 90: 89: 64: 52: 51: 21: 13438: 13437: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13428: 13427: 13423:1983 in biology 13398:Causes of death 13383: 13382: 13381: 13376: 13368: 13363: 13354: 13353: 13348: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13320: 13310: 13305: 13297: 13288: 13275: 13266: 13255: 13247: 13234: 13222: 13214: 13203: 13195: 13186: 13177: 13172:quantum machine 13169: 13159: 13151: 13143: 13134: 13125: 13114: 13106: 13098: 13086: 13078: 13070: 13062: 13057:Dolly the sheep 13054: 13045: 13038: 13028: 13020: 12990: 12985: 12935: 12918: 12901: 12881: 12864: 12847: 12830: 12813: 12796: 12776: 12746: 12677: 12659:Simiispumavirus 12652: 12635: 12615: 12598: 12566: 12539:Puma lentivirus 12505: 12466:Gammaretrovirus 12459: 12439: 12405:Deltaretrovirus 12398: 12373: 12355:Alpharetrovirus 12322: 12305: 12288: 12256: 12236: 12204: 12143: 12126: 12091: 12074: 12057: 12039:Avihepadnavirus 12010: 12006:Revtraviricetes 11994: 11964: 11959: 11938: 11919: 11900: 11891: 11885: 11829:Genital warts ( 11770: 11747: 11722: 11621: 11615: 11585: 11580: 11558: 11532: 11480: 11452: 11393: 11365: 11311:Myanmar (Burma) 11200: 11048: 11034:Day Without Art 10980:The Global Fund 10908: 10837:Economic impact 10793: 10725: 10629: 10581:pathophysiology 10517: 10507: 10477: 10472: 10434:(14): 2048–50. 10414: 10362: 10360:Further reading 10357: 10316:(5): e1000377. 10302: 10295: 10281: 10279: 10257: 10253: 10214: 10210: 10200: 10198: 10186: 10182: 10143:(6667): 594–7. 10129: 10125: 10070: 10063: 10024:(7213): 661–4. 10010: 10006: 9961: 9954: 9923:(12): 1928–30. 9909: 9905: 9860: 9856: 9811: 9807: 9768:(5786): 523–6. 9753: 9749: 9696: 9692: 9653:(6205): 56–61. 9639: 9635: 9590: 9586: 9555: 9551: 9512: 9508: 9501: 9485: 9481: 9471: 9469: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9391: 9387: 9364: 9360: 9350: 9348: 9333: 9329: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9293: 9278:10.2307/3397566 9262: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9234: 9230: 9203: 9196: 9146: 9139: 9126:(19): 249–251. 9110: 9106: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9076: 9072: 9027: 9020: 8981: 8977: 8946: 8942: 8893: 8889: 8882: 8868: 8864: 8853:"On this day". 8852: 8851: 8847: 8802: 8798: 8773:10.1038/nm.2006 8761:Nature Medicine 8753: 8749: 8735: 8733: 8732:. July 21, 2016 8724: 8723: 8719: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8682: 8632: 8628: 8614: 8612: 8598: 8591: 8581: 8579: 8570: 8566: 8529: 8525: 8490:The Lancet. HIV 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8422:The Lancet. HIV 8414: 8410: 8373: 8369: 8359: 8357: 8347: 8343: 8298: 8294: 8284: 8282: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8201: 8197: 8150: 8146: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8037: 8033: 8020:(RR–19): 1–57. 8010: 8003: 7988: 7984: 7977:10.1002/jid.797 7961: 7950: 7911:(5786): 523–6. 7897: 7893: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7830:The Independent 7822: 7818: 7795:10.1038/nm.2016 7783:Nature Medicine 7779: 7772: 7741: 7737: 7698: 7694: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7633: 7629: 7583: 7579: 7525: 7518: 7489:(4636): 602–5. 7479: 7475: 7434:(18): 8126–30. 7420: 7416: 7401: 7397: 7360: 7356: 7331:10.1038/nm.2013 7319:Nature Medicine 7311: 7304: 7275:(23): 4647–57. 7261: 7257: 7233:10.1038/nrg1246 7212: 7208: 7155: 7144: 7107:(7362): 95–98. 7093: 7089: 7036: 7032: 6987: 6983: 6952:(11): 815–826. 6938: 6934: 6889: 6882: 6831:(4): e1004179. 6817: 6806: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6716:on May 16, 2017 6713: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6611: 6607: 6560: 6553: 6508: 6504: 6459: 6455: 6410: 6403: 6364: 6357: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6236: 6232: 6185: 6181: 6136: 6132: 6101: 6097: 6052: 6048: 5985: 5981: 5920: 5916: 5871: 5867: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5814: 5805: 5784:(12): 543–551. 5774: 5770: 5725: 5721: 5674: 5670: 5625: 5621: 5576: 5572: 5517: 5513: 5476:Nature Medicine 5468: 5461: 5421: 5414: 5375: 5360: 5315: 5298: 5291: 5273: 5269: 5232: 5228: 5196: 5192: 5153: 5149: 5117: 5113: 5082:(5): 3098–107. 5068: 5064: 5019: 5015: 4976: 4972: 4935: 4931: 4910:(2–3): 163–75. 4898: 4894: 4847:(5263): 872–7. 4833: 4829: 4792:(6584): 661–6. 