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his bombs from below 2,000 feet. Over
Cologne in November 1940, a shell burst inside his aircraft, blowing out one side and starting a fire. Undeterred, he went on to bomb his target. About this time he carried out a number of convoy patrols, in addition to his bombing missions. At the end of his first tour of operational duty in January 1941 he immediately volunteered for a second tour. Again, he pressed home his attacks with the utmost gallantry. Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Duisburg, Essen and Kiel were among the heavily defended targets which he attacked. When he was posted for instructional duties in January 1942 he undertook four more operational missions. He started a third operational tour in August 1942, when he was given command of a squadron. He led the squadron with outstanding skill on a number of missions before being appointed in March 1943 as a station commander. In October 1943 he undertook a fourth operational tour, relinquishing the rank of group captain at his own request so that he could again take part in operations. He immediately set to work as the pioneer of a new method of marking enemy targets involving very low flying. In June 1944, when marking a target in the harbour at Le Havre in broad daylight and without cloud cover, he dived well below the range of the light batteries before releasing his markerbombs, and he came very near to being destroyed by the strong barrage which concentrated on him. During his fourth tour which ended in July 1944, Wing Commander Cheshire led his squadron personally on every occasion, always undertaking the most dangerous and difficult task of marking the target alone from a low level in the face of strong defences. Wing Commander Cheshire's cold and calculated acceptance of risks is exemplified by his conduct in an attack on Munich in April 1944. This was an experimental attack to test out the new method of target marking at low level against a heavily-defended target situated deep in Reich territory. Munich was selected, at Wing Commander Cheshire's request, because of the formidable nature of its light anti-aircraft and searchlight defences. He was obliged to follow, in bad weather, a direct route which took him over the defences of Augsburg and thereafter he was continuously under fire. As he reached the target, flares were being released by our high-flying aircraft. He was illuminated from above and below. All guns within range opened fire on him. Diving to 700 feet, he dropped his markers with great precision and began to climb away. So blinding were the searchlights that he almost lost control. He then flew over the city at 1,000 feet to assess the accuracy of his work and direct other aircraft. His own was badly hit by shell fragments, but he continued to fly over the target area until he was satisfied that he had done all in his power to ensure success. Eventually when he set course for base the task of disengaging himself from the defences proved even more hazardous than the approach. For a full twelve minutes after leaving the target area he was under withering fire, but he came safely through. Wing Commander Cheshire has now completed a total of 100 missions. In four years of fighting against 'the bitterest opposition' he has maintained a record of outstanding personal achievement, placing himself invariably in the forefront of the battle. What he did in the Munich operation was typical of the careful planning, brilliant execution and contempt for danger which has established for Wing Commander Cheshire a reputation second to none in Bomber Command.
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dark of night they rarely saw each other. Each plane was in isolation from the others, and flew in strict radio silence. 617 Squadron had become Bomber
Command's masters of low flying at night. Low altitude kept them under German radar, allowing them to approach their targets undetected. For months they had been flying together at low level, at night, in formation, and below tree level. They had learned to avoid obstructions, and to tuck their wings inside the leader's, a move that decreased turbulence but was very unnerving to attempt. It was very dangerous flying that no other squadron could perform. Here Cheshire benefited from a friendship that he formed with the man he superseded, confessing later "Everything I know about low level flying I learned from Mick Martin." As to Cochrane, he had been warned Cochrane was an uncompromising and strict CO, and that they would not get along. However Cheshire found Cochrane to be very bright, and though strict, it was a strictness in the best possible sense. An example of Cochrane's inflexibility arose early on, when Cochrane insisted Cheshire complete the three week conversion course to Lancasters at Warboys. An experienced pilot on the Halifax, Cheshire felt the training flying somewhat demeaning, but after his second day there he realised Cochrane had been quite right.
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railway yards at
Cologne instead. Initially in his bombing run there was little flak, but suddenly two anti-aircraft rounds exploded near the aircraft. The two anti-aircraft shells had exploded almost simultaneously near the plane, one right above the cockpit, and the other just under the port wing. The flash from the first blinded Cheshire, and the second rent a huge tear in the fuselage, igniting one of the aircraft's flares. The aircraft was falling in a steep dive. Cheshire regained his senses and realised both engines were still working, and pulled the aircraft out at about 5,000 feet. The crew were able to extinguish the fire, though they had to take precautions not to fall out. By the time they did they realised they were flying deeper into Germany. Realizing he still had a functioning aircraft with a bomb load, Cheshire brought the aircraft around and returned to make another bomb run on the target. Arriving over Cologne he now was the sole bomber over the target and faced the concentrated flak of the city's defenders. Nevertheless, he made it to the marshalling yard, dropped his bomb load and managed to get the aircraft and crew safely back to base at Linton-on-Ouse, Yorkshire. For bombing the yard in a badly damaged aircraft and still managing to get it back to England he was awarded the
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illuminated. A marker aircraft would come in first and drop a hooded parachute flare at 5,000 feet. Next, a low level target marking aircraft would come in at 4,000 feet, identify the target building and make a 30-degree dive attack on it, releasing the marker flare at 100 feet directly upon the roof of the target. Though he had been doing this with the
Lancaster, the heavy bomber was really not well suited to the job. Cheshire believed the low marker aircraft should be fast and more manoeuvrable. The Mosquito seemed an ideal choice. With the target marked, the main bombing force of Lancasters would come in, one by one, dropping their bombs on the marker. Noting how things can change in the course of military operations, the attacking force had to be able to adapt to the conditions faced. This meant communication between the leader and the bombing aircraft he was directing. This sort of ongoing radio communication over enemy territory was a big break from the Bomber Command method, which operated over the continent in strict radio silence.
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overlooking the viaduct. Cheshire made several attempts to mark it, but could not get close enough to drop his marker on the line. Martin followed, but just as his aircraft was releasing his marker it was hit, badly. Two of the
Lancaster's engines were knocked out, the bomb aimer had been killed, and several others, including Martin, were wounded. A return trip to England was out of the question, and his aircraft limped south to an airfield on Sardinia. Cheshire made five more attempts on the viaduct, but was unable to get close enough to leave his marker on the rail line. The squadron was called in and dropped their bombs off the nearest marker, but no direct hit was made and the viaduct was not destroyed. Cheshire returned in failure with a badly holed Lancaster. Despite his multiple runs at the target and the damage his aircraft sustained, it was the one mission of his career where he felt he had failed to press home his attack as he should have.
2196:"I also, am very much aware, that although this beautiful and very symbolic award has been made to me personally, I am part of a great number of people of different nationalities and different backgrounds working together, and I am only a part... I accept it on behalf of all those connected with our homes, but also I’d like to feel that - if I may say this - That I’d also accept it on behalf of others (in so many other different ways) who are working amongst disabled people. On behalf of disabled people themselves, who are making such a contribution in their own way to the development and evolution of our society, because I feel very strongly that what we might for the moment call the 'world of disabled people', is a very united world. I feel very privileged to be a small part of that fraternity of people who are contributing, researching, working, and living with the objective of making life more livable for those who have some kind of disability"
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Luftwaffe night fighters began to arrive. It was a clear night with a full moon, and soon the night fighters got in amongst the circling bombers. The air combat over France that night was short, but intense. Crews reported seeing four or five
Lancasters falling from the sky at a time. 5 Group lost 14 bombers, while 1 Group making up the second wave lost 28. After a delay of some 15 minutes the Deputy 'Main Force Controller' took over and ordered the bombers in. The training base at Mailly-le-Camp was hit heavily. 114 barrack buildings, 47 transport sheds, 37 tanks and 65 other vehicles were all destroyed in the attack, while 218 soldiers were killed and 156 more were wounded. However Bomber Command suffered the loss of 42 Lancasters and their crews, with another Lancaster written off after it made it back to base. The training base was destroyed, but Bomber Command suffered a loss rate of 11.6%.
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1454:, Cheshire was approachable, and made it a point to know the name of every man on base, including the ground crews. He took the time to speak with them, and contrived various methods to reach out to them. Technical questions about his aircraft were an easy point of conversation. Afterwards, he would share a cigarette with the young man, and talk over his personal concerns. He wanted each man to have a sense that he knew them and liked them. Cheshire believed this was critical to the effectiveness of his squadron. He invoked great loyalty in his men, as it was clear he was devoted to their needs and was willing to take practical steps to improve the safety and success of their missions. He made a personal example of what was required, and relied on his example and the crews' determination not to let him down to lead them through some of the war's most difficult raids.
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a number of problems for
Cheshire, one of which being he had not flown a single-seat aircraft since his training days. However, his major problem was working out a course to the target. He had never flown without a navigator, and now he found himself in the position of having to ask for help. He swallowed his pride and asked the squadron's navigators to help him work out his course, while the ground crew put together the Mustang. His crew finished the job by late afternoon, some time after the Lancasters had taken off. With no time for a test flight, off he went to chase down the Lancasters. The machine worked beautifully, with Cheshire arriving over the target just as the high illumination flares were being dropped. He marked the target, and the Lancasters landed three Tallboys on it, destroying it utterly.
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squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews. To this end, he frequently lectured the crews during preflight briefings on the skills needed to stay alive. With a new crew he would fly with them and demonstrate how it was done himself. Speaking of those days, Flight
Sergeant Tom Gallantry, DFC, offered the following: "He could do anything, and did. We all knew he wasn't supposed to go on so many operational trips, but he did. He took new crews and gave them the benefit of his experience. He taught them what predicted flak was, he taught them what a box barrage was, by flying through it. That's certainly more than I would have done." With the ground crews he formed "The Plumbers Club" where they could come together and work out problems they were facing. Their motto was "You bend 'em, we mend 'em."
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second nature, that when the point of critical action arrived all of
Cheshire's attention could be focused on the problem, as none of his concentration would be diverted by the task of flying. Long made Cheshire spend every spare minute he had learning the machine. "Lofty kept drumming into my head the fundamental lesson of never thinking that you have mastered your job, of applying your whole heart and mind to the task of perfecting as far as is humanly possible the techniques of operational flying. He made me practice and re-practice, study and re-study, experiment and re-experiment. I had to sit in the cockpit blindfold and go through the different drills, sit in the rear turret, in the navigator's and the wireless operator's seat, and try and see life from their point of view."
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marker, and have the rest of the force bomb that. A barrier existed in that for the sake of air crew safety
Cochrane insisted the markers be released at no less than 5,000 feet. Efforts to mark the target from 5,000 feet on the bombing ranges proved frustratingly difficult. Even when the marker was dropped dead on upon the target, the angular momentum of the marker caused it to slide or skip a hundred yards before coming to a rest. At 5,000 feet they never could get closer than 150 to 300 yards from target. Martin tried using a dive bomb technique, approaching at 5,000 feet and then dropping into a 30-degree dive, releasing the marker at 100 feet before pulling the big Lancaster up. Though the Lancaster was a cumbersome aircraft to attempt it in, the result was accurate.
1263:(chaff) with each pass. If delivered sequentially the window might simulate the approach of an invasion fleet and confuse the enemy about the real D-day landings in Normandy. 617 was disappointed, and felt they should be used in a more conventional manner to destroy real targets, but they did as they were told. In fact, they were the only unit that could pull it off. On the night of 5/6 June 1944, 617 Squadron used precision flying to drop window over the channel at low level in succession, generating the radar appearance of large numbers of approaching ships. This "spoof" raid simulated the approach for an amphibious landing in the Pas de Calais. In retrospect Cheshire felt they may have saved more lives with this mission than in any of the others they did.
