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almost impossible to light. At one point, beds which had a width of 1.3 metres, were meant to hold 2 or 3 patients each; arranged heel to head. Later, beds meant for one or two patients were installed, but these often had to accommodate more patients than intended. For much of the Middle Ages, there was no surgical ward and surgical operations were performed in the patient's bed, with fellow patients and bedmates as onlookers. An incomplete but emerging understanding of contagion gave rise to rules for isolating patients with contagious diseases, but it was often impossible to apply these rules in practice. The question of how much patients were given to eat was also an issue due to lack of funds, though people of the time understood that an appropriate diet would improve health outcomes.
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that the hospital should be moved outside of Paris. The 1787 report recommended that the Hôtel-Dieu be dismantled and that four smaller hospitals be established in various locations around Paris. The 1788 proposed that the pavilion-style of hospital be adopted, with each ward occupying a separate building to reduce disease transmission and to facilitate ventilation. The third report drew heavily on information collected by Tenon and
Coulomb during their official study mission to England in the summer of 1787, during which they visited 52 hospitals, prisons and workhouses.
480:
354:
50:
295:—with its focus on the pursuit of knowledge via reason and evidence and on ideals such as progress, fraternity, and government dedicated to the well-being of the people—had left its mark on the agenda for hospital reform. This ushered in a more scientific approach to hospital design that was to influence medical practice and management for more than a century. During this process, the role of the Catholic Church was diminished and then eliminated and the Hôtel-Dieu became a publicly run institution.
787:
780:
2149:
362:
613:
304:
406:, patient admissions were so high that the canopies of the beds were used for the most valid patients, allowing as many as 14 patients to be placed in a single bed. Numerous episodes of the plague carried away thousands of patients and hospital workers, including 17 Sisters of Saint Augustine, the order of nuns charged with patient care at the Hôtel-Dieu. Later in the century, hospital-derived
633:(Royal Commissioner for all that relates to hospitals). The use of hospitals as teaching institutions was also reinforced as part of the reform movement, which studied medical practice and policy in other European countries. The Hôtel-Dieu achieved renown as a surgical training institution with the appointment of
601:
mortality. He notes that one in 15 mothers died in the Hôtel-Dieu's maternity ward, compared to one in 128 in
Manchester. Thus, Tenon's publication, combined with the work of the Academy, provided convincing scientific evidence in support of the Parisian's long standing prejudices against the Hôtel-Dieu.
337:
In its first several hundred years, the Hôtel-Dieu functioned as a general purpose charitable institution operated by religious orders — it offered food and shelter in addition to medical care to needy people. This mixed social mission characterised its services for many centuries and was imitated by
369:
By the end of the Middle Ages, only people who could not afford other sources of care would go to the Hôtel-Dieu. But because of the masses of destitute people in the Paris area at the time, there was no shortage of patients. As a result of high demand and finite resources, the Hôtel-Dieu eventually
608:
went further by also setting a complete agenda for the reform of hospitals. The agenda covered all aspects of hospital practice including hospital architecture and grounds, furnishing of wards, management and qualifications of staff, publication of reports on hospital outcomes and finances, as well
545:
Two serious fires occurred in 1737 and 1772. The 1772 fire destroyed a large part of the Hôtel-Dieu and killed many patients. Public outrage at the loss of life amplified ongoing public debate about what was to be done with the hospital, a debate that naturally evolved into broader discussions of
349:
Conditions in the hospital were in many cases deplorable, especially toward the end of the Middle Ages when the growth of Paris' poor population outstripped the hospital's capacity. Its vast halls held 80 to 100 beds apiece. Although the halls for the most part had fireplaces or stoves, they were
587:
The ensuing analysis of the Hôtel-Dieu and other
Parisian hospitals was transformed into a productive discussion about broader reform of Paris's hospital system. The commission published three consecutive reports. The 1786 report concluded that the situation of the Hôtel-Dieu was irremediable and
524:
The Hôtel-Dieu continued to be a place that only patients who could not afford something better would go to. Its 1,200 beds were completely inadequate for housing its daily average of 3,500 patients. Women gave birth in shared beds and the average maternity stay was 35 days, mainly because of the
345:
onwards, the Hôtel-Dieu often housed more patients than it was designed to hold, leading to serious problems of overcrowding that would hamper the effectiveness of the hospital for centuries. From the 15th to the 16th centuries, it went from 303 beds to about 500, but the number of patients would
1252:
However, the
Committee also realized that there were other good poor persons without family support for whom the hospital remained a necessary destination during illness. For such individuals, hospital care was to be a right"; "By restricting assistance to the truly needy, deinstitutionalization
325:
Although tradition dates the founding of the Hôtel-Dieu back to Saint Landry, 28th bishop of Paris around 650, the first official records of an institution whose mission was to care for the destitute, infirm and sick date to 829. In 1157, letters patent mention a "Hôtel-Dieu-Saint-Christophe",
495:
The problem of overcrowding continued into the 18th century. Although almost 50 hospitals and similar institutions were operating in Paris by the second half of the century, demand outpaced the supply of medical services, largely because of very rapid growth of both population and poverty.
