Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

726: 1144:, was ousted in a revolt in 1002. Bolesław I intervened in the Bohemian affair and reinstalled Boleslaus III upon the Bohemian throne in 1003. Boleslaus III soon undermined his own position, however, by ordering a massacre of his leading nobles. Bohemian nobles secretly sent a messenger to Bolesław I, requesting his direct intervention in the crisis. The Polish duke willingly agreed and invited the Bohemian duke to Poland. There, Boleslaus III was captured, blinded, and imprisoned, where he would remain until his death some thirty years later. Claiming dominion over Bohemia for himself, Bolesław I invaded Bohemia in 1003 and conquered the duchy without any serious opposition. Bohemia had previously been under the influence and protection of Germany, with the Polish invasion further increasing tension between Germany and Poland. 1955: 1319: 2194: 2413: 3926: 1137:, with Bolesław I recognizing Henry II as his overlord. Henry II refused to allow Bolesław I to keep possession of Meissen, however. Shortly after Bolesław I's departure from Merseburg, an assassination attempt was made against him. Though the attempt failed, Bolesław I was seriously injured. The Polish Duke accused Henry II of instituting the attack, and relations between the two countries were severed. Bolesław I also refused to pay tribute to Germany. 4573: 51: 2035: 2266: 566:. He greatly expanded the Ottonian dynasty's custom of employing clerics as counter-weights against secular nobles. Through donations to the Church and the establishment of new dioceses, Henry strengthened imperial rule across the Empire and increased control over ecclesiastical affairs. He stressed service to the Church and promoted monastic reform. For his remarkable personal piety and enthusiastic promotion of the Church, he was 2472: 1087: 1646:

Byzantine Empire in southern Italy. By 982, the entire area once ruled by Pandulf had collapsed. The Byzantines still claimed sovereignty over the Lombard principalities, and the lack of single leader to prevent their advances into Lombard territory allowed the Byzantines to make inroads further north. While in Byzantine territory, Otto II encountered a large Muslim army brought into the region by

2016:, particularly with regards to military matters. The cleric princes came to make up a large part of Henry II's imperial army. For most of Henry II's campaigns against Poland and the Byzantine Empire, the cleric princes constituted the largest contingent. Henry II thus strengthened his control over the empire through the clergy, while gaining a greater control over the Church's spiritual policies. 1748:, all three of Henry II's armies failed to take Troia. The Byzantine troops could not be forced into a pitched battle, and Henry II was forced to turn back, his army weakened by diseases and suffering heavy losses. Henry II almost executed the treacherous prince of Capua, but he relented at the last moment at Pilgrim's pleading. Instead, Henry II sent him off to Germany in chains and appointed 1068: 1580:, but was likewise unable to capture the city. As his army besieged Niemcza, disease brought about from the winter cold devastated the Imperial forces. His attacks unsuccessful, Henry II was forced to retreat back to Merseburg in Germany. With this defeat, Henry II was ready to end the war and begin serious peace negotiations with Bolesław I. 2004:

these extensive donations and the expanded powers of the emperor, the Catholic church gradually lost its autonomy. The imperial monasteries and other clerical institutions became so numerous, donations and secular privileges granted them so regular, that they eventually developed into an imperial bureaucracy. The chronicler

784:. Heribert, however, had sent these ahead of the procession, possibly out of distrust of Henry and possibly because he favoured the succession of his relative Duke Herman II of Swabia as the next king. In order to force Herman II to relinquish the Holy Lance to him, Henry imprisoned the Archbishop and his brother the 1511:, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Henry II's support of Yaroslav was in direct opposition to not only Sviatopolk but to Bolesław I as well. Years before, Bolesław I had married one of his daughters to Sviatopolk, making the new Kievan Grand Duke a son-in-law to the Polish Duke. 2137:

As under his predecessors Otto II and Otto III, the various German dukes of the Empire grew increasingly independent from Henry II. A "German" identity had begun to develop. South of the Alps, Italy also saw the various regional lords grow independent. Increasingly, the Empire's duchies were becoming

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to accept him in his monastery. Thereupon, the Abbot ordered him, in virtue of the vows he had professed, to continue the administration of the empire. Henry II fulfilled his duties in the spirit of humility and service, being convinced that temporal power was given by God for the good of the people.

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Henry II's policy towards the nobles was focused on overcoming these family structures within the duchies in order to restore imperial dominance. Henry II, as well as the other Ottonians, relied upon his connection with the Church to justify his power over the dukes. However, unlike under Otto I and

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in Bavaria, revolted against Henry II's rule. Henry II had promised to install the margrave as his successor to the Duchy of Bavaria in exchange for supporting his claim to the German crown. Upon assuming the throne, however, Henry II refused to honour his promise. Instead, Henry II deposed Margrave

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Under Henry II, an increasing number of counties were assigned to secular rulership by bishops. He granted numerous and lavish donations of imperial regalia and land to the monasteries and dioceses of the Empire; in fact, no other Holy Roman sovereign was named as often in the memorial records. With

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claimed authority over the Abbey, including the authority to invest the Abbey's nuns. Otto III and Theophanu's intervention eased the tensions between the parties, but did not permanently settle the issue. Henry II only succeeded in suppressing the argument in 1007, and again in 1021. Still unsolved

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began three years later in 1010. It was of no significant consequence, beyond some pillaging in Silesia. In 1012, a second peace treaty between Germany and Poland was signed. Bolesław I quickly broke the peace, however, and once again invaded Lusatia. Bolesław I's forces pillaged and burned the city

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After the coronation a dispute arose between some of the residents and Henry's people. It escalated to where the residents attacked the palace where the king was dining. The army encamped outside the city swiftly moved to protect the king, and in the onslaught the city caught fire and many residents

1974:, looking to the interests of their respective duchies above the interests of the Empire as a whole. In an effort to unify the Empire under their leadership, the Ottonians increasingly associated themselves with the Church, claiming "divine right" to rule the Empire and presenting themselves as the 1109:

plans, which were never fully implemented. Henry II reversed Otto III's eastern policies, damaging the excellent relationship Germany and Bolesław I of Poland had enjoyed during Otto III's reign. Bolesław I had been a loyal supporter of Otto III, but Henry II's actions caused Bolesław I to seek new

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into an alliance against Henry II. The mission failed and Oldřich imprisoned Mieszko II. He was released only after the intervention of the Emperor, who, despite the planned invasion of Poland, loyally acted on behalf of his nominal vassal Bolesław I. As a result, Mieszko II was sent to Henry II's

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on 1 November 1007, to build consensus among the bishops of the Empire on the establishment of the Diocese of Bamberg. The Bishop of Würzburg, who hoped that the loss of territory from the formation of the new Diocese would result in his elevation to the rank of Archbishop, was not in attendance.

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on 14 July 982. The defeat shifted the balance of power in southern Italy into Byzantine favor. While preparing to counterattack the Byzantine advance, Otto II suddenly died while in Rome, with his infant son Otto III succeeding him. With an infant as ruler and a political crisis to address, the

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experienced a revolt against his reign in Italy. The Emperor sent word for Henry II to join him with reinforcements from Germany, but then died unexpectedly in January 1002. Otto was only 21 at the time of his death and had left no children and no instructions for the Imperial succession. In the

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Unlike his predecessors, Henry II was unwilling to show clemency to those dukes who had rebelled against his authority. This caused a sharp rise in conflict with the secular nobility, which forced Henry II to reinforce the position the clergy enjoyed in the governance of the Empire. It was only

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Henry II's absence from Italy was primarily due to his continued conflict with Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland. During the reign of Otto III, Bolesław I had been a loyal ally of the Empire. However, the protracted German-Polish wars brought the two nations into open warfare for over sixteen years.

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in 961, Pandulf waged war against the Byzantines as a loyal lieutenant of Otto II. By 978, Pandulf had incorporated all three of the southern Lombard principalities – Benevento, Capua, and Salerno – into the Holy Roman Empire. Pandulf's death in 981, however, weakened Western dominance over the

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in 995 as "Henry IV". As duke, he attempted to join his second-cousin, Emperor Otto III, in suppressing a revolt against imperial rule in Italy in 1002. Before Henry II could arrive, however, Otto III died of fever, leaving no heir. After defeating several contenders to the throne, Henry II was

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imperial court in Merseburg as a hostage. Henry II probably wanted to force the presence of Bolesław I in Merseburg and make him explain his actions. The plan failed, however, because, under pressure from his relatives, the Emperor soon agreed to release Mieszko II.

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As the Imperial army crossed the Oder river and marched across Poland, Henry II's forces killed or captured several thousand Poles, including women and children. But the Imperial army suffered heavy losses throughout the campaign. Bolesław I sent a detachment of

1371:, whom John Crescentius installed as the new head of the Catholic Church. Fleeing across the Alps to Germany, Benedict VIII appealed to Henry II for protection. Henry II agreed to restore Benedict VIII to his papal throne in return for his coronation as emperor. 1966:– reached its climax under Henry II. Introduced by Emperor Otto I, the Ottonians appointed and integrated the higher clergy into the imperial administration, seeking to establish a non-hereditary counter-balance to the fiercely independent and powerful German 1692:

following the defeat. With the Byzantine successes in southern Italy, Pope Benedict VIII took an unusual step in 1020, traveling north across the Alps into Germany to discusses the state of affairs in southern Italy with the Emperor. Meeting Henry II in

3480: 788:. With neither the symbols of imperial authority, the crown jewels, nor the cooperation of Heribert, Henry was unable to convince the nobles attending Otto III's funeral procession to elect him as king. A few weeks later, at Otto III's funeral in 936:

as Henry V. Betrayed by the King, Margrave Henry allied with Bolesław I of Poland against him. However, his rebellion was soon quashed and the Nordgauian Margrave was deposed in 1004. Henry II then abolished the March of Nordgau, established the

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The question of the primacy of the Roman ope has been and remains, together with the question of the Filioque, one of the main causes of separation between the Latin Church and the Orthodox churches and one of the principal obstacles to their

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was held in Rome, appointing five bishops, issuing decrees against simony and promoting chastity within the clergy, and ordering the restitution of Church property. Shortly afterwards, the Emperor moved north again where he established the

