1009:
607:
533:
87:
244:
produce just as much lift as the much larger wing on a transport aircraft, though it can do this only when close to the earth's surface. Once sufficient speed has built up, some GEVs may be capable of leaving ground effect and functioning as normal aircraft until they approach their destination. The distinguishing characteristic is that they are unable to land or take off without a significant amount of help from the ground effect cushion, and cannot climb until they have reached a much higher speed.
887:
595:
392:
164:
43:
318:
298:
867:
called
Flightship. Powered by a V8 Chevrolet automobile engine rated at 337 kW, the prototype made its first flight in February 2001 in the Netherlands. The company no longer exists but the prototype craft was bought by Wigetworks, a company based in Singapore and renamed as AirFish 8. In 2010, that vehicle was registered as a ship in the Singapore Registry of Ships.
559:, which was a translation into English of a summary of French research on the subject. The French author Maurice Le Sueur had added a suggestion based on this phenomenon: "Here the imagination of inventors is offered a vast field. The ground interference reduces the power required for level flight in large proportions, so here is a means of rapid and at the same time
832:
457:
high-speed craft into conflict with ships, buildings and rising land, which may not be sufficiently visible in poor conditions to avoid. GEVs may be unable to climb over or turn sharply enough to avoid collisions, while drastic, low-level maneuvers risk contact with solid or water hazards beneath. Aircraft can climb over most obstacles, but GEVs are more limited.
374:-style type-2 with a mid-size horizontal wing near the nose of the craft directing airflow under the main lift airfoil. This type-2 tandem design is a major improvement during takeoff, as it creates an air cushion to lift the craft above the water at a lower speed, thereby reducing water drag, which is the biggest obstacle to successful seaplane launches.
683:
by U.S. intelligence experts, after a huge, unknown craft was spotted on satellite reconnaissance photos of the
Caspian Sea area in the 1960s. With its short wings, it looked airplane-like in planform, but would probably be incapable of flight. Although it was designed to travel a maximum of 3 m
334:
for his ekranoplan. The wings are significantly shorter than those of comparable aircraft, and this configuration requires a high aft-placed horizontal tail to maintain stability. The pitch and altitude stability comes from the lift slope difference between a front low wing in ground-effect (commonly
456:
Since most GEVs are designed to operate from water, accidents and engine failure typically are less hazardous than in a land-based aircraft, but the lack of altitude control leaves the pilot with fewer options for avoiding collision, and to some extent that negates such benefits. Low altitude brings
472:
The bottom of the vehicle must be formed to avoid excessive pressures on landing and taking off without sacrificing too much lateral stability, and it must not create too much spray, which damages the airframe and the engines. The
Russian ekranoplans show evidence of fixes for these problems in the
908:
The consultancy of Günther Jörg, a specialist and insider of German airplane industry from 1963 and a colleague of
Alexander Lippisch and Hanno Fischer, was founded with a fundamental knowledge of wing in ground effect physics, as well as results of fundamental tests under different conditions and
468:
before they can accelerate to flight speed. Careful design, usually with multiple redesigns of hullforms, is required to get this right, which increases engineering costs. This obstacle is more difficult for GEVs with short production runs to overcome. For the vehicle to work, its hull needs to be
460:
In high winds, take-off must be into the wind, which takes the craft across successive lines of waves, causing heavy pounding, stressing the craft and creating an uncomfortable ride. In light winds, waves may be in any direction, which can make control difficult as each wave causes the vehicle to
866:
Hanno
Fischer took over the works from RFB and created his own company, Fischer Flugmechanik, which eventually completed two models. The Airfisch 3 carried two persons, and the FS-8 carried six persons. The FS-8 was to be developed by Fischer Flugmechanik for a Singapore-Australian joint venture
243:
Placing the same wing near a surface such as the water or the ground has the same effect as increasing the aspect ratio because the ground prevents wingtip vortices from expanding, but without having the complications associated with a long and slender wing, so that the short stubs on a GEV can
900:
German engineer Günther Jörg, who had worked on
Alexeyev's first designs and was familiar with the challenges of GEV design, developed a GEV with two wings in a tandem arrangement, the Jörg-II. It was the third, manned, tandem-airfoil boat, named "Skimmerfoil", which was developed during his
563:
locomotion: Design an airplane which is always within the ground-interference zone. At first glance this apparatus is dangerous because the ground is uneven and the altitude called skimming permits no freedom of maneuver. But on large-sized aircraft, over water, the question may be
1029:
two-seat GEVs in
September 2010. This GEV carries one machine gun and surveillance gear, and incorporates features to reduce its radar signature. In October 2014, satellite images showed the GEV in a shipyard in southern Iran. The GEV has two engines and no armament.