1508:, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was dying from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, a 94-year-old woman recovering from a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster.
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1674:, but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions. This gave him food for thought.
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very rapidly to a position which I had not been trained to fulfill. To begin with, I had great trouble with the station's warrant officer, because he knew King's Regulations backwards and forwards, and he was perpetually quoting it at me, and I had no idea if they were right or wrong, and I just felt out of my depth." Dales countered "Group Captain Leonard Cheshire was the most frustrated senior officer I ever knew. Almost every day he pressed for a return to an operational tour. I believe his father was a barrister, and through his hatch he would try to defeat me on some point of Air Force law, but I was well versed in King's Regulations and Air Ministry Orders."
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1399:. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima but he circled at 39,000 ft (12,000 m) instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft (9,100 m). He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought". Cheshire later said of the experience "with such utter devastation before our eyes, how imperative to do something to see that it should never happen again."
771:, had taken over in February 1942. He was a firm believer that bombing German production was a war winning strategy. The bombing campaign thus far had not been effective, and Harris was trying to hold his force together against competing interests from the other services who had designs on his aeroplanes. At the time he assumed command the bomber force was limited to about 400 aircraft, most of these being two-engine Whitleys and Wellingtons. To demonstrate what could be accomplished, he planned to conduct several thousand-plane raids. The first of these was
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1104:. The viaduct carried a double rail line that was being used to move supplies to German forces blocking the advance of the Allies in Italy. Though the rail line had been attacked and cut in a number of places before, each time the Germans repaired the tracks quickly. The viaduct was 185 feet in the air and spanned a brook that flowed between two coastal hills. If destroyed the line would be disrupted permanently. Attempts on the viaduct had been made twice earlier, but destroying it required a direct hit, and the previous attacks had been unsuccessful.
1034:. Bennett was informed of the accuracy needed to mark the target. He dismissed the idea, stating that it could not be done. Cheshire offered that it could be achieved if attempted with a low-level marker aircraft. Bennett rejected this as well, stating that a low-level flight against a well-defended target would not be survivable. The problem was withdrawn from the Pathfinders, but was given to 5 Group to see if they could work out a solution. This is what Cochrane was hoping for. The operation could not be undertaken at once, as the large bomb that
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factory, and proceeded to make a series of low level passes at 20 feet, hoping the workers inside would take the hint. The 500 workers ran out of the building. Cheshire then dropped a marker flare on the roof top. Approaching at 16,000 feet, the rest of 617 came in one at a time, each aircraft dropping its bomb load directly on the marker. The factory was devastated, and the only civilian casualty was a worker who was injured when she left and then came back to the factory to try to get her bicycle. It was Cheshire's first big success with 617.
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before the marking aircraft made its run. Given the release of the illumination flare was timed to the effort to mark the target, the flare could be dropped by parachute from 5,000 feet. To keep the illumination flare over the target area on its descent the weather would have to be fair, with limited wind. Thus the components for precision low level marking at night came together. With an illuminated target area, he could mark the target with one accurate target indicator flare which the main force could aim for, and thereby destroy the target.
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900:, arrived at his airfield to tour his station. Cheshire approached Bennett and asked permission to transfer to the Pathfinder Force. Bennett was not receptive. He replied that at present no jobs were available. Regardless, he was not sure if Cheshire would be suitable and a trial would be necessary. Cheshire was not pleased, and said so. It is not known why Bennett did not want Cheshire in the Pathfinder Force. It was not the first time Bennett had passed on Cheshire. Bennett's primary recruiting officer,
1238:. On the night of 3/4 May Cheshire approached the target for a typical low marking technique raid, with Cheshire and Shannon making the initial marking, and Lancasters from 83 Squadron and 97 Squadron serving as back-up marker aircraft. An assembly point marker was dropped 15 miles away from the target, and the aircraft of the two groups of heavy bombers were ordered to orbit it at stacked altitudes of 100 feet separation while awaiting instructions to attack. Unbeknownst to Cheshire, that night the
1415:, who was startled by Cheshire's insistence that the answer to peace was more research into the development of atomic energy as a means of propulsion into space. Cheshire told Attlee that the race would be won by the efficacy of the means of delivering atom bombs and the means of protecting stockpiles from destruction. He suggested to Attlee that thinking should move away from conventional aircraft and rockets on Earth and to launch into Space. Cheshire noted that Attlee did not seem impressed.
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1011:. To be effective the bombs had to be dropped very accurately. He stated that, for accuracy requirements, one bomb out of fifteen dropped from 20,000 feet needed to land within twelve metres of the target. This was an accuracy unheard of in daytime aerial bombing, let alone bombing at night. Cheshire suggested this was going to be a problem, but got no sympathy from Wallis, who replied "Well, if you're going to scatter my bombs all over northern France what's the point of my building them?"
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828:, was tasked with determining the cause. He and his flight engineer set to conduct a series of flight tests, when Brown was informed a representative from Bomber Command would fly along. Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch the controls, and to his everlasting credit he never commented at all. He just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eyebrows at what we were doing!"
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cutting it pretty thin. With the fuel range limit of the Mosquito they would have 3 minutes time over the target, and 15 minutes of fuel left when they got back. After he explained the mission to the four navigators who would be in the Mosquitos, there was general disbelief. The common belief was if they were lucky enough to survive the mission they would most likely be spending the rest of the war in a Luftwaffe prison camp. The Mosquitos moved forward to
1298:. The pens protected fifteen E boats, which posed a threat to the invasion fleet. Attacking the pens with Tallboys, the roof was caved in, and all but one of the E boats were damaged beyond use. In addition, 617 attacked the German ships in Le Havre by dropping Tallboys into the waters of the harbour. The explosions were so strong that ten ships were blown straight out of the water and onto the quayside. Commented Cheshire, "Barnes Wallis had a big bomb."
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making him a good captain. Thinking back upon those days, Cheshire noted "I do not think there could have been a single piece of equipment or a single aspect of flying on which he failed to question me... There was the ground crew also, to each of whom Lofty introduced me individually, talking of their problems, and the background from which they came and explaining the importance of building up a personal relationship with them."
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565:. He joined as a way to get out of his university finals, but his father soon put his foot down and insisted he sit them, then apply for a permanent commission under the RAF's direct entry scheme. On 7 October 1939 Cheshire received his permanent commission with the RAF. In selecting his preference Cheshire listed 1) Fighter Command 2) Light Bomber Force and 3) Army Cooperation force. To his disappointment, he was assigned to
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705:(DFC) later that same month. Losses among Bomber Command continued. Four months after Cheshire completed his DSO mission, "Lofty" Long was killed during a mission on 13 March 1941. It was another close personal loss for Cheshire. "Whatever outward face I may have put on it, his loss affected me very deeply, and the memory of what I owed him and of all that he stood for remained with me throughout the war."
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Do 40 m.p.h.' was the result of a speeding charge earned in Peter Higgs' car, which in mitigation Cheshire had said was over 2 years old and never known to go above 30. Leonard later said his aims at Oxford were to 'drive a Bentley, dress in a Savile Row suit, in short to make pots of money without too many scruples how' yet he had no clear idea how to make money, apart from cultivating celebrity.
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had to be. We were airmen, not psychiatrists. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on, but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him." Cheshire would take a crew member with confidence problems aboard his own aircraft till they sorted things out, but pilots he transferred out immediately.
958:, only five remained alive. In September Cochrane asked Cheshire if he would be willing to take the job. Returning to squadron commander would require Cheshire giving up his rank of group captain and taking the step down to wing commander. Cheshire agreed without hesitation. Cochrane instructed Cheshire that first off he needed to complete a three-week conversion course on Lancasters at
1648:, founded by Commander David Childs CBE, Director of the World Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief. Childs was involved in the winding up of the Memorial Fund after Cheshire's death in 1992; he took each phrase of the fund's slogan ‘for every life lost, a life saved’ and created new projects out of remaining funds. For ‘a life saved’ in 1996 Childs and the trustees created
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intense flak over the target. Not pausing, Cheshire dove straight for his target building near the rail yard, dropping his marker at rooftop height. He then made a slow, wide circle of the yard to evaluate the effect of the bombing. The heavy bombers came in, dropped their loads on the marker and the rail yard was destroyed. Their raid against
1180:. Said Harris "Mark me Munich and I will give you the Mosquitos. Miss Munich and you will lose the Mosquitos." They would be allowed four Mosquito aircraft on loan from PFF. Using these four and the rest of 617 in Lancasters as back up, they were to mark the rail yard at Munich for 5 Group, who were tasked with the yard's destruction.
1343:. The cave was being used to store V-1s and V-2s. Cheshire flew as the target marker in his Mustang. It was his 100th mission, and would be his last with Bomber Command. Tallboy strikes caused a partial collapse of the cave, and the tunnels were blocked off. The following day Cochrane took Cheshire off ops. He also stood down
848:, Cheshire's former Group Commander when he was at No. 102 Squadron, put much effort into securing Cheshire a promotion to acting group captain, which the Air Ministry finally approved in March. The promotion made Cheshire, at 25, the youngest group captain in the history of the RAF. On 1 April Cheshire returned to
577:. It was here that his career in the RAF was nearly ended before it even got started. Cheshire made a loud joking remark at a pub about German troops having arrived in England, which was reported. He was called in to the station commander, and was nearly sent to the infantry, but he apologised and was kept in.