1988:) to appointed bishops and abbots at the expense of the secular nobility. Unlike the dukes, these ecclesiastic figureheads would not be able to pass titles and privileges down a dynastic line. The Ottonian monarchs reserved the right to 1903:, perhaps partly in order that the public land and offices he granted to clerics would not be devised to heirs. He encouraged the reform of the Church, fostered missionary activity, and made several charitable foundations for the poor. 1355:, John Crescentius was the effective ruler of the city. John Crescentius' influence prevented Henry II from meeting the Pope on numerous occasions, preventing him from claiming the imperial title. Following Sergius IV's death in 1012, 535:, who had already conquered a number of countries surrounding him, required Henry II's full attention and years of political and military maneuvering. Henry did, however, lead three expeditions into Italy to enforce his feudal claim ( 924:

in exchange for supporting his claim to the German crown. Upon assuming the throne, however, Henry II refused to honour his promise and instead supported the rights of the Bavarians to elect their own duke. With Henry II's support,

1214:(the younger brother of the deposed Bohemian Duke Boleslaus III) invaded Bohemia with German military support. At Merseburg, Jaromír promised to hold Bohemia as a vassal under Henry II, definitively incorporating Bohemia into the 901:, Herman II submitted to Henry II's authority on 1 October 1002. In exchange for this surrender, Henry II allowed Herman II to remain Duke of Swabia until his death the following year, after which, although recognizing the minor 3206: 1038:

After receiving the homage of the remaining Italian nobles, Henry returned to Germany in the early summer of 1004 without first traveling to Rome to claim the Imperial crown. This is most likely due to opposition from

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in an act of war. Returning from Italy after reclaiming the Italian throne, Henry II launched a military campaign against Poland in 1004 that would last until 1018, spanning three wars and several smaller campaigns.

1780:, Henry II spent relatively little time in Italy, only traveling south of the Alps three times during his twenty-two year reign. He was absent from the Italian peninsula for over a decade between his expulsion of 1557:, margrave of the Eastern March, was ambushed by Polish forces and killed late in 1015. Following the attack on the Eastern March, Bolesław I's forces took the offensive. Bolesław I sent Mieszko II to besiege 1174:

efforts among the Slavic peoples. The new alliance with the Western Slavs against Poland was controversial, however. Many German nobles had hoped for continued missionary work and the direct submission of the

1245:. According to its terms, Bolesław I lost Lusatia and Meissen and was forced to give up his claim to the Bohemian throne. The peace lasted only two years as neither party recognized the claims of the other. 695:. The younger Henry, now thirteen years old, was named his regent over Bavaria. When the elder Henry died in 995, the younger Henry was elected by the Bavarian nobles as the new duke to succeed his father. 1186:

In preparation for Henry II's coming military invasion, Bolesław I developed a similar alliance with other Slavic peoples. With his conquest west of the Oder River in 1002, his domain stretched from the

676:. The Emperor himself ensured the younger Henry received an ecclesiastical education in order that by becoming a religious official he would be prevented from participating in the Imperial government. 2170:, rebelled. As a result, Henry II systematically reduced the internal power structures of the Bavarian and Swabian dukes. Henry II's lack of sensitivity to the secular nobility also resulted in the 463:. Since his father had rebelled against two previous emperors, the younger Henry spent long periods of time in exile, where he turned to Christianity at an early age, first finding refuge with the 1121:

on 25 July 1002 and paid homage to the new German king. Bolesław I had taken advantage of Germany's internal strife following Otto III's death, occupying important German territories west of the

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Henry in 1004 and abolished the March outright. To assume secular authority over the March's former territory, in 1007, Henry II announced his desire to establish a new diocese in Germany: the

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and prepared for a third invasion of Poland. With three armies at his command, the largest contingent since the beginning of the conflict in 1004, the Imperial army simultaneously marched in a

1622:. Otto I's death in 973 and John I's death in 976 caused this alliance to deteriorate. Otto I's successor in the West, his son Emperor Otto II, and John I's successor in the East, his nephew 2101:

to his planned Diocese. At the synod, Henry II obtained permission for the foundation of the Diocese. It was also decided that Eberhard, Henry II's Imperial Chancellor, would be ordained by

2085:, as the new diocese would comprise about one-fourth of the former's territory. Henry II desired the new Diocese to aid in the final conquest of the pagan Slavs in the area around Bamberg. 2162:

through the support of the clergy that Henry II survived the numerous noble revolts against his rule during the first decade of his reign. Even his relatives, such as his brothers-in-law

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During the next part of the offensive, Henry II retook Meissen and, in summer 1005, his army advanced deep into Poland, suffering significant losses along the way. At the Polish city of

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began the tradition in 936 and the first time a German king assumed the throne without election by the German nobility. Under the regal name of "King Henry II", he appeared before the

1133:. Bolesław I took control of these territories following the assassination of Margrave Eckard I. Henry II accepted Bolesław I's gains, allowing the Polish Duke to keep Lusatia as a 1043:. Henry would not return to Italy for a decade, leaving the Kingdom to govern itself. Henry returned to Germany to take military action against the rebellious Bolesław I of Poland. 641:: Henry claimed the duchy as his birthright while Otto II maintained his right to name a duke of his choosing. After an initial failed revolt, Otto II imprisoned the elder Henry in 1595:

to ensure his son-in-law, Sviatopolk, claimed the Kievan throne. To seal the peace, Bolesław I, then a widower, reinforced his dynastic bonds with the German nobility by marrying

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of kings and emperors who ruled the Holy Roman Empire (previously Germany) from 919 to 1024. In relation to the other members of his dynasty, Henry II was the great-grandson of

1592: 2238:, because of their piety and the fact that they had no royal issue, but this is disputed. Their marriage being childless, the Saxon dynasty of the Ottonians died with Henry. 1872:

after his death in 1024, a compromise was pushed at an Imperial synod in 1030 in the presence of his successor Emperor Conrad II. Hildesheim was eventually given jurisdiction.

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Returning from his first expedition to Italy, in 1004 Henry II gathered an army to march against Poland. The previous year in 1003, Henry II had formed an alliance with the

2234:. Though he left the Empire without significant problems, Henry II also left the Empire without an heir. Some speculate that both he and Cunigunde had taken mutual vows of 687:, the three-year-old child of Otto II. After a failed attempt to claim the German throne for himself in 985, the elder Henry relinquished the regency to the child's mother 862:. Armed conflicts between Henry II and Herman II broke out but proved to be inconclusive. This forced the two men to fight each other politically for the support of the 1659:

Western Empire was unable to challenge Byzantine dominance. This allowed Basil II to build of his defense forces in preparation for a future Western counterattack.

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Unable to decisively defeat Herman in Swabia, Henry II attempted to legitimize his seizing the throne by traveling throughout the various duchies of his kingdom –

827:, to support his claims to the throne. In return for his support, Henry guaranteed Bernard's right to rule the Saxons and to represent their interests before him. 3514: 2801: 1844:

against Imperial rule. In 1004, Henry II ordered the reestablishment of the Diocese to resume missionary work among the Slavs and appointed the German chronicler

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to replace him as prince of Capua. The expedition ultimately achieved little, and Pandulf IV would be reinstated as Prince of Capua as a Byzantine ally in 1026.

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and Italy, Henry then returned to Germany in mid-May 1014. He left the rule of Rome to the Pope and thereafter rarely intervened in the politics of Italy or the

745:, succession to the throne had belonged to the Saxon branch, not the Bavarian line of which Henry was a member. Rival candidates for the throne, including Count 1471:

The peace agreement of 1013 between Henry II and Bolesław I of Poland quickly deteriorated. In 1014, with Henry II absent from Germany, Bolesław I sent his son

2220:. He died there on 13 July 1024 at the age of 51, after suffering from a chronic, painful urinary infection. Henry had been working with the Pope to convene a 854:, in particular fiercely contested Henry II's right to the throne. The Swabian Duke believed he was Otto III's true successor, as he had married a daughter of 1270:. In 1013, a third peace treaty was signed at Merseburg, requiring in part that Bolesław I recognize Henry II as his overlord in exchange for receiving the 2113:, to head the new Diocese. Henry II made many wide-ranging gifts to the new Diocese to ensure its solid foundation. Henry II assigned many counties in the 1179:. In addition, many German nobles opposed the war because they had developed family ties with Poland during Otto III's reign. It interfered with Bishop 3065:

Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000. MacMillan Press: 1981, p. 156, "from Ancona to the fringes of Calabria"

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for his actions against the Byzantines. But Melus died just a few days later, on 23 April 1020. After settling some controversies with the bishops of

2543: 2012:, as the dividing lines between secular and ecclesiastical affairs were blurred beyond recognition. The clergy increasingly viewed Henry II as their 1697:, the Pope was accompanied by a large number of Italian secular and ecclesiastical leaders, including Melus. Henry II granted Melus the empty title 4535: 2329: 2444:

and other sources; the latter part is the result of personal knowledge. The chronicle is nevertheless an excellent authority for the history of

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In 1004 Henry II responded to calls for aid from Italian bishops and led an invasion into Italy against Arduin. Henry II gathered his troops at

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The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue : academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity

3962: 3671: 1382:. The peace with Poland gave Henry opportunity to address affairs in Italy. On the march across the Alps, Henry was accompanied by his wife, 2452:

and Henry II. No kind of information is excluded, but the fullest details refer to the bishopric of Merseburg, and to the wars against the

893:. This was done in order to obtain the general consent of his subjects as opposed to traditional election. Henry II's familial ties to the 725: 1241:, the German forces were ambushed by the Polish army and suffered significant losses. Meeting in Poznań, Henry II and Bolesław I signed a 6179: 1522:

from the German north, south, and center. Henry II himself commanded the center army, supported by allied Slavic tribes, and moved from

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in 1861. After Arduin's death Henry ordered the Margravate of Ivrea, which had given the Ottonian emperors so much trouble, dissolved.

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in order to address the assault without making any permanent territorial gains east of the Oder River. During the retreat to Germany,

1007:, Italy. After initial military successes, much of the Italian clergy and some noble families swore allegiance to Henry II, including 6114: 2486: 2306: 3306: 1647: 941:

in 1007, and transferred secular authority over the March's former territory to the Diocese in order to prevent further uprisings.