1091:
project, with the goal of creating a low-cost seaplane that would use the ground-effect to extend its range. The program aims to carry 90 tons over 6,500 nautical miles (12,000 km), operate at sea without ground-based maintenance, all using low-cost materials.
523:
At the time of writing, those classes only applied to craft carrying 12 passengers or more, and (as of 2019) there was disagreement between national regulatory agencies about whether these vehicles should be classified, and regulated, as aircraft or as boats.
981:
Besides the development of appropriate design and structural configuration, automatic control and navigation systems have been developed. These include altimeters with high accuracy for low altitude flight and lesser dependence on weather conditions. "Phase
1095:
In May 2024, Ocean Glider announced a deal with UK-based investor MONTE to finance $ 145m of a $ 700m deal to begin operating 25 REGENT seagliders between destinations in New
Zealand. The order includes 15 12-seater Viceroys and 10 100-seater Monarchs.
231:
passing through air increases air pressure on the underside, while decreasing pressure across the top. The high and low pressures are maintained until they flow off the ends of the wings, where they form vortices which in turn are the major cause of
851:, a revolutionary design with reversed delta wing and T-tail. This design proved to be stable and efficient in ground effect, and even though it was successfully tested, Collins decided to stop the project and sold the patents to the German company
263:, have used forced blowing under the wing by auxiliary engines to increase the high pressure area under the wing to assist the takeoff; however they differ from hovercraft in still requiring forward motion to generate sufficient lift to fly.
461:
both pitch and roll. The lighter construction of GEVs makes their ability to operate in higher sea states less than that of conventional ships, but greater than the ability of hovercraft or hydrofoils, which are closer to the water surface.
236:—normally a significant portion of the drag affecting an aircraft. The greater the span of a wing, the less induced drag created for each unit of lift and the greater the efficiency of the particular wing. This is the primary reason
452:
On the water the aircraft-like construction of GEVs increases the risk of damage in collisions with surface objects. Furthermore, the limited number of egress points make it more difficult to evacuate the vehicle in an emergency.
503:
and the like. The
Russian Rules for classification and construction of small type A ekranoplans is a document upon which most GEV design is based. However, in 2005, the IMO classified the WISE or GEV under the category of ships.
448:
of a GEV, as compared to an aircraft of similar capacity, will improve its fuel efficiency and, up to a point, its speed. GEVs are also much faster than surface vessels of similar power, because they avoid drag from the water.
141:
that is able to move over the surface by gaining support from the reactions of the air against the surface of the earth or water. Typically, it is designed to glide over a level surface (usually over the sea) by making use of
2145:
1061:, a distance of 87 km taking only half an hour, using a Russian-built ekranoplan. The company ordered 15 ekranoplans with maximum speed of 185 km/h and capacity of 12 passengers, built by Russian RDC Aqualines.
1016:
Universal
Hovercraft developed a flying hovercraft, first flying a prototype in 1996. Since 1999, the company has offered plans, parts, kits and manufactured ground effect hovercraft called the Hoverwing.
2599:(Technical report). RTO technical report. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Research and Technology Organization (RTO), Applied Vehicle Technology (AVT) Panel, Task Group AVT-081. December 2006.
