20:
309:
came to demand homage from the dukes of the south. He returned Capua to
Pandulf and took Aversa and Melfi directly under his suzerainty. Finally, he deprived Guaimar of his title over Apulia and Calabria, bringing to an end that troublesome feudal oddity. The emperor also besieged Benevento, where
138:
accepted the invitation and traveled south in Spring 1038. He demanded hostages from
Pandulf. However, the hostages escaped and Capua was promptly besieged. Having taken that principality, he gave it to Guaimar (May), who asked for a title of nobility for his new Norman vassal. This was granted and
379:
Guy fled to the
Normans and soon the four conspirators were besieged in Salerno by a large Norman force and Guy's Sorrentine army. The assassins' families soon fell into their enemies' hands and they negotiated their release by releasing Gisulf, Guaimar's son and heir, to Guy. Guy accepted their
269:
and the republican model on which it was set up. The feudal grounding was not so good in law, however. Guaimar was only duke by acclamation of the men he appointed as vassals and it was by the authority of the ducal title that he installed them in Melfi. This would cause him trouble later.
380:
surrender soon after, promising not to harm them. The
Normans, however, who maintained they were not bound by Guy's oath, massacred the four brothers and thirty-six others, one for each stab wound found in Guaimar's body. Thus the Normans showed their loyalty to Guaimar even after his death.
357:
besought
Guaimar and Drogo to stop the Norman incursions on church lands. Soon Drogo was assassinated, probably by a Byzantine conspiracy. The next year, Guaimar too was assassinated in the harbour of his capital. The four assassins were the brothers of his wife Gemma. Guaimar's brother
383:
Guaimar's legacy includes his dominion, either by conquest or otherwise, over
Salerno, Amalfi, Gaeta, Naples, Sorrento, Apulia, Calabria, and Capua at one time or another. He was the last great Lombard prince of the south, but perhaps he is best known for his character, which the
341:, a cousin of Herman's, was then in a Melfitan prison for making war on Drogo. Guaimar soon procured his release and personally brought him to Aversa, where he was installed as regent, and later as count in his own right. Thus, Guaimar recaptured the allegiance of Aversa.
289:, but again was overridden. These quarrels led the once-loyal Aversa to return its allegiance to Pandulf, lately returned from exile in Constantinople. War with Pandulf continued from 1042 to 1047. Guaimar secured his own position, however, by recognising William's brother
23:
The
Principality of Salerno as it existed in Guaimar's time. Guaimar extended his suzerainty over the Duchy of Amalfi and Principality of Capua and also over all continental Southern Italy, while the Duchy of Naples was a vassal for some
545:
Cestui Gamérie estoit plus vaillant que le père et plus liberal et courtois à donner, liquel estoit aorné de toutes les vertus que home sécular doit avoir fors de tant que moult se délictoit de avoir moult de
447:
225:, which had been conquered by Pandulf in 1032. After October 1041, Guaimar ceases to appear in the acts of Gaeta and it seems he was replaced by a popular usurper related to the old dynasty,
261:. In this, Guaimar supported them and, in 1042, they elected William Iron Arm as count and sought the approval of Guaimar, whom they acclaimed, in full opposition to any Byzantine claims,
330:
personally traveled to
Salerno to meet with Guaimar and negotiate the return of Daufer. Daufer was returned with the promise that his choice of a monastic vocation would be respected.
281:
and the
Normans. Rainulf Drengot, who still held Aversa, originally from the Duke of Naples, died in 1045 and his county passed, against all protestation from Guaimar, to his nephew
67:, "more courageous than his father, more generous and more courteous; indeed he possessed all the qualities a layman should have—except that he took an excessive delight in women."
99:, nicknamed the "Wolf of the Abruzzi", and Guaimar of Salerno. Pandulf was captured and Guaimar submitted, sending the younger Guaimar as a hostage. The emperor remanded him to
557:
The identity of this duke is unknown, but he must have been the local ruler displaced by
Pandulf in 1034. He had previously repudiated his wife, Guaimar's sister-in-law.
87:. His elder half-brother, the son of Porpora of Tabellaria, John (III) reigned as co-prince from 1015. When he died in 1018, Guaimar was made co-prince. In 1022, the
388:
sums up this way: "...without once breaking a promise or betraying a trust. Up to the day he died his honour and good faith had never once been called in question."