748:, who was twenty years older. In three weeks the two were married. Jimmy Marks was to witness the wedding, but was required to take an aircraft back to England before the wedding, so Cheshire and his bride had to use strangers as their witnesses. After a three-week wait he was finally allowed to shuttle a
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Citation reads: This officer began his operational career in June 1940. Against strongly-defended targets he soon displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader. He was always ready to accept extra risks to ensure success. Defying the formidable Ruhr defences, he frequently released
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Citation reads: Since the award of the DFC on March 7th, 1941, Wing Commander Cheshire has completed further operational sorties. Throughout his long and exceptionally distinguished flying career most of the credit for his squadron's outstanding efficiency and success has been due to his example. His
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Cheshire was not a naturally talented pilot, and felt he had to keep flying to keep his skills up. All the same he was a good captain, had a flair, and most importantly he was lucky. It was commonly known among crews that he was lucky, and that is one reason he felt they liked to fly with him. By the
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as ideal, but he knew he would never get the Royal Air Force to give him one. Instead, he turned to the Americans, who had a wealth of aircraft and a favorable opinion of Cheshire. The fighter plane arrived boxed up in its packaging crate on the day he was to fly the mission. Flying the Mustang posed
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swing music on the same frequency Cheshire was using for his raid. Arriving over the target, an illumination flare provided excellent visibility and Cheshire swept in low and marked the target, but when the Main Force Controller called in the waiting Lancasters no one received his message. Meanwhile,
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In January the need for a new marking technique became clear to Cheshire when 617 Squadron made an attack against a V-1 site in the Pas de Calais region. A Pathfinder aircraft working at altitude dropped a marker flare upon the target. 617 then proceeded to drop all their bombs within 94 yards of the
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near Lichfield in Staffordshire. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire, and is surrounded by his favourite tree the Copper Beech. The Millennium Chapel of Peace and Forgiveness contains the Cavendish Cross, carved by Ken Willoughby of the Essex Woodcarvers
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By the end of 1946, Cheshire took a house in Kensington Gardens and continued his search for meaning. Bemoaning a lack of the war spirit and unity of purpose, he put out a call in his column to set-up a colony for ex-service men and women as a way of easing the transition between life in the service
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might show up as a member feigning illness, frequent early returns with technical problems, or flying over the North Sea and dropping bombs into the ocean, then flying about till the time of return was about right. Though a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he later wrote "I was ruthless with LMF. I
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Following his failure at the Anthéor viaduct the low level technique he would use for the rest of the war came together in Cheshire's mind. For the bombing force to be effective he had to wait upon good weather, as good visibility was essential at the target. In addition, the target would need to be
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in the Pas-de-Calais region. Once operational these powerful guns would be able to fire a 500 lb (230 kg) shell into London every minute, and buried in the earth and protected by 50 feet of reinforced concrete, they were impervious to bombing attack. Such a target was very different from a
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Cheshire's posting to Marston Moor was not to his liking. He had been an operational pilot his whole career, and he had limited experience in RAF administrative processes. He found himself frustrated at Marston Moor, not least of all by his adjutant, Bob Dales. Said Cheshire "I found myself promoted
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As a new pilot at Driffield, Cheshire was placed under the tutelage of Long. Cheshire found Long both demanding and encouraging. From the outset Long tested Cheshire on every aspect of the aircraft. He expected Cheshire to know the aircraft inside and out. His goal was to make flying the aircraft so
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As a result of his experiences in the Second World War as a whole, Cheshire dedicated his life to peace and justice, defining it as ‘not just the absence of war or armed confrontation...peace is the effect, or consequence, of justice...we move towards peace proportionately as we succeed in removing
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As word spread, referrals came from the new NHS hospitals already struggling to cope with waiting lists of people needing urgent care. Disabled people were at the very bottom of the list of priorities, often left to manage on their own, rely on others to help them get through each day or were stuck
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in France. The air defences would be lighter, but there were two problems with this target. The first was that the factory was surrounded by the homes of the factory's French workers. Secondly, the plant was running around the clock, so French workers would be in the factory when it was attacked at
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Cheshire tackled the morale problem by ordering changes to the aircraft to improve the performance. He was amongst the first to notice that it was very rare for a Halifax to return on three engines. There were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew", the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to
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Long knew every man supporting the aircraft, both in his flight crew and his ground crew, and the concerns and hardships each man faced. Long took Cheshire along when he spoke to his men, and impressed upon him the importance of the commander being aware of their concerns. Cheshire credited him for
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with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet - getting to Paris on foot by doing odd jobs and hitchhiking, eventually giving a press conference on arrival and earning enough money to travel back in first class. A local newspaper headline 'Undergraduate Astonished that His Car Could
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memorial on 31 May 1992, and attended against the advice of his doctors. He said "I would have gone even if I had to be carried on a stretcher". Cheshire died two months later at his home in the Sue Ryder Care Home at Cavendish, Suffolk on 31 July 1992, aged 74. He is buried in the graveyard at St
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in Hampshire later that year - a house and estate he had bought from his Aunt. His aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could to help their transition back into
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wrote: "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension." Said Flight Sergeant Tom Gallantry, DFC, who served under Cheshire in 76 Squadron: "I
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Cheshire was no great respecter of authority. On one mission near the end of his tour with 35 Squadron he looked at the route map to the target and noted there would be a great deal of flak over the chosen flight path. Asked afterward about their flight, Cheshire wryly replied "We took a different
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Cheshire and the three other Mosquitos caught up and got ahead of the Main Force heavies, arriving right on time at Zero minus 5 minutes. Pathfinder Force Lancasters were already above the rail yard, dropping their illumination flares over the target. The target area was well lit, though there was
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As commanding officer, Cheshire was only to fly operations once a month unless absolutely necessary. Cheshire found it absolutely necessary several times a month. He always flew on the most dangerous operations, and never took the less dangerous ops to France. As commanding officer Cheshire had no
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Cheshire's adoption of the Roman Catholic faith had nothing to do with the bombing of Nagasaki: "Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939".
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on that day. Despite the disparity in rank, Cheshire insisted they approach the King together. Upon reaching the King, Jackson recalled Cheshire offering "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first." The King kept to protocol and awarded the Group Captain first, but
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aircraft, and ask that 5 Group be allowed to mark for themselves against targets in Germany. Harris heard what they had to say, and though Cheshire's squadron had a good track record against lightly defended targets in France, it was likely going to be another story if they were to attempt such a
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It was at 617 Squadron where Cheshire came to real distinction as a remarkable air officer. It was here that his ability to lead, accept risk and think unconventionally resulted in the development of the most successful techniques the RAF developed to deliver extremely large bombs with remarkably
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Cheshire knew the new post would be a challenge for him. Arriving at 617 Squadron he was regarded as an outsider. Though an experienced bomber pilot from the command's campaign against Germany, those missions were flown at high altitude and solo. Hundreds of aircraft were on each raid, but in the
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Cheshire did what he could to convey to the men being trained how what was being taught at the OCU would translate to saving lives once they began flying in earnest. In April he was awarded a bar to his DSO. And yet the time was a personal crisis for Cheshire. He longed to get back to operational
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A part of the problem was that the Halifax could not fly as high as the Lancaster, and so was subject to greater attention from flak and night fighters. To lighten the aircraft, Cheshire had the exhaust covers and part of the mid-upper and nose gun turrets removed. This allowed the bombers to fly
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Cheshire could now mark the target using a method that was not permitted. He next moved on to identifying the target at night. To mark the target, it had to be visible to the marking pilot. For this the area would need to be illuminated. A second aircraft would need to drop an illumination flare
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The first task to develop was how to mark the target. The Pathfinder technique was to drop a group of markers. A master bomber would then direct the following aircraft to drop their bombs on the markers below, adjusting to the best marker as needed. Cheshire chose to drop a single, very accurate
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During his time as the commanding officer of 76 Squadron Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the names of every single man on the base. This was a reflection on Long, the pilot whom he had first trained under at 102 Squadron. Cheshire was determined to increase the efficiency of his
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on the night of 30/31 May 1942. Scraping together every aircraft he could, including the training units, he was able to get a thousand aircraft in the air. Cheshire was a part of the force. He twice flew on thousand plane raids while serving as an instructor pilot. While completing his time as a
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Cheshire finally arrived in Canada to find the authorities there did not know who he was or what he was there for. He had expected to fly a Liberator or Canadian-built Halifax back to England but he was not allowed to, as he did not have experience in navigation. He and his companion RAF officer
621:. Cheshire remarked that upon arriving at Driffield he was filled with a fear that he would not measure up to what was expected of him, but soon found himself buoyed with the sense of being part of a tradition. He became good friends with a number of pilots there, including Hugh "Lofty" Long and
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payments and keen to share a home with others where they could make friends and all chip in together. By the summer of 1949 Le Court had 24 residents with complex needs, illnesses and impairments, and a tuberculosis ward. The local GP and others had misgivings about the project, but as Cheshire
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Though delighted with the opportunity, Harris had selected about the most difficult target for Cheshire to reach. It was a great distance to fly, and would be at the limit of the Mosquito's range. Their course had to be direct, with no flying around well defended targets. Even so, they would be
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In the spring of 1940 Bomber Command began its campaign against German industry. On the night of 12/13 November 1940, Cheshire was briefed to attack the synthetic oil plant at Wesseling, near Cologne. While en route Cheshire found the target was obscured by bad weather, so decided to attack the
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His method for dealing with dangerous situations was to go straight for them. He saw no sense in waiting. He felt worrying about the dangers would only exhaust one's mind. Instead, he relied on the natural instinct for self-preservation to help get him out of tight spots. To this was added his
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On the night of 12/13 February 1944, 10 Lancasters from 617 Squadron flew across France to the viaduct. Cheshire and Martin approached to make a low level marking of the line, but it was soon discovered that since the last attempt the Germans had placed a large number of flak guns on the hills
536:. His tutor F.H. Lawson said he 'kept up quite well ... He wasn't the pure intellectual type. I was always satisfied with his work because he was 'a trier' - without breaking his neck'. During his university years, Cheshire was required to participate in one of the service clubs. He chose the
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On the night of 8/9 February 1944 the Lancasters of 617 Squadron approached Limoges at 16,000 feet. Below, a Lancaster at 5,000 feet dropped shielded flares over the target. Cheshire and Martin came in at 2,000 feet, and could see as light as day. He identified the roof top of the Gnome-Rhone
904:, found it a mystery. Mahaddie said "Chesh was the only person I selected for training with the Pathfinder Force that Bennett vetoed. I was never able to establish why." In the end Cheshire viewed the refusal as a blessing in disguise. "He did me a good turn, because I got something better."
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Citation reads: This officer has commanded the squadron with notable success. Within recent months he has participated in many attacks on targets of vital importance to the enemy and the successes obtained are an excellent tribute to his outstanding tactical ability, great courage and iron
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Cheshire's first ten missions were flown as second pilot to Long. On those early missions Long placed Cheshire in the pilot's seat early and often, giving Cheshire invaluable experience of flying through flak over a target. By June Cheshire was commanding his own aircraft.
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civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.
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crew of his own. When he flew along with novice crews he went along as "second pilot" to give them confidence. With more experienced crews he took the pilot's seat, and moved the crew's regular pilot to the second pilot spot. On one occasion 76 Squadron was ordered to
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in Midhurst from 1952 to 1954 while recovering, and while there set up a 'Mission Bus' fitted with tape-recorded speeches on Christ's life, and a place to view a film on the Holy Shroud. The bus was parked in central London, with publicity stunts to attract visitors.
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rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute. Most of his time was spent with von Reuter's three sons, cycling, swimming and visiting Berlin and other cities. An early love of motorcar racing was fostered by trips to the
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had been asked to produce a bomb that could destroy these bunkers. The resulting bomb weighed 12,000 pounds, and if dropped from 20,000 feet would penetrate the earth and cause a small scale earthquake, destroying the target. He called this bomb the
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pilot trainer, his younger brother Christopher, flying a Halifax for 76 Squadron, was shot down over Berlin on the night of 8/9 August 1942. Cheshire had flown that mission as well. When he returned from Berlin he learned that his brother had not.
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V-3 site finally was attacked. This was the mission he had been waiting for. In a daylight attack, Cheshire marked the target for the 617 Squadron heavies, which each carried a Tallboy. The caves collapsed, bringing the V3 threat to an end.
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Cheshire set up the Leonard Cheshire Archive in 1985 to preserve the legacy of his work and those who helped him. Digitised photographs, magazines, audio, film and oral histories from him and his work can be viewed on the history website
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continues to work supporting people with disabilities by providing access to leisure and learning opportunities through volunteers. In Australia, Ryder-Cheshire Australia continues to support Raphael in India, a home at Klibur Domin in
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ability to close his mind completely to the dangers he was facing. Though a very imaginative thinker, Cheshire possessed the ability to block out of his mind any thought to the risks. He approached each mission with an easy manner.