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was declared in summer 1017. As negotiations failed by autumn 1017, Henry II again marched his army into Poland. His army reached

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In 1015 the conflict with Arduin came to a close when Arduin became ill and sought peace with Henry II. He resigned the office of

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So it was without the support of the kingdom's nobility that Henry took the radical action of having himself anointed and crowned

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The death of Otto II in 983 allowed the elder Henry to be released from custody and to return from exile. The elder Henry claimed

2174:. Under Otto III, Polish Duke Bolesław I Chrobry had been viewed as a valued ally; Henry II, however, saw him only as a subject. 3341: 6174: 6169: 6124: 6119: 2367: 1554: 1591:, with Bolesław I recognizing Henry II as his feudal lord. Henry II also promised to support Bolesław I in the Polish ruler's 6184: 6164: 6099: 3464: 3289: 3262: 3169: 3142: 3023: 2929: 2769: 2171: 1462: 1052: 650: 528: 3389: 3109: 2876: 1709:, the Pope convinced Henry II to return to Italy for a third campaign to counter the growing power of the Byzantine Empire. 1222:

with a German army and proclaimed himself Duke. The state he regained was a small one, however, as Polish forces would hold

649:. When this second revolt failed, Otto II deposed Henry as Duke of Bavaria and sent him into exile under the custody of the 6189: 5854: 5097: 4528: 1401:

Henry II arrived in Rome in early 1014, restoring Benedict VIII as pope. On 14 February 1014, the Pope crowned Henry II as

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over Henry. Only after Eckard was assassinated by Saxon nobles in April 1002 did Bolesław I lend his support to Henry II.

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Henry II's involvement in Italian politics and his coronation as emperor inevitably brought him into conflict with the

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Unlike his predecessor Otto III, who had imposed plans on sovereign administration and active political involvement in

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The Ottonian dynasty's traditional policy of investing celibate clerics in the secular governance of the empire – the

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states that the cooperation of Henry II and the bishops of the empire was more intense than any other ruler of the

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Henry II wore two crowns, one for Germany and one for Italy, instead of a common crown representing both realms.

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to confirm his new system of imperial-ecclesiastical relations before he died, leaving this effort unfinished.

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expanded Western imperial control over central and southern Italy. Originally appointed by Otto I as Prince of

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in 1004 and his return in 1014 to claim the imperial title, allowing the kingdom to mostly govern itself.

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from 1009 to 1012. Both John XVIII and Sergius IV, though the nominal Pope, were subservient to the power

920:, revolted against Henry II's rule. Henry II had promised to install the Margrave as his successor to the 6194: 6139: 6042: 5994: 5978: 5906: 5871: 5748: 5225: 5185: 5121: 4172: 4137: 4088: 3801: 3781: 3751: 2397: 2029: 1766: 1406: 1302: 1024: 950: 902: 92: 1803:

disputes from his predecessor Otto III. Issues of particular importance were the reestablishment of the

1480: 1211: 6067: 6034: 6010: 5986: 5970: 5946: 5898: 5880: 5812: 5764: 5756: 5628: 5604: 5572: 4464: 4380: 4263: 2393: 2178: 1818: 1531: 1254: 859: 769: 720: 634: 4252: 2185:, rebelled against Henry II, having grown frustrated at his lack of respect for the secular nobility. 6129: 6059: 6018: 5922: 5889: 5796: 5788: 5772: 5740: 5692: 5668: 5612: 5556: 5540: 5532: 5347: 5326: 5303: 4492: 4473: 4454: 4221: 3557: 2981: 2138:

personal possessions of their respective ducal families as opposed to component parts of the Empire.

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upon their marriage. Mission work among the Slavs of the region had previously been conducted by the

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German allies. Of the major candidates seeking to succeed to the German throne, Bolesław I supported

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into Poland. Henry II was soon joined from the south by Bohemian Duke Oldřich and from the north by

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eventually caused the kingdom's nobles to accept him as king. After being defeated at a battle near

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Otto II, the various German dukes were no longer bound to Henry II by close family ties. While the

1565:. His attempt at conquering the city failed, however, and he was forced to retreat back to Poland. 1504: 929: 508: 420:("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014. He died without an heir in 1024, and was the last ruler of the 256: 1378:

to march into Italy. Earlier in 1013, Henry signed a peace treaty with Duke Bolesław of Poland at

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as his father's titular successor, Henry II effectively assumed all power over the Duchy himself.

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to face Arduin, but Arduin successfully defeated Otto's troops at the Battle of Fabrica in 1003.

855: 835: 703: 699: 579: 413: 331: 2098: 1092: 811:, in present-day Germany. Henry's action marked the first time a German king was not crowned in 558:

The rule of Henry II has been characterized as a period of centralized authority throughout the

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on the site if she recovered. Upon her recovery in 1018, Henry ordered the construction of the

1287: 706:. This marriage granted him an extensive network of contacts in Germany's western territories. 669: 3159: 3132: 3013: 2759: 2078: 1906:

Henry II wished to become a monk, and in virtue of his imperial power he ordered the Abbot of

1576:, where Bolesław I was entrenched, but it was unable to take the city. Henry II then besieged 5428: 5380: 5201: 4199: 4147: 4119: 3327: 3279: 2580: 2576: 2560: 2421: 2352: 2005: 1845: 1725: 1642: 1126: 1105:

The untimely death of Emperor Otto III at age 21 in 1002 upset the young Emperor's ambitious

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The death of Otto III in 1002 and the resulting political turmoil over his successor allowed

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Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 1, The Later Roman Empire to the Twelfth Century

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Henry II spent the next several years consolidating his political power within his borders.

792:, Henry again attempted to gain the support of the kingdom's nobles and was again rejected. 785: 493: 6109: 5412: 5388: 5209: 5076: 4445: 4399: 4280: 4210: 4187: 4157: 3791: 2340:

in 1960 to a third-class feast. In 1969, the feast date was changed to 13 July again as an

2081:. To establish his diocese, Henry II needed to overcome the considerable resistance of the 2049: 2045: 1943: 1868: 1809: 1804: 1508: 1449:

would be the last time a native Italian would reign over Italy until its unification under

1192: 926: 913: 909: 730: 673: 623: 468: 1257:

as well as his re-occupation of the marches of Lusatia and Meissen, including the city of

8: 6104: 5780: 5484: 5436: 5420: 5062: 5027: 4996: 4961: 4945: 4889: 4589: 4581: 4226: 4216: 4204: 4042: 4013: 3998: 3984: 3741: 3731: 3639: 3484: 2106: 1864: 1849: 1741: 1546: 1364: 1253:

In 1007, Henry II denounced the Peace of Poznań, resulting in Bolesław I's attack on the

1202:

Henry II answered Bolesław I's rebellion by invading in the summer of 1004, reaching the

804: 773: 754: 750: 637:, in 974. The elder Henry and Otto II disputed each other's claims to authority over the 607: 972:, Arduin won the support of the Italian territorial magnates. Arduin, however, had been 5444: 5352: 5177: 5010: 4241: 4132: 4069: 4033: 3721: 3680: 3502: 3492: 3342:"Neues über einen alten Kaiser? Heinrich II. in der Perspektive der modernen Forschung" 3226: 2433: 2143: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2054: 2025: 1993: 1915: 1829: 1749: 1733: 1638: 1583:

On 30 January 1018, Henry II and Bolesław I signed a fourth peace treaty, known as the

1515: 1500: 1472: 1450: 1402: 1360: 1356: 1329: 1324: 1283: 1147:

Bolesław I openly rebelled against Henry II's rule in 1004, burning down the castle in

977: 938: 761: 658: 619: 615: 611: 552: 548: 464: 452: 441: 429: 417: 363: 305: 280: 199: 70: 41: 4513: 2582:

The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

1318: 984:, to side with the German King Henry II as the rightful ruler of Italy. Henry II sent 5492: 5404: 5367: 5103: 5084: 4929: 4682: 4074: 4003: 3706: 3460: 3441: 3285: 3258: 3230: 3165: 3138: 3019: 2995: 2952: 2925: 2765: 2661: 2586: 2290: 2282: 2231: 2038: 1900: 1860: 1841: 1781: 1651: 1612: 1488: 1434: 1415: 1215: 1180: 954: 583: 559: 501: 320: 309: 284: 1760:

Upon assuming the German throne, Henry II revised many policies of his predecessor,

5636: 5476: 5357: 5337: 5018: 4937: 4913: 4269: 4167: 4047: 3993: 3726: 3711: 3528: 3218: 3207:"The 'Imperial Church System' of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers: a Reconsideration" 2389: 2385: 2379: 2193: 2155: 2058: 1777: 1678: 1634: 1626:, brought the two empires once again into conflict over control of southern Italy. 1615: 1608: 1584: 1476: 1466: 1344: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1171: 1130: 1028: 921: 894: 812: 789: 777: 765: 742: 737: 654: 540: 497: 460: 456: 433: 421: 393: 343: 276: 226: 5500: 5137: 5046: 4969: 4953: 4126: 4018: 4008: 3736: 3716: 3696: 3584: 3564: 3252: 2919: 2880: 2784: 2337: 2182: 2151: 2147: 2126: 2118: 2074: 1889: 1800: 1784: 1702: 1681: 1655: 1519: 1340: 1336: 1040: 989: 957: 933: 863: 820: 796: 692: 638: 571: 563: 477: 472: 425: 385: 175: 158: 1507:

at the time of his father's death in 1015. Yaroslav's eldest surviving brother,

574:

in 1146. He is the only medieval German monarch ever to have been honoured as a

562:. He consolidated his power by cultivating personal and political ties with the 5700: 5362: 5113: 4905: 4152: 4083: 4059: 3746: 2607: 2328:

on 13 July, the day of his death. In 1668, the feast was moved to 15 July as a

2254: 2221: 1975: 1931: 1764:. Whereas Otto III had promoted a policy of "Restoration of the Roman Empire" ( 1721: 1619: 1596: 1496: 1291: 1195:. Furthermore, the Polish Duke was connected by kinship to numerous princes of 973: 886: 882: 830:

Shortly after gaining the support of the Saxons, Henry arranged for Archbishop

816: 595: 591: 544: 401: 3222: 2412: 1545:

under the command of Mieszko II in a diversionary attack against the Empire's

772:, just north of the Alps. To legitimise his claims, Henry demanded Archbishop 6093: 5716: 5460: 5054: 4544: 4483: 3591: 3134:

Conrad II, 990–1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms – The Dispute over Gandersheim

2660:. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. p. 148. 2637: 2476: 2457: 2333: 1670: 1446: 1391: 1203: 1016: 961: 489: 437: 120: 3488: 2265: 4028: 3979: 2356: 2314: 2298: 2278: 1967: 1923: 1689: 1684:, delivering a devastating defeat to the joint Lombard-Norman force at the 1427: 1242: 1000: 56: 3487:

showing the Emperor's seal, 25.6.1011 . Taken from the collections of the

2709: 2217: 301: 4991: 4897: 4193: 3691: 3497: 2970:

Thietmar of Merseburg, Thietmari merseburgiensis episcopi chronicon, 1018

2731: 2562:

The Right of Succession to the Empire of Germany, hereditary and elective

2013: 2009: 1989: 1978:. A key element of this policy was to grant land and bestow the title of 1935: 1927: 1666: 1573: 1298: 1196: 1096: 2245:

and began negotiations for selecting a new king. The nobles elected the

691:. In return for his submission to the child king, Henry was restored as 4876: 4852: 4828: 4502: 3195:

Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt and company. 1994.