333:
In 1048, Pandulf, once again prince of Capua, was at war with Guaimar. On the death in that year of Rainulf II of Aversa (Rainulf Trincanocte), his succeeding son
428:
454:, Drogo's brother and successor, is said to have married a daughter of Guaimar's, often assumed to be the widow of his brother, but this is impossible. Also,
412:
114:
In 1036, he received word that his uncle and erstwhile ally, Pandulf of Capua, had attempted to rape his niece, the daughter of his wife's sister and the
721:
147:
362:
was also killed, but Guy of Sorrento escaped while Guaimar's sister and niece were locked up. The brothers-in-law seized the city and elected
103:
and he was released. The younger Guaimar succeeded his father in Salerno in 1027 (at the age of fourteen or sixteen, possibly under the
241:. The Byzantines, who had not responded to Guaimar's earlier request for help, were preparing an expedition under the great general
891:
107:
of his mother during his brief minority). He embarked then on a lifelong quest to control the whole of the southern third of the
861:
262:
886:
856:
396:, held a different view: Guaimar "was killed by the sword because of his many acts of violence and tyrannical oppression".
443:
60:
92:
408:. They were married before 1032. They had six sons, five of whom outlived them, and at least four daughters.
639:
Kinship & Conquest: Family Strategies in the Principality of Salerno During the Norman Period, 1077-1194
876:
419:(co-prince since 1042), whom the Normans put under their protection. His third son was Landulf, Lord of
657:
282:
257:"Iron Arm". In 1038, the Normans and Lombards returned in a rebellious state and quickly invaded Greek
245:. Guaimar sent, at their request, a cohort of Lombard and Norman warriors, the first of which was one
881:
871:
319:
146:
Guaimar set out to take possession of his new principality immediately. On 15 August, he conquered
126:
in the Mezzogiorno. In 1037, Guaimar made the politically savvy request of arbitration to both the
323:
866:
334:
327:
84:
738:
566:
Chalandon, 83. Guaimar consistently dated his reign in Capua from August or September, not May.
451:
363:
76:
64:
846:
577:
420:
238:
183:
851:
755:
446:, whom he married to Drogo. She brought with her a large dowry. She married twice more: to
432:
416:
366:, eldest among them, prince. The date of Guaimar's assassination is given as 2 June in the
8:
782:
765:
692:
663:
518:. According to a revised genealogy by Huguette Taviana-Carozzi, he is sometimes numbered
385:
368:
359:
290:
286:
229:. By December 1042, however, Gaeta was in the hands of Rainulf, holding it from Guaimar.
96:
338:
278:
167:
127:
100:
828:
811:
745:
711:
455:
306:
178:, a sister of Pandulf. Guaimar installed himself as duke. Then in July, he conquered
171:
135:
131:
108:
51:
over the period from 1027 to 1052. He was an important figure in the final phase of
32:
405:
393:
337:, an infant, required a regent. The first appointment, Bellebouche, was a failure.
314:
was being held while the gates were shut to him. At that point, Daufer, the future
277:. In his later years, he had trouble retaining his possessions in the face of the
246:
191:
115:
88:
52:
772:
424:
315:
311:
285:. Later in that same year, Guaimar opposed the succession of Asclettin's cousin
242:
179:
140:
119:
44:
273:
In 1044, he and the Iron Arm began to take Calabria and built a large castle at
818:
801:
226:
187:
175:
159:
48:
36:
19:
840:
791:
649:
645:
458:
is said to have married a woman named "Gatteclina", a sister of Sichelgaita.
322:, fled the city and sought the protection of Guaimar, who gave him refuge in
202:
151:
40:
389:
593:
Amatus of Montecassino; Prescott N. Dunbar, trans.; Graham A. Loud, ed.,
439:
354:
294:
218:
182:, which had been conquered by Pandulf in 1034. He gave it to his brother
80:
56:
214:
194:, who had brought the request for mediation to Constantinople in 1037.