600:
which documented in detail the scandalous conditions in the Hôtel-Dieu. The
Memoires criticized virtually everything about the hospital: the space, the circulation, the arrangement of the beds, the number and the mixture of the sick, the dirtiness, the rot and the bad smells, inhumanity and
463:), of which the Hôtel-Dieu was one. The centralized approach to extreme poverty in France was based on the premise that medical care was a right for those without family or income, and formalized the admission process to attempt to mitigate overcrowding and unsanitary conditions. The
504:
As always, overcrowding was accompanied by poor outcomes — including hospital-derived infections and high mortality rates. The hospital statistics developed later suggest that the Hôtel-Dieu's record was worse than that of other
Parisian institutions. In his
330:, bishop of Paris, undertook the reconstruction of this hospital: the old buildings were destroyed in 1195 and the new constructions were completed in 1255. At that time, the buildings of the Hotel Dieu occupied the south side of the Ile de la Cité near
227:
in 651 AD, but the first official records date it to 829, making it the oldest in France and possibly the oldest continuously operating hospital in the world. The Hôtel-Dieu was the only hospital in the city until the beginning of the 17th century.
816:. Oriented towards informing the patient (therapeutic education) and technological innovation, it offers a large choice of care facilities for all levels of complications. It is also at the forefront of diabetes research in such areas as new
398:
to come to the aid of the poor. Nevertheless, conditions in the hospital remained horrendous and overcrowding continued to be a problem, with daily patient numbers ranging from 2000 to 4000. Hundreds of hospital staff were also lodged there.
279:
for many centuries, the hospital's original mission was to provide "Christian charity dedicated to the shelter, spiritual comfort and treatment of the ailing poor." An 18th century essayist, Louis
Rondonneau de la Motte, wrote in his
529:. In-hospital epidemics of typhus and smallpox were also common. As in earlier centuries, there was insufficient effective separation of patients with communicable diseases, though the hospital was divided into wards.
557:(1742-1824) was presented in a memoir entitled "On the need to transfer and rebuild the Hôtel-Dieu." Poyet proposed to build a circular hospital on an island on the Seine. Its exterior was to be a replica of the
521:(1788) that the Hôtel-Dieu was "the most unhealthy and uncomfortable of all hospitals", with a mortality rate of almost 25 percent, which, he noted, was much higher than the rates of other Parisian hospitals.
644:
Generally, though, the progress anticipated by the reform movement initiated under the last of the French kings was hampered by the massive changes that were occurring in broader French society during the
620:
In 1787, the Hôtel-Dieu implemented a code of medical services that transformed the hospital from a charitable establishment run by religious orders to a medical and surgical establishment run by doctors.
346:
regularly hover around 700 and would often exceed 1500 during times of conflict, food shortages or epidemics. It is estimated that the number of admissions was 25,000 per year during the 16th century.
338:
many other cities (for example, the Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune, founded in 1443). However, by the 16th century, admission to the hospital was available only to the sick and injured and to pregnant women.