4781: 4777: 4738: 4729: 4676: 4669: 4624: 4620: 4579:(21): 12144–9. 4565: 4561: 4526:Nature Medicine 4522: 4518: 4471: 4467: 4438:(11): 1357–70. 4422: 4418: 4371: 4367: 4322: 4318: 4273: 4269: 4238:(10): 1604–13. 4224: 4220: 4187:(9): e1003618. 4173: 4169: 4116: 4112: 4059: 4055: 4006: 4002: 3971:(17): 8932–44. 3957: 3953: 3900: 3896: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3824: 3820: 3787:(5): e1000908. 3773: 3769: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3689: 3672: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3607: 3603: 3564: 3557: 3518: 3514: 3469: 3462: 3431: 3427: 3406:(11): 1401–10. 3396: 3392: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3251:(11): 3020–43. 3237: 3233: 3180: 3176: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3070:(10): A426–34. 3056: 3052: 3037: 3023: 3019: 2986:(6): e1002739. 2972: 2968: 2925: 2918: 2871: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2803:(9): e0162704. 2789: 2782: 2737: 2733: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2648: 2641: 2636:Medicine portal 2634: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2571: 2462: 2374:lymphadenopathy 2341:New York Native 2336: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2221:Swiss Statement 2210:viral reservoir 2192: 2185: 2179: 2120: 2114: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2039: 2037: 2029: 2027: 2019: 2017: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1997: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1977: 1969: 1967: 1959: 1957: 1949: 1947: 1939: 1937: 1929: 1927: 1919: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1791: 1719:nucleotide base 1691: 1689:Subtypes of HIV 1685: 1655:. Secondly, an 1635: 1602:Golgi apparatus 1594:plasma membrane 1586:fluorescent tag 1580:of an infected 1570: 1520: 1514: 1420:drug resistance 1382: 1332:dendritic cells 1330:HIV can infect 1294: 1290: 1215: 1202: 1143:down-regulating 1044: 1038: 1010: 734:disulphide bond 696:cell's membrane 635:single-stranded 612: 606: 535:single-stranded 504: 502:Subtypes of HIV 498: 427: 403:dendritic cells 311:(a subgroup of 273:Puma lentivirus 149:Revtraviricetes 84: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13436: 13426: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13374: 13361: 13346: 13330: 13328: 13322: 13321: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13303: 13295: 13286: 13273: 13264: 13253: 13245: 13232: 13220: 13212: 13201: 13193: 13184: 13182:clinical trial 13175: 13167: 13157: 13149: 13141: 13132: 13123: 13112: 13104: 13096: 13084: 13076: 13068: 13060: 13052: 13042: 13040: 13030: 13029: 13019: 13018: 13011: 13004: 12996: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12957: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12893: 12891: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12849: 12848: 12846: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12794: 12788: 12786: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12758: 12756: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12723: 12721: 12710: 12707:Caulimoviridae 12699: 12691: 12690: 12687: 12686: 12683: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12675: 12670: 12664: 12662: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12627: 12625: 12622:Felispumavirus 12617: 12616: 12614: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605:Equispumavirus 12600: 12599: 12597: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588:Bovispumavirus 12580: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12548: 12542: 12536: 12530: 12524: 12517: 12515: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12471: 12469: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12451: 12449: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12426: 12420: 12410: 12408: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12385: 12383: 12380:Betaretrovirus 12375: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12366: 12360: 12358: 12347: 12336: 12328: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12270: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12248: 12246: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12218: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12196: 12194: 12183: 12172: 12161: 12153: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12103: 