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At university he became a typical student of the time, taking part in pranks and displaying a knack for getting himself in the newspapers, or 'creating a sensation' as Leonard called it. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a
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refinding his faith, and it was through their late night discussions that Cheshire decided to convert. Dykes died in August 1948 and, after completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire read a book given him by a friend,
820:, and were to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft. This was a very dangerous height for light flak, and Cheshire simply refused. With typical Cheshire obstinacy, he stated they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft.
1362:. The Victoria Cross is usually bestowed for a particularly marked event of bravery. In Cheshire's case, the award was given for his behaviour over the course of his entire operational career. At the investiture ceremony at
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the Germans had been using it to train replacement crews for units refitting from losses suffered in the east. Cheshire with his four marker Mosquitos from 617 were tasked with marking the target, and 346 Lancasters from
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By now Cheshire was desperate to return to England, and sent in applications and asked for interviews to quicken the process. Instead, the Air Ministry posted him to the Gulf of Mexico to teach low-level marking to the
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living in hospital wards. As Le Court became established, and people from different parts of the UK began to rally in response to local need for a similar home for people in their communities, the charity now known as
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route." Soft-spoken, considerate and thoughtful, he was also unorthodox, independent minded and unconventional in his thinking. He was both the youngest group captain in the service and the most decorated. Historian
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made of reinforced concrete buried in the earth. Cheshire had lost his Mosquitos, as another squadron asserted a prior claim on them. Desiring a manoeuvrable replacement aircraft to mark the target, he considered a
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proposed to destroy the target at Mimoyecques was still under development. Cheshire and Martin thus had a small window of time to develop a technique by which they could accurately hit within yards of the target.
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determination. He is a splendid leader, whose personal example and untiring efforts have contributed in a large measure to the high standard of efficiency and fine fighting qualities of the squadron he commands."
1784:, also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples who both held titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in
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end of his operative flying almost all the pilots he had started out with in training were gone. It was his good luck, he believed, that had kept him alive when so many other, better pilots had been killed.
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and RADAR (The Royal Association for Disability & Rehabilitation) and presented annually for 'outstanding work of immediate or future benefit to disabled people'. In his speech, Leonard Cheshire said:
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infection that had destroyed one of his lungs and a few ribs; he attributed his recovery from the serious illness to the life-size replica of the shroud at the foot of his hospital bed. Cheshire lived at
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and Peter Higgs who both followed him into war; Jack was awarded the VC posthumously in 1944 for bravery in the battle of Kohima and Peter was the first RAF fighter pilot to be lost in combat during the
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At St Luke's hospital, Cheshire was free to come and go and soon had a thriving correspondence with old contacts, trying to find a purpose to replace life in the Air Force. Based on his successful book
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After his return, Cheshire resumed flying the Halifax in missions over Germany. He completed his second tour early in 1942. By the end of his time at 35 Squadron Cheshire had completed 50 sorties.
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Photographs, private and service letters, intelligence reports, crew lists and official documents about Leonard Cheshire's service in Bomber Command have been digitised and are available online.
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flying but could not, as he could not ask Air Vice-Marshal Carr to reverse his promotion to Group Captain, and with such a rank no flying position was available. A possible 'out' arose when the
767:. Though in a training unit, he still flew operations when the training units were called upon to join the main force for maximum effort missions. The new commander in chief of Bomber Command,
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felt at the time, and I have always felt, that it was an honour to be a member of his squadron. Everyone felt the same way about him. Air crew... ground crew. He was a terrific character."
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bomber, and was reforming, having suffered heavy losses and low morale. Cheshire and three crews that transferred in from 102 Squadron made up the core of the unit. The crews billeted at
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back to England. When he returned he was met by a single crewman, and learned that all the others from his Whitley had been lost on missions over Germany. It was a hard blow to Cheshire.
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for approval. The raid was approved, but with the condition that they were forbidden from taking any civilian lives. It would be their one chance to prove low level marking in combat.
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had been withdrawn from flying and taken on a publicity tour. He was succeeded by Wing Commander George Holden. Soon thereafter the squadron attempted the disastrous raid against the
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At the start of May, 35 Squadron's Halifaxes were stood down to undergo modifications to address design flaws. Cheshire obtained a posting to the Atlantic Ferry Organisation to fly a
1708:. Cheshire arranged with the Turin authorities for her to touch the Shroud, and later the girl and her family attributed this act of faith to her eventual recovery from the disease.
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and named Leonard after her brother, who died fighting in Kūt in early 1917. Leonard had one younger brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime bomber pilot. Cheshire was born in
1259:, 617 Squadron was given an unusual mission. It was tasked with pulling off a "spoof" raid. The squadron was to make a series of low level approaches to the Pas de Calais, dropping
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1407:, but he refused to do it. Finally he got his way and returned, but first had to report on his experiences at Nagasaki to the Prime Minister. He had been asked to do the job by
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and needed a year's complete rest. He was retired from the RAF with a disability pension on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of Group Captain. RAF doctors sent him to
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across the Atlantic. On 4 May 1941 Cheshire reported aboard a Norwegian steamer to begin his trip across the Atlantic. The convoy was not intercepted by the German
1835:. Sue Ryder was interred in the same grave after her death in 2000. They are surrounded by graves of the people they lived with at the Sue Ryder Home, including
942:, which resulted in the loss of five of the eight Lancasters sent, including that of the new squadron commander. Temporary command of the squadron was passed to
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Citation reads: In recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy, for bringing home a holed and burning Armstrong Whitworth Whitley.
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pointed out, no matter how basic or unsatisfactory it was from a medical viewpoint, the alternative for most of the people accepted to Le Court was much worse.
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and as civilians, and was overwhelmed by support. He decided to start a communal living experiment called 'Vade in Pacem' (in English, 'Go in Peace') first at
990:. As their third and potentially most destructive vengeance weapon, the Germans had constructed a pair of extremely large guns and positioned them in northern
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Martin was at the end of his tour with 617 Squadron, and would not return. After he got back to England and recovered from his injuries he was transferred to
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Cheshire married fellow humanitarian Sue Ryder, also a Roman Catholic convert, in a private chapel at Bombay's Roman Catholic Cathedral on 5 April 1959.
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Following the invasion 617 went back to attacking the buried reinforced concrete V-1 and V-2 storage sites. It flew against and destroyed the sites at
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was an inspiration; Leonard even took tap dancing lessons in the hope of emulating him and modelled his hair and habit of using a cigarette holder on
879:, William Blessing and Leonard Cheshire at their investment ceremony at Buckingham Palace, 28 July 1943. Of the three, only Cheshire survived the war
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at the Leonard Cheshire Research Centre, now called the UCL International Disability Research Centre. To ‘Remember a life lost’ they created the
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technique against one of the heavily defended targets in Germany. There was a target in Germany that Harris felt he had yet to hit adequately:
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With the string of successes in low level marking Cochrane took Cheshire to see Harris to discuss their marking technique, request the use of
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Regrouping after the viaduct raid, 617 commenced upon a series of attacks marked by astonishing accuracy, destroying an aircraft factory at
1994:
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1603:(previously Ryder Cheshire Volunteers). Target Tuberculosis concentrated on the eradication of TB in Africa and Asia, and closed in 2016.
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Cheshire over the Gnome et Rhône aero-engine plant, low level marking followed by 617 Squadron destroying the factory, 8 February 1944
529:. As a young man, his friends later described him as having a personality of many layers, self-sufficient yet full of nervous energy.
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on 25 March. The destruction continued into April when a version of Cheshire's low level marking technique was used in raids against
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because it involved sitting down. There he learned his basic piloting skills. Cheshire graduated in 1939 with a second-class degree.
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As part of the preparatory effort against the German defences in northern France, the panzer training camp northeast of Paris at
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marker, a remarkable feat of accuracy. The problem was the marker was 350 yards from the target, and the mission was a failure.
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Cheshire and Martin discussed their proposed method with Cochrane, who agreed to allow them to try it. The target would be the
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In 1992, when Cheshire knew he was dying from motor neurone disease, his last thoughts were gathered by his spiritual advisor
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In February 1944 Harris called a meeting at High Wycombe to discuss the destruction of the V3 site. The meeting included the
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Awarded for humanitarian work in providing residential services for patients with complex needs, illnesses and impairments.
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Shortly after this conversation, Cheshire was summoned to his final Medical board and was told he had been diagnosed with
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With the completion of his third tour Cheshire was officially ineligible for further operational flying. Air Vice-Marshal
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A blue plaque marks the house in which he was born in Chester, which at the time was a nursing home for expectant mothers.
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In 2019, his old school, Stowe, opened a new girls' day house named Cheshire. Its boys' equivalent is named Winton after
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until its closure in 2007. Cheshire continued to live both at Le Court and after his marriage, at the Sue Ryder home in
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and 5 Group AOC Cochrane, who brought along with him Cheshire. It was chaired by deputy air officer commanding-in-chief
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clergyman who had converted to Catholicism. On Christmas Eve 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.
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and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. It became a national best seller.
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decided to take a short trip to New York while things were sorted out. While there he met former stage actress
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Hugh "Lofty" Long (centre) with pilot officer Cheshire (second row, right) in group photo of 102 Squadron, 1940
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headed by an army surgeon, which provided advice to devastated post-conflict regions. This Chair was based at
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Cheshire was resolute when dealing with any pilot or crew member in his squadron who would not fly missions.
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was successful, and all four Mosquitos made it back. True to his word, Harris allowed Cheshire to keep them.
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Completing his first tour of operations in January 1941, Cheshire immediately volunteered for a second tour.
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forces. He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war.
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and those with TB. The UK branch of Ryder-Cheshire closed in 2010 and remaining funds were used to set up
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began. Le Court was to become the first 'Cheshire Home' and remained the flagship home of the charity
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was targeted for destruction. The camp was French, built for their armoured formations, but since the
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marshalling yard. Area bombing the region where the guns were located would have no effect upon them.
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Christopher Foxley-Norris (24 May 2008). "Cheshire, (Geoffrey) Leonard, Baron Cheshire (1917–1992)".
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While he was nursing Arthur Dykes in 1948 the conversation turned to religion. Dykes was a lapsed
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After completing his tour at 35 Squadron, Cheshire was posted to a Heavy Conversion Unit (HCU) at
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No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.
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The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes
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377:, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and
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5291:. Readers Book Club, in assoc. with the Companion Book Club, London : Hawthorn, Vic.
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697:. His time in 35 Squadron included seven raids on Berlin. Cheshire was promoted to acting
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Hamish : the memoirs of Group Captain T.G. Mahaddie DSO, DFC, AFC, CZMC, CENG, FRAeS
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and George Holden. The squadron was converting to the new four-engine heavy bomber, the
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4484:"25 Years Ago: Roger Waters Reclaims Pink Floyd Legacy With 'The Wall: Live in Berlin'"
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The Anthéor railway viaduct was a rail link in southern France along the coast between
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After the completion of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944 Cheshire was awarded the
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35 Squadron Halifax crew climbs aboard in preparation for a mission over the continent
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In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book,
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night. As it was a target in France the proposal to bomb it had to be sent to the
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The mission Cochrane had recruited Cheshire for was the destruction of the German
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of beer with landlord of the Chequers pub Jig Holloway, that he could not walk to
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2350:. Catalogues for the Leonard Cheshire Archive's collections can be viewed on the
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to Turin with a young disabled girl and her family, who were seeking a cure from
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388:. He became known for his work in conflict resolution. In 1991 he was created a
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1910:, Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the
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1637:, Berlin. Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.