1819:
568:(1730-1807), acting for Louis XVI, instructed the Royal Academy of Sciences to evaluate the Poyet project. For this purpose, a hospital commission of 9 members was established. Members included
700:
2554:
370:
faced a financial crisis. This brought about the first step in the laicization of the hospital, the creation in 1505 of a council of lay governors: the
Presidents of Parliament, the
432:
The Hôtel-Dieu enjoyed some tax privileges. On August 5, 1626, it was authorized to build, at its own expense, a stone bridge over the southern arm of the Seine, upstream from the
537:
410:, which was thought to be a communicable disease at the time, killed as many as 97% of the patients suffering from it. In 1670 alone, 250 patients suffered from scurvy.
550:
ordered the demolition of the Hôtel-Dieu in 1773 after hearing of its poor patient conditions. However, the execution of the order was delayed due to the King's death.
464:
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would also save money and curtail waste in the hospitals themselves. Equally important, this plan would prevent overcrowding and thus improve institutional hygiene.
2519:
649:. Major reforms to the system of government itself needed to take place before the narrower reforms to the Parisian medical system could receive fuller attention.
793:
The Hôtel-Dieu is the top casualty centre for dealing with emergency cases for parts of central Paris. Indeed, it is the only emergency centre for the first nine
609:
as the keeping of individual patient charts and case histories. Tenon's Memoir would influence
European and American hospital practice for at least a century.
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275:
Originally, the Hôtel-Dieu admitted a wide range of people: not only the sick and injured, but also needy travellers and pilgrims, and indigents. Run by the
1730:
1196:
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2070:
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in 1785. Desault established a successful educational clinic for surgical interns to supplement what had previously been limited to academic training.
1826:
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808:
illnesses clinical department. It deals almost exclusively with the screening, treatment and prevention of the complications associated with
1788:
41:
487:
2317:
1798:
513:
stated that the Hôtel-Dieu was "the largest, the most numerous, the richest and the most dreadful of any of our hospitals." Similarly,
76:
2180:
895:
239:. It was ravaged by fire several times and was rebuilt for the last time at its present location on the north side of the parvis of
2127:
1985:
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2312:
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Although the Hôtel-Dieu was a large hospital, poverty, conflict and disease engendered high demand for its services. During the
2065:
2035:
1935:
17:
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1940:
436:. Hospital wards were built on top of the bridge. A decree of the Council of State of April 24, 1634 created a toll of a
2398:
1955:
1930:
1501:
738:
284:(1787): "the citizen and the foreigner, the Christian and the Turk, the Jew and the Idolater are all equally welcome."
244:
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in Rome and it was to house over 5,000 beds and an efficient system of air circulation (constant renewal of the air).
390:
Poverty continued to be widespread during the 17th century, and the Hôtel-Dieu offered an opportunity for many of the
2429:
1714:
1671:
1599:
1527:
1454:
1429:
1245:
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1812:
768:
661:, a pupil of Desault, expounded on his new "membrane theory" during a course taught in 1801–1802 at the Hôtel-Dieu.
496:
According to a census of 1791, Paris had a population of 118,884 indigents out of a total population of 650,000.
413:
The serious problems of overcrowding were recognised at the time and steps were taken to address them. In 1602,
2277:
2267:
444:— and it survived until 1789. The hospital wards surmounting the bridge were a major source of pollution in the
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1876:
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573:
1845:
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212:
186:
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1143:
848:
2359:
422:
2439:
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1479:
981:""Measure of Civilization": The Hospital Thought of Jacques Tenon on the Eve of the French Revolution"
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440:
for each man on foot, with revenues going to the hospital. This toll gave the bridge its name — the
2344:
2134:
915:
835:(emergencies, surgery and research) has been developed at the Hôtel-Dieu, under the supervision of
2297:
1960:
1835:
746:
680:). The objective of improving hospital management brought about the creation of new services: the
259:
2424:
2349:
2282:
1517:
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657:
By the 19th century, hospitals were playing a central role in medical instruction and research.