12101: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12055: 12050: 12044: 12042: 12031: 12028:Hepadnaviridae 12020: 12012: 12011: 11993: 11992: 11985: 11978: 11970: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11948: 11943: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11916: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11897: 11895: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11883: 11871: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11850:Herpes simplex 11847: 11835: 11826: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11793: 11780: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11763: 11757: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11736:Trichomoniasis 11732: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11720: 11708: 11696: 11684: 11672: 11660: 11644: 11631: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11614: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11591: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11494: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11462: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11448: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11379:United Kingdom 11375: 11373: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11210: 11208: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11065: 11056: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11012: 11007: 10997: 10992: 10990:YAA/Youthforce 10987: 10985:World AIDS Day 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10807: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10769:Berlin Patient 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10739: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10686:Superinfection 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10666:Cardiomyopathy 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10622: 10621: 10620: 10618:Teens / Adults 10615: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10506: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10483: 10476: 10475:External links 10473: 10471: 10470: 10419: 10402: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10293: 10251: 10208: 10180: 10123: 10061: 10004: 9952: 9903: 9854: 9805: 9747: 9690: 9633: 9604:(1): a006841. 9584: 9565:(5): 694–699. 9549: 9506: 9499: 9479: 9456: 9431: 9385: 9358: 9327: 9291: 9256: 9228: 9194: 9137: 9104: 9090: 9070: 9018: 8975: 8940: 8887: 8880: 8862: 8845: 8796: 8747: 8717: 8680: 8626: 8589: 8564: 8523: 8479: 8449: 8408: 8367: 8341: 8312:(1): 491–514. 8292: 8266: 8230: 8195: 8144: 8113:(10): 706–18. 8093: 8067: 8048:(4): 656–664. 8031: 8001: 7982: 7971:(4): 451–466. 7948: 7891: 7842: 7816: 7770: 7735: 7708:(2): 184–190. 7692: 7662: 7643:(8): 461–471. 7627: 7598:(6): 1055–67. 7577: 7516: 7473: 7414: 7395: 7354: 7325:(8): 861–865. 7302: 7255: 7206: 7142: 7087: 7030: 6981: 6932: 6903:(2): 283–293. 6880: 6804: 6778: 6727: 6662: 6605: 6551: 6522:(19): 9651–8. 6502: 6473:(14): 7620–8. 6453: 6424:(5): 2472–82. 6401: 6355: 6326:(7): 1443–55. 6306: 6299: 6279: 6250:(6): 2653–67. 6230: 6179: 6150:(7): 3089–94. 6130: 6095: 6046: 5979: 5914: 5885:(2): 143–151. 5865: 5843: 5803: 5768: 5739:(1–4): 15–24. 5719: 5668: 5639:(3): 433–444. 5619: 5570: 5511: 5459: 5438:10.1038/ni1566 5412: 5358: 5296: 5289: 5267: 5226: 5207:(6): 1367–75. 5190: 5163:(5309): 51–2. 5147: 5111: 5062: 5013: 4970: 4929: 4892: 4827: 4775: 4727: 4667: 4618: 4559: 4516: 4465: 4416: 4365: 4336:(7): 2353–65. 4316: 4287:(7): 1702–15. 4267: 4218: 4181:PLOS Pathogens 4167: 4110: 4053: 4012:(April 2015). 4000: 3951: 3894: 3845: 3818: 3781:PLOS Pathogens 3767: 3710: 3670: 3663: 3644: 3617:(8): 1712–22. 3601: 3555: 3528:(4): 573–593. 3512: 3483:(1): a007096. 3460: 3425: 3390: 3353: 3309: 3302: 3282: 3231: 3174: 3139: 3128:. May 15, 2017 3103: 3050: 3035: 3017: 2980:PLOS Pathogens 2966: 2939:(5): 451–452. 