265:(1043). Guaimar, in accordance with good feudal theory, granted them
373:
350:
274:
122:, formerly a vassal of Pandulf. Thus, Guaimar won the support of the
683:
Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: LX Grosso – Guglielmo da Forlì
671:
474:
Historian Joanna Drell calls Gaitelgrima, Guaimar's eldest daughter
293:
shortly after William's death in 1046 and by giving him his sister
305:
In 1047, however, Guaimar's life's work was undone. In that year
415:, but John died in 1039. Guaimar was succeeded by his second son
254:
210:
206:
123:
715:
675:
258:
250:
198:
163:
155:
104:
154:. Meanwhile, the Normans of Aversa pacified the valley of the
700:
266:
222:
686:
411:
In 1037, Guaimar had made his eldest son John co-prince as
186:
with the title of duke. He also received the homage of the
697:
Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie
91:
campaigned in southern Italy against the Greeks and sent
442:, who married Robert Guiscard. His younger daughter was
166:. In April 1039, in support of the deposed and blinded
616:
614:
612:
404:
Guaimar married Gemma, a daughter of the Capuan Count
75:
He was born around the year 1013, the eldest son of
609:
838:
134:over the issue of Pandulf's unfitness to rule.
118:. He then received the homage of the defecting
708:The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles
170:, Guaimar forced the abdication and exile of
581:gives a date of 1035 for Guaimar's conquest.
372:, as 3 June in Amatus and as 4 June in the
706:Gravett, Christopher, and Nicolle, David.
654:The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III
522:. Gravett, 132, calls him "the Iron Hand."
31:(c. 1013 – 2, 3 or 4 June 1052) was
392:, a contemporary, in a tract written for
589:
587:
237:Soon after, he became involved with the
18:
839:
232:
221:under his rule. In June 1040, he took
636:
620:
584:
535:, he ruled for 34 years and 17 days.
435:, co-ruled with his brother Gisulf.
423:. His fourth son Guy was an ally of
13:
668:The Normans in the South 1016-1130
448:Robert, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo
300:
162:, Guaimar turned his attention to
70:
14:
903:
344:
61:the commencement of Norman power
468:
892:11th-century murdered monarchs
600:
569:
560:
551:
538:
525:
488:
438:Guaimar's eldest daughter was
93:Pilgrim, Archbishop of Cologne
1:
597:(Boydell Press, 2004), p. 96.
481:
862:11th-century dukes of Amalfi
150:and gave it to the abbey of
7:
887:11th-century Lombard people
857:Assassinated Italian people
722:History of the Norman World
641:. Cornell University Press.
533:Catalogum Principum Salerni
263:Duke of Apulia and Calabria
143:" and a vassal of Salerno.
139:Rainulf officially became "
16:11th-century Lombard prince
10:
908:
658:Cambridge University Press
630:
595:The History of the Normans
825:
816:
808:
798:
789:
779:
770:
762:
752:
743:
735:
730:
637:Drell, Joanna H. (2002).
450:, and to a Count Alfred.
399:
197:In the north, he brought
461:
320:Pandulf III of Benevento
158:. After Pandulf fled to
63:. He was, according to
85:Pandulf II of Benevento
43:(1040–1041), and
681:Caravale, Mario (ed).
77:Guaimar III of Salerno
65:Amatus of Montecassino
25:
578:Catholic Encyclopedia
324:La TrinitĂ della Cava
47:(1038–1047) in
22:
693:Chalandon, Ferdinand
664:Norwich, John Julius
431:. His youngest son,
429:John, Abbot of Curte
427:. His fifth son was
575:Chalandon, 86. The
369:Annales Beneventani
360:Pandulf of Capaccio
287:Rainulf Trincanocte
233:Hauteville alliance
97:Pandulf IV of Capua
83:, daughter of Duke
39:(1039–1052),
35:(1027–1052),
877:Princes of Salerno
376:of Monte Cassino.
326:. Daufer's nephew
279:Holy Roman Emperor
132:Byzantine emperors
101:Pope Benedict VIII
26:
835:
834:
826:Succeeded by
799:Succeeded by
780:Succeeded by
753:Succeeded by
746:Prince of Salerno
712:Osprey Publishing
531:According to the
456:Jordan I of Capua
307:Emperor Henry III
136:Emperor Conrad II
109:Italian Peninsula
55:authority in the
33:Prince of Salerno
899:
882:Princes of Capua
872:Lombard warriors
809:Preceded by
763:Preceded by
736:Preceded by
728:
727:
642:
624:
618:
607:
604:
598:
591:
582:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
549:
542:
536:
529:
523:
492:
475:
472:
394:Pope Nicholas II
213:(October 1040),
174:and his mother,
116:Duke of Sorrento
89:Emperor Henry II
907:
906:
902:
901:
900:
898:
897:
896:
837:
836:
831:
822:
814:
804:
795:
785:
776:
773:Prince of Capua
768:
758:
749:
741:
633:
628:
627:
619:
610:
605:
601:
592:
585:
574:
570:
565:
561:
556:
552:
543:
539:
530:
526:
493:
489:
484:
479:
478:
473:
469:
464:
425:Robert Guiscard
402:
347:
339:Richard Drengot
316:Pope Victor III
303:
301:Later reversals
243:Giorgio Maniace
235:
141:Count of Aversa
120:Rainulf Drengot
73:
71:Early conquests
45:Prince of Capua
17:
12:
11:
5:
905:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
867:Dukes of Gaeta
864:
859:
854:
849:
833:
832:
827:
824:
819:Duke of Amalfi
815:
810:
806:
805:
800:
797:
787:
786:
781:
778:
769:
764:
760:
759:
754:
751:
742:
737:
733:
732:
731:Regnal titles
726:
725:
719:
704:
690:
679:
661:
650:Whitney, J. P.