2251:
978:. In these countries and regions, small craft with up to ten seats have been built. Other larger designs such as ferries and heavy transports have been proposed but have not been carried to completion.
814:
for non-military use have been under development. The CHDB had already developed the eight-seat Volga-2 in 1985, and Technologies and Transport is developing a smaller version called the Amphistar.
1037:
for entry into class. On 31 March 2011, AirFish 8-001 became one of the first GEVs to be flagged with the Singapore Registry of Ships, one of the largest ship registries. Wigetworks partnered with
1969:
2869:
586:. Alexeyev worked from his background as a ship designer whereas Lippisch worked as an aeronautical engineer. The influence of Alexeyev and Lippisch remains noticeable in most GEVs seen today.
515:
A craft which is certified to temporarily increase its altitude to a limited height outside the influence of ground effect but not exceeding 150 m (490 ft) above the surface; and
480:
Finally, limited utility has kept production levels low enough that it has been impossible to amortize development costs sufficiently to make GEVs competitive with conventional aircraft.
255:, although this is not correct as a hovercraft is statically supported upon a cushion of pressurized air from an onboard downward-directed fan. Some GEV designs, such as the Russian
285:
The Boston-based (United States) company REGENT proposed an electric-powered high-wing design with a standard hull for water operations, but also incorporated fore- and aft-mounted
2030:
901:
consultancy period in South Africa. It was a simple and low-cost design of a first 4-seater tandem-airfoil flairboat completely constructed of aluminium. The prototype was in the
2155:
2061:
905:
Museum from 4 July 2007 until 2013, and is now in private use. Pictures of the museum show the boat after some years outside the museum and without protection against the sun.
483:
A 2014 study by students at NASA's Ames Research Center claims that use of GEVs for passenger travel could lead to cheaper flights, increased accessibility and less pollution.
2123:
1008:
922:
TAF VIII-1: 2-seater tandem-airfoil flairboat built of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) and aluminium. A small serie of 6 Flairboats had been produced by former Botec Company
1435:
2862:
2203:
146:, the aerodynamic interaction between the moving wing and the surface below. Some models can operate over any flat area such as frozen lakes or flat plains similar to a
2661:
2636:
2594:
2327:
684:(10 ft) above the sea, it was found to be most efficient at 20 m (66 ft), reaching a top speed of 300–400 knots (560–740 km/h) in research flights.
1326:
551:
phenomenon was well-known, as pilots found that their airplanes appeared to become more efficient as they neared the runway surface during landing. In 1934 the US
909:
designs having begun in 1960. For over 30 years, Jörg built and tested 15 different tandem-airfoil flairboats in different sizes and made of different materials.
216:
A ground-effect vehicle needs some forward velocity to produce lift dynamically, and the principal benefit of operating a wing in ground effect is to reduce its
2855:
1587:
64:
1699:
2626:
1905:
495:
has studied the application of rules based on the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (HSC code) which was developed for fast ships such as
1961:
1946:
1882:
1852:
282:, it does not have any contact with the surface of the water when in "flight". The ground-effect vehicle constitutes a unique class of transportation.
1774:
662:
in English). The military potential for such a craft was soon recognized, and Alexeyev received support and financial resources from Soviet leader
1198:
377:
Two stubby wings as in the tandem-airfoil flairboat produced by Günther Jörg in Germany. His particular design is self-stabilizing longitudinally.
2691:
1669:
2732:
1830:
2300:
1297:
1500:
1413:
912:
The following tandem-airfoil flairboat (TAF) types had been built after a previous period of nearly 10 years of research and development:
552:
2022:
51:
2715:
1105:
2772:
2053:
2113:
220:. The basic design principle is that the closer the wing operates to an external surface such as the ground, when it is said to be
3040:
For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.