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Cheshire drops his marker on the roof of the Gnome et Rhône aero-engine factory
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5296:
2887:
1055:
485:
5777:
5661:
5634:
5587:
5521:
5487:
5433:
5402:
4752:
2218:. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975.
1886:
1836:
1827:
1816:
1035:
1023:
1003:
912:
845:
768:
614:
585:
558:
533:
441:
393:
359:
149:
5731:
5234:
2187:
The Harding Award, 1978. The Harding Award was started in 1971 by charities
1551:
injustice, particularly the injustice of mass starvation, and deprivation.’
1213:
A low flying Lancaster is seen through the glare of a burning Mailly-le-Camp
868:
bomber. Cheshire was in charge of 30 to 40 aircraft and 1,800 to 2,000 men.
532:
Academically he was thought intelligent but not wildly keen on his subject,
5440:
5380:
4095:
2412:
Note: The third DSO awarded as a second bar to the ribbon of the first DSO.
1882:
1840:
1712:
1630:
1588:
1572:
to enable sick and disabled Christians to travel to Lourdes on pilgrimage.
1467:
1344:
1327:
Concrete slab at the bomb-cratered German secret weapon site at Mimoyecques
725:
574:
522:
480:
468:
445:
4937:"Anna Kalata - Director of the Sue Ryder Museum in Warsaw visit to the UK"
4778:
4387:
4226:. Hong Kong: The Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund Enterprises. p. 158.
2398:
magnificent achievements have been amply proved by photographic evidence.
2091:
1615:
In 1990, towards the end of his life, Cheshire founded the UK charity the
4185:. Hong Kong: The Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund Enterprises. p. 27.
2644:
1932:, a private school in Melbourne, Australia, is also named after Cheshire.
1850:
Memorial to Leonard Cheshire and Sue Ryder in St Mary's Church, Cavendish
1792:
1687:
1591:(TB) and their families and continues today rehabilitating children with
1515:(NHS) and more were to come to him for help, willing to contribute their
1339:
On the night of 7/8 July 617 Squadron flew against the limestone cave at
1271:
1190:
1027:
965:
959:
951:
897:
871:
456:
421:
1730:
1481:
5717:
4753:"Centenary Mass marks start of Cause for sainthood of Leonard Cheshire"
4409:
2065:
1820:
1711:
At the time of this pilgrimage, Cheshire was himself recovering from a
1701:
1644:
more meaningful for modern times was influential in the concept of the
1626:
1609:
1567:
1451:
1280:
987:
935:
2347:
2039:
1700:, about which he lectured and wrote books. In 1954 he embarked upon a
2400:
Note: The second DSO awarded as a bar on the ribbon of the first DSO.
1922:
1874:
1781:
1746:
1661:
as a tribute to the life and work of Sue Ryder and Leonard Cheshire.
1576:
1484:
and other writing work, he got a job working as a journalist for the
1371:
1348:
817:
392:
in recognition of his charitable work. He is under consideration for
389:
343:
272:
226:
56:
5879:
People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
5368:. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999.
5200:
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/1252
4332:
2075:
1812:
732:, and a number of ships were lost. Cheshire came through unscathed.
4238:
3828:"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74,"
2240:
1419:
1295:
1140:
1124:
384:
After the war he founded a nursing home that grew into the charity
5547:
Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. : Air University Press, (1989).
1773:, 21 years his senior. They divorced, childless, in January 1951.
1474:
1163:
1088:
930:
provided the avenue for Cheshire's escape. Cochrane's elite unit,
832:
higher and faster. Losses soon fell, and morale rose accordingly.
2319:
Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC
2059:
2023:
1988:
1742:
1584:
1375:
Jackson later stated he would "never forget what Cheshire said."
1068:
537:
476:
433:
100:
79:
5693:
1301:
On 25 June Cheshire was tasked with a daylight raid against the
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
4934:
4063:
4061:
2237:
The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World
1777:
1493:
1291:
1198:
1177:
991:
729:
488:
and he entered a local tennis tournament, which he nearly won.
460:
437:
5198:
Leonard Cheshire's private papers at the IBCC Digital Archive
4458:"Resonate Podcast – Episode 6: Leonard Cheshire and Sue Ryder"
1290:
On 14 June 1944, 617 squadron made a daylight attack upon the
354:(7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated
4711:
Faith in the archive: the Leonard Cheshire Disability Archive
4654:
Faith in the archive: the Leonard Cheshire Disability Archive
4301:
4299:
2603:
2601:
1705:
1604:
852:, now as the station commander. The airfield was used by the
517:
429:
5153:
Rewind : Seven decades of stories from Leonard Cheshire
5080:
4876:
Rewind : Seven decades of stories from Leonard Cheshire
4462:
Rewind : Seven decades of stories from Leonard Cheshire
4202:
Rewind : Seven decades of stories from Leonard Cheshire
4160:
Rewind : Seven decades of stories from Leonard Cheshire
4058:
640:
416:
Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, known as Leonard, was the son of
5869:
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
4054:. By Cheshire, Leonard. London: St. Paul's. pp. 10–11.
4019:
3807:
3304:
3302:
3248:
1799:, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.
1737:
In 2017, on the centenary of Leonard Cheshire's birth, the
1136:
1101:
677:
Cheshire with air crew and ground crew while at 35 Squadron
513:
4296:
3684:
3621:
3566:
3517:
3505:
3493:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2598:
1826:
Cheshire was determined to be present at the unveiling of
1815:
they had founded in India. This journey was documented by
1554:
As part of this work, he founded the following charities:
824:
escape the attacks of night fighters. Test pilot, Captain
5819:
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
4633:
4577:
4510:"East Berlin 'Wall' Concert: Highs of Theatrics and Hope"
3876:
3874:
3749:
3747:
3638:
3636:
3483:
3481:
3479:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2501:
1995:
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars
499:
the following month. His closest university friends were
5248:. The Second World War By Night. Pen & Sword Books.
5149:"Group Captain Cheshire receives the Harding Award 1978"
4869:
4851:. Rewind, the history of Leonard Cheshire and disability
4660:
4455:
3935:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3299:
3265:
3263:
3148:
3146:
3144:
2613:
1612:
also two Australian Homes in Mt. Gambier and Melbourne.
4823:
Foxley-Norris, Christopher (2004). "Leonard Cheshire".
4135:
3708:
2957:
2586:
2574:
1769:
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress
455:
At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist
373:
Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot was the
5245:
German Night Fighters Versus Bomber Command, 1943–1945
4916:
4827:. Vol. 11. Oxford University Press. p. 321.
4717:
4621:
3971:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3835:
3795:
3783:
3759:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3696:
3660:
3648:
3633:
3578:
3476:
3452:
3410:
3398:
3131:
3129:
2829:
2348:
Rewind: Seven decades of stories from Leonard Cheshire
1811:, Leonard Cheshire and Sue Ryder made a final trip to
1378:
1092:
The Anthéor railway viaduct just outside Saint-Raphaël
5814:
British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross
4031:
4007:
3983:
3959:
3947:
3923:
3906:
3287:
3260:
3202:
3190:
3158:
3141:
3054:
2550:
1318:
4195:
3771:
3022:
2797:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2678:
2625:
2483:
1026:, the AOC of the Pathfinder Force, Air Vice-Marshal
994:. They were buried deep in underground bunkers near
557:
On 16 November 1937 he received his commission as a
5644:
5 Group Bomber Command : an operational record
5617:
4 Group Bomber Command : an operational record
5504:
Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM
3995:
3554:
3464:
3386:
3275:
3126:
3010:
2562:
2209:
1450:Cheshire was a great leader of men. In contrast to
5411:
5305:
420:, a barrister, academic and influential writer on
2308:. Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991.
2243:). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
1843:. There is a memorial to both inside the church.
1275:617 Squadron storage area for their Tallboy bombs
5874:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross
5775:
3672:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
1670:Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the
1650:The Leonard Cheshire Chair of Conflict Recovery,
4736:Fuller, Reginald C.; Cheshire, Leonard (1998).
2888:"RAF Interview: Group Captain Leonard Cheshire"
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2293:The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb
1504:At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about
1475:Post War: VIP Colony and Le Court Cheshire Home
1355:, the surviving 617 pilots from the Dams raid.
792:In August 1942 Cheshire was promoted to acting
495:at the University of Oxford in 1936 and joined
61:Wing Commander Leonard Cheshire in January 1943
5570:Lincolnshire airfields in the Second World War
5563:. No. 60445. 28 October 1978. p. 14.
5445:British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism
4735:
4580:"UCL International Disability Research Centre"
4578:University College London (21 February 2019).
2913:
2911:
2909:
728:, but did suffer multiple attacks from German
5545:Strategy for defeat: the Luftwaffe, 1933–1945
5004:"Christmas Broadcast 1992 • The Royal Family"
4870:Leonard Cheshire Archive (25 February 2019).
4822:
4557:"Leonard Cheshire Chair of Conflict Recovery"
4435:"The World Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief"
3349:"Life with a Bomber Squadron at Marston Moor"
3214:
3082:(Supplement). 17 November 1942. p. 5034.
2917:
1757:In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary,
1158:
5409:
5128:. The Cheshire Smile. Autumn 1978. p. 8
4236:
4025:
3813:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3254:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2892:Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies
2741:
2607:
2512:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2337:
1885:in the County of Lincolnshire, sitting as a
1395:. His vantage point was in the support B-29
1131:on 16 March, the Tuilieres power station at
856:(HCU) to convert pilots from the two engine
5829:Deaths from motor neuron disease in England
4960:
4713:. Catholic Archives. p. 38. Number 35.
4656:. Catholic Archives. p. 36. Number 35.
4456:Leonard Cheshire Archive (7 January 2022).
3902:(Supplement). 25 January 1946. p. 712.
2906:
4791:
4708:
4651:
4559:. Charity Commission for England and Wales
4437:. Charity Commission for England and Wales
4284:. Charity Commission for England and Wales
4262:. Charity Commission for England and Wales
3824:
3822:
3382:(Supplement). 16 April 1943. p. 1798.
2259:Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
1696:Cheshire had a particular interest in the
1426:at Muswell Hill for rest and observation.
1411:, but had to report to new Prime Minister
1083:
55:
5884:People from the Borough of St Edmundsbury
5303:
4709:Nield, Stephanie; Nield, Stephen (2015).
4652:Nield, Stephanie; Nield, Stephen (2015).
4118:"Group Captain Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire"
4085:
3590:
2969:
1940:Cheshire's medal group on display at the
1511:Cheshire had identified a gap in the new
1266:
641:Distinguished Service Order (DSO) mission
593:On 7 April 1940 Cheshire was promoted to
424:. His mother Primrose Barstow was from a
321:Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire
5462:
5379:
5324:
5214:
5066:
5046:
4982:
4693:
4666:
4507:
4362:Charity Commission for England and Wales
4221:
4180:
4141:
4049:
3892:
3880:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3765:
3753:
3702:
3584:
3416:
3372:
3176:
3112:
3092:
3072:
3040:
3028:
2963:
2943:
2815:
2783:
2669:
2645:"The Airmen's Stories - F/O T P K Higgs"
2451:
1935:
1873:On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a
1845:
1780:'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married
1433:
1322:
1270:
1208:
1162:
1087:
1054:
964:
870:
783:
734:
715:
672:
644:
584:
407:
30:For the health and welfare charity, see
5689:History of the Leonard Cheshire charity
5333:
5289:Cheshire V.C.: a story of war and peace
5286:
4825:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4792:Chancellor, Alexander (2 August 1985).