1833: 1737: 1527: 1442: 1348: 1188: 1176: 781: 665: 653:

in April 978. As a consequence of his revolt, the Emperor stripped the

272: 85: 3940: 3649: 1895:

Sincerely religious, Henry II supported service to the Church (he was

1770:), Henry II sought a policy of "Restoration of the Frankish Kingdom" ( 594:, to succeed him after his death in 1024. Conrad was the first of the 496:

in his struggle against the Poles, thus effectively incorporating the

50: 5071: 4921: 4820: 4780: 4756: 4740: 4605: 4597: 4572: 3701: 3515:

Emperor Henry II – Diplomata, Urkunden Monumenta Germaniae Historica

3509: 3365:

Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), pp. 97 and 130

2246: 2242: 2205: 2093: 2034: 1997: 1885: 1881: 1856: 1569: 1550: 1523: 1492: 1379: 1118: 890: 839: 688: 642: 567: 2608:"Heinrich II. und Kunigunde Das heilige Kaiserpaar des Mittelalters" 2216:. After celebrating Easter, Henry retired to his imperial palace in 1514:

Henry II returned to Germany in 1015 after being crowned Emperor by

1238: 1170:

tribe. As a consequence of their military alliance, Henry II halted

5508: 5295: 5041: 5005: 4836: 4812: 4804: 4788: 4772: 4748: 4708: 4389: 2851:

Cathedra Petri: A Political History of the Great Latin Patriarchate

2824: 2297:

were carried on campaigns against heretics in the 1160s. He is the

2235: 2102: 1919: 1899:) and promoted various monastic reforms. He also strongly enforced 1896: 1713: 1630: 1623: 1375: 1368: 996: 831: 800: 684: 432:("Rex Romanorum") following the sudden death of his second cousin, 3510:

Gospel Book from the Bamberg Cathedral (Reichenau Gospel) PDF 67MB

1942:, dispute over this doctrine was one of the primary causes of the 1207: 480:

on 9 July 1002 as the first in a line of kings to adopt the title

4868: 4860: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4700: 4692: 4621: 4613: 4559: 2213: 2062: 1859:, the Gandersheim Conflict, centering around the jurisdiction of 1694: 1663: 1577: 1558: 1542: 1539: 1258: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1148: 1012: 917: 874: 680: 338: 1390:

other bishops and abbots joined him. Henry's forces trapped the

5876:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Landshut: 1353–1375; Upper: 1363) 4796: 4666: 4637: 4629: 2877:"Feldzüge Heinrichs II. gegen den Polenherzog Boleslaw Chrobry" 2825:"Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia" 2506: 2445: 2348: 2310: 2294: 2209: 1907: 1880:

became seriously ill, while staying at the imperial estates in

1674: 1618:

in which both Eastern and Western Empires would jointly-govern

1588: 1561:

in 1017, then under the command of Mieszko II's brother-in-law

1419: 1267: 1219: 1167: 1004: 878: 870: 657:

of its southeastern territories bordering Italy and formed the

586:. As the union produced no children, the German nobles elected 2000:, which demanded absolute dedication to the universal Church. 1086: 668:. As a child he was educated in the Christian faith by Bishop 539:): twice to suppress secessionist revolts and once to address 4674: 2453: 2302: 2089: 2070: 1837: 1822: 1568:

Henry II and Bolesław I then opened peace negotiations and a

1423: 1410: 1395: 1387: 1164: 1161: 1020: 965: 808: 575: 195: 140: 2980:

Bryce, James (1871). "The Emperors Henry II and Conrad II".

2921:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c. 900–c. 1024

2253:

as Henry II's successor, who became the first member of the

1996:

for themselves and commanded loyalty, but this contradicted

1210:

and wiped out the Polish army left there. At the same time,

4645: 2522: 2097:

Henry II also assigned a portion of the territory from the

1716:

coast for southern Italy commanding a large force. He sent

1438: 1279: 1134: 1122: 516: 1744:

and extracted oaths of allegiance from both Capua and the

1339:

reigned as pope from 1003 until 1009. He was succeeded by

1067: 823:

in mid-July in full regal apparel. There, Henry convinced

492:("Rex Italiae"). In that same year, Henry II joined Duke 2655: 1736:

to join Henry II in besieging the Byzantine fortress of

1673:

led a successful rebellion against Byzantine control of

1409:. Then, under the presidency of the Emperor and Pope, a 757:, strongly contested Henry's right to succeed Otto III. 4543: 3440:. UTB M (in German). Vol. 2105 (2 ed.). UTB. 3011: 2241:

In early September 1024, the German nobles gathered in

1840:, the Diocese was all but abandoned in 983 following a 1611:. In 969, Emperor Otto I entered into an alliance with 455:, Emperor Henry II was a great-grandson of German king 1599:, daughter of the Saxon Margrave Eckard I of Meissen. 980:. This allowed Arduin's enemies in the Church, led by 664:

During his father's exile, the younger Henry lived in

1206:

in northern Bohemia. He then conquered the castle at

3304: 1728:. A third army, smaller still, under the command of 1445:. He died on 14 December 1015. His brief "reign" as 1374:

Near the end of 1013, Henry II gathered his army at

1363:, however, Benedict VIII was forced to flee Rome by 6046:(Munich: 1460–1508; Landshut: 1503–1508; 1508–1550) 5894:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1404) 5885:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1388) 3307:"Thietmar of Merseburg's Views on Clerical Warfare" 633:The elder Henry came into conflict with his cousin 511:, Henry spent most of his reign concerned with the 5841:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1351; Landshut: 1373–1379) 2585:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 45–. 2181:, grandson of Emperor Otto I's trusted lieutenant 729:12th-century stained glass depiction of Henry II, 614:. Through his father, he was the grandson of Duke 1817:The Diocese of Merseburg had been established by 1677:. The Byzantine Empire struck back in 1018 under 1183:'s mission to Poland, so he set out for Hungary. 6091: 3068: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2854:United Kingdom, Thickbroom Brothers, 1861. p. 14 2757: 2605: 1855:In 987, during the regency of Otto III's mother 440:("Rex Italiae") in 1004, and crowned emperor by 3339: 3007: 3005: 2753: 2751: 2749: 1724:littoral with the objective of subjugating the 1218:. Forcing Bolesław I to flee, Jaromír occupied 968:soon after the Emperor's death. Accompanied by 3284:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 16–. 3277: 3250: 3204: 2656:Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Henry". 2530:The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography 2320:Henry's feast day was inserted in 1631 in the 2132: 1821:in 968 to commemorate his victory against the 1359:was elected to succeed him. Upon assuming the 768:in February 1002, Henry met the procession in 408:; 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024 AD), also known as 5311: 4529: 3956: 3665: 3254:Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200 3189: 3032: 2966: 2964: 2904: 2901:K. Jasiński, Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, 1992 2569: 2362:Henry II is also venerated as a saint in the 1926:. The addition of the term provided that the 1720:ahead with a slightly smaller army along the 1549:. The Imperial army retreated from Poland to 1027:. Unlike his predecessors, after gaining the 622:. By his mother, he was the grandson of King 5990:(Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447–1450) 3271: 3244: 3002: 2863:S.Rosik, Bolesław Chrobry i jego czasy, 2001 2746: 2065:, even giving his estates there to his wife 484:as an antedate to his coronation in Rome as 3377:Feast of St. Henry: Patron Saint of Oblates 3281:Kingship and Justice in the Ottonian Empire 3124: 2949:, University of Michigan Press, 1967, p. 93 2366:(either on 13 July or on 15 July). and the 2208:, Germany from southern Italy to celebrate 1479:in order to persuade the new Bohemian Duke 944: 606:Henry was born in May 973, the son of Duke 459:and a member of the Bavarian branch of the 5318: 5304: 4536: 4522: 3963: 3949: 3672: 3658: 3435: 3390:"О почитании святых, просиявших на западе" 3321: 3151: 2961: 2684:, (Cambridge University Press, 1979), 433. 2575: 2552: 1949: 1654:, and was soundly defeated in the ensuing 1602: 1075:Manuscript of St. Gregory's Moralia in Job 601: 471:in Hildesheim. He succeeded his father as 49: 5942:(Munich: 1397–1438; Straubing: 1429–1438) 5934:(Munich: 1397–1435; Straubing: 1429–1435) 3454: 2917: 2829:Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014) 2632: 2630: 2628: 1794: 1386:, and a number of clerics. Upon reaching 845: 838:as Queen of Germany on 10 August 1002 in 515:of the imperial territories north of the 3489:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 2879:. Landesausstellung 2002. Archived from 2411: 2264: 2192: 2033: 1953: 1776:). Compared to the other members of the 1317: 1282:. To seal their peace, Bolesław I's son 724: 578:. Henry II's wife was the equally pious 27:11th century Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor 3970: 3679: 3130: 3082: 3080: 2871: 2869: 2558: 1487:At the same time, Henry II entertained 1046: 14: 6092: 6014:(Munich: 1460–1467; Dachau: 1467–1501) 3504:Die Chronik des Thietmar von Merseburg 3305:Benjamin Joseph Wand (6 August 2018). 3157: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2625: 2188: 2150:formed the core imperial support, the 1799:Henry II inherited several unresolved 1313: 714: 467:and later during his education at the 5299: 4517: 3944: 3653: 3211:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 3050: 2979: 2638:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Henry II" 2541: 2230:arranged for Henry to be interred at 2019: 5325: 3333: 3077: 3015:History of the Middle Ages: 300–1500 2866: 2712:. Catholic Saints Info. 2 March 2019 2532:, Volume 2, Routledge, 2012, p. 449. 1755: 1740:. Though Patriarch Pilgrim captured 1248: 519:, a policy summed up on his seal as 3041: 2947:Death and Life in the Tenth Century 2822: 2697:, Saints.SQPN.com, 7 October 2012, 2644: 2307:St Henry's Marist Brothers' College 2158:had grown increasingly rebellious. 1712:In 1022, Henry II set out down the 1456: 1308: 1155: 1057: 24: 6180:German Christian religious leaders 5966:(1375–1392; Ingolstadt: 1392–1413) 2448:during the reigns of the emperors 2289:was canonised on 29 March 1200 by 1970:. The dukes have always preferred 1019:("Rex Italiae") on 14 May 1004 in 543:attempts to obtain dominance over 488:. On 15 May 1004, he was anointed 25: 6211: 3474: 3330:, entry for St. Henry on 13 July. 2487:Saint Henry, patron saint archive 1914:Henry II succeeded in persuading 1140:Prior to open rebellion in 1004, 626:, and the great-grandson of King 618:, and the great-grandson of King 428:, appointed in 995, Henry became 6115:11th-century Holy Roman Emperors 5950:(1375–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393) 4571: 3925: 3924: 3205:Timothy Reuter (25 March 2011). 3137:. Penn State Press. p. 95. 3112:. Merseburger Dom. 6 August 2018 3090:. Merseburger Dom. 6 August 2018 3012:James Westfall Thompson (2016). 2565:. the Booksellers. pp. 11–. 2470: 1398:, where he remained until 1015. 1085: 1066: 1025:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore 709: 3498:Henry II at Patron Saints Index 3459:(in Polish). Proszynski Media. 3408: 3394:Православная церковь в Гамбурге 3382: 3368: 3359: 3298: 3198: 3102: 3059: 2973: 2938: 2895: 2857: 2842: 2816: 2804:. Monumenta Germaniae Historica 2794: 2778: 2724: 2702: 2687: 2396:, first-cousin once removed of 2197:Tomb of Henry and Cunigunde by 1938:. Together with the concept of 1832:in 955. Established to conduct 982:Archbishop Frederick of Ravenna 582:, who was canonized in 1200 by 80:14 February 1014 – 13 July 1024 6038:(Munich: 1465–1505; 1505–1508) 5958:(1375–1392; Munich: 1392–1397) 3481:Charter given by Emperor Henry 3257:. Cambridge University Press. 3164:. Paulist Press. p. 188. 2924:. Cambridge University Press. 2674: 2599: 2535: 2499: 1629:Under Otto I and Otto II, the 1142:Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia 645:. After escaping, Henry again 13: 1: 6175:11th-century Christian saints 6170:10th-century Christian saints 6125:11th-century dukes of Bavaria 6120:10th-century dukes of Bavaria 5850:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361) 5832:(Upper: 1301–1340; 1340–1347) 5744:(1253–1255; Upper: 1255–1294) 3524:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 3429: 3217:(3). Cambridge Org: 347–374. 2764:. De Gruyter. pp. 245–. 2384:Henry II was a member of the 2273:, as depicted in 15th century 2260: 2172:series of wars against Poland 1718:Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne 1499:. A son of Kievan Grand Duke 1463:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 1053:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 976:in 997 for the murder of the 970:Archbishop Arnulf II of Milan 953:to fall from German control. 780:, chief among them being the 236:28 August 995 – 21 March 1004 59: 6185:German Roman Catholic saints 6165:Burials at Bamberg Cathedral 6100:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 3018:. Routledge. pp. 458–. 2482:Kings of Germany family tree 2416:Page of Thietmar's Chronicle 2336:in 1955 to a simple, and by 1884:. Henry II vowed to found a 1863:, first flared up. Both the 1503:, he was vice-regent of the 1112:Margrave Eckard I of Meissen 590:, a great-great-grandson of 7: 6190:Roman Catholic royal saints 5963:Stephen III the Magnificent 3436:Knefelkamp, Ulrich (2002). 3309:. Portland State University 2463: 2332:. This rank was changed by 2133:Policy towards the nobility 2030:Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg 1992:of bishops of the empire's 1990:appointment and investiture 1767:Renovatio imperii Romanorum 1730:Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia 1405:("Romanorum Imperator") in 1073:Emperor Henry II, from the 1015:, Arnulf II crowned him as 525:Renovatio imperii Romanorum 10: 6216: 5797:Henry XV the Natternberger 5784:(Upper: Regent: 1294–1302) 4465:North German Confederation 4381:Confederation of the Rhine 2945:Duckett, Eleanor Shipley. 2407: 2377: 2368:Antiochian Orthodox Church 2168:Count Frederick of Moselle 2023: 1944:Great Schism of the Church 1807:and the settlement of the 1460: 1255:Archbishopric of Magdeburg 1050: 842:, in present-day Germany. 721:1002 German royal election 718: 672:, and then studied at the 635:Holy Roman Emperor Otto II 185:7 June 1002 – 13 July 1024 130:15 May 1004 – 13 July 1024 5846:Louis V the Brandenburger 5376: 5333: 5096: 4981: 4888: 4657: 4580: 4569: 4552: 4482: 4463: 4444: 4422: 4398: 4379: 4068: 4027: 3978: 3920: 3687: 3637: 3626: 3613: 3598: 3589: 3581: 3571: 3562: 3554: 3549: 3522: 3455:Jasienica, Pawel (2007). 3416:"A Western Rite Calendar" 3223:10.1017/S0022046900026245 3038:Knefelkamp (2002), p. 125 2802:"Heinrich II. und Arduin" 2758:Michael Borgolte (2014). 2732:"St. Cunegundes, Empress" 2400:, and a second-cousin to 2373: 2179:Duke Bernard II of Saxony 1976:protectors of Christendom 1773:Renovatio regni Francorum 1532:Duke Bernard II of Saxony 1394:Arduin in his capital of 852:Herman II, Duke of Swabia 825:Bernard I, Duke of Saxony 521:Renovatio regni Francorum 449:Henry II, Duke of Bavaria 374:Chalcedonian Christianity 369: 359: 354:Henry II, Duke of Bavaria 349: 337: 327: 315: 290: 266: 262: 252: 242: 232: 225: 215: 205: 189: 181: 174: 164: 150: 134: 126: 119: 109: 99: 84: 76: 69: 48: 39: 34: 6060:Albert V the Magnanimous 6043:William IV the Steadfast 5979:Louis VIII the Hunchback 5557:Henry II the Quarrelsome 4984:(title disputed 887–933) 4433:Archduke John of Austria 3131:Wolfram, Herwig (2010). 