2916: 2860: 2842: 2780: 2731: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2678:World AIDS Day 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2658:Antiviral drug 2654: 2653: 2650:Viruses portal 2639: 2623: 2620: 2612:Robert Rayford 2545:sooty mangabey 2523:genomic fusion 2495:sooty mangabey 2461: 2458: 2421:Luc Montagnier 2330:Luc Montagnier 2320: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2272:Main article: 2269: 2266: 2253:genital herpes 2181:Main article: 2178: 2175: 2116:Main article: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2048: 2038: 2028: 2018: 2008: 1998: 1988: 1978: 1968: 1958: 1948: 1938: 1928: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1880:pregnant women 1868: 1862: 1850:Main article: 1847: 1844: 1798:expression of 1751:sooty mangabey 1723:recombinogenic 1684: 1681: 1634: 1631: 1569: 1566: 1513: 1510: 1487:messenger RNAs 1381: 1378: 1372:-independent, 1292: 1288: 1262:viral envelope 1214: 1211: 1201: 1198: 1173:sexual partner 1040:Main article: 1037: 1034: 673:viral envelope 628:red blood cell 608:Main article: 605: 602: 497: 496:Classification 494: 491: 490: 488:Sooty mangabey 485: 482: 479: 476: 472: 471: 466: 463: 460: 457: 453: 452: 449: 446: 441: 436: 426: 423: 393:(specifically 391:helper T cells 360:vaginal fluids 293: 292: 291: 290: 283: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 231: 230: 226: 225: 224: 223: 216: 206: 205: 201: 200: 193: 189: 188: 181: 177: 176: 169: 165: 164: 157: 153: 152: 145: 141: 140: 137:Artverviricota 133: 129: 128: 121: 117: 116: 109: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 78: 77: 66: 65: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13435: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13390: 13388: 13371: 13366: 13362: 13357: 13351: 13347: 13342: 13336: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13314: 13301: 13296: 13292: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13274: 13270: 13265: 13262: 13259: 13254: 13251: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13233: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13218: 13213: 13210: 13209:comet mission 13208: 13202: 13199: 13194: 13190: 13185: 13181: 13176: 13173: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13158: 13155: 13150: 13147: 13142: 13138: 13133: 13129: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13113: 13110: 13105: 13102: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13085: 13082: 13077: 13074: 13069: 13066: 13061: 13058: 13053: 13050:understanding 13049: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13037: 13036: 13031: 13027: 13025: 13017: 13012: 13010: 13005: 13003: 12998: 12997: 12994: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12950: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12910: 12909: 12904: 12898: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12890: 12889: 12884: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12873: 12872: 12867: 12861: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12850: 12844: 12843: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12821: 12816: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12805: 12804: 12799: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12779: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12755: 12754: 12749: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12708: 12703: 12700: 12697: 12692: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12661: 12660: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12638: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12623: 12618: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12552: 12549: 12546: 12543: 12540: 12537: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12525: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12513: 12508: 12502: 12499: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12436: 12433: 12430: 12427: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12382: 12381: 12376: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12268: 12267:Pseudoviridae 12263: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12180:Belpaoviridae 12176: 12173: 12170: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12065: 12060: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12018: 12017:Blubervirales 12013: 12008: 12007: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11986: 11984: 11979: 11977: 11972: 11971: 11968: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11941: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11917: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11903: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11888: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11725: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11624: 11619: 11612: 11607: 11605: 