4683:. London: Collins Harvill. p. 285.
4037:
4013:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3819:
3801:
3789:
3738:
3726:
3690:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3627:
3572:
3560:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3458:
3404:
3308:
3293:
3269:
3208:
3196:
3164:
3152:
3060:
2619:
2592:
2556:
2546:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 273.
2537:
2535:
2509:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2504:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2135:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
1854:
1617:World Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief
1387:were official British observers of the
1305:, a storage bunker and launch site for
448:where he was head of Chatham House and
14:
5776:
5528:Morgan, Eric B. and Edward Shacklady.
5501:
5387:. Pan Military Classics. London: Pan.
5241:
4963:"Cavendish, Suffolk, St Mary's Church"
4922:
4750:
4723:
4627:
4481:
4050:Lawrence, Alenka (1991). "Interview".
3917:
3714:
2990:
2918:Foxley-Norris, C. N. (1 August 1992).
2803:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2684:
2631:
2580:
2568:
2541:
2489:
2461:(Supplement). 15 June 1991. p. 1.
2166:for notable war services 17 March 1941
1429:
1135:on 18 March, and the power station at
796:and assigned as commanding officer of
5567:
5530:Spitfire: The History (4th rev. edn.)
5262:
4935:Lady Ryder of Warsaw Memorial Trust.
4816:
4678:
4639:
4615:National Memorial Arboretum Guidebook
4601:National Memorial Arboretum Guidebook
4067:
3777:
3346:
2649:The Battle of Britain London Monument
1752:
1119:2 March, a needle bearing factory at
701:on 1 March 1941, and was awarded the
5844:People educated at The Dragon School
5641:
5614:
5559:"Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire".
5410:Iveson, Tony; Milton, Brian (2009).
5146:
4001:
3678:
3470:
3392:
3281:
3135:
3016:
2532:
2265:. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
2249:. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
1895:paid personal tribute to him in her
1539:
1366:, both Cheshire and warrant officer
758:
712:, and became commander of a flight.
5125:Founder receives 1978 Harding Award
2118:Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
1379:Nagasaki and discharge from the RAF
708:On 7 April 1941 he was promoted to
27:Royal Air Force officer (1917–1992)
24:
5904:Life peers created by Elizabeth II
5809:British World War II bomber pilots
5596:The Register of the Victoria Cross
4751:Morris, Keith (8 September 2017).
4381:
3314:
2760:"Cheshire, Leonard (Oral history)"
1664:
1319:Raid on the V3 site at Mimoyecques
1250:
547:
25:
5920:
5669:
5056:. 13 February 1981. p. 2145.
4617:(5th ed.). 2011. p. 15.
4603:(5th ed.). 2011. p. 32.
2991:Simkin, John (7 September 1917).
2793:. 16 November 1937. p. 7189.
2544:Merton College Register 1900–1964
1866:in 1960 when he was surprised by
1370:were to receive the VC from King
1204:
788:76 Squadron Halifax on the tarmac
685:in January 1941, where he joined
563:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
552:
5794:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
5532:. London: Key Publishing, 1993.
5498:London: Arms and Armour, (1996).
5192:
5167:
5140:
5116:
5060:
5040:
5014:
4996:
4976:
4954:
4928:
4889:
4863:
4841:
4785:
4763:
4744:
4729:
4702:
4687:
4672:
4645:
4607:
4593:
4571:
4549:
4527:
4508:Marshall, Tyler (23 July 1990).
4501:
4475:
4449:
4427:
4402:
4375:
4350:
4325:
4274:
4252:
4230:
4215:
4189:
4174:
4147:
4110:
4043:
3324:. Control Towers. Archived from
3050:. 6 December 1940. p. 6937.
2953:. 3 December 1940. p. 6862.
2825:. 20 October 1939. p. 7039.
2674:. Slough: St. Pauls. p. 18.
2425:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2382:
2210:Publications by Leonard Cheshire
2127:
2110:
2090:
2074:
2058:
2038:
2022:
2004:
1987:
1969:
1951:
1640:Cheshire's concerns with making
1167:AOC Bomber Command Arthur Harris
262:
5899:Military personnel from Chester
5849:People educated at Stowe School
5447:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK:
4895:
4282:"The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation"
4074:Medicine, Conflict and Survival
3886:
3529:
3422:
3366:
3347:Mason, David (23 August 2014).
3340:
3231:"Gallantry, Tom (Oral history)"
3170:
3106:
3086:
3066:
3034:
2937:
2809:
2777:
2690:
2663:
2637:
2369:
2226:; London: Goodall Publications
1764:
1496:in Leicestershire, and then at
1050:
1002:British scientist and inventor
918:
839:
580:
479:and whilst there, witnessed an
440:. Cheshire was educated at the
281:
258:
5864:Royal Air Force group captains
5854:Military personnel from Oxford
5681:Location of grave and VC medal
5414:Lancaster : the biography
4992:. 22 July 1991. p. 11147.
3603:"Squadron Leader Larry Curtis"
3186:. 27 March 1942. p. 1387.
2495:
2465:
2445:
1566:In 1953, Cheshire founded the
1557:In 1948 his eponymous charity
1438:A portrait of Cheshire in 1945
1183:
911:which tells of his posting to
804:. The squadron was flying the
779:
668:
542:Oxford University Air Squadron
497:Oxford University Air Squadron
13:
1:
5839:Members of the Order of Merit
5727:Imperial War Museum Interview
5217:RAF Bomber Command, 1936-1968
5076:. 7 March 1941. p. 1370.
4537:. National Memorial Arboretum
4482:DeRiso, Nick (21 July 2015).
4333:"For the Relief of Suffering"
4153:
4070:"Dambusters: A Personal View"
3122:. 20 June 1941. p. 3517.
3102:. 7 March 1941. p. 1370.
2701:. 24 May 1981. pp. 26–7.
2357:
1823:in the film 'Indian Summer'.
1405:United States Army Air Forces
981:
613:, and shared the airfield at
597:and in June he was posted to
403:
5646:. Pen & Sword Aviation.
5619:. Pen & Sword Aviation.
5334:Garnett, David, ed. (1968).
5099:"Cheshire, Geoffrey Leonard"
4800:. p. 31. Archived from
4794:"Television: Forty years on"
4087:10.1080/13623699.2013.848602
2920:"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC"
2542:Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964).
2526:UK public library membership
2325:). London: St. Pauls, 1998.
2271:(22-page pamphlet). London:
2253:The Story of the Holy Shroud
1977:Member of the Order of Merit
1860:Cheshire was the subject of
864:bombers to the four-engined
219:Member of the Order of Merit
7:
5804:British World War II pilots
5496:Bennett and the pathfinders
5179:Leonard Cheshire Disability
4771:"Nagasaki – Return Journey"
4738:Crossing the Finishing Line
4307:"Ryder-Cheshire Foundation"
2651:. Battle of Britain Archive
2176:Distinguished Service Order
2170:Distinguished Service Order
2152:Distinguished Service Order
1731:Crossing the Finishing Line
1718:King Edward VII TB Hospital
1658:National Memorial Arboretum
1646:National Memorial Arboretum
1546:Leonard Cheshire Disability
1424:St Luke's Woodside hospital
660:Distinguished Service Order
603:Armstrong Whitworth Whitley
569:, and sent for training at
418:Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire
386:Leonard Cheshire Disability
304:Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire
223:Distinguished Service Order
32:Leonard Cheshire Disability
10:
5925:
5760:November 1943 – July 1944
5699:Image of Cheshire's Medals
5325:Cheshire, Leonard (1961).
5242:Bowman, Martin W. (2016).
4872:"Disabled Britain on Film"
4694:Cheshire, Leonard (1956).
4222:Cheshire, Leonard (1998).
4196:Leonard Cheshire Archive.
4181:Cheshire, Leonard (1998).
2158:Distinguished Flying Cross
2012:Distinguished Flying Cross
1543:
1536:for the rest of his life.
1159:Second meeting with Harris
854:1652 Heavy Conversion Unit
703:Distinguished Flying Cross
231:Distinguished Flying Cross
29:
5762:
5752:
5744:
5739:
5449:Sutton Publishing Limited
5337:The White/Garnett letters
5287:Braddon, Russell (1954).
4898:"An Indian Summer (1992)"
4757:Independent Catholic News
4068:Nield, Stephanie (2013).
4052:Where is God in All This?
2699:Sunday Telegraph Magazine
2672:Where is God in All This?
2670:Lawrence, Alenka (1991).
2338:Cheshire's private papers
2306:Where Is God in All This?
2295:. London: Methuen, 1985.
2281:. London: Collins, 1981.
2145:
1807:After his diagnosis with
1759:Nagasaki – Return Journey
1745:to promote his cause for
1654:University College London
1622:The Wall – Live in Berlin
1151:) 10 April 1944, and the
310:
299:
291:
240:
210:
200:
179:
165:
155:
145:
137:
125:
117:
107:
86:
66:
54:
41:
5859:Roman Catholic activists
5502:Morris, Richard (2000).
5304:Brickhill, Paul (1983).
5215:Ashworth, Chris (1995).
4740:. St. Pauls. p. 70.
4696:Pilgrimage to The Shroud
4414:Ryder-Cheshire Australia
4260:"The Raphael Pilgrimage"
4156:"Eastwood Rotary Speech"
4026:Iveson & Milton 2009
3814:Iveson & Milton 2009
3255:Iveson & Milton 2009
2608:Iveson & Milton 2009
2247:Pilgrimage to the Shroud
2100:with oak leaf for being
1828:Arthur "Bomber" Harris's
1802:
1791:Cheshire was a lifelong
1153:Juvisy marshalling yards
969:Australian "Mick" Martin
649:Cheshire's fire-damaged
5834:English Roman Catholics
5799:British philanthropists
5732:RAF Interview from 1978
5704:Cheshire VC and the CND
5568:Otter, Patrick (1996).
2189:Action Medical Research
2164:Mentioned in Despatches
2102:Mentioned in Despatches
1897:Royal Christmas Message
1513:National Health Service
1240:US Armed Services Radio
1084:Anthéor railway viaduct
1067:aero-engine factory at
681:Cheshire was posted to
235:Mentioned in Despatches
5709:Sue Ryder of Cavendish
5022:"Cheshire House Girls"
4337:Raphael Ryder-Cheshire
2518:10.1093/ref:odnb/50944
2377:100 Group Headquarters
2273:Catholic Truth Society
1945:
1851:
1739:Diocese of East Anglia
1439:
1328:
1276:
1267:V weapon storage sites
1214:
1168:
1093:
1060:
970:
880:
789:
740:
678:
654:
605:. 102 Squadron was in
590:
450:Merton College, Oxford
413:
18:Group Captain Cheshire
5909:Founders of charities
5889:Spouses of life peers
5824:Crossbench life peers
5572:. Countryside Books.
5329:. London: Hutchinson.
