1000:"Through their collective experience, the pursuit of justice has appeared increasingly quixotic to the members of Peaceful Tomorrows, and they have lost confidence in the fairness and integrity of the Proceedings. As the twentieth anniversary of the September 11th attacks approaches, the members of Peaceful Tomorrows fear that the 9/11 Proceedings will never offer the justice they seek – namely, a fair trial that applies the rule of law to both sides and brings the defendants to justice. They also fear that the subjugation of the defendants' rights will result in a broader erosion of rights and undermine the historical legitimacy of the 9/11 Proceedings themselves."
993:
prosecutors; prosecutors from the
Nuremberg trials following World War II; academics; Members of Congress; human rights organizations; and others. There has been outrage directed at the United States' usage of military commissions to try Guantanamo Bay detainees by the international community. Criticisms include that the militaries control of the trials has led to unfair results and procedures. The military tribunals secrecy, lack of habeas corpus, and overarching military control has led to criticisms against the US's usage of them.
2572:
22:
2582:
776:
which substantially limits public access to information about proceedings." A sampling of over 11,000 filings from a six-month period in 2018 showed that, save for unofficial court transcripts from open hearing, filings were not posted until "almost four months to more than five months past DOD's timeliness standard."
784:
Defense
Department officials told GAO that "unlike most—if not all—federal criminal trials or courts-martial, commissions' court documents and proceedings regularly involve an unprecedented amount of classified information that cannot be shared with the public. For example, DOD officials told us that
129:
Of the 779 men detained at
Guantanamo at some point since the prison opened on January 11, 2002, only 32 have been charged by military commissions. Charges were dismissed in 12 of those cases, and stayed in another. The U.S. government has procured eight convictions total, six of which were achieved
775:
By regulation, the
Defense Department is supposed to post court documents on the Office of Military Commissions website generally no later than 15 business days after they have been filed in court. However, GAO found that "DOD has generally not met this standard for the timely posting of documents,
979:
and other indirect evidence is not explicitly prohibited in the statute, which adds flexibility to the proceedings due to the different legal traditions of the judges or of the applied law. But it has been argued the court is guided by hearsay exceptions which are prominent in common law systems,
95:
On
November 13, 2001, President Bush issued a military order governing the "Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism". The order effectively established the military commissions at Guantanamo Bay, which began in 2004 with charges against four Guantanamo
956:
and not mere military officers. Additionally, the ICC statute requires the judges to be of a high level of competence in criminal law and the necessary relevant experience; or have established competence in relevant areas of international law such as international humanitarian law and the law of
766:
GAO noted that "victims and their family members are located throughout the world or are concentrated in areas of the United States that are a significant distance from one of these five locations." Moreover, some victims and family members reported that they or their relatives have been denied
757:
Travel to
Guantanamo is onerous, and logistics once there are difficult. The military commissions courtroom gallery limits attendance to 52 seats. Moreover, GAO notes that "while selected victims and family members and non-government stakeholders are able to view proceedings in-person the vast
146:
reported that "General
Martins submitted his retirement papers ... after repeatedly butting heads with Biden administration lawyers over positions his office had taken on the applicable international law and the Convention Against Torture at the Guantánamo court, according to senior government
960:
Trials are supposed to be public, but proceedings are often closed, and such exceptions to a public trial have not been enumerated in detail. Nonetheless, the ICC statute explicitly states that the principle is a public trial, and exceptions could be entertained by the judges if they provide
748:
In practice, there are significant limitations associated with most of these access methods. Through the Fiscal Year 2018 National
Defense Authorization Act, Congress required the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to study the feasibility and advisability of expanding access to military
992:
Many observers and stakeholders have expressed the view that the military commissions have failed. These observers and stakeholders include former senior U.S. government officials and military officers; families of victims of the 9/11 attacks; former military commission prosecutors; federal
785:
a substantial amount of evidence used in the commissions' proceedings relates to partially-classified activities conducted by intelligence agencies outside the department—such as the
Central Intelligence Agency's former Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation Program."
121:(GAO), from fiscal years 2012 to 2018 the Department of Defense spent $ 679.6 million on the military commissions. Defense Department officials told GAO that the department plans to spend almost $ 1 billion more from fiscal year 2019 through at least fiscal year 2023.
109:(MCA). Congress significantly amended the MCA in 2009. In 2019, exercising authority granted to him under the MCA, the Secretary of Defense published an updated Manual for Military Commissions, which sets forth the current procedures that govern the commissions.