1991:
1540:
2230:
409:
181:
902:
2566:
2538:
2519:
2500:
2481:
2441:
1474:
464:
Like conventional aircraft, greater power is needed for takeoff, and, like seaplanes, ground-effect vehicles must get on the
17:
1068:
announced that they were looking into using REGENT (Regional Electric Ground Effect Naval Transport) ground effect craft "
2370:
492:
606:
518:
A craft which is certified for operation outside ground effect and exceeding 150 m (490 ft) above the surface.
270:
and share many technical characteristics, it is generally not designed to fly out of ground effect. It differs from the
1707:
692:
1378:
709:. These craft were originally developed as high-speed military transports and were usually based on the shores of the
2422:
1571:
431:
203:
1595:
818:
proposed a large craft of the type, the Be-2500, as a "flying ship" cargo carrier, but nothing came of the project.
347:, this wing allows stable flight in ground-effect through self-stabilization. This is the main Class B form of GEV.
3112:
3068:
2148:[Estonian company has a wild vision: Helsinki-Tallinn distance in half an hour with a surface connector?].
1050:
In Korea, Wing Ship Technology Corporation developed and tested a 50-seat passenger GEV named the WSH-500. in 2013
1038:
938:
Bigger concepts are: 25-seater, 32-seater, 60-seater, 80-seater and bigger up to the size of a passenger airplane.
725:, but this figure was later reduced to fewer than 30 vessels, with planned deployment mainly in the Black Sea and
532:
335:
the main wing) and an aft, higher-located second wing nearly out of ground-effect (generally named a stabilizer).
3127:
3032:
aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
946:
Since the 1980s GEVs have been primarily smaller craft designed for the recreational and civilian ferry markets.
799:
630:) was the center of ground-effect craft development in the USSR. The vehicle came to be known as an ekranoplan (
2576:
Sharan, Sukrit (March 2007). "Complex Algorithms of Parameters Measuring Systems for Motion Close to the Sea".
1913:
1130:
891:
413:
185:
2346:
1936:
1874:
1844:
3107:
2788:
2118:
1115:
871:
143:
925:
TAF VIII-2: 4-seater tandem-airfoil Flairboat built of full aluminium (2 units) and built of GRP (3 units)
916:
TAB VII-3: First manned tandem W.I.G type Jörg, being built at Technical University of Darmstadt, Akaflieg
289:
units designed to lift the craft out of the water during takeoff run, to facilitate lower liftoff speeds.
1763:
1351:
2674:
1647:
3122:
2692:"Sea Eagle Wing In Ground Effect Craft Provide 80 Knots Alternatives To Marine Transportation Industry"
1209:
863:. These craft could be flown out of ground effect so that, for example, peninsulas could be overflown.
772:
274:
in lacking low-speed hover capability in much the same way that a fixed-wing airplane differs from the
2699:
2204:"Southern Airways Express Purchases 20 REGENT Seagliders for their U.S. East Coast Ops in $ 250M Deal"
1677:
2740:
2620:
1002:
567:
By the 1960s, the technology started maturing, in large part due to the independent contributions of
469:
stable enough longitudinally to be controllable yet not so stable that it cannot lift off the water.
221:
2274:
3072:
1377:
Byun, Leo; Donohue, Kiley; Mayo, Michael; McCafferty, Julian & Miller, Ruth (August 21, 2014).
1077:
760:, was laid down as a rescue vessel, but was never finished. The two major problems that the Soviet
2847:
2800:
2091:
2585:
Sharan, Sukrit (April 2007). "Quality Measurement Criteria for Flight Close to the Sea Surface".
2455:
1535:
402:
174:
56:
2908:
2812:
2084:"Wing Ship Technology develops and manufactures world's first middle class commercial WIG Craft"
1508:
1053:
Estonian transport company Sea Wolf Express planned to launch passenger service in 2019 between
1080:
also placed firm orders for seagliders with intent to operate them along Florida's east coast.