3110:"Thietmar von Merseburg" 2986:. Macmillan. p. 150 2789:Liber gestorum recentium 2492: 2442:Annales Quedlinburgenses 2359:of Benedictine oblates. 2355:and is venerated as the 2177:In 1019, the once loyal 1505:Principality of Novgorod 999:and marched through the 986:Duke Otto I of Carinthia 945:First Italian expedition 647:revolted against Otto II 523:, which replaced Otto's 93:Old St. Peter's Basilica 5982:(Ingolstadt: 1443–1445) 5974:(Ingolstadt: 1413–1443) 3278:Laura Wangerin (2019). 3251:Horst Fuhrmann (1986). 3158:Kasper, Walter (2006). 3056:Jasienica (2007), p. 86 2695:New Catholic Dictionary 2658:My First Book of Saints 2528:Frank N. Magill (ed.), 2511:Order of Saint Benedict 2364:Eastern Orthodox Church 2212:, Henry II fell ill in 2164:Duke Henry V of Bavaria 2075:Imperial Abbey at Fulda 2067:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 2061:, Henry II was fond of 2050:Margrave of the Nordgau 1972:political particularism 1958:Gospel Book of Henry II 1950:Empire–Church relations 1746:Principality of Salerno 1603:Conflict with Byzantium 1117:Bolesław I traveled to 836:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 704:Siegfried of Luxembourg 700:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 602:Early life and marriage 547:. On 14 February 1014, 332:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 6160:People from Hildesheim 6150:Christian royal saints 6145:Medieval German saints 5926:(Straubing: 1417-1425) 5918:(Straubing: 1417-1429) 5910:(Straubing: 1404–1417) 5902:(Straubing: 1389–1397) 5648:(1070–1077, 1096–1101) 5624:(1053–1054, 1055–1061) 5592:(1004–1009, 1017–1026) 2606:Bernd Schneidemüller. 2577:Blumenthal, Uta-Renate 2420:Between 1012 and 1018 2417: 2322:General Roman Calendar 2305:, Switzerland, and of 2274: 2201: 2199:Tilman Riemenschneider 2041: 1964:Imperial Church System 1959: 1795:Ecclesiastical affairs 1333: 1288:Richeza of Lotharingia 1011:. Joining Henry II in 846:Consolidation of power 733: 702:, a daughter of Count 670:Wolfgang of Regensburg 405: 397: 389: 6030:(Landshut: 1479–1503) 6022:(Landshut: 1450–1479) 5971:Louis VII the Bearded 5923:John III the Pitiless 5584:(995–1004, 1009–1017) 5573:Henry III the Younger 5493:Louis III the Younger 3340:Bernd Schneidmüller. 3328:Martyrologium Romanum 3047:Previte-orton, p. 451 2983:The Holy Roman Empire 2680:C. W. Previté-Orton, 2545:The Holy Roman Empire 2542:Bryce, James (1871). 2422:Thietmar of Merseburg 2415: 2353:Order of St. Benedict 2268: 2196: 2037: 2006:Thietmar of Merseburg 1957: 1918:to include the word " 1876:In May 1017, Empress 1846:Thietmar of Merseburg 1836:work among the pagan 1726:Principality of Capua 1495:to the throne of the 1321: 1079:Bamberg State Library 930:Henry I of Luxembourg 799:("Rex Romanorum") by 728: 698:In 999 Henry married 628:Rudolf II of Burgundy 42:Emperor of the Romans 5947:Frederick I the Wise 5733:Otto the Illustrious 5693:Henry XI Jasomirgott 5194:Lothair III (or II) 4547:between 476 and 1556 4446:German Confederation 4400:German Confederation 2761:Stiftung und Memoria 2438:Res gestae Saxonicae 2099:Diocese of Eichstätt 2057:. Growing up in the 2046:Henry of Schweinfurt 1994:proprietary churches 1981:Prince of the Empire 1869:Bishop of Hildesheim 1810:Gandersheim Conflict 1805:Diocese of Merseburg 1688:. Melus fled to the 1669:, the Lombard noble 1509:Sviatopolk I of Kiev 1407:St. Peter's Basilica 1322:Henry II crowned as 1193:Carpathian Mountains 1093:Bolesław I of Poland 1047:Conflict with Poland 1009:Archbishop Arnulf II 910:Henry of Schweinfurt 731:Strasbourg Cathedral 674:Hildesheim Cathedral 624:Conrad I of Burgundy 238:1009 – December 1017 6155:German Benedictines 6135:Benedictine oblates 6068:William V the Pious 6006:(Munich: 1460–1463) 5998:(Munich: 1438–1460) 5741:Louis II the Strict 5720:(Regent: 1183–1191) 5520:(Margrave: 895–907) 5512:(Margrave: 890–895) 5477:Louis II the German 3985:Carolingian dynasty 3972:Monarchs of Germany 3681:Holy Roman emperors 3485:Niederaltaich Abbey 2849:Greenwood, Thomas. 2693:"Saint Kunigunde", 2189:Death and successor 2107:Archbishop of Mainz 2079:Diocese of Würzburg 1930:emanated from both 1865:Archbishop of Mainz 1842:major Slavic revolt 1742:Pandulf IV of Capua 1347:. As leader of the 1314:Imperial coronation 1301:, granddaughter of 960:proclaimed himself 914:Margrave of Nordgau 834:to crown his wife, 805:Archbishop of Mainz 774:Heribert of Cologne 755:Herman II of Swabia 751:Eckard I of Meissen 747:Ezzo of Lotharingia 715:Disputed succession 608:Henry II of Bavaria 529:series of conflicts 486:Imperator Romanorum 6195:Christian monarchs 6140:Benedictine saints 6035:Albert IV the Wise 5987:Henry XVI the Rich 5858:(Upper: 1361–1363) 5824:(Lower: 1339–1340) 5816:(Lower: 1310–1339) 5808:(Lower: 1310–1334) 5800:(Lower: 1312–1333) 5792:(Upper: 1294–1317) 5776:(Lower: 1290–1312) 5768:(Lower: 1290–1310) 5760:(Lower: 1290–1296) 5752:(Lower: 1253–1290) 5701:Henry XII the Lion 5669:Henry IX the Black 5560:(955–976, 985–995) 5353:Bavaria-Ingolstadt 4070:Kingdom of Germany 4034:Kingdom of Germany 3640:Holy Roman Emperor 3618:Title last held by 3603:Title next held by 3493:Marburg University 3375:Being Benedictine 2918:Cambridge (1995). 2823:Elliott, Gillian. 2710:"Saint Cunegundes" 2418: 2392:, great-nephew of 2285:; Henry's spouse, 2275: 2202: 2144:Duchy of Franconia 2123:Duchy of Carinthia 2115:Duchy of Franconia 2111:Primate of Germany 2083:Bishop of Würzburg 2055:Diocese of Bamberg 2042: 2026:Diocese of Bamberg 2020:Diocese of Bamberg 1960: 1916:Pope Benedict VIII 1830:Battle of Lechfeld 1662:In 1017, aided by 1593:expedition to Kiev 1516:Pope Benedict VIII 1501:Vladimir the Great 1473:Mieszko II Lambert 1451:Victor Emmanuel II 1441:in a monastery at 1403:Holy Roman Emperor 1361:chair of St. Peter 1334: 1330:Pope Benedict VIII 1290:, daughter of the 978:Bishop of Vercelli 939:Diocese of Bamberg 807:on 9 July 1002 at 786:Bishop of Würzburg 764:moved through the 762:funeral procession 734: 659:Duchy of Carinthia 620:Henry I of Germany 616:Henry I of Bavaria 612:Gisela of Burgundy 553:Holy Roman Emperor 549:Pope Benedict VIII 494:Jaromír of Bohemia 465:Bishop of Freising 453:Gisela of Burgundy 442:Pope Benedict VIII 436:in 1002, was made 430:King of the Romans 418:Holy Roman Emperor 364:Gisela of Burgundy 200:Kingdom of Germany 71:Holy Roman Emperor 6087: 6086: 6027:George I the Rich 6019:Louis IX the Rich 5368:Bavaria-Straubing 5293: 5292: 5104:Holy Roman Empire 4511: 4510: 4437: 4436:(Imperial Regent) 4075:Holy Roman Empire 4004:Louis the Younger 3938: 3937: 3648: 3647: 3572:Succeeded by 3466:978-83-7648-284-2 3396:. 13 January 2012 3291:978-0-472-13139-6 3264:978-0-521-31980-5 3171:978-0-8091-4334-4 3144:978-0-271-04818-5 3025:978-1-317-21700-8 2996:Project Gutenberg 2931:978-0-521-36447-8 2771:978-3-05-006048-4 2477:Saints portal 2342:optional memorial 2291:Pope Innocent III 2283:Pope Eugenius III 2232:Bamberg Cathedral 2228:Empress Cunigunde 2039:Bamberg Cathedral 1901:clerical celibacy 1861:Gandersheim Abbey 1756:Imperial Policies 1732:went through the 1613:Byzantine Emperor 1563:Margrave Herman I 1435:Margrave of Ivrea 1416:Diocese of Bobbio 1353:Patrician of Rome 1263:counter-offensive 1249:Second Polish War 1216:Holy Roman Empire 1181:Bruno of Querfurt 651:Bishop of Utrecht 584:Pope Innocent III 580:Empress Cunigunde 560:Holy Roman Empire 502:Holy Roman Empire 379: 378: 321:Bamberg Cathedral 310:Holy Roman Empire 285:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 6207: 6130:Ottonian dynasty 5821:John I the Child 5709:Otto the Redhead 5637:Otto of Nordheim 5358:Bavaria-Landshut 5338:Duchy of Bavaria 5327:Dukes of Bavaria 5320: 5313: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5205: 5197: 5189: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5098:Kingdom of Italy 5088: 5080: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5036: 5022: 5014: 5000: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4880: 4872: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4840: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4736: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4678: 4670: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4593: 4575: 4563: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4435: 3994:Louis the German 3965: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3582:Preceded by 3555:Preceded by 3545: 3538: 3520: 3519: 3470: 3451: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3347:. Uni Heidelberg 3346: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3084: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2959: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2915: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2798: 2792: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2755: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2734:. Garden Of Mary 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2653: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2559:Germany (1740). 