62:, the United States first used military commissions to try enemy belligerents accused of war crimes during the occupation in Mexico in 1847, made use of them in the Civil War and in the Philippine Insurrection, and then again in the aftermath of World War II. In
1083:"Ex parte QUIRIN. Ex parte HAUPT. Ex parte KERLING. Ex parte BURGER. Ex parte HEINCK. Ex parte THIEL. Ex parte NEUBAUER. UNITED STATES ex rel. QUIRIN v. COX, Brig. Gen., U.S.A., Provost Marshal of the Military District of Washington, and 6 other cases."
996:
In an amicus brief filed with the U.S. Supreme Court on August 20, 2021, September 11 Families for
Peaceful Tomorrows – an organization of more than 250 family members of those killed in the attacks of September 11, 2001 – wrote the following:
1733:"Letter to President Joseph R Biden from 24 Members of the U.S. Senate re: closing the detention facility at U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (April 16, 2021) (noting the "thoroughly failed and discredited military commission process)"
2618:
37:. To date, there have been a total of eight convictions in the military commissions, six through plea agreements. Several of the eight convictions have been overturned in whole or in part on appeal by U.S. federal courts.
801:
The United States has two parallel justice systems, with laws, statutes, precedents, rules of evidence, and paths for appeal. Under these justice systems, prisoners have certain rights. They have a right to know the
2611:
2666:
105:), determining that the commissions violated both the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the 1949 Geneva Conventions. In response, and in order to permit the commissions to go forward, Congress passed the
2604:
227:
Alleged to have planned, organized, and directed the October 6, 2002 attack against the French supertanker MV Limburg, killing one, injuring 12, and spilling 90,000 barrels of oil into Gulf.
3136:
1961:
1554:
328:
At age 15, alleged to have thrown a grenade – during a July 2002 U.S. military raid on a suspected al Qaeda compound in Afghanistan – that resulted in the death of a U.S. soldier.
1217:"Military Courts: DOD Should Assess the Tradeoffs Associated With Expanding Public Access to and Information About Terrorism Trials, Government Accountability Office (Feb. 2019)"
307:
Convictions for solicitation and material support for terrorism vacated and conviction for conspiracy sustained on plain error review by D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2016.
1604:
844:
Unlike civilian courts, only two-thirds of the jury needs to agree in order to convict someone under the military commission rules. This includes charges such as supporting
731:
The Department of Defense currently facilitates public access to the military commissions, and to information about military commission proceedings, in the following ways:
1971:
1009:
225:
Alleged to have planned, organized, and directed the October 12, 2000 attack against the USS Cole while in port in Aden, Yemen, killing 17 sailors and injuring many more.
92:. For the next fifty years, however, the U.S. relied on its established federal court and military justice systems to prosecute alleged war crimes and terrorism offenses.
2686:
1749:
249:
Alleged to have been an organizer and senior leader of al Qaeda and liaison to the Taliban., and to have participated to varying degrees in attacks against U.S. forces.
2651:
1509:
1270:
284:
Alleged to have played various roles in the bombing of nightclubs in Bali, Indonesia in 2002 and the bombing of a J.W. Marriott hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2003.
1167:
788:
Consistent with GAO's findings, on August 4, 2021, 75 Members of Congress wrote to President Biden urging greater transparency in the military commissions process.
969:
proceedings are allowed for protection of witnesses or defendants as well as for confidential or sensitive evidence. However, the statute states that this is an
1555:"Brief for Amicus Curiae September 11th Families for Peaceful Tomorrows in Support of Respondents at 27, U.S. v. Zubaydah, No. 20-827 (Sup. Ct., Aug. 20, 2021)"
1630:
3042:
528:
Charges subsequently dismissed by Convening Authority in light of Hamdan v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2012) and Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2014).
204:
Varying levels of direct and indirect involvement in planning, funding, and otherwise facilitating the September 11, 2001 attacks that killed 2,997 people.
2261:
3047:
982:
hearsay exceptions generally recognized by some national legal systems, as well as the truthfulness, voluntariness and trustworthiness of the evidence."
860:
142:
On July 9, 2021, Brig. Gen. Mark Martins – the chief prosecutor for the military commissions since March 2009 – announced his retirement. That same day,
1732:
139:—the prosecution of the detainees alleged to be most responsible for the September 11, 2001, attacks. None of those five cases has yet gone to trial.
44:—the prosecution of the detainees alleged to be most responsible for the September 11, 2001, attacks. None of those five cases has yet gone to trial.
3151:
3146:
980:
similar to the military commissions. Nonetheless, established rules of international law provides that admissibility of such evidence by guided by "
891:
The accused are not permitted a free choice of attorneys, as they can use only military lawyers or those civilian attorneys eligible for the Secret
3007:
973:
to the principle of public hearings which the court applies in particular to victims of sexual violence and children who are victims or witnesses.
