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their death certificates could be registered. At first, the national courts processed the case in the usual way, requesting documents from
Executive Branch officials, and summonsing witnesses. However, on March 27, 1989, after the judge responsible for the case was replaced, the Araguaia guerrilla case was dismissed without ruling on the merits, on the grounds that it was legally and physically impossible to comply with the request. Similarly, the judge considered that what the plaintiffs were requesting was covered by the Amnesty law and did not require a judicial action.
242:
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670:, who was arrested by the Army in 1972 during the first stage of military operations. The vast majority of combatants, primarily composed of former college students and self-employed workers, were killed in battle in the jungle or executed after arrest and torture during the final stages of military operations in 1973 and 1974. However, none of the individuals were acknowledged as dead, remaining in the status of persons who had disappeared for political reasons. Currently 60 of the combatants are still considered
36:
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search for the supply posts of the guerrillas, which were systematically destroyed, rendering the enemy fighters prone to contagium of tropical diseases such as yellow fever. This strategy of attrition succeeded to dismantle the guerrilla in
Araguaia, before the movement could gain momentum. The disorganization of the guerrillas was followed by an extermination campaign, during which guerrillas were killed by the military.
277:
701:- Apr./Oct. 1972; Conventional use of large regular military units in the first campaign against Araguaia guerrilla, ended with the departure of the troops due to the inefficiency of such approach. The saturation of the region by conventional troops led only to the disorganization of the force of intervention. Indecisive clashes with the guerrillas lowered morale among the military, especially amid
723:- Apr./Oct. 1973; aware of the inefficiency of the use of conventional war models' methods and resources against rural guerrilla warfare, and fearing that Araguaia could become in the long run a controlled or recurrently area used by guerrillas, like other regions in the globe, the military decided to change their mode of operation. Operation Anaconda was a
655:). The region was chosen because it consisted of a hotspot of tension between peasants and developers (miners and public works contractors) attracted by the investment opportunities offered by the recent discovery of the nearby Carajás iron ore mine. The guerrillas hoped to gain support of such tensions by siding with the peasants.
791:
Government filed requests for clarification against the
Federal Court's ruling. The appeal was not heard by the Court, based on a unanimous decision of the Court of Appeals itself on March 12, 1996. The Government lodged a special appeal against this decision, which was also ruled inadmissible by the Court of Appeals.
790:
The plaintiffs appealed the decision to dismiss the case and, on August 17, 1993, obtained a ruling from the
Federal Court of Appeals, which reversed the decision of the lower court, and returned the case to the same judge for finding of fact and a ruling on the merits. On March 24, 1994, the Federal
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were gradually spread out in the region, in same conditions as the agents of previous
Operation Anaconda. Divided in small units, having also enlisted some locals who had previously collaborated with the guerrillas, the military proceeded to execute arrests (some 160 locals were detained) and then to
618:
The idea of setting up a focus of rural guerrilla that could function as a pole of attraction for all elements dissatisfied with the
Brazilian military dictatorship in order to compensate for the smashing of urban opposition movements had been long nurtured among the Brazilian Left since 1964, but it
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Documents were burned, the camps dismantled and the enemies corpses taken out of their graves and burned. In the following years, surfaced records of successive masking operations in the region. Of the
Brazilian military regime, Ernesto Geisel was the only president to officially talk about it, in a
727:
operation, which also used the same methods of guerrilla warfare, as for example the gradual infiltration among the civilian population of specially trained, supported and monitored agents, who had the same overall appearance of the local population- which was, at the same time, submitted to tight
786:
When democracy was being restored, in 1982, family members of 22 of the disappeared persons brought proceedings in the
Federal Court of Rio de Janeiro, asking for the whereabouts of the disappeared persons to be established and their remains located so that they could be given a decent burial and
755:- In early 1975, with the guerrilla already wiped, the military began a concealment operation of all the facts happened in Araguaia, in the face of absolute secrecy determined by government policy of the then new president General
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
626:
from 1972, when several of its members had already been established in the region for at least six years. The stage of combat operations between the guerrillas and the Army took place in the border of the states of
705:
units, which were therefore excused from further operations. However, this conventional operation already set a hallmark for the entire campaign in that it was waged in brutal fashion. Three areas were bombed with
798:, which decided to declare the Araguaia guerrilla case admissible with regard to alleged violations of the American Declaration and the American Convention. On May 20–21, 2010, the case was heard at the
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message to
Congress on March 15, 1975, which said that there were attempts to organize "guerrilla bases on unprotected and far inland territories", and that they had been all "completely defeated".
66:
759:. The operation's goal was to erase the traces of the struggle, including the enemies' corpses left behind, buried in the jungle. About 60 guerrillas had been killed, after captured.
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decided, by a vote of 7 to 2, to uphold the 1979 Amnesty law, which prevents the trial of those accused of extrajudicial killings and torture during the military regime.
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The military intervention by the then military dictatorship to eliminate the guerrillas focus in the region, "the
Araguaia guerrilla" can be divided into 4 phases:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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The Serra dos Martírios (Martyrs' Range) where the guerrillas made their base was renamed the Serra das Andorinhas (Swallows Range) after the
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helicopter of the Brazilian Air Force on mission in Araguaia. This aircraft model was widely used in attack and transport missions.