646:Gwatkin, H. M.
643:
632:
629:
626:
625:
623:, p. 190.
608:
599:
583:
568:
559:
550:
537:
524:
486:
485:
483:
480:
477:
476:
466:
465:
463:
460:
401:
398:
353:in July 1051,
349:At a synod in
346:
343:
302:
299:
234:
231:
188:Duke of Naples
160:Constantinople
72:
69:
49:Southern Italy
37:Duke of Amalfi
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
904:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
842:
830:
821:
820:
813:
807:
803:
794:
793:
792:Duke of Gaeta
788:
784:
775:
774:
767:
761:
757:
748:
747:
740:
734:
729:
723:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
694:
691:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
635:
634:
622:
617:
615:
613:
603:
596:
590:
588:
580:
579:
572:
563:
554:
547:
541:
534:
528:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
491:
487:
471:
467:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
397:
395:
391:
387:
381:
377:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
356:
352:
345:Assassination
342:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
318:, brother of
317:
313:
312:Empress Agnes
308:
298:
297:in marriage.
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
190:as a vassal,
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Monte Cassino
149:
144:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:Duke of Gaeta
38:
34:
30:
21:
847:1010s births
817:
790:
771:
744:
707:
696:
682:
667:
653:
652:(ed) et al.
638:
606:Norwich, 88.
602:
594:
576:
571:
562:
553:
544:
540:
532:
527:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
470:
437:
410:
403:
390:Peter Damian
386:Lord Norwich
382:
378:
367:
348:
332:
304:
272:
236:
209:(May 1039),
196:
148:Rocca Vandra
145:
113:
95:, to attack
74:
28:
27:
852:1052 deaths
739:Guaimar III
444:Gaitelgrima
440:Sichelgaita
355:Pope Leo IX
295:Gaitelgrima
239:Hautevilles
81:Gaitelgrima
57:Mezzogiorno
841:Categories
823:1039–1052
796:1040–1041
783:Pandulf IV
777:1038–1047
766:Pandulf IV
750:1027–1052
621:Drell 2002
512:Guaimarius
482:References
421:Policastro
253:, won the
249:, who, in
215:Pontecorvo
128:Holy Roman
29:Guaimar IV
756:Gisulf II
520:Guaimar V
516:Weimarius
508:Guaimario
417:Gisulf II
374:necrology
351:Benevento
283:Asclettin
275:Squillace
53:Byzantine
672:Longmans
504:Guaimaro
452:Humphrey
180:Sorrento
168:Manso II
829:John II
812:John II
718:, 2006.
703:, 1907.
689:, 2003.
678:, 1967.
660:, 1926.
631:Sources
433:Guaimar
413:John IV
406:Laidulf
364:Pandulf
328:Landulf
255:epithet
247:William
211:Venafro
207:Traetto
172:John II
124:Normans
105:regency
802:Leo II
716:Oxford
676:London
500:Gaimar
496:Waimar
400:Family
335:Herman
259:Apulia
251:Sicily
217:, and
203:Aquino
199:Comino
192:John V
164:Amalfi
156:Sangro
24:years.
701:Paris
546:fames
514:, or
494:Also
462:Notes
291:Drogo
267:Melfi
223:Gaeta
176:Maria
687:Rome
219:Sora
130:and
59:and
227:Leo
184:Guy
79:by
843::
714::
710:.
699:.
695:.
685:.
674::
670:.
666:.
656:.
648:,
611:^
586:^
510:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
205:,
201:,
111:.
724:.
548:.
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