4849:"Game, set and match"
4698:. London: Hutchinson.
4488:Ultimate Classic Rock
4358:"Target Tuberculosis"
2997:Spartacus Educational
2257:Associated Television
1939:
1849:
1809:motor neurone disease
1795:fan, a member of the
1686:by Vernon Johnson, a
1593:learning disabilities
1437:
1326:
1274:
1212:
1166:
1091:
1058:
968:
934:, was in difficulty.
874:
787:
738:
716:Trip to North America
676:
653:bomber, November 1940
648:
588:
411:
398:Roman Catholic Church
138:Years of service
5642:Ward, Chris (2007).
5615:Ward, Chris (2012).
5365:Monuments to Courage
3430:"Dortmund Ems Canal"
2046:Air Crew Europe Star
1908:100 Greatest Britons
1855:Honours and tributes
1776:On 5 April 1959, in
1698:Holy Shroud of Turin
1283:, and followed with
866:Handley Page Halifax
695:Handley Page Halifax
426:Scottish Army family
261: 1941;
184:No. 617 Squadron RAF
170:No. 102 Squadron RAF
5754:Officer Commanding
5543:Murray, Williamson
5327:The Face of Victory
5147:Cheshire, Leonard.
5010:. 25 December 1992.
4679:Ryder, Sue (1986).
4642:, pp. 274–275.
4390:on 15 February 2022
4154:Cheshire, Leonard.
3830:The New York Times.
3693:, pp. 112–118.
3630:, pp. 111–112.
3575:, pp. 109–111.
3526:, pp. 108–109.
3514:, pp. 106–108.
3502:, pp. 105–106.
3235:Imperial War Museum
2764:Imperial War Museum
2479:. 7 September 2017.
2263:The Face of Victory
2098:War Medal 1939–1945
1942:Imperial War Museum
1912:Imperial War Museum
1839:survivors from the
1684:One Lord, One Faith
1597:Target Tuberculosis
1459:Lack of Moral Fibre
1430:Cheshire as officer
1331:On 6 July 1944 the
944:H. B. "Mick" Martin
798:No. 76 Squadron RAF
471:with the family of
194:No. 76 Squadron RAF
174:No. 35 Squadron RAF
5894:Burials in Suffolk
5155:. Leonard Cheshire
5073:The London Gazette
5053:The London Gazette
4989:The London Gazette
4239:"Leonard Cheshire"
4237:Leonard Cheshire.
4198:"Le Court history"
4162:. Leonard Cheshire
3899:The London Gazette
3379:The London Gazette
3322:"RAF Marston Moor"
3183:The London Gazette
3119:The London Gazette
3099:The London Gazette
3079:The London Gazette
3047:The London Gazette
2993:"Leonard Cheshire"
2950:The London Gazette
2822:The London Gazette
2790:The London Gazette
2583:, pp. 20, 22.
2477:Hagiography Circle
2458:The London Gazette
2323:Reginald C. Fuller
1946:
1921:, another wartime
1893:Queen Elizabeth II
1870:in central London.
1852:
1833:Cavendish, Suffolk
1813:the Raphael Centre
1786:Cavendish, Suffolk
1753:Return to Nagasaki
1726:Reginald C. Fuller
1575:In 1959 with wife
1569:Raphael Pilgrimage
1517:National Insurance
1440:
1341:St. Leu d’Esserent
1329:
1277:
1215:
1169:
1094:
1061:
1022:of Bomber Command
988:V3 long-range guns
971:
956:Operation Chastise
940:Dortmund Ems Canal
881:
802:RAF Linton-on-Ouse
790:
741:
679:
655:
591:
414:
112:Cavendish Cemetery
5772:
5771:
5763:Succeeded by
5740:Military offices
5653:978-1-84415-579-8
5626:978-1-84884-884-9
5579:978-1-85306-424-1
5553:978-0-933852-45-7
5425:978-1-78012-006-5
5418:. Andre Deutsch.
5394:978-1-74329-568-7
5381:Hastings, Sir Max
5279:978-0-00-211562-9
5255:978-1-4738-4980-8
4961:Britain Express.
4514:Los Angeles Times
3944:, pp. 87–88.
3717:, pp. 70–72.
3353:RAF Church Fenton
3311:, pp. 97–98.
2622:, pp. 35–36.
2595:, pp. 32–36.
2524:(Subscription or
2184:13 November 1945
2143:
2142:
1982:13 February 1981
1964:8 September 1944
1906:poll to find the
1899:in December 1992.
1863:This Is Your Life
1831:Mary's Church in
1817:Sir David Puttnam
1728:in a book called
1672:Church of England
1540:Humanitarian work
1409:Winston Churchill
1364:Buckingham Palace
1242:was broadcasting
1234:were tasked with
1145:Saint-Cyr-l'École
1143:on 5 April 1944,
978:deadly accuracy.
810:Beningbrough Hall
759:Flight instructor
710:flight lieutenant
506:Battle of Britain
473:Ludwig von Reuter
318:
317:
49:The Lord Cheshire
16:(Redirected from
5916:
5756:No. 617 Squadron
5745:Preceded by
5737:
5736:
5718:Leonard Cheshire
5713:Richard D. North
5665:
5638:
5591:
5564:
5525:
5491:
5437:
5417:
5406:
5359:
5340:. Viking Press.
5330:
5321:
5311:
5300:
5283:
5259:
5238:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5095:
5078:
5077:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5028:on 5 August 2020
5024:. Archived from
5018:
5012:
5011:
5008:The Royal Family
5000:
4994:
4993:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4900:. Archived from
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4777:. Archived from
4767:
4761:
4760:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4681:Child of My Love
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4386:. Archived from
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4224:The Hidden World
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4183:The Hidden World
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4089:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3904:
3903:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3599:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3436:. Archived from
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3328:on 21 April 2012
3318:
3312:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3139:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2988:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2827:
2826:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2205:5 February 1981
2154:6 December 1940
2131:
2114:
2094:
2078:
2062:
2042:
2026:
2008:
1999:6 December 1940
1991:
1973:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1841:Second World War
1797:All England Club
1771:Constance Binney
1741:held a memorial
1560:Leonard Cheshire
1530:Leonard Cheshire
1526:Leonard Cheshire
1307:V-1 flying bombs
1155:on 18/19 April.
1129:Clermont-Ferrand
746:Constance Binney
571:RAF Hullavington
364:Second World War
358:(RAF) pilot and
353:
348:
337:
330:
285:
283:
266:
264:
260:
247:Constance Binney
205:Second World War
189:RAF Marston Moor
127:
93:
77:7 September 1917
76:
74:
59:
39:
38:
21:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5672:
5654:
5627:
5580:
5558:
5514:
5480:
5464:Mahaddie, T. G.
5426:
5395:
5362:Harvey, David.
5348:
5308:The dam busters
5280:
5256:
5227:
5219:. P. Stephens.
5206:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5081:
5065:
5061:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4933:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4804:on 5 April 2015
4790:
4786:
4781:on 14 May 2014.
4769:
4768:
4764:
4749:
4745:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4707:
4703:
4692:
4688:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4194:
4190:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4066:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3907:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3440:on 13 June 2018
3428:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3142:
3134:
3127:
3111:
3107:
3091:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2989:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2924:The Independent
2916:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2894:. February 1978
2886:
2885:
2830:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2533:
2523:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2340:
2212:
2148:
1919:Nicholas Winton
1857:
1805:
1767:
1755:
1667:
1665:Christian faith
1642:Remembrance Day
1635:Potsdamer Platz
1548:
1542:
1477:
1432:
1420:psycho-neurosis
1389:nuclear bombing
1381:
1321:
1269:
1255:To support the
1253:
1251:D-day deception
1207:
1186:
1161:
1086:
1053:
984:
921:
902:Hamish Mahaddie
877:Charles Pickard
842:
800:, stationed at
782:
773:against Cologne
761:
718:
699:squadron leader
671:
643:
583:
555:
550:
548:Military career
465:natural history
406:
356:Royal Air Force
346:
335:
328:
324:
311:Other work
287:
284: 1959)
279:
275:
269:
268:
265: 1951)
256:
252:
249:
233:
229:
221:
217:
192:
187:
172:
132:Royal Air Force
113:
95:
91:
78:
72:
70:
62:
50:
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5922:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5761:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5715:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5694:Ryder Cheshire
5691:
5686:
5678:
5671:
5670:External links
5668:
5667:
5666:
5652:
5639:
5625:
5612:
5592:
5578:
5565:
5556:
5541:
5526:
5512:
5499:
5494:Maynard, John
5492:
5478:
5460:
5438:
5424:
5407:
5393:
5385:Bomber command
5377:
5360:
5346:
5331:
5322:
5301:
5284:
5278:
5260:
5254:
5239:
5225:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5191:
5166:
5139:
5115:
5079:
5059:
5039:
5013:
4995:
4975:
4953:
4927:
4925:, p. 427.
4915:
4904:on 17 May 2021
4888:
4862:
4840:
4833:
4815:
4784:
4762:
4743:
4728:
4726:, p. 291.
4716:
4701:
4686:
4671:
4669:, p. 136.
4659:
4644:
4632:
4630:, p. 225.
4620:
4606:
4592:
4570:
4548:
4526:
4500:
4474:
4448:
4426:
4401:
4384:"About Enrych"
4374:
4349:
4324:
4295:
4273:
4251:
4229:
4214:
4188:
4173:
4146:
4134:
4109:
4080:(4): 270–277.
4057:
4042:
4030:
4028:, p. 143.
4018:
4006:
4004:, p. 126.
3994:
3982:
3980:, p. 114.
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3920:, p. 224.
3905:
3885:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3832:2 August 1992.
3818:
3816:, p. 230.
3806:
3804:, p. 130.
3794:
3792:, p. 129.
3782:
3780:, p. 298.
3770:
3758:
3743:
3741:, p. 125.
3731:
3729:, p. 122.
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3669:, p. 117.
3659:
3657:, p. 113.
3647:
3645:, p. 112.
3632:
3620:
3609:. 29 June 2008
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:The Dambusters
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3490:, p. 111.
3475:
3473:, p. 105.
3463:
3461:, p. 103.
3451:
3434:The Dambusters
3421:
3409:
3407:, p. 101.
3397:
3395:, p. 107.
3385:
3365:
3339:
3313:
3298:
3286:
3284:, p. 125.
3274:
3259:
3257:, p. 219.
3247:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3169:
3157:
3140:
3138:, p. 190.
3125:
3105:
3085:
3065:
3053:
3033:
3021:
3019:, p. 124.
3009:
2968:
2966:, p. 210.
2956:
2936:
2905:
2828:
2808:
2796:
2776:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2689:
2677:
2662:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2559:, p. 152.
2549:
2531:
2494:
2492:, p. xxv.