525:
time needed to recover from infections contracted in the maternity wars, including epidemics of
2048:
899:
2465:
1965:
1617:"The Commercial Treaty of Humanity: La tournée des hôpitaux anglais par Jacques Tenon en 1787"
1545:"The Commercial Treaty of Humanity: La tournée des hôpitaux anglais par Jacques Tenon en 1787"
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526:
311:
2121:
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514:
2115:
581:
292:
121:
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2229:
862:
Other notable physicians, researchers, and surgeons who practised at the hospital include
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8:
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331:
240:
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finally rebuilt the portions of the Hôtel-Dieu that were destroyed in the fire of 1772.
479:
379:
2020:
1762:
1644:
1572:
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418:
342:
55:
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891:
2043:
1710:
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1523:
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1425:
1399:
1383:
1352:
1336:
1241:
1202:
1169:
1116:
1060:
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992:
944:
809:
646:
565:
371:
353:
255:
2292:
1950:
2393:
1743:
1628:
1556:
1328:
903:
757:
327:
2287:
1687:
1271:
907:
288:
2307:
1745:
1704:
938:
867:
276:
224:
203:
704:
541:
The fire of the Hôtel-Dieu in 1772, depicted by Jean-Baptiste-François Génillion
911:
836:
794:
622:
441:
421:, brought five brothers of the Congregation of Saint-Jean-de-Dieu to found the
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1332:
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1640:
1568:
1387:
1340:
1173:
1120:
1064:
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879:
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832:
733:
The Hôtel-Dieu was rebuilt between 1867 and 1878 on the opposite side of the
658:
554:
510:
460:
94:
672:
In 1801, the
Parisian hospitals adopted a new administrative framework: the
326:
referring to a chapel dedicated to this saint. Shortly thereafter, in 1165,
1403:
1356:
813:
742:
712:
109:
1632:
1560:
1518:
Sylvain Riquier, Archivist of Assistance Public-Hôpitaux de Paris (1998).
1012:
863:
786:
779:
696:
104:
1804:
1648:
1616:
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1544:
1395:
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1348:
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1048:
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The Pont au Double was demolished in 1847 and rebuilt without covering.
689:
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At the request of the hospital commission Tenon published his 500-page
433:
403:
361:
2302:
805:
708:
612:
558:
391:
1372:"Hospitals, Medical Care and Social Policy in the French Revolution"
287:
This broad, charitable mission was to dominate until the end of the
820:
and drugs, the effects of nutrition, external and implanted pumps,
801:
763:
547:
395:
1689:
Inauguration du buste de P.-J. Desault, à Lure, le 15 octobre 1876
1522:(in French). Paris: Doin - Assistance Publique hôpitaux de Paris.
933:
931:
695:
Also during this period, the Hôtel-Dieu advocated the practice of
429:
to unclog the Hôtel-Dieu during the plague epidemic in 1605-1606.
821:
817:
734:
677:
928:
407:
1799:
Hotel Hospital Dieu concepção artística do East Villa Graphics
1447:
Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century
1049:"L'HÔTEL-DIEU DE PARIS, UN DES PLUS ANCIENS HÔPITAUX D'EUROPE"
627:
Inspecteur général des hôpitaux civils et des maisons de force
321:), showing the Gothic buildings of the old Hôtel-Dieu at right
303:
445:
232:
216:
81:
1744:
Antoine Laurent Jessé Bayle, Thillaye (M., Auguste) (1855).
1240:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 301–302.
2555:
Buildings and structures in the 4th arrondissement of Paris
572:(1724-1816) as well as other renowned scientists such as
2075:
Cochin-Pasteur Vaccinology Clinical Investigation Centre
1896:
Science and Techniques of Sports and Physical Activities
1873:
Geography, History Economics and Societal Studies (GHES)
1470:
1468:
1466:
1449:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–27.
674:
Conseil général des hôpitaux et hospices civils de Paris
631:
Commissaire du roi pour tout ce qui a trait aux hôpitaux
703:
was a fervent supporter. Similarly, the discoveries of
1321:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
1317:"The Hôtel-Dieu of Paris on the Eve of the Revolution"
629:(General Inspector for civil hospitals and jails) and
517:, an influential anatomist and surgeon, stated in his
1463:
207:; "God Shelter") is a public hospital located on the
171:
1706:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
1664:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
1422:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
1273:
Mémoires sur les hôpitaux de Paris, par M. Tenon,...