2266:
135:
1116:"Military Courts: DOD Should Assess the Tradeoffs Associated With Expanding Public Access to and Information About Terrorism Trials (Feb. 2019)"
1099:"Presidential Military Order pertaining to Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism (Nov. 13, 2001)"
1049:"Presidential Military Order pertaining to Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism (Nov. 13, 2001)"
3131:
2646:
1380:
2728:
1234:
2470:
2297:
2251:
2500:
888:
The proceedings may be closed at the discretion of the Presiding Officer, so that secret information may be discussed by the commission.
767:
access to certain of the sites because, "according to DOD, they did not meet the department's definition of a victim or family member."
357:
Alleged to have served as a driver, logistician, and cook for Osama bin Laden and the residents of an al-Qaeda compound in Afghanistan.
2661:
2005:
1014:
952:, may reach a decision, which must include a full and reasoned statement. However, and unlike the U.S. Military Commission, those are
1510:
https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law_national_security/ABAMilitaryCommissionsWorkshopFINAL.authcheckdam.pdf
336:
Sued the Canadian government for violating his constitutional rights, and obtained an apology and a multimillion-dollar settlement.
1571:
2523:
2000:
1932:
1029:
840:
The Guantanamo military trials under the 2006 MCA do not operate according to either system of justice. The differences include:
73:
53:
3141:
3121:
1663:
957:
human rights and extensive experience in a professional legal capacity which is of relevance to the judicial work of the Court.
2744:
2534:
2415:
1410:
1325:
1823:
1133:
3078:
2681:
2389:
1358:
1303:
1183:
1067:"Comparison of Rights in Military Commission Trials and Trials in Federal Criminal Court, Congressional Research Service"
1274:
2656:
2246:
1957:
1706:
911:
749:
commissions proceeding that are open to the public. GAO published its report in February, 2019. Its findings included:
507:
Conviction vacated by the Court of Military commission Review pursuant to Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2014).
299:
Alleged to have received military training in Afghanistan and to have acted as a "media secretary" for Osama bin Laden
3126:
2819:
2749:
2713:
2596:
2465:
2149:
1490:
1253:
3037:
2440:
2384:
2379:
2332:
2317:
2302:
1019:
830:
544:
Transferred to Afghanistan after federal court granted his petition for habeas corpus during pretrial proceedings.
130:
through plea agreements. U.S. federal courts have overturned several of the eight convictions in whole or in part.
118:
106:
2256:
2010:
1681:
2754:
2445:
2399:
2337:
2204:
926:
59:
2804:
2671:
2636:
2480:
2123:
1892:
929:
prohibits trying non-military personnel in military tribunals. The United States has also never ratified the
741:
providing five sites in the United States to view proceedings remotely via closed circuit television (CCTV);
2860:
2850:
2455:
2347:
1866:"How Torture and National Security Have Corrupted the Right to Fair Trial in the 9/11 Military Commissions"
941:
930:
2814:
2701:
2515:
2394:
2159:
1925:
1024:
69:
1537:
2971:
2460:
2292:
2234:
1402:
882:
1631:"Opinion | 20 years after the attacks, the accused of 9/11 must finally be tried — in civilian courts"
2966:
2327:
2276:
2169:
3064:
744:
making information such as court documents available on the Office of Military Commissions' website.
40:
There are five cases currently ongoing in the commissions and another two pending appeal, including
33:
through a military order on November 13, 2001, to try certain non-citizen terrorism suspects at the
2991:
2976:
2835:
2676:
2547:
2271:
917:
said in March 2002 that an acquittal on all charges by the commission is no guarantee of a release.
863:
are authorized to consider secret evidence which the accused have no opportunity to see or refute.
133:
There are five cases currently ongoing in the commissions—and another two pending appeal—including
2933:
2475:
1232:
559:
Transferred to Kuwait after federal court granted his petition for habeas corpus prior to trial.
219:
3099:
3092:
3027:
2928:
2895:
2794:
2575:
2510:
2430:
1977:
1918:
874:
268:
170:
1776:
1480:
1396:
933:
statute, and withdrew its original signature of accession when it feared repercussions of the
365:
Petition for writ of mandamus in support of al Qosi's appeal rights filed on January 4, 2013.
360:
Petition for writ of mandamus in support of al Qosi's appeal rights filed on January 4, 2013.