2482:
2464:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2424:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2381:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2276:
2266:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2234:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:Order of Merit
2193:
2192:
2185:
2182:Victoria Cross
2179:
2178:18 April 1944
2173:
2172:20 April 1943
2167:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:Victoria Cross
1956:
1934:
1933:
1930:Xavier College
1926:
1915:
1900:
1890:
1879:Baron Cheshire
1871:
1868:Eamonn Andrews
1856:
1853:
1804:
1801:
1766:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1679:Roman Catholic
1666:
1663:
1633:was staged in
1581:Ryder-Cheshire
1544:Main article:
1541:
1538:
1486:Sunday Graphic
1476:
1473:
1431:
1428:
1413:Clement Attlee
1385:William Penney
1380:
1377:
1368:Norman Jackson
1360:Victoria Cross
1320:
1317:
1268:
1265:
1257:D-day landings
1252:
1249:
1223:fall of France
1219:Mailly-le-Camp
1206:
1205:Mailly-le-Camp
1203:
1185:
1182:
1160:
1157:
1125:Michelin plant
1085:
1082:
1065:Gnome et Rhône
1052:
1049:
1032:Robert Saundby
983:
980:
928:Ralph Cochrane
920:
917:
841:
838:
794:wing commander
781:
778:
760:
757:
717:
714:
670:
667:
642:
639:
611:Bomber Command
595:flying officer
582:
579:
573:, and then to
567:Bomber Command
554:
553:Early training
551:
549:
546:
493:Merton College
405:
402:
375:Victoria Cross
368:philanthropist
316:
315:
312:
308:
307:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
277:
271:
270:
254:
250:
245:
244:
242:
238:
237:
215:Victoria Cross
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
181:
177:
176:
167:
163:
162:
159:
157:Service number
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
121:United Kingdom
119:
115:
114:
111:
109:
105:
104:
94:(aged 74)
88:
84:
83:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
48:
44:Servant of God
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5921:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5767:
5758:
5757:
5749:
5748:Harold Martin
5743:
5738:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5610:
5609:0-906324-27-0
5606:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:0-946219-10-9
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5513:0-670-86735-7
5509:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5479:9780711018266
5475:
5472:. Ian Allan.
5471:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:0-7509-1026-7
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:1-84342-356-1
5371:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5347:9780670762576
5343:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5264:Boyle, Andrew
5261:
5257:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5226:1-85260-308-9
5222:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5180:
5176:
5175:"Our history"
5170:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5104:
5103:Traces of War
5100:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4964:
4957:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4850:
4844:
4836:
4834:0-19-861361-X
4830:
4826:
4819:
4803:
4799:
4798:The Spectator
4795:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4720:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4667:Cheshire 1961
4663:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4616:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4581:
4574:
4558:
4552:
4536:
4530:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4436:
4430:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4283:
4277:
4261:
4255:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4218:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4144:, p. 16.
4143:
4142:Cheshire 1961
4138:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4046:
4040:, p. 80.
4039:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4016:, p. 98.
4015:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3992:, p. 60.
3991:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3968:, p. 99.
3967:
3962:
3956:, p. 63.
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3932:, p. 86.
3931:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3883:, p. 54.
3882:
3881:Cheshire 1961
3877:
3875:
3868:, p. 53.
3867:
3866:Cheshire 1961
3862:
3856:, p. 52.
3855:
3854:Cheshire 1961
3850:
3844:, p. 51.
3843:
3842:Cheshire 1961
3838:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3768:, p. 98.
3767:
3766:Ashworth 1995
3762:
3756:, p. 97.
3755:
3754:Ashworth 1995
3750:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3705:, p. 94.
3704:
3703:Ashworth 1995
3699:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3608:
3607:The Telegraph
3604:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3587:, p. 91.
3586:
3585:Ashworth 1995
3581:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3419:, p. 69.
3418:
3417:Mahaddie 1989
3413:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3296:, p. 96.
3295:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3272:, p. 92.
3271:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3211:, p. 88.
3210:
3205:
3199:, p. 82.
3198:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3167:, p. 77.
3166:
3161:
3155:, p. 75.
3154:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3063:, p. 71.
3062:
3057:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3029:Hastings 2010
3025:
3018:
3013:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2964:Ashworth 1995
2960:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2806:, p. 31.
2805:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2738:, p. 25.
2737:
2732:
2726:, p. 28.
2725:
2720:
2714:, p. 26.
2713:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2687:, p. 24.
2686:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2634:, p. 22.
2633:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2610:, p. 30.
2609:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2571:, p. 20.
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2332:
2331:0-85439-527-X
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:0-85439-380-3
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:0-413-59240-5
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:0-00-626479-4
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:0-907579-10-8
2229:
2225:
2224:0-583-12541-7
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Defence Medal
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:With 1 clasp
2049:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:7 March 1941
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1925:humanitarian.
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:cross-bencher
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:High Anglican
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:Cheshire and
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
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1902:In the 2002
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510:
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481:Adolf Hitler
454:
446:Stowe School
415:
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379:Commonwealth
372:
320:
319:
314:Humanitarian
201:Battles/wars
92:(1992-07-31)
90:31 July 1992
36:
5789:1992 deaths
5784:1917 births
5068:"No. 35097"
5048:"No. 48524"
4984:"No. 52608"
4968:15 February
4946:21 February
4923:Morris 2000
4908:15 February
4881:15 February
4855:14 February
4724:Morris 2000
4628:Morris 2000
4585:25 February
4563:25 February
4541:15 February
4535:"Our Story"
4467:15 February
4441:15 February
4419:15 February
4394:15 February
4367:15 February
4342:15 February
4317:15 February
4288:15 February
4266:15 February
4244:15 February
4207:11 February
4166:11 February
4127:11 February
3918:Morris 2000
3894:"No. 37447"
3715:Bowman 2016
3374:"No. 35983"
3178:"No. 35503"
3114:"No. 35196"
3094:"No. 35097"
3074:"No. 35791"
3042:"No. 35009"
2945:"No. 35005"
2929:15 February
2898:23 December
2817:"No. 34713"
2804:Morris 2000
2785:"No. 34455"
2736:Morris 2000
2724:Morris 2000
2712:Morris 2000
2685:Morris 2000
2632:Morris 2000
2581:Morris 2000
2569:Morris 2000
2490:Morris 2000
2453:"No. 52563"
2321:(Edited by
1928:A house at
1610:Timor-Leste
1494:Gumley Hall
1333:Mimoyecques
1191:RAF Manston
1184:Munich raid
1121:St. Étienne
1074:War Cabinet
996:Mimoyecques
960:RAF Warboys
924:No. 5 Group
898:Don Bennett
780:76 Squadron
687:Jimmy Marks
683:35 Squadron
669:35 Squadron
623:Jimmy Marks
619:77 Squadron
501:Jack Randle
491:He entered
486:Nürburgring
461:lawn tennis
457:T. H. White
422:English law
362:during the
5778:Categories
5766:James Tait
5599:. London:
5506:. Viking.
5356:1245903075
5318:1244592242
5297:1085935488
4941:LRWMT News
4640:Boyle 1955
4410:"About Us"
3778:Otter 1996
3002:15 January
2528:required.)
2358:References
2066:Burma Star
1702:pilgrimage
1627:Pink Floyd
1625:by former
1452:Guy Gibson
982:V3 mission
936:Guy Gibson
926:Commander
875:The RAF's
862:Wellington
826:Eric Brown
444:, Oxford,
404:Early life
118:Allegiance
73:1917-09-07
5684:(Suffolk)
5662:475213900
5635:779864874
5588:243865729
5561:The Times
5522:851983937
5488:609335317
5434:860623396
5403:910331428
5272:Collins.
4808:10 August
4002:Ward 2007
3679:Ward 2012
3546:1 October
3537:"Antheor"
3471:Ward 2007
3444:1 October
3393:Ward 2007
3358:1 October
3282:Ward 2007
3240:26 August
3136:Ward 2007
3017:Ward 2007
2769:26 August
2439:Citations
2239:(16-page
1923:Old Stoic
1914:, London.
1875:life peer
1837:holocaust
1821:Anglia TV
1782:Sue Ryder
1747:sainthood
1577:Sue Ryder
1534:Cavendish
1397:Big Stink
1372:George VI
1303:Siracourt
818:Nuremberg
722:Liberator
527:The Saint
390:life peer
300:Relations
273:Sue Ryder
241:Spouse(s)
196:(1942–43)
186:(1943–44)
141:1937–1946
103:, England
97:Cavendish
82:, England
5603:, 1997.
5466:(1989).
5451:, 1997,
5383:(2010).
5266:(1955).
5235:33045553
4382:Enrych.
4104:37941573
4096:24494578
2241:pamphlet
2052:Atlantic
1883:Woodhall
1498:Le Court
1393:Nagasaki
1353:McCarthy
1296:Le Havre
1294:pens at
1281:Wizernes
1244:big band
1173:Mosquito
1141:Toulouse
1133:Bergerac
366:, and a
344:Two Bars
306:(father)
292:Children
227:Two Bars
180:Commands
126:Service/
5312:. Pan.
5159:25 July
5132:25 July
4775:BFI.org
4519:2 March
4493:2 March
3332:8 April
2275:, 1978.
2139:(1977)
2122:(1953)
1629:member
1585:leprosy
1345:Shannon
1312:Mustang
1232:5 Group
1228:1 Group
1069:Limoges
1028:Bennett
1009:Tallboy
892:of the
858:Whitley
806:Halifax
730:U-boats
651:Whitley
607:4 Group
561:in the
538:cavalry
477:Potsdam
469:Germany
434:Chester
396:in the
286:
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255:
251:
101:Suffolk
80:Chester
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5032:19 May
4831:
4313:. JISC
4102:
4094:
2655:7 June
2522:
2473:"1992"
2329:
2312:
2299:
2285:
2230:
2222:
2146:Awards
1793:tennis
1778:Bombay
1605:Enrych
1601:Enrych
1292:E boat
1285:Watten
1261:window
1199:Munich
1178:Munich
1117:Albert
992:France
750:Hudson
438:Oxford
342:&
225:&
211:Awards
191:(1943)
128:branch
108:Buried
4896:BFI.
4100:S2CID
2363:Notes
2269:Death
2014:(DFC)
1803:Death
1706:polio
1349:Munro
948:Möhne
617:with
518:Paris
430:Hoole
349:
347:,
338:
336:,
331:
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280:(
276:
257:(
253:
161:72021
5722:IMDb
5658:OCLC
5648:ISBN
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5370:ISBN
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5342:ISBN
5314:OCLC
5293:OCLC
5274:ISBN
5250:ISBN
5231:OCLC
5221:ISBN
5186:2018
5161:2022
5134:2022
5110:2018
5034:2020
4970:2022
4948:2022
4910:2022
4883:2022
4857:2022
4829:ISBN
4810:2015
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4565:2022
4543:2022
4521:2016
4495:2016
4469:2022
4443:2022
4421:2022
4396:2022
4369:2022
4344:2022
4319:2022
4290:2022
4268:2022
4246:2022
4209:2022
4168:2022
4129:2022
4092:PMID
3615:2018
3548:2018
3446:2018
3360:2018
3334:2012
3242:2018
3004:2018
2931:2022
2900:2017
2771:2018
2657:2022
2327:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2283:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2220:ISBN
1979:(OM)
1961:(VC)
1819:and
1599:and
1587:and
1351:and
1230:and
1137:Lyon
1102:Nice
1100:and
950:and
860:and
514:pint
508:.
263:div.
166:Unit
146:Rank
87:Died
67:Born
5720:at
4082:doi
2514:doi
1904:BBC
1881:of
1877:as
1391:of
1127:at
1020:AOC
962:.
954:in
894:PFF
890:AOC
609:of
475:in
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351:DFC
340:DSO
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