1238:
Mending bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
1162:"DE L'HÔTEL DIEU DE JADIS A L'HÔPITAL D'AUJOURD'HUI"
223:. Tradition has it that the hospital was founded by
1270:Tenon, Jacques (1724-1816) Auteur du texte (1788).
1144:"L'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris au XVII et au XVIIIe siècle"
2040:Paris-Val de Seine National School of Architecture
1666:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 325.
1594:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 295.
1424:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 298.
745:. The reconstruction followed plans by architects
676:(General Council for Parisian hospitals and civil
499:
231:The original Hôtel-Dieu stood on the banks of the
1750:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Adolphe Delahays
1198:Milestones in Midwifery and the Secret Instrument
1141:
1088:Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris, Tome 2
2511:
1723:
1194:
1135:
764:Role within the current hospital system of Paris
591:
365:16th century etching of a hall in the Hôtel-Dieu
2520:Hospital buildings completed in the 7th century
2195:
2071:Institute for Research in Fundamental Computing
800:For the last 50 years, it has been home to the
532:
357:Old Hôtel-Dieu on the map of Truschet and Hoyau
471:(Bureau for the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris) in 1690.
2389:Salle des Traditions de la Garde Républicaine
2181:
1890:French Literature, Art and Film Studies (LAC)
1887:East Asian Languages and Civilizations (LCAO)
1820:
1767:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
797:and is the local centre for the first four.
546:possible reforms to Paris' hospital system.
1747:Biographie médicale par ordre chronologique
1520:Préface: Mémoires sur les hôpitaux de Paris
1285:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
425:. Shortly thereafter, Henry IV founded the
2188:
2174:
1870:Intercultural Studies in Applied Languages
1827:
1813:
1834:
1614:
1542:
1085:
978:
2545:Hospitals established in the 7th century
1314:
785:
778:
767:
724:
668:The old Hôtel-Dieu between 1865 and 1868
663:
611:
536:
486:
478:
360:
352:
308:Episodes from the Life of a Bishop-Saint
302:
2029:Institutes, affiliates and laboratories
1504:. Oxford University Press. p. 295.
1478:. London Science Museum. Archived from
1188:
1159:
707:permitted the refinement of methods of
616:Pierre-Joseph Desault and Xavier Bichat
252:Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
14:
2512:
2066:Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
1513:
1511:
831:More recently, a major department for
553:In 1785, the project of the architect
77:Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II
2560:7th-century establishments in Francia
2318:Marché aux fleurs, Place Louis Lépine
2169:
1808:
1737:
1702:
1661:
1589:
1444:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1369:
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42:Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris
2530:Hospital buildings completed in 1877
2313:Maison européenne de la photographie
1931:Paris Cité University Hospital Group
1155:
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1099:
1097:
1040:
1038:
1036:
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1026:
1024:
1022:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
855:from 1750 to 1753 and member of the
812:. It is also a referral service for
2100:Languages and Civilisations Library
1990:Fundamental and Biomedical Sciences
1608:
1536:
1508:
1376:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
985:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
598:Mémoires sur les hôpitaux de Paris,
24:
1936:Georges Pompidou European Hospital
1410:
1293:
1258:
943:. Vol. 7. 2003. p. 127.
842:
729:Haussman's Hôtel-Dieu, circa 1875.
519:Mémoires sur les hôpitaux de Paris
243:between 1867 and 1878, as part of
25:
2571:
2128:Museum of the History of Medicine
1780:
1499:
1166:Revue des Deux Mondes (1829-1971)
1150:
1094:
1019:
957:
701:Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
282:Essai Historique sur l'Hôtel-Dieu
27:Parisian hospital near Notre Dame
2148:
2147:
2036:Paris Institute of Earth Physics
2019:
2002:Mathematics and Computer Science
1986:École d'ingénieurs Denis-Diderot
1731:"AP-HP Hôtel-Dieu official site"
1315:RICHMOND, PHYLLIS ALLEN (1961).