738:- Oct. 1973/Oct. 1974 - In this phase, with the information gathered during Operation Anaconda, about 400 operators specialized in
639:. The movement's name came from the fact that its fighters were established on the banks of the Araguaia river, near the towns of
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Pedro Correa Cabral, Captain, Ret., quoted by Renata Furtado de Barros & Paula Maria Tecles Lara, eds.,
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was left to the PCdoB to be the only political organization that actually tried to build up such a focus.
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by using its Amnesty law as a pretext for not punishing human rights violators of the military regime.
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Suzeley Kalil Mathias; Fabiana de Oliveira Andrade, "O Serviço de Informações e a cultura do segredo".
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A lei da selva: estratégias, imaginário e discurso dos militares sobre a guerrilha do Araguaia
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was composed of about 80 guerrillas. Of these, fewer than twenty survived - among them
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JUSTIÇA E DEMOCRACIA: as novas perspectivas da hermenêutica constitucional.
1026:"A pesquisa científica e a gestão ambiental no Parque Martírios-Andorinhas"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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802:. On December 14, 2010, the Court ruled that Brazil has broken the
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826:" ("The Dictatorship Revealed - 'Armed illusions, Volume II' ")
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1068:. Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0- 19-503898-3 , page 123
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by the military- something confirmed in a 2013 report by the
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Dossiê dos Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos a partir de 1964
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Soldiers from the Brazilian Army in the Marajoara Operation
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a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
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Gaspari, 2002. Pages 415, 417, 422, 433, 436 and 445.
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Operação Araguaia: os arquivos secretos da guerrilha
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651:, at a region popularly known as Bico do Papagaio (
647:, in northern Goiás (currently located in northern
1229:"Brazil Court upholds law that protects torturers"
824:A Ditadura Escancarada; As Ilusões Armadas Vol. II
794:On March 6, 2001, the plaintiffs appealed to the
679:
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1066:The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964-85
614:First Army troops to arrive in Araguaia, 1972.
546:) was an armed movement in Brazil against its
98:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
1024:Silva, Regina Oliveira da (May–August 2009),
1159:, V.28, no. 48, December 2012. Available at
908:Guerilas made in Albania historia e Arafatit
728:control of their movements and whereabouts.
1352:Inter-American Court of Human Rights cases
1033:Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Hum.
1256:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
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968:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
887:Serra dos Martírios/Andorinhas State Park
796:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
216:Guerrillas failed to gain popular support
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213:Successful counter-insurgency operation
175:1966-1975 (Main phase: 1972–1974)
110:{{Translated|pt|Guerrilha do Araguaia}}
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1117:. São Paulo: Geração Editorial, 2006,
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550:, active between 1967 and 1974 in the
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570:(PCB), which aimed at establishing a
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885:ended. Today it is protected by the
848:Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil
800:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
720:Operação Sucuri (Operation Anaconda)
698:Operação Papagaio (Operation Parrot)
582:, which had been in power since the
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804:American Convention on Human Rights
622:The guerrilla was countered by the
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983:, São Paulo: UNESP, 1993, page 232
981:O fantasma da revolução brasileira
957:"Araguaia guerrilla movement case"
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1006:: Geração Editorial, 2005. 656p.
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1175:. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Publishing,
998:MORAIS, Tais and SILVA, Eumano.
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1162:. Retrieved September 17, 2014
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680:Summary of military operations
108:You may also add the template
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247:Brazilian military government
219:Guerrilla forces exterminated
1137:. Retrieved October 11, 2014
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27:Brazilian guerrilla movement
7:
1357:Far-left politics in Brazil
1252:The Araguaia guerrilla case
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1337:Military history of Brazil
858:Military history of Brazil
72:Machine translation, like
1102:Politics of Military Rule
712:National Truth Commission
666:, later president of the
658:It is estimated that the
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568:Brazilian Communist Party
560:Communist Party of Brazil
554:basin. It was founded by
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439:João Carlos Haas Sobrinho
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282:Communist Party of Brazil
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49:the corresponding article
1183:, Volume II, pages 68/69
478:Osvaldo Orlando da Costa
314:Emílio Garrastazu Médici
1342:Maoism in South America
596:Chinese Communist Party
574:from whence to wage a "
525:90+ dead or disappeared
336:Milton Tavares de Souza
119:For more guidance, see
863:Operation Independence
830:Cia das Letras, 2002.
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1233:Amnesty International
962:June 7, 2011, at the
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148:Brazilian coup d'état
121:Knowledge:Translation
92:copyright attribution
18:Guerrilha do Araguaia
1332:Rebellions in Brazil
1327:Communist rebellions
1064:Thomas E. Skidmore,
905:Molla, Ylli (2016).
562:(PC do B), the then
1347:Communism in Brazil
752:Cleansing Operation
735:Operation Marajoara
566:counterpart to the
548:military government
507:5,000 Army soldiers
260:Brazilian Air Force
1362:Cold War conflicts
979:Marcelo Ridenti ,
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780:Bell UH-1 Iroquois
744:counter-insurgency
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207:Government victory
193:State of Tocantins
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1317:Conflicts in 1975
1312:Conflicts in 1974
1307:Conflicts in 1973
1302:Conflicts in 1972
1297:Conflicts in 1971
1292:Conflicts in 1970
1287:Conflicts in 1969
1282:Conflicts in 1968
1277:Conflicts in 1967
1272:Conflicts in 1966
1235:, April 30, 2010.
1206:, April 80, 2010.
1181:978-1-300-49658-8
1035:(in Portuguese),
918:978-9928-219-00-8
809:On April 29, the
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