2556: 2550: 2549: 2539: 2533: 2526: 2514: 2503: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2386:Ottonian dynasty 2380:Ottonian dynasty 2347:Henry II was an 2281:in July 1147 by 2156:Duchy of Bavaria 2088:Henry II held a 2059:Duchy of Bavaria 1848:to serve as its 1778:Ottonian dynasty 1762:Emperor Otto III 1686:Battle of Cannae 1679:Catepan of Italy 1635:Pandulf Ironhead 1616:John I Tzimiskes 1609:Byzantine Empire 1585:Peace of Bautzen 1477:Duchy of Bohemia 1467:Peace of Bautzen 1457:Third Polish War 1345:John Crescentius 1309:Reign as emperor 1276:March of Meissen 1272:March of Lusatia 1172:Christianization 1156:First Polish War 1131:March of Lusatia 1127:March of Meissen 1095:in a drawing by 1089: 1070: 1058:Polish relations 1029:Kingdom of Italy 922:Duchy of Bavaria 895:Ottonian dynasty 858:, eldest son of 813:Aachen Cathedral 790:Aachen Cathedral 778:Imperial Regalia 766:Duchy of Bavaria 743:Ottonian dynasty 738:Emperor Otto III 655:Duchy of Bavaria 531:with the Polish 498:Duchy of Bohemia 469:cathedral school 461:Ottonian dynasty 457:Henry the Fowler 434:Emperor Otto III 297: 145:Kingdom of Italy 90:14 February 1014 64: 63: 1002–1014 61: 53: 32: 31: 21: 18:Emperor Henry II 6215: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6200:Military saints 6090: 6089: 6088: 6083: 5504:(King: 882–887) 5501:Charles the Fat 5496:(King: 880–882) 5488:(King: 876–880) 5480:(King: 817–843) 5372: 5329: 5324: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5275: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5179: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5106: 5101: 5092: 5086: 5078: 5064: 5056: 5048: 5034: 5020: 5012: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4907: 4899: 4884: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4676: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4591: 4576: 4567: 4561: 4548: 4542: 4512: 4507: 4478: 4459: 4440: 4418: 4394: 4375: 4242:Frederick (III) 4073: 4064: 4032: 4023: 4019:Louis the Child 4009:Charles the Fat 3983: 3974: 3969: 3939: 3934: 3916: 3683: 3678: 3643: 3632: 3629:King of Germany 3619: 3604: 3595: 3587: 3577: 3568: 3565:Duke of Bavaria 3560: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3477: 3467: 3448: 3438:Das Mittelalter 3432: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3074:Sismondi, p. 29 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3010: 3003: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2916: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2883:on 3 March 2016 2875: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785:Arnulf of Milan 2783: 2779: 2772: 2756: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2574: 2570: 2557: 2553: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2410: 2382: 2376: 2338:Pope John XXIII 2301:of the city of 2263: 2191: 2183:Hermann Billung 2152:Duchy of Swabia 2148:Duchy of Saxony 2135: 2127:Duchy of Swabia 2119:Duchy of Saxony 2077:as part of the 2032: 2024:Main articles: 2022: 1952: 1890:Kaufungen Abbey 1797: 1785:Arduin of Ivrea 1758: 1682:Basil Boioannes 1656:battle of Stilo 1605: 1520:pincer movement 1469: 1461:Main articles: 1459: 1384:Queen Cunigunde 1316: 1311: 1303:Emperor Otto II 1251: 1158: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1041:Pope John XVIII 990:March of Verona 958:Arduin of Ivrea 947: 934:Duke of Bavaria 848: 797:King of Germany 723: 717: 712: 693:Duke of Bavaria 639:Duchy of Swabia 604: 572:Pope Eugene III 564:Catholic Church 533:Duke Bolesław I 478:King of Germany 473:Duke of Bavaria 451:, and his wife 426:Duke of Bavaria 323: 299: 295: 271: 237: 227:Duke of Bavaria 194: 176:King of Germany 159:Arduin of Ivrea 157: 139: 91: 65: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6213: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6073: 6065: 6057: 6048: 6040: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5952: 5944: 5936: 5928: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5570: 5562: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5530: 5522: 5514: 5506: 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4487: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4455:Franz Joseph I 4451: 4449: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4143:Lothair II/III 4140: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3976: 3975: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 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Henry and 2262: 2259: 2255:Salian dynasty 2222:Church council 2190: 2187: 2134: 2131: 2021: 2018: 1951: 1948: 1932:God the Father 1874: 1873: 1853: 1819:Emperor Otto I 1801:ecclesiastical 1796: 1793: 1757: 1754: 1699:Duke of Apulia 1652:Emir of Sicily 1620:southern Italy 1604: 1601: 1597:Oda of Meissen 1458: 1455: 1418:. Celebrating 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1292:Count Palatine 1250: 1247: 1157: 1154: 1091: 1084: 1083: 1072: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1051:Main article: 1048: 1045: 974:excommunicated 946: 943: 887:Lower Lorraine 883:Upper Lorraine 860:Emperor Otto I 847: 844: 817:Emperor Otto I 719:Main article: 716: 713: 711: 708: 603: 600: 596:Salian dynasty 592:Emperor Otto I 551:crowned Henry 545:southern Italy 377: 376: 371: 367: 366: 361: 357: 356: 351: 347: 346: 341: 335: 334: 329: 325: 324: 319: 317: 313: 312: 298:(aged 51) 292: 288: 287: 268: 264: 263: 260: 259: 254: 250: 249: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 191: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 152: 148: 147: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 88: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 67: 66: 55:Henry II in a 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6212: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717:Agnes of Loon 5715: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432:(c.716–c.719) 5430: 5427: 5425: 5424:(c.716–c.719) 5422: 5419: 5417: 5416:(c.716–c.719) 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5348:Lower Bavaria 5346: 5344: 5343:Upper Bavaria 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234:Frederick II 5232: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5037: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5008: 5007: 5003: 5001: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:Frederick III 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484:German Empire 4481: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424:German Empire 4421: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4326:Ferdinand III 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:Maximilian II 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286:Frederick III 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3931: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3872:Ferdinand III 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852:Maximilian II 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3832:Frederick III 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3593: 3592:King of Italy 3586: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3529:House of Otto 3521: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3447:3-8252-2105-9 3443: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3417: 3411: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3362: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3192: 3185: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3111: 3105: 3089: 3088:"Heinrich II" 3083: 3081: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2967: 2965: 2958: 2957:9780472061723 2954: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2860: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2733: 2727: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2669: 2667:971-91595-4-5 2663: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2592:0-8122-1386-6 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334:Pope Pius XII 2331: 2327: 2326:commemoration 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277:Henry II was 2272: 2267: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204:Returning to 2200: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1940:Papal primacy 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:Melus of Bari 1668: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:Eastern March 1544: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1526:to cross the 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1447:King of Italy 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1392:King of Italy 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:Benedict VIII 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1261:. The German 1260: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:Ore Mountains 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1069: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1035:were killed. 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:King of Italy 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 962:King of Italy 959: 956: 952: 942: 940: 935: 931: 928: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 843: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 776:give him the 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 732: 727: 722: 710:Reign as king 707: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 599: 598:of emperors. 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537:Honor Imperii 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490:King of Italy 487: 483: 482:Rex Romanorum 479: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 438:King of Italy 435: 431: 427: 423: 422:Ottonian line 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 375: 372: 368: 365: 362: 358: 355: 352: 348: 345: 342: 340: 336: 333: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 311: 307: 303: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 261: 258: 255: 251: 248: 245: 241: 235: 231: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 201: 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 121:King of Italy 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6078: 6076:Maximilian I 6070: 6062: 6054: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5949: 5941: 5933: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5849: 5840: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5580: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5455: 5447: 5439: 5431: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5210:Frederick I 5145: 5077:Berengar II 5070: 5040: 5026: 5004: 4990: 4982:Non-dynastic 4954:Charles III 4898:Charlemagne 4890:Carolingians 4683: 4553:Non-dynastic 4331:Ferdinand IV 4321:Ferdinand II 4291:Maximilian I 4268: 4251: 4209: 4194:Henry (VIII) 4192: 4178:Frederick II 4133:Conrad (III) 4125: 4118: 4098: 4052: 4029:East Francia 3980:East Francia 3867:Ferdinand II 3837:Maximilian I 3807:Frederick II 3761: 3638: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3563: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3503: 3456: 3437: 3410: 3398:. Retrieved 3393: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3335: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3300: 3280: 3273: 3253: 3246: 3234:. Retrieved 3214: 3210: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3175:. Retrieved 3160: 3153: 3133: 3126: 3114:. Retrieved 3104: 3092:. Retrieved 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3014: 2994:– via 2988:. Retrieved 2982: 2975: 2946: 2940: 2920: 2897: 2885:. Retrieved 2881:the original 2859: 2850: 2844: 2832:. Retrieved 2828: 2818: 2806:. Retrieved 2796: 2788: 2780: 2760: 2736:. Retrieved 2726: 2714:. Retrieved 2704: 2694: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2657: 2615:. Retrieved 2601: 2581: 2571: 2561: 2554: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2524: 2501: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2383: 2361: 2357:patron saint 2346: 2319: 2315:South Africa 2299:patron saint 2276: 2240: 2226: 2203: 2176: 2160: 2140: 2136: 2087: 2043: 2002: 1985: 1979: 1968:Stem duchies 1961: 1924:Nicene Creed 1913: 1905: 1894: 1875: 1808: 1798: 1789: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1711: 1698: 1690:Papal States 1661: 1648:Abu al-Qasim 1628: 1606: 1582: 1567: 1536: 1513: 1486: 1470: 1437:to become a 1432: 1428:Papal States 1400: 1373: 1352: 1335: 1323: 1252: 1243:peace treaty 1236: 1234:until 1018. 