705:René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec
483:Old Hôtel-Dieu on the Turgot map
54:View of the Hôtel-Dieu from the
48:
1941:Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital
1881:Humanities, Science and Society
1696:
1680:
1655:
1583:
1493:
1438:
1363:
1229:
756:It was not until 1908 that the
739:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
652:
500:The Hôtel-Dieu's bad reputation
491:Painting by Victor-Jean Nicolle
474:
469:Bureau de l’Hôtel-Dieu de Paris
385:
245:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
2399:Rosiers–Joseph Migneret Garden
2095:Saint-Germain-des-Prés Library
2090:Health Interuniversity Library
2062:Atmospheric Systems Laboratory
1956:Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital
1884:Humanities and Social Sciences
1857:Humanities and Social Sciences
1502:"Mending Bodies, Saving Souls"
1215:
1079:
859:, practised at this hospital.
760:left the Hôtel-Dieu for good.
298:
13:
1:
1864:Law, Economics and Management
1621:Revue d'histoire des sciences
1549:Revue d'histoire des sciences
1146:(in French). Berger-Levrault.
921:
592:Publication of Tenon's Memoir
315:
254:(AP-HP), the Hôtel-Dieu is a
149:; 1195 years ago
2540:Teaching hospitals in France
1615:Greenbaum, Louis S. (1971).
1592:Mending Bodies, Saving Souls
1543:Greenbaum, Louis S. (1971).
979:GREENBAUM, LOUIS S. (1975).
853:Faculty of Medicine in Paris
684:(Admissions office) and the
574:Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
533:Official enquiry is launched
465:Lieutenant Général de Police
451:Hospitals took the name of "
235:on the southern side of the
7:
2377:Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais
2197:4th arrondissement of Paris
1225:. Vol. 7. p. 139.
1109:The British Medical Journal
1086:Hillairet, Jacques (1997).
1053:Medizinhistorisches Journal
578:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
270:
10:
2576:
2367:Quai des Célestins (Paris)
1703:Risse, Guenter B. (1999).
1236:Risse, Guenter B. (1999).
1142:Fosseyeux, Marcel (1912).
737:of Notre Dame, as part of
265:
2458:
2407:
2278:Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal
2268:Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville
2260:
2238:
2220:
2203:
2143:
2108:
2082:
2056:Learning Planet Institute
2028:
2017:
1976:
1903:
1855:
1847:Faculties and departments
1844:
1223:New Catholic encyclopedia
1195:Radcliff, Walter (1989).
1090:(in French). p. 235.
940:New Catholic encyclopedia
625:created the positions of
455:" (General hospital) or "
182:
166:
161:
143:
138:
130:
120:
115:
103:
93:
88:
71:
66:
62:
47:
40:
35:
30:Hospital in Paris, France
2059:Law and Health Institute
849:Hyacinthe Théodore Baron
2350:Polish Library in Paris
2283:Centre Georges Pompidou
2049:Jacques Monod Institute
1662:Risse, Guenter (1999).
1590:Risse, Guenter (1999).
1420:Risse, Guenter (1999).
1333:10.1093/jhmas/XVI.4.335
1047:Coury, Charles (1967).
467:became a member of the
2496:48.854665°N 2.348808°E
2355:Adam Mickiewicz Museum
2135:The Great Mills, Paris
1370:ROSEN, GEORGE (1956).
1105:"The Paris Hotel-Dieu"
790:
783:
776:
730:
669:
617:
542:
492:
484:
366:
358:
322:
250:Currently operated by
2360:Salon Frédéric Chopin
2345:Pavillon de l'Arsenal
1961:Lariboisière Hospital
1837:Paris Cité University
1633:10.3406/rhs.1971.3247
1561:10.3406/rhs.1971.3247
1201:. Norman Publishing.
789:
782:
771:
751:Arthur-Stanislas Diet
747:Émile Jacques Gilbert
728:
667:
635:Pierre-Joseph Desault
615:
540:
490:
482:
457:Hôpital d'enfermement
423:Hôpital de la Charité
364:
356:
312:Master of Saint Giles
306:
260:Paris Cité University
200:French pronunciation:
2408:Paris Métro stations
2383:Saint-Louis en l'Île
2323:Mémorial de la Shoah
2109:Campus and locations
1445:Bynum, W.F. (1994).