11600: 11598: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11565: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11490:South America 11487: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11447: 11446:New York City 11444: 11443: 11442: 11441:United States 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11399:North America 11396: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10874:Sex education 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10656:Lipodystrophy 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10504: 10499: 10497: 10492: 10490: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10420: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10376:(4): 465–74. 10375: 10371: 10365: 10364: 10351: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10300: 10298: 10290: 10282:September 17, 10277: 10273: 10272: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10184: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10159: 10158:10.1038/35400 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10068: 10066: 10057: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9959: 9957: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9858: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9801: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9726: 9725:10.1038/17130 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9588: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9496: 9492: 9491: 9483: 9467: 9460: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9331: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9199: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9144: 9142: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9108: 9093: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9074: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9023: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8956:(4): 468–71. 8955: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8891: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8857: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8767:(8): 886–92. 8766: 8762: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8714: 8713:NAM / Aidsmap 8710: 8693: 8692: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8623: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8594: 8577: 8576: 8568: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8543:(2): 171–81. 8542: 8538: 8534: 8527: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8420:. Editorial. 8419: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8251: 8247: 8240: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8199: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8148: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8008: 8006: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7846: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7775: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7523: 7521: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7374:(2): 324–31. 7373: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7307: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7169:(3): 249–59. 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6885: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6685:(3): 267–85. 6684: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6556: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6360: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5824:(2): 225–34. 5823: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5682:Retrovirology 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5482:(7): 847–52. 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5417: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5246:(2): 349–54. 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033:(5): 2060–7. 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4705:10.1038/34571 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690:(6664): 240. 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4532:(3): 338–42. 4531: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4379:Retrovirology 4376: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3838:September 14, 3833: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3738:(2): 263–73. 