1201: 1185: 1159: 1146: 1139: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1074: 1037: 1033: 1001:Brenner Pass 994: 948: 907: 868: 849: 829: 794: 759: 735: 697: 678: 663: 632: 605: 557: 536: 524: 520: 512: 506: 485: 481: 446: 409: 381: 380: 296:(1024-07-13) 294:13 July 1024 193:7 June 1002 138:15 May 1004 57:sacramentary 40: 29: 6110:1024 deaths 6079:(1597–1623) 6071:(1579–1597) 6063:(1550–1579) 6055:(1516–1545) 5931:William III 5867:(1347–1365) 5736:(1231–1253) 5728:(1183–1231) 5712:(1180–1183) 5704:(1156–1180) 5696:(1143–1156) 5688:(1139–1141) 5680:(1126–1138) 5672:(1120–1126) 5664:(1101–1120) 5656:(1077–1096) 5640:(1061–1070) 5632:(1054–1055) 5616:(1049–1053) 5608:(1042–1047) 5600:(1026–1042) 5469:Tassilo III 5408:(c.680–716) 5397:Garibald II 5284:(1530–1556) 5276:(1452–1493) 5268:(1431–1437) 5260:(1355–1378) 5258:Charles IV 5252:(1327–1347) 5244:(1311–1313) 5236:(1212–1250) 5228:(1209–1212) 5220:(1186–1197) 5212:(1154–1186) 5204:(1138–1152) 5202:Conrad III 5196:(1125–1137) 5188:(1106–1125) 5180:(1093–1101) 5172:(1056–1105) 5164:(1039–1056) 5156:(1026–1039) 5148:(1004–1024) 5140:(1002–1014) 5063:Lothair II 4997:Berengar I 4992:Unruochings 4938:Charles II 4877:Desiderius 4853:Hildeprand 4829:Aripert II 4684:Interregnum 4486:(1871–1918) 4467:(1867–1871) 4448:(1850–1866) 4426:(1848/1849) 4414:Ferdinand I 4402:(1815–1848) 4383:(1806–1813) 4351:Charles VII 4301:Ferdinand I 4183:Henry (VII) 4158:Frederick I 3892:Charles VII 3847:Ferdinand I 3792:Frederick I 3787:Lothair III 3717:Charles III 3692:Charlemagne 3177:22 December 2014:feudal lord 2010:Middle Ages 1986:Reichsfürst 1936:God the Son 1928:Holy Spirit 1667:mercenaries 1497:Kievan Rus' 1299:Lotharingia 1197:Scandinavia 1097:Jan Matejko 988:, over the 932:became the 903:Hermann III 753:, and Duke 749:, Margrave 447:The son of 410:Saint Henry 390:Heinrich II 243:Predecessor 206:Predecessor 151:Predecessor 100:Predecessor 6105:973 births 6094:Categories 5995:Albert III 5915:Jacqueline 5907:William II 5872:Stephen II 5855:Meinhard I 5749:Henry XIII 5653:Henry VIII 5621:Henry VIII 5429:Tassilo II 5381:Garibald I 5282:Charles V 5266:Sigismund 5242:Henry VII 5178:Conrad II 5162:Henry III 5154:Conrad II 5132:(996–1002) 5107:(962–1556) 4922:Lothair I 4845:Liutprand 4821:Raginpert 4781:Perctarit 4757:Perctarit 4741:Aripert I 4606:Theodahad 4598:Athalaric 4590:Theodoric 4582:Ostrogoths 4503:William II 4390:Napoleon I 4371:Francis II 4366:Leopold II 4346:Charles VI 4259:Wenceslaus 4247:Charles IV 4153:Henry (VI) 4148:Conrad III 4077:(962–1806) 4072:within the 3982:during the 3912:Francis II 3907:Leopold II 3887:Charles VI 3857:Rudolph II 3822:Charles IV 3712:Charles II 3644:1014–1024 3633:1002–1024 3596:1004–1024 3430:References 3351:19 January 3313:29 January 3236:27 January 3116:29 January 3094:29 January 2990:29 January 2887:29 January 2808:29 January 2738:29 January 2716:29 January 2617:28 January 2330:semidouble 2293:. Henry's 2261:Veneration 2247:Franconian 2125:, and the 1834:missionary 1826:Hungarians 1722:Tyrrhenian 1528:Oder river 1443:Fruttuaria 1365:Gregory VI 1349:Crescentii 1341:Sergius IV 1337:John XVIII 1284:Mieszko II 1189:Baltic Sea 1177:Elbe Slavs 1123:Oder River 782:Holy Lance 666:Hildesheim 513:renovation 414:Obl. S. B. 190:Coronation 135:Coronation 86:Coronation 6011:Sigismund 5899:Albert II 5881:William I 5813:Henry XIV 5789:Rudolph I 5765:Stephen I 5757:Louis III 5685:Leopold I 5629:Conrad II 5605:Henry VII 5576:(983–985) 5568:(976–982) 5552:(947–955) 5544:(938–947) 5536:(937–938) 5528:(907–937) 5472:(748–788) 5456:(736–748) 5448:(725–736) 5440:(715–725) 5413:Theodbert 5400:(610–625) 5392:(591–610) 5389:Tassilo I 5384:(555–591) 5250:Louis IV 5218:Henry VI 5170:Henry IV 5146:Henry II 5138:Arduin I 5130:Otto III 5124:(980–983) 5116:(962–973) 5087:(950–963) 5085:Adalbert 5079:(950–963) 5072:Anscarids 5065:(945–950) 5057:(926–947) 5049:(900–905) 5047:Louis II 5035:(922–933) 5021:(891–897) 5013:(889–894) 5006:Guideschi 4999:(887–924) 4964:(896–899) 4956:(879–887) 4948:(877–879) 4946:Carloman 4940:(875–877) 4932:(855–875) 4924:(818–855) 4916:(810–818) 4908:(781–810) 4900:(774–814) 4879:(756–774) 4871:(749–756) 4863:(744–749) 4847:(712–744) 4837:Ansprand 4831:(702–712) 4815:(700–702) 4813:Liutpert 4807:(689–700) 4805:Cunipert 4791:(688–689) 4789:Cunipert 4783:(671–688) 4773:Garibald 4767:(662–671) 4765:Grimoald 4759:(661–662) 4751:(661–662) 4749:Godepert 4743:(653–661) 4735:(652–653) 4727:(636-652) 4719:(626–636) 4711:(616–626) 4709:Adaloald 4703:(590–616) 4695:(584–590) 4687:(574–584) 4677:(572–574) 4669:(568–572) 4648:(552–553) 4640:(541–552) 4624:(540–541) 4616:(536–540) 4608:(534–536) 4600:(526–534) 4592:(493–526) 4562:(476–493) 4493:William I 4474:William I 4409:Francis I 4361:Joseph II 4356:Francis I 4336:Leopold I 4311:Rudolf II 4296:Charles V 4281:Albert II 4276:Sigismund 4232:Henry VII 4188:Conrad IV 4109:Henry III 4104:Conrad II 4036:(919–962) 4031:(911–919) 3987:(843–911) 3902:Joseph II 3897:Francis I 3877:Leopold I 3842:Charles V 3827:Sigismund 3812:Henry VII 3772:Henry III 3767:Conrad II 3737:Louis III 3702:Lothair I 3607:Conrad II 3569:995–1004 3231:159994750 2430:Chronicle 2426:Chronicon 2287:Cunigunde 2279:canonised 2271:Cunigunde 2251:Conrad II 2218:Göttingen 2206:Magdeburg 2094:Frankfurt 2044:In 1003, 1998:canon law 1946:in 1054. 1922:" in the 1886:monastery 1882:Kaufungen 1878:Cunigunde 1857:Theophanu 1750:Pandulf V 1734:Apennines 1639:Benevento 1589:vassalage 1570:ceasefire 1551:Merseburg 1524:Magdeburg 1493:pretender 1380:Merseburg 1351:clan and 1119:Merseburg 1107:renovatio 1023:, in the 899:Strasburg 891:Franconia 840:Paderborn 736:In 1001, 689:Theophanu 643:Ingelheim 588:Conrad II 568:canonized 555:in Rome. 541:Byzantine 500:into the 444:in 1014. 398:Enrico II 302:Göttingen 270:6 May 973 253:Successor 220:Conrad II 216:Successor 169:Conrad II 165:Successor 114:Conrad II 110:Successor 5890:Albert I 5863:Louis VI 5829:Louis IV 5773:Otto III 5613:Conrad I 5597:Henry VI 5581:Henry IV 5541:Berthold 5533:Eberhard 5517:Luitpold 5509:Engeldeo 5485:Carloman 5437:Grimoald 5421:Theobald 5226:Otto IV 5186:Henry V 5122:Otto II 5042:Bosonids 5033:Rudolph 5019:Lambert 4930:Louis I 4914:Bernard 4869:Aistulf 4861:Ratchis 4733:Rodoald 4725:Rothari 4717:Arioald 4701:Agilulf 4693:Authari 4659:Lombards 4622:Ildibad 4614:Vitiges 4560:Odoacer 4341:Joseph I 4316:Matthias 4237:Louis IV 4227:Albert I 4217:Rudolf I 4163:Henry VI 4114:Henry IV 4099:Henry II 4094:Otto III 4043:Conrad I 3999:Carloman 3930:Category 3882:Joseph I 3862:Matthias 3817:Louis IV 3797:Henry VI 3777:Henry IV 3762:Henry II 3757:Otto III 3742:Berengar 3707:Louis II 3622:Otto III 3558:Henry II 2579:(1988). 2464:See also 2456:and the 2450:Otto III 2434:Widukind 2424:wrote a 2402:Otto III 2236:chastity 2154:and the 2146:and the 2103:Willigis 1920:Filioque 1897:celibate 1867:and the 1782:Margrave 1714:Adriatic 1707:Würzburg 1624:Basil II 1540:Moravian 1489:Yaroslav 1376:Augsburg 1369:antipope 1332:in 1014. 1286:married 1274:and the 1129:and the 997:Augsburg 955:Margrave 908:In 1003 866:nobles. 832:Willigis 801:Willigis 685:Otto III 476:crowned 406:Henricus 382:Henry II 370:Religion 344:Ottonian 247:Henry II 210:Otto III 155:Otto III 104:Otto III 35:Henry II 6053:, Duke 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5405:Theodo 4906:Pepin 4675:Cleph 4264:Rupert 4168:Philip 4120:Rudolf 4084:Otto I 4060:Otto I 4054:Arnulf 4014:Arnulf 3747:Otto I 3732:Arnulf 3615:Vacant 3600:Vacant 3585:Arduin 3540: 3463: 3444: 3288: 3261: 3229: 3184:union. 3168: 3141: 3022: 2955: 2928: 2768: 2664: 2613:. CORE 2589: 2507:Oblate 2446:Saxony 2440:, the 2394:Otto I 2374:Family 2349:oblate 2311:Durban 2295:relics 2249:noble 2210:Easter 2166:, and 2121:, the 2117:, the 2105:, the 1908:Verdun 1850:bishop 1675:Apulia 1664:Norman 1574:Głogów 1491:, the 1420:Easter 1268:Lubusz 1239:Poznań 1230:, and 1220:Prague 1168:Lutici 1165:Slavic 1125:: the 1005:Trento 879:Swabia 871:Saxony 856:Liudof 821:Saxons 815:since 610:, and 416:, was 386:German 360:Mother 350:Father 328:Spouse 316:Burial 273:Abbach 95:, Rome 5464:(748) 5461:Grifo 5453:Odilo 5055:Hugh 5028:Welfs 4972:(896) 4855:(744) 4839:(712) 4823:(701) 4799:(689) 4775:(671) 4646:Teia 4632:(541) 4270:Jobst 4222:Adolf 3542:Died: 3535:Born: 3419:(PDF) 3345:(PDF) 3227:S2CID 2611:(PDF) 2493:Notes 2458:Poles 2454:Wends 2428:, or 2324:as a 2303:Basel 2243:Kamba 2090:synod 2071:dower 1838:Slavs 1823:pagan 1738:Troia 1703:Mainz 1643:Capua 1424:Pavia 1411:synod 1396:Ivrea 1388:Pavia 1367:, an 1280:fiefs 1208:Žatec 1162:pagan 1021:Pavia 966:Pavia 951:Italy 927:Count 809:Mainz 683:over 576:saint 509:Italy 424:. 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A 517:Alps 291:Died 267:Born 5892:, 5883:, 5874:, 5865:, 5848:, 5839:, 3722:Guy 3537:973 3491:at 3219:doi 2436:'s 2309:in 2092:in 1422:in 1328:by 1297:of 1278:as 1266:of 1003:to 964:at 916:in 570:by 6096:: 5075:: 5045:: 5031:: 5009:: 4995:: 3392:. 3225:. 3215:33 3213:. 3209:. 3181:. 3079:^ 3004:^ 2963:^ 2951:, 2906:^ 2868:^ 2827:. 2787:, 2748:^ 2646:^ 2627:^ 2460:. 2404:. 2370:. 2344:. 2317:. 2313:, 2257:. 2129:. 2048:, 1813:. 1650:, 1534:. 1430:. 1305:. 1226:, 1199:. 1077:, 912:, 889:, 885:, 881:, 877:, 873:, 803:, 661:. 630:. 504:. 412:, 404:: 400:; 396:: 392:; 388:: 308:, 304:, 283:, 279:, 275:, 198:, 143:, 60:c. 5319:e 5312:t 5305:v 4537:e 4530:t 4523:v 3964:e 3957:t 3950:v 3673:e 3666:t 3659:v 3469:. 3450:. 3421:. 3404:. 3355:. 3317:. 3294:. 3267:. 3240:. 3221:: 3147:. 3120:. 3098:. 3028:. 2998:. 2934:. 2891:. 2838:. 2812:. 2774:. 2742:. 2720:. 2670:. 2640:. 2621:. 2595:. 2513:" 2505:" 1984:( 1852:. 384:( 20:)

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