852:
765:
3060:
2933:
1731:"Comparative Analysis of Design Variants For Low Altitude Flight Parameters Measuring System"
599:
2434:
The Arms Production Dilemma: Contraction and Restraint in the World Combat Aircraft Industry
2146:"Virolaisyrityksellä hurja visio: Helsinki–Tallinna-väli puolessa tunnissa pintaliitäjällä?"
3117:
2177:
1267:
741:
537:
477:
on the forward part of the hull undersides and in the forward location of the jet engines.
371:
2760:
2723:
2646:(Technical report). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. December 29, 2006. RTO-TR-AVT-081.
8:
2780:
1436:"Exclusive: UK at odds with EU and US over classification of wing-in-ground effect craft"
1140:
1135:
1120:
1034:
931:
TAF VIII-4: 12-seater tandem-airfoil Flairboat built of aluminium combined with GRP parts
679:
670:
491:
One obstacle to GEV development is the classification and legislation to be applied. The
474:
1271:
934:
TAF VIII-3B: 6-seater tandem-airfoil flairboat under carbon fibre composite construction
928:
TAF VIII-3: 8-seater tandem-airfoil Flairboat built of aluminium combined with GRP parts
3044:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
3041:
1824:
1803:
1405:
619:
579:
568:
344:
331:
31:
1999:
3076:
2938:
2608:
2562:
2534:
2515:
2496:
2477:
2460:
2437:
2418:
2385:
1747:
1730:
1567:
1530:
844:
663:
445:
237:
233:
217:
2960:
2600:
1941:
1742:
1352:"Could the Airfish-8 finally get the Wing In Ground Effect Vehicle up and running?"
1279:
1275:
1065:
807:
647:
631:
623:
444:
Given similar hull size and power, and depending on its specific design, the lower
130:
2836:
1466:
86:
2328:"Kiwi startup Ocean Flyer signs $ 145m deal to operate seagliders in New Zealand"
1110:
1073:
991:
987:
983:
695:
3084:
2451:
1403:
1088:
1069:
611:
465:
2612:
2393:
669:
Some manned and unmanned prototypes were built, ranging up to eight tonnes in
3101:
2389:
1729:
Nebylov, Alexander; Rumyantseva, Elizaveta & Sukrit, Sharan (June 2007).
1674:
Technical development of ground-effect vehicles, University of Duisburg-Essen
1327:"DARPA's revolutionary seaplane wants to change how the Pentagon hauls cargo"
955:
848:
840:
703:
583:
91:
2604:
2275:"DARPA Liberty Lifter aims to bring back heavy-lift ground effect seaplanes"
363:-style type-1 utilising a shoulder-mounted main lift wing and belly-mounted
2947:
2887:
2469:
2301:"DARPA Awards Contracts for Long-Range 'Liberty Lifter' Flying Boat Design"
572:
2824:
2417:. Thorpe Bay, Southend-on-Sea, Essex, UK: Amateur Yacht Research Society.
886:
2992:
737:
710:
1798:
1258:
Rozhdestvensky, Kirill V. (May 2006). "Wing-in-ground effect vehicles".
919:
TAF VII-5: Second manned tandem-airfoil Flairboat, 2 seater made of wood
771:
Minister Ustinov died in 1984, and the new Minister of Defence, Marshal
594:
507:
The International Maritime Organization recognizes three types of GEVs:
3056:
3007:
2970:
2943:
2114:"Estonian company hopes to launch Tallinn-Helsinki GEV service in 2019"
1125:
1044:
726:
416: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
275:
271:
248:
188: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
147:
2178:"Cross-Channel 'flying ferries' concept revealed for Portsmouth route"
1962:"Speech at the christening of the Wing-In-Ground craft, AirFish 8-001"
1379:"Ground Effect Vehicle Transoceanic Civil and Cargo Transport Network"
3064:
3029:
2408:. Toulouse, France: EAGES 2001 International Ground Effect Symposium.
2305:
1298:"Here's a Closer Look at the Soviet Navy's 1987 Lun-Class Ekranoplan"
959:
860:
856:
714:
500:
496:
286:
279:
391:
163:
3025:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2903:
2879:
2877:
2491:
Hirschel, Ernst Heinrich; Prem, Horst & Madelung, Gero (2003).
1054:
792:
756:
267:
252:
2589:. St. Petersburg, Russia: University of Aerospace Instrumentation.
855:(RFB), which further developed the inverse delta concept into the
2983:
1404:
Sub-Committee on Ship Design and Equipment (DE) (November 2001).
1058:
1026:
947:
576:
364:
360:
228:
138:
42:
3080:
2883:
1992:"Engineering students to help in developing future WIG vessels"
975:
951:
815:
512:
A craft which is certified for operation only in ground effect;
2252:"Cargo Hauling Ekranoplan X-Plane is being Developed by DARPA"
1617:
1237:
1164:
Cl/da, with Cl = lift coefficient, and a = angle of incidence.
317:
2493:
Aeronautical Research in Germany: From Lilienthal Until Today
1799:
1639:
1084:
998:
971:
967:
963:
881:
839:
In Germany, Lippisch was asked to build a very fast boat for
958:
have provided most of the activity with some development in
775:, cancelled funding for the program. Only three operational
750:
was built as an anti-ship missile launch platform. A second
677:
of 92 m (302 ft) length. The craft was dubbed the
297:
2965:
2561:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K.
2495:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K.
2150:
2083:
1041:'s Engineering Department to develop higher capacity GEVs.
247:
A GEV is sometimes characterized as a transition between a
1811:. Wingship Investigation. Vol. 3. Arlington, Virginia
2748:
2559:
Aerodynamics of a Lifting System in Extreme Ground Effect
1446:
1376:
874:
is supporting an ongoing research project to develop the
2531:
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms
2371:"Numerical Investigation of Airfoil in Ground Proximity"
1996:
Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore
1728:
831:
1197:
Hirdaris, Spyros & Guerrier, Mark (November 2009).
986:" have become the choice for such applications beating
890:
A tandem flarecraft Skimmerfoil Jörg IV located at the
2054:"MAKS: Can Russia's 'Caspian Sea Monster' rise again?"
1481:
673:. This led to the development of a 550-tonne military
30:"Ekranoplan" redirects here. For the music album, see
27:
Special vehicle to fly in air just above sea or ground
2023:"DUBAI: Burt Rutan reveals secret ekranoplan project"
1033:
In Singapore, Wigetworks obtained certification from
557:
Ground Effect on the Takeoff and Landing of Airplanes
367:
similar to those on combat and transport helicopters.
2490:
2638:
An Overview of WIG Vehicles for Military Operations
2596:
An overview of WIG vehicles for military operations
2635:
826:
1085:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
1047:in 2011 and Korolev in 2015 showed GEV projects.
3099:
2625:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (
2550:Ekranoplanes: Controlled Flight Close to the Sea
2509:
2403:
1566:. London, UK: Jane's Yearbooks. pp. 70–71.
1199:"Technology Developments in Ground Effect Craft"
1196:
381:
2827:[SVP with AR project A18 ("Tungus")].
2716:"Project 903 Lun Missile Launcher Ekranoplane"
2556:
1257:
622:, the Soviet Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau (
2863:
2580:. St. Petersburg, Russia: CSRI-ELEKTROPRIBOR.
2154:(in Finnish). January 4, 2018. Archived from
997:With Russian consultation, the United States
2533:. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. 2002.
2404:Aubin, S.Y.; de Monchaux, John (June 2001).
806:have been produced by the Volga Shipyard in
355:Tandem wings can have three configurations:
2675:"The Pelican: A Big Bird for the Long Haul"
2474:The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft
1700:"TAF Skimmerfoil arrives in Port Elizabeth"
896:(It has since been removed from the