3737: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473:"HIV latency" 3467: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3441:(4): 217–26. 3440: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3117:public domain 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2857:. p. 16. 2853: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2626: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2608:Belgian Congo 2604: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584:genital ulcer 2581: 2577: 2564: 2561: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511:Côte d'Ivoire 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2398:gay community 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2281: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:sex education 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2068:window period 2064: 2062: 2045: 2035: 2025: 2015: 2005: 1995: 1985: 1975: 1965: 1955: 1945: 1935: 1925: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1858: 1853: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1749:(SIVagm) and 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:mutation rate 1712: 1708: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1519: 1512:Recombination 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1471:pseudodiploid 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427:DNA from the 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258:glycoproteins 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1206: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:seminal fluid 1166: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1123:, for entry. 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:viral tropism 1048: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1026:reading frame 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1007: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953:cell division 950: 949: 944: 940: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920: 915: 914: 909: 908: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 765: 761: 759: 754: 750: 746: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 703: 699: 697: 693: 692: 687: 683: 678: 677:lipid bilayer 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 636: 633: 629: 625: 616: 611: 601: 599: 594: 590: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 551: 547: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519: 514: 513: 509: 503: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 434: 433: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 352:pre-ejaculate 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:immune system 318: 314: 310: 309: 304: 300: 289: 288: 284: 282: 281: 277: 275: 274: 270: 268: 267: 263: 261: 260: 256: 254: 253: 249: 247: 246: 242: 240: 239: 235: 234: 232: 227: 222: 221: 217: 215: 214: 210: 209: 207: 202: 199: 198: 194: 191: 190: 187: 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11678: 11666: 11654: 11638: 11341:Taiwan (ROC) 11331:Saudi Arabia 11181:South Africa 11014: 11000:Larry Kramer 10742:Epidemiology 10528: 10509: 10450:11573/361629 10431: 10427: 10410: 10373: 10369: 10313: 10309: 10287: 10280:. 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Retrieved 3125: 3106: 3098:the original 3067: 3063: 3053: 3026: 3020: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2936: 2932: 2882: 2878: 2845: 2800: 2796: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2616: 2605: 2580:prostitution 2565: 2557: 2527: 2517:such as the 2498: 2488: 2474: 2463: 2447: 2424: 2409:Robert Gallo 2406: 2401: 2390:hemophiliacs 2381: 2377: 2371: 2354: 2350:Pneumocystis 2348: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2326:Robert Gallo 2246: 2239: 2225: 2214: 2204: 2193: 2167:circumcision 2151:HIV vaccines 2132: 2121: 2073: 2065: 2057: 1934:South Africa 1915: 1904:western blot 1893: 1876: 1840: 1827:Co-infection 1814: 1812: 1807: 1796:downregulate 1788: 1780: 1774: 1755: 1740: 1736:DNA sequence 1727: 1704: 1676: 1660: 1644: 1604:where it is 1591: 1561: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1528: 1521: 1495: 1491:RNA splicing 1480: 1460: 1453: 1445: 1433:cell nucleus 1428: 1401: 1367: 1329: 1322: 1305: 1266: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1182: 1163: 1156: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1116: 1110: 1085: 1079: 1075:co-receptors 