3071:
2961:
2918:
2809:
2585:
2505:
2342:
1351:
1296:
416:
34:
2953:
2845:
2799:
2774:
2322:
2179:
2128:
1952:
465:
Convicted of one count of conspiracy and sentenced to life imprisonment in federal prison.
243:
176:
8:
3085:
2923:
2890:
2870:
2855:
2557:
1865:
1098:
1048:
3032:
2691:
2552:
2528:
2485:
2103:
2098:
2024:
1804:
1431:
907:
899:
892:
807:
276:
190:
183:
101:
89:
2626:
1329:
1082:
866:
It may be possible for the commission to consider evidence that was extracted through
2541:
2490:
2174:
2015:
1897:
1843:
1808:
1796:
1638:
1579:
1524:
1486:
1406:
1175:
1141:
2189:
2184:
1887:
1877:
1835:
1788:
903:
877:. Legally, the commission is restricted from considering any evidence extracted by
849:
811:
197:
85:
1605:"Op-Ed: Morris Davis: Here's why I resigned as the chief prosecutor at Guantanamo"
2943:
2880:
2450:
2194:
2093:
2088:
2083:
1238:
914:
826:
346:
64:
1792:
2938:
2875:
2718:
2113:
2050:
2040:
837:
are entitled to the same basic rights as those in the civilian justice system.
815:
803:
261:
30:
3115:
3022:
3017:
2986:
2784:
2723:
2628:
2425:
2373:
2307:
2209:
2045:
1941:
1901:
1847:
1800:
1642:
1583:
1179:
1145:
949:
870:
834:
293:
1216:
1115:
1066:
833:(UCMJ) for people under military jurisdiction. People undergoing a military
735:
communicating directly with victims and their family members about hearings;
699:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on December 19, 2008.
2913:
2840:
2769:
2420:
2108:
1882:
684:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 28, 2013.
671:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 28, 2013.
656:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 18, 2013.
607:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on December 3, 2009.
77:
1839:
1482:
Justice and the Enemy: From the Nuremberg Trials to Khaled Sheikh Mohammed
717:
Charges stayed indefinitely by the Appointing Authority on June 10, 2006.
462:
Prosecution transferred to federal court (Southern District of New York).
2981:
2865:
2367:
2118:
2055:
859:
The accused are not allowed access to all the evidence against them. The
625:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on March 1, 2012.
21:
3012:
2885:
2759:
2704:
2164:
2154:
589:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on June 7, 2011.
574:
Transferred to England after charges dismissed by Convening Authority.
460:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on May 29, 2009.
442:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on May 20, 2009.
407:
Pled guilty. Findings and sentence approved by the Convening Authority
317:
310:
Petition for certoriari filed in the Supreme Court on August 24, 2021.
99:
In 2006, the US Supreme Court struck down the military commissions (in
738:
enabling selected members of the public to view proceedings in-person;
965:
845:
822:
643:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority June 29, 2012.
2764:
2495:
2435:
2312:
2144:
2060:
2035:
1967:
1134:"Chief Guantánamo Prosecutor Retiring Before Sept. 11 Trial Begins"
934:
867:
207:
were referred to the Capital Military Commission on April 4, 2012.
1572:"Opinion | I was a prosecutor at Guantánamo. Close the prison now"
29:
The Guantanamo military commissions were established by President
25:
Court room where initial Guantanamo military commissions convened.
2905:
2199:
976:
878:
231:
referred to a Capital Military Commission on September 28, 2011.
76:
over eight German saboteurs captured in the United States during
1910:
791:
486:
Conviction vacated by Hamdan v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2012).
853:
427:
Pled guilty. Transferred to Belize after serving his sentence.
1707:"It's Time to Admit That the Military Commissions Have Failed"
806:
against them; they have a right to protect themselves against
1289:
252:
referred to non-capital Military Commission on June 2, 2014.
2542:
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
1010:
List of resignations from the Guantanamo military commission
3137:
Guantanamo Bay captives legal and administrative procedures
2030:
2020:
814:; and they have a right to have the witnesses against them
758:
majority of the general public cannot, due to DOD policy."
1436:
902:(a certain category of people who are not classified as
409:
Transferred to Saudi Arabia per a pretrial agreement.
375:
1750:"How to Close Guantanamo and End Indefinite Detention"
1460:
1448:
829:, and a slightly streamlined justice system named the
368:
Appeal dismissed by D.C. Circuit on October 27, 2020.
339:
On appeal in the Court of Military Commission Review.
2667:
Former captives alleged to have (re)joined insurgency
2627:
Controversies surrounding people captured during the
1344:
770:
504:
Transferred to Australia after serving his sentence.