1160:BARIETY, M. (1958).
688:(Central Pharmacy).
582:Pierre-Simon Laplace
380:Prévôt des Marchands
293:Age of Enlightenment
258:associated with the
122:Emergency department
2501:48.854665; 2.348808
2492: /
2372:Saint-Jacques Tower
2333:Notre-Dame de Paris
1966:Hôpital Saint-Louis
1115:(2611): 103. 1911.
857:Academy of Sciences
826:artificial pancreas
774:Notre-Dame de Paris
686:Pharmacie centrale
682:Bureau d'admission
427:Hôpital Saint-Louis
372:Chambre des Comptes
219:, on the parvis of
187:Hospitals in France
18:Hôtel-Dieu de Paris
2535:Hospitals in Paris
2525:651 establishments
2122:École de Chirurgie
1651:– via JSTOR.
1579:– via JSTOR.
1500:Risse, Guenter B.
1406:– via JSTOR.
1015:– via JSTOR.
791:
784:
777:
731:
670:
618:
543:
493:
485:
367:
359:
323:
213:4th arrondissement
56:Tour Saint-Jacques
2475:
2474:
2328:Musée de la Magie
2230:Lycée Charlemagne
2223:secondary schools
2163:
2162:
2044:Pasteur Institute
2015:
2014:
1946:Hôtel-Dieu, Paris
810:diabetes mellitus
647:French Revolution
580:(1736–1806), and
566:Baron de Breteuil
417:, second wife of
341:From the time of
256:teaching hospital
204:[otɛldjø]
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
2567:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2394:Temple du Marais
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2053:Cochin Institute
2023:
1996:Computer Science
1979:
1906:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:Official website
1774:
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1766:
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1267:
1256:
1255:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:
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1212:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1059:(3/4): 269–316.
1044:
1017:
1016:
976:
955:
954:
935:
916:Augustin Gilbert
758:Augustinian nuns
741:commissioned by
415:Marie de' Medici
328:Maurice de Sully
320:
317:
206:
201:
178:
175:
173:
157:
155:
150:
110:District General
52:
33:
32:
21:
2575:
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2570:
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2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2454:
2403:
2308:Rue des Rosiers
2256:
2252:Île Saint-Louis
2234:
2222:
2216:
2199:
2194:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2139:
2104:
2078:
2024:
2011:
1977:
1972:
1924:Nursing Science
1905:Health Sciences
1904:
1899:
1867:English Studies
1856:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1793:
1787:
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1753:
1751:
1742:
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1729:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:. p. 312.
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843:Notable figures
795:arrondissements
766:
655:
639:chef de service
594:
535:
527:puerperal fever
502:
477:
453:Hôpital Général
388:
318:
301:
291:. By 1789, the
277:Catholic Church
273:
268:
199:
170:
153:
151:
148:
79:
58:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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2550:Île de la Cité
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2430:Hôtel de Ville
2427:
2422:
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2357:
2347:
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2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
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2298:Hôtel de Ville
2295:
2293:Hôtel de Sully
2290:
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2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2246:Île de la Cité
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2204:Neighbourhoods
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2144:
2141:
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2138:
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1982:
1980:
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1973:
1971:
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1969:
1968:
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1958:
1953:
1951:Hôpital Cochin
1948:
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1938:
1928:
1927:Rehabilitation
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1922:
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1781:External links
1779:
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1695:
1679:
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1654:
1627:(4): 317–350.
1607:
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1555:(4): 317–350.
1535:
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1382:(2): 124–149.
1362:
1327:(4): 335–353.
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956:
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912:Marc Tiffeneau
851:, dean of the
844:
841:
837:Yves Pouliquen
765:
762:
719:of illnesses.