1053: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1005: 999: 986: 978: 977: 960: 946: 927: 918: 911: 905: 892:for the LTR 883: 881: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 770: 719: 708: 690: 670: 662:ribonuclease 621: 585: 565:cell nucleus 523:morphologies 518:Retroviridae 516: 510: 505: 388: 380:immune cells 337: 306: 302: 298: 296: 285: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 218: 211: 196: 184: 173:Retroviridae 172: 161:Ortervirales 160: 148: 136: 125:Pararnavirae 124: 112: 105: 95:(unranked): 49: 29: 18:HIV positive 13350:Wikispecies 13300:GLP-1 Drugs 13189:Higgs boson 13109:Dark energy 12908:Tungrovirus 12803:Dioscovirus 12783:Cavemovirus 12431:(types 1-4) 12295:Pseudovirus 12215:Metaviridae 12191:Semotivirus 11932:Prostatitis 11838:Hepatitis B 11789:HIV-1/HIV-2 11663:Donovanosis 11549:New Zealand 11421:El Salvador 11326:Philippines 11296:North Korea 11249:China (PRC) 11214:Afghanistan 10904:Product Red 10805:AIDS orphan 10661:Nephropathy 10596:vaccination 10260:McNeil D Jr 9449:January 28, 6111:: 491–532. 5733:Protoplasma 4748:(1): 9–15. 4008:Crispin M, 3132:December 8, 2576:colonialism 2572: 1910 2509:to western 2485:chimpanzees 2450:Jay A. Levy 2439:lymph nodes 2206:HIV latency 2080:immunoassay 1885:donor blood 1540:Bonhoeffer 1467:transcribed 1391:of the HIV 1325:microtubule 1295:activating 1246:macrophages 1189:promiscuous 1185:West Africa 1133:-chemokine 1106:giant cells 1064:macrophages 1060:CD4 T cells 1042:HIV tropism 995:Psi element 983:SH3 domains 975:molecules. 969:MHC class I 730:recombinant 711:HIV vaccine 598:West Africa 581:transcribed 571:, and host 546:RNA viruses 537:, positive- 484:West Africa 444:Infectivity 399:macrophages 372:breast milk 333:HIV subtype 180:Subfamily: 13387:Categories 13258:black hole 12953:Endogenous 12888:Soymovirus 12718:Badnavirus 12512:Lentivirus 11951:Urethritis 11908:Cervicitis 11879:Zika virus 11874:Zika fever 11761:Crab louse 11261:East Timor 11234:Bangladesh 11224:Azerbaijan 11146:Mozambique 11131:Madagascar 10864:Red ribbon 10706:Serostatus 10634:Conditions 10586:prevention 10576:management 10534:Lentivirus 10224:(1): 5–8. 9272:: 87–107. 9249:August 31, 8985:The Lancet 8387:: w14246. 8355:HIV i-Base 8285:October 7, 6838:1503.08992 6199:(7): 192. 2751:: 471–84. 2684:References 2673:HIVToolbox 2547:source of 2539:source of 2519:owl monkey 2241:The Lancet 2217:viral load 2187:See also: 2084:antibodies 1964:Mozambique 1770:Chimpanzee 1582:macrophage 1502:translated 1313:N-terminal 1254:adsorption 1015:frameshift 936:deaminates 738:isoleucine 573:co-factors 527:biological 512:Lentivirus 500:See also: 448:Prevalence 407:pyroptosis 397:T cells), 384:viral load 368:childbirth 313:retrovirus 308:Lentivirus 197:Lentivirus 74:lymphocyte 13191:discovery 13130:in action 13128:Evolution 13073:Stem cell 12820:Petuvirus 12312:Sirevirus 12278:Hemivirus 12243:Metavirus 12003:viruses ( 11946:Proctitis 11831:condyloma 11753:Parasitic 11728:Protozoal 11675:Gonorrhea 11647:Chlamydia 11635:Chancroid 11627:Bacterial 11544:Australia 11498:Argentina 11458:Caribbean 11436:Nicaragua 11426:Guatemala 11336:Sri Lanka 11271:Indonesia 11054:Locations 10995:"Free Me" 10721:Pregnancy 10716:Nutrition 10571:diagnosis 9472:April 25, 9351:March 10, 8328:2327-056X 8259:April 13, 6023:0027-8424 5956:0036-8075 5454:205361178 4385:(1): 18. 4010:Doores KJ 3703:March 31, 3045:192042314 2433:to other 2285:Discovery 2262:acyclovir 1994:Indonesia 1846:Diagnosis 1838:in 2006. 1665:diffusion 1531:evolution 1498:cytoplasm 1483:processed 1441:integrase 1429:antisense 1194:commensal 1152:reservoir 1096:. In the 1072:chemokine 1054:The term 902:apoptosis 898:microRNAs 666:integrase 658:proteases 593:infective 591:and more 569:integrase 543:enveloped 439:Virulence 411:apoptosis 366:, during 364:pregnancy 120:Kingdom: 113:Riboviria 13393:HIV/AIDS 13335:Wikidata 13256:2019: A 13237:GW170817 13180:HPTN 052 11799:cervical 11699:Syphilis 11513:Colombia 11431:Honduras 11346:Thailand 11321:Pakistan 11306:Malaysia 11244:Cambodia 11196:Zimbabwe 11176:Tanzania 11101:Ethiopia 11096:Eswatini 11081:Botswana 10970:Solidays 10869:Safe sex 10810:Religion 10754:Timeline 10676:Pruritus 10613:Children 10591:research 10566:HIV/AIDS 10544:subtypes 10458:16174786 10398:25762969 10390:16254974 10350:19412344 10276:Archived 10246:17783758 10238:10628811 10118:20376191 10078:PLOS ONE 10056:18833279 9999:11405938 9947:16485481 9898:11405934 9841:18854152 9800:16728595 9685:25278604 9628:22229120 9320:June 23, 9065:24960391 9057:17639073 9013:43529542 8935:Archived 8931:16714472 8840:28843576 8791:19648930 8736:April 2, 8709:abstract 8675:27424812 8635:Cohen MS 8582:April 2, 8559:27404185 8518:51702998 8510:30025681 8472:April 2, 8466:Archived 8464:. 