1682:"Nuremberg prosecutor says Guantanamo trials unfair"
3048:
Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture
1664:"Statement of Benjamin R. Ferencz (April 15, 2017)"
1398:
An Introduction to the International Criminal Court
1273:. The Center for Victims of Torture. Archived from
150:
1893:20.500.11820/20e01d2e-a9a2-4594-87b6-de9b722f4289
1168:"Tortured Guantánamo Detainee Is Freed in Belize"
525:Transferred to Sudan after serving his sentence.
483:Transferred to Yemen after serving his sentence.
3113:
1432:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1263:
796:
136:United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al.
84:has been cited as a precedent for the trial by
42:United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al.
124:
2612:
1926:
792:Comparisons to U.S. and international systems
481:Convicted of Material Support for Terrorism.
1863:
726:
2501:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
1828:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
948:A majority of the three judges present, as
147:officials with knowledge of the disputes."
2619:
2605:
1933:
1919:
1015:Boycott of Guantanamo Military Commissions
287:Charges referred (Zubon January 21, 2021.
254:The case remains in pretrial proceedings.
1891:
1881:
1774:
1478:
1271:"FAQs about the Military Commissions Act"
1165:
1131:
821:The two parallel justice systems are the
3152:Courts and tribunals established in 2001
3147:2001 establishments in the United States
2298:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
1824:"Guantanamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole 1"
1297:"Military Commission Instruction No. 10"
940:Much like the military commissions, the
209:The case remains in pre-trial hearings.
20:
2006:Operation Enduring Freedom participants
1777:"Human Rights Issues in Guantanamo Bay"
1466:
1454:
1442:
1394:
1254:Sean Flynn, "The Defense Will Not Rest"
1030:United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
627:Transferred to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
233:The case remains in pre-trial hearings
54:Military tribunals in the United States
3114:
3043:Senate Armed Services Committee Report
1679:
1549:
1547:
1373:
1352:"Trial Guide for Military Commissions"
3132:Counterterrorism in the United States
2600:
2535:Targeted Killing in International Law
2416:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
1914:
1821:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1390:
1388:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1166:Rosenberg, Carol (February 2, 2023).
376:Closed, inactive, and dismissed cases
2581:
1870:Journal of Conflict and Security Law
1775:Schneider, Daniella (October 2004).
752:
1544:
1359:United States Department of Defense
1304:United States Department of Defense
898:Because the accused are charged as
362:Pled guilty to all counts in 2010.
333:Pled guilty to all counts in 2010.
13:
2729:Destruction of interrogation tapes
1857:
1419:
1385:
1198:
771:Timeliness of publishing documents
455:serving sentence in federal prison
14:
3163:
2714:Enhanced interrogation techniques
2466:Enhanced interrogation techniques
2262:Georgia Sustainment and Stability
2150:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
1940:
1132:Rosenberg, Carol (July 9, 2021).
1064:
944:(ICC) trial procedures call for:
873:techniques before passage of the
761:
304:Convicted of all counts in 2008.
3038:Military Commissions Act of 2006
2580:
2571:
2570:
2441:Combatant Status Review Tribunal
2390:President's Surveillance Program
2385:Military Commissions Act of 2009
2380:Military Commissions Act of 2006
2333:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2308:Moro conflict in the Philippines
2303:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
1020:Combatant Status Review Tribunal
921:
831:Uniform Code of Military Justice
151:Active cases and pending appeals
119:Government Accountability Office
107:Military Commissions Act of 2006
2805:2008 Sarposa Prison mass escape
2257:Georgia Train and Equip Program
1815:
1768:
1742:
1725:
1699:
1673:
1656:
1623:
1597:
1564:
1499:
1472:
1318:
1247:
302:referred on February 26, 2008.
117:According to the United States
3001:Reports and legal developments
2755:Canadian Afghan detainee issue
2446:Criticism of the war on terror
2400:Terrorist Surveillance Program
2205:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
1958:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)
1680:Sutton, Jane (June 11, 2007).
1485:. PublicAffairs. p. 120.
1226:
1159:
1125:
1108:
1091:
1076:
1058:
1041:
927:International human rights law
60:Congressional Research Service
1:
3142:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
3122:United States military courts
2662:Boycott of military tribunals
2657:Quran desecration controversy
2481:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
2124:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq
1822:Steyn, Johan (January 2004).
1035:
987:
797:United States justice systems
673:Transferred to Saudi Arabia.
72:upheld the jurisdiction of a
3079:Standard Operating Procedure
2456:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
2348:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
1864:McCall-Smith, Kasey (2022).
1395:Schabas, William A. (2011).