654:
651:
623:Jacques Necker
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442:Pont au Double
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2450:Sully–Morland
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2288:Hôtel de Sens
2286:
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2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:Latin Quarter
2114:
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2008:Life Sciences
2007:
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1529:2-7040-0990-2
1525:
1521:
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1512:
1503:
1496:
1482:on 2016-01-16
1481:
1477:
1471:
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1456:9780521272056
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1431:0-19-505523-3
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950:9780787640040
946:
942:
941:
934:
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927:
919:
917:
913:
909:
908:Ambroise Paré
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Adrien Proust
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
840:
838:
834:
833:ophthalmology
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
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798:
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781:
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723:
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714:
710:
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698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
666:
662:
660:
659:Xavier Bichat
650:
648:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
614:
610:
607:
602:
599:
589:
585:
584:(1749–1827).
583:
579:
576:(1743–1794),
575:
571:
570:Jacques Tenon
567:
562:
560:
556:
555:Bernard Poyet
551:
549:
539:
530:
528:
522:
520:
516:
515:Jacques Tenon
512:
511:Denis Diderot
508:
497:
489:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
438:double denier
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
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355:
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339:
335:
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329:
313:
309:
305:
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289:Ancien Régime
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263:
261:
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74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2477:
2120:
1945:
1752:. Retrieved
1746:
1739:
1733:(in French).
1725:
1705:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1591:
1585:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1519:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1476:"Hotel Dieu"
1446:
1440:
1421:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1324:
1320:
1272:
1251:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1197:
1190:
1165:
1137:
1112:
1108:
1087:
1081:
1056:
1052:
991:(1): 43–56.
988:
984:
939:
861:
846:
830:
824:sensors and
814:hypoglycemia
799:
792:
755:
743:Napoleon III
732:
721:
713:auscultation
694:
685:
681:
673:
671:
656:
653:19th century
643:
638:
630:
626:
619:
605:
603:
597:
595:
586:
563:
552:
544:
523:
518:
507:Encyclopédie
506:
503:
494:
475:18th century
468:
456:
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450:
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431:
412:
401:
389:
386:17th century
368:
348:
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336:
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307:
286:
281:
274:
249:
230:
225:Saint Landry
195:
193:
89:Organisation
2499: /
2221:Primary and
1999:Mathematics
1915:Odontologie
1893:Linguistics
1794:(in French)
699:, of which
697:vaccination
319: 1500
299:Middle Ages
95:Care system
2514:Categories
2484:48°51′17″N
2468:(hospital)
2466:Hôtel-Dieu
2459:Healthcare
2445:Saint-Paul
2435:Pont Marie
2273:Berthillon
2211:The Marais
1877:Psychology
1754:2020-12-06
1486:2009-09-14
922:References
772:View from
690:Napoleon I
434:Petit-Pont
332:Notre Dame
241:Notre Dame
221:Notre-Dame
196:Hôtel-Dieu
36:Hôtel-Dieu
2487:2°20′56″E
2440:Rambuteau
2303:Le Marais
2261:Landmarks
2083:Libraries
1993:Chemistry
1921:Maieutics
1801:Jun. 2012
1763:cite book
1641:0151-4105
1569:0151-4105
1388:0007-5140
1341:0022-5045
1281:cite book
1174:0035-1962
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1121:0007-1447
1065:0025-8431
997:0007-5140
904:Trousseau
900:Dieulafoy
876:Dupuytren
864:Jean Méry
847:In 1748,
806:endocrine
717:aetiology
709:diagnosis
559:Colosseum
509:of 1765,
392:bourgeois
310:, by the
67:Geography
2420:Châtelet
2415:Bastille
2385:(Church)
2379:(Church)
2338:Template
2154:Category
1918:Pharmacy
1912:Medicine
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1577:24467727
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1005:44450202
892:Récamier
884:Hartmann
868:Forlenze
818:insulins
802:diabetes
678:hospices
548:Louis XV
419:Henry IV
396:nobility
378:and the
343:Louis IX
271:Overview
116:Services
84:, France
72:Location
2239:Islands
2005:Physics
1978:Science
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1013:1093584
896:Cholmen
888:Desault
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266:History
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167:Website
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461:Asylum
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374:, the
144:Opened
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1392:JSTOR
1345:JSTOR
1178:JSTOR
1125:JSTOR
1069:JSTOR
1001:JSTOR
446:Seine
233:Seine
217:Paris
183:Lists
174:.aphp
162:Links
82:Paris
2425:Cité
1769:link
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