2019. 8444:29096785 8403:26824882 8360:April 2, 8336:34586875 8225:Archived 8221:20642270 8189:24086322 8180:15998755 8138:27494096 8129:23165662 8026:11718472 7943:16728595 7886:20643738 7811:76837833 7803:19648927 7765:12505029 7730:12536801 7722:11832690 7657:12150845 7622:15132918 7614:16777597 7572:19626114 7411:: 33–37. 7390:11336557 7368:Virology 7349:19661993 7297:33662579 7289:17960579 7242:14708016 7201:19728830 7129:21849975 7082:23271654 7050:: 1320. 7025:24005480 6976:20991705 6968:18923409 6927:14734528 6875:25837979 6707:18295550 6657:22663454 6640:11147326 6600:45784964 6592:15567861 6546:16973569 6497:17494080 6448:16474154 6350:18495939 6274:22121214 6225:27428992 6174:11884533 6090:22923523 6041:27791166 5974:25999508 5909:11160127 5838:15752562 5798:20965729 5763:20446005 5714:19765276 5663:19410541 5614:15650184 5565:19667186 5506:26570505 5498:12835704 5446:18264102 5353:10544941 5185:33262844 5142:15929699 4965:15080180 4887:44455027 4822:37973935 4770:30923492 4762:15647694 4662:22237899 4613:11593029 4452:23787464 4411:19220914 4360:18299284 4311:26687358 4262:26051934 4213:24068931 4162:24179160 4105:24179159 4048:25747313 4024:: 63–9. 3995:26085151 3946:26105115 3914:: 7479. 3889:26972002 3813:20523901 3639:11931626 3596:12029140 3550:28523977 3542:12590415 3507:22229121 3455:17163676 3379:cite web 3342:cite web 3320:(2002). 3277:23202514 3226:24356306 3169:20598938 3094:18941560 3012:22719248 2961:58599661 2953:30629090 2929:Fauci AS 2911:31056293 2837:27611681 2797:PLOS ONE 2775:18947296 2622:See also 2601:syphilis 2588:syphilis 2560:bushmeat 2477:Cameroon 2470:zoonosis 2466:primates 2394:Haitians 2128:HIV/AIDS 2112:Research 2086:and p24 2044:Ethiopia 2034:DR Congo 1984:Cameroon 1974:Zimbabwe 1966:(4.061%) 1956:(4.169%) 1954:Tanzania 1946:(11.50%) 1936:(12.51%) 1926:(15.76%) 1787:marker. 1661:in trans 1476:hairpins 1463:provirus 1338:such as 1285:integrin 1248:and CD4 1159:CCR5-Δ32 1113:syncytia 1102:adenoids 1082:syncytia 973:class II 939:cytidine 932:APOBEC3G 894:promoter 882:The two 758:epitopes 745:mutation 589:virulent 425:Virology 168:Family: 132:Phylum: 34:HIV/AIDS 13280:brings 13207:Rosetta 13039:journal 13035:Science 13024:Science 12425:, 3, 4) 11890:General 11795:Cancer 11766:Scabies 11537:Oceania 11528:Uruguay 11503:Bolivia 11471:Jamaica 11389:Ukraine 11361:Vietnam 11229:Bahrain 11219:Armenia 11171:Senegal 11161:Nigeria 11151:Namibia 11126:Lesotho 10913:Culture 10894:HIV.gov 10737:History 10730:History 10466:7928126 10341:2669881 10318:Bibcode 10175:4416837 10167:9468138 10145:Bibcode 10109:2848574 10086:Bibcode 10047:3682493 10026:Bibcode 9990:1088484 9938:3367631 9889:1088480 9849:3093360 9791:2442710 9770:Bibcode 9762:Science 9742:4432185 9734:9989410 9712:Bibcode 9676:4254776 9655:Bibcode 9647:Science 9619:3234451 9579:2996401 9544:6206563 9524:Bibcode 9516:Science 9426:6601823 9406:Bibcode 9397:Science 9380:6815471 9286:3397566 9266:October 9223:6811853 9181:6189183 9161:Bibcode 9152:Science 9132:6808340 9097:June 9, 9005:6116083 8970:7287964 8922:1470612 8831:5700807 8782:2723183 8666:5049503 8062:1894929 7934:2442710 7913:Bibcode 7905:Science 7877:2935100 7563:2872475 7542:Bibcode 7511:6695172 7491:Bibcode 7483:Science 7468:1896460 7436:Bibcode 7340:2782707 7250:5790569 7193:7723052 7171:Bibcode 7137:4409389 7109:Bibcode 7073:3784984 7052:Bibcode 7016:4714465 6918:2211771 6866:4383537 6843:Bibcode 6773:4306605 6765:1360148 6745:Bibcode 6720:May 10, 6687:Bibcode 6649:9447238 6572:Bibcode 6564:Science 6537:1617242 6488:1933369 6439:1395372 6396:1700865 6376:Bibcode 6368:Science 6341:2441975 6265:3315320 6216:4974527 6193:Viruses 6125:9891806 6081:3488221 6032:5135362 6001:Bibcode 5965:4492308 5936:Bibcode 5928:Science 5754:3038234 5705:2762461 5654:2696170 5556:2729016 5533:Bibcode 5407:9632381 5387:Bibcode 5379:Science 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