942:International Criminal Court
931:International Criminal Court
701:Transferred to Afghanistan.
609:Transferred to Afghanistan.
591:Transferred to Afghanistan.
444:Transferred to Afghanistan.
331:referred on April 24, 2007.
236:No trial has been date set.
212:No trial has been date set.
7:
2524:State Sponsors of Terrorism
2395:Protect America Act of 2007
1793:10.1350/jcla.68.5.423.43228
1781:The Journal of Criminal Law
1479:Shawcross, William (2012).
1025:Administrative Review Board
1003:
523:Pled guilty to all counts.
502:Pled guilty to all counts.
125:Commission cases and status
70:United States Supreme Court
10:
3168:
2972:Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman
2461:Killing of Osama bin Laden
2338:War in Somalia (2006–2009)
2293:Operation Active Endeavour
1403:Cambridge University Press
779:
51:
47:
3056:
3000:
2967:Abdu Ali al Haji Sharqawi
2952:
2904:
2828:
2783:
2738:Prison and detainee abuse
2737:
2700:
2635:
2566:
2408:
2360:
2328:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
2285:
2277:Drone strikes in Pakistan
2233:
2226:
2170:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
2137:
2076:
2069:
1993:
1986:
1948:
727:Public access limitations
68:, 317 U.S. 1 (1942), the
3127:Guantanamo Bay attorneys
2992:Hiwa Abdul Rahman Rashul
2548:Unitary executive theory
1088:Retrieved April 7, 2023.
112:
2934:Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri
2652:Human rights violations
2476:Extraordinary rendition
2471:Extrajudicial prisoners
645:Transferred to Kuwait.
220:Abd al Rahim al Nashiri
16:U.S. military tribunals
3065:The Road to Guantánamo
3028:Detainee Treatment Act
2929:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
2896:Dasht-i-Leili massacre
2795:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi
2511:Operation Eagle Assist
2431:Clash of Civilizations
1978:Symbolism of terrorism
1430:Article 67.1 and 68.2
1326:"rcfp.org Feb 28 2004"
1237:March 3, 2016, at the
875:Detainee Treatment Act
451:Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani
269:Mohammed Nazir Bin Lep
171:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
26:
3072:Taxi to the Dark Side
2962:Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi
2954:Forced disappearances
2919:Mohamedou Ould Salahi
2810:Basra prison incident
2506:Operation Noble Eagle
2343:2007 Lebanon conflict
961:sufficient grounding.
883:Department of Defense
719:Transferred to Oman.
323:Repatriated to Canada
35:Guantanamo Bay prison
24:
2800:Battle of Abu Ghraib
2775:James Elmer Mitchell
2682:Homicide accusations
2323:Operation Linda Nchi
2267:OEF – Horn of Africa
2180:Islamic Courts Union
2129:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
1953:September 11 attacks
1883:10.1093/jcsl/krac002
1756:. September 11, 2020
1277:on December 22, 2007
912:Secretary of Defense
881:, as defined by the
352:Repatriated to Sudan
244:Abd al-Hadi al-Iraqi
58:As explained by the
3086:Torturing Democracy
2924:Mohammed al-Qahtani
2856:Abed Hamed Mowhoush
1840:10.1093/iclq/53.1.1
1507:www.americanbar.org
1445:, pp. 303–304.
1379:US Dept. of State:
1186:on February 2, 2023
1085:Cornell Law School.
900:unlawful combatants
385:
90:unlawful combatants
86:military commission
3033:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
2692:Seton Hall reports
2687:Juvenile prisoners
2553:Unlawful combatant
2486:Iranian Revolution
2272:OEF – Trans Sahara
2247:War in Afghanistan
2104:Jalaluddin Haqqani
2099:Sirajuddin Haqqani
2025:Iraqi Armed Forces
1172:The New York Times
1138:The New York Times
908:Geneva Conventions
893:security clearance
861:Presiding Officers
808:self-incrimination
384:
277:Mohamad Farik Amin
191:Mustafa al-Hawsawi
184:Ali Abdul Aziz Ali
144:The New York Times
102:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
27:
3109:
3108:
2861:Manadel al-Jamadi
2829:Deaths in custody
2594:
2593:
2491:Islamic terrorism
2356:
2355:
2252:OEF – Philippines
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2175:Hizbul Mujahideen
2016:Northern Alliance
1611:. October 4, 2017
1609:Los Angeles Times
1532:Missing or empty
1412:978-0-521-15195-5
1361:. August 17, 2004
1260:August 2007, p. 1
1065:Elsea, Jennifer.
753:In-person viewing
724:
723:
662:Jabran al Qahtani
652:Ghassan al Sharbi
373:
372:
264:, a/k/a "Hambali"
177:Walid Bin 'Attash
74:military tribunal
3159:
2785:Prison uprisings
2647:Suicide attempts
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2529:Targeted killing
2318:Iraqi insurgency
2238:Enduring Freedom
2231:
2230:
2190:Jemaah Islamiyah
2185:Jaish-e-Mohammed
2074:
2073:
1991:
1990:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1852:
1851:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1713:. April 16, 2019
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:on June 12, 2010
1328:. Archived from
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1306:. March 24, 2006
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1182:. Archived from
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1045:
904:prisoners of war
850:attempted murder
812:right to counsel
680:Sufyian Barhoumi
386:
383:
279:, a/k/a "Zubair"
271:, a/k/a "Lillie"
198:Ramzi Binalshibh
155:
154:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3093:Enemy Combatant
3052:
2996:
2948:
2944:Khalid El-Masri
2900:
2881:Muhammad Zaidan
2824:
2786:
2779:
2733:
2719:Ghost detainees
2696:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2595:
2590:
2562:
2451:CIA black sites
2404:
2352:
2281:
2236:
2214:
2195:Lashkar-e-Taiba
2133:
2094:Anwar al-Awlaki
2089:Hamza bin Laden
2084:Osama bin Laden
2065:
1982:
1944:
1939:
1860:
1858:Further reading
1855:
1820:
1816:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
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1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1635:Washington Post
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1576:Washington Post
1570:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1512:
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1500:
1493:
1477:
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1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1420:
1413:
1405:. p. 312.
1393:
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1335:
1333:
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1309:
1307:
1299:
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1294:
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1278:
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1268:
1264:
1252:
1248:
1239:Wayback Machine
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1164:
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1077:
1069:
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1042:
1038:
1006:
990:
924:
915:Donald Rumsfeld
827:U.S. Government
823:Judicial Branch
799:
794:
782:
773:
764:
755:
729:
634:Faiz al Kandari
565:Binyam Mohammed
433:Mohammed Hashim
378:
347:Ibrahim al Qosi
153:
127:
115:
65:Ex parte Quirin
56:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2941:
2939:Binyam Mohamed
2936:
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2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
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2876:Fashad Mohamed
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2815:Afghan escapes
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
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2716:
2710:
2708:
2698:
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2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Hunger strikes
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2639:detention camp
2637:Guantanamo Bay
2633:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2589:
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2578:
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2564:
2563:
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2560:
2555:
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2545:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:Situation Room
2513:
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2503:
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2488:
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2478:
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2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:Khalil Haqqani
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2051:European Union
2048:
2043:
2041:United Kingdom
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1955:
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1945:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1909:
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1906:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1814:
1787:(5): 423–439.
1767:
1741:
1724:
1698:
1672:
1655:
1622:
1596:
1563:
1543:
1498:
1491:
1471:
1469:, p. 312.
1459:
1457:, p. 304.
1447:
1435:
1418:
1411:
1384:
1372:
1343:
1317:
1288:
1262:
1246:
1225:
1197:
1158:
1124:
1107:
1090:
1075:
1057:
1039:
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1034:
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1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1002:
989:
986:
985:
984:
974:
962:
958:
950:triers of fact
923:
920:
919:
918:
896:
889:
886:
864:
857:
816:cross-examined
810:; they have a
798:
795:
793:
790:
781:
778:
772:
769:
763:
762:Remote viewing
760:
754:
751:
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728:
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715:
704:
703:
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685:
682:
676:
675:
669:
658:
657:
654:
648:
647:
641:
630:
629:
623:
616:Tarek El Sawah
612:
611:
605:
598:Mohammed Kamin
594:
593:
587:
576:
575:
572:
561:
560:
557:
550:Fouad al Rabia
546:
545:
542:
535:Mohammed Jawad
531:
530:
521:
510:
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489:
488:
479:
468:
467:
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411:
405:
398:Ahmed al Darbi
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262:Encep Nurjaman
257:
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202:
166:
165:
162:
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126:
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52:Main article:
49:
46:
31:George W. Bush
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3164:
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3148:
3145:
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3140:
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3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:Related media
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Church Report
3021:
3019:
3018:Taguba Report
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Musaad Aruchi
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Tariq Mahmood
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
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2849:
2847:
2844:
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2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2820:Iraqi escapes
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
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2792:
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2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
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2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Waterboarding
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Force feeding
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2629:War on Terror
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2587:
2579:
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2569:
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2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Bush Doctrine
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:Torture Memos
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2346:
2344:
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2339:
2336:
2334:
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2250:
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2245:
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2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2211:
2210:Islamic State
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
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2158:
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2148:
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2143:
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2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
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2087:
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2081:
2079:
2075:
2072:
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2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:United States
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:(2003–2011) (
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:War on terror
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
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3008:Ryder Report
2914:Abu Zubaydah
2841:Jamal Nasser
2770:Bruce Jessen
2540:
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2421:Axis of evil
2237:
2109:Anas Haqqani
1987:Participants
1873:
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1784:
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1760:September 9,
1758:. Retrieved
1753:
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1717:September 9,
1715:. Retrieved
1710:
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1691:September 9,
1689:. Retrieved
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1648:September 9,
1646:. Retrieved
1634:
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1615:September 9,
1613:. Retrieved
1608:
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1589:September 9,
1587:. Retrieved
1575:
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1534:|title=
1515:September 9,
1513:. Retrieved
1506:
1501:
1481:
1474:
1467:Schabas 2011
1462:
1455:Schabas 2011
1450:
1443:Schabas 2011
1438:
1397:
1381:News Release
1375:
1365:December 17,
1363:. Retrieved
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:the original
1320:
1310:December 16,
1308:. Retrieved
1291:
1281:December 17,
1279:. Retrieved
1275:the original
1265:
1258:GQ Magazine,
1257:
1249:
1242:
1228:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:the original
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1151:September 8,
1149:. Retrieved
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472:Salim Hamdan
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392:Case status
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164:Case status
161:Allegations
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116:
100:
98:
94:
81:
78:World War II
63:
57:
41:
39:
28:
18:
2982:Hassan Ghul
2866:Nagem Hatab
2846:Abdul Wahid
2787:and escapes
2368:Patriot Act
2119:Hafiz Saeed
2077:Individuals
2056:Philippines
2011:Afghanistan
1994:Operational
1834:(1): 1–15.
1336:January 15,
1243:Calgary Sun
708:Abdul Zahir
694:repatriated
690:Abdul Ghani
666:repatriated
638:repatriated
620:repatriated
602:repatriated
584:repatriated
569:repatriated
554:repatriated
539:repatriated
518:repatriated
497:repatriated
493:David Hicks
476:repatriated
437:repatriated
422:repatriated
402:repatriated
96:detainees.
3116:Categories
3100:The Report
3013:Fay Report
2891:Abdul Wali
2886:Gul Rahman
2871:Baha Mousa
2851:Habibullah
2760:Black jail
2745:Abu Ghraib
2707:operations
2705:black site
2519:photograph
2165:Boko Haram
2160:Al-Shabaab
2155:Abu Sayyaf
1972:Withdrawal
1962:Withdrawal
1036:References
988:Criticisms
971:exception
906:under the
580:Obaidullah
417:Majid Khan
318:Omar Khadr
2235:Operation
2227:Conflicts
1902:1467-7954
1848:0020-5893
1809:145717026
1801:0022-0183
1643:0190-8286
1584:0190-8286
1180:0362-4331
1146:0362-4331
966:In camera
846:terrorism
712:resettled
2906:Tortured
2765:Salt Pit
2576:Category
2496:Islamism
2436:Cold War
2361:Policies
2313:Iraq War
2145:al-Qaeda
2138:Factions
2061:Ethiopia
2036:Pakistan
1968:Iraq War
1525:cite web
1235:Archived
1004:See also
935:Iraq War
910:), then
885:in 2006.
868:coercive
804:evidence
389:Accused
158:Accused
2836:Dilawar
2586:Commons
2409:Related
2200:Taliban
2070:Targets
1711:Lawfare
1686:Reuters
1190:May 12,
977:Hearsay
954:judges
879:torture
825:of the
780:Secrecy
48:History
2750:Bagram
2376:(2002)
2370:(2001)
1900:
1846:
1807:
1799:
1641:
1582:
1489:
1409:
1178:
1144:
854:murder
852:, and
82:Quirin
2286:Other
1805:S2CID
1736:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1070:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
113:Costs
2558:CAGE
2031:NATO
2021:Iraq
2001:ISAF
1898:ISSN
1844:ISSN
1797:ISSN
1762:2021
1719:2021
1693:2021
1650:2021
1639:ISSN
1617:2021
1591:2021
1580:ISSN
1538:help
1517:2021
1487:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1367:2007
1338:2010
1312:2007
1283:2007
1192:2023
1176:ISSN
1153:2021
1142:ISSN
2702:CIA
1888:hdl
1878:doi
1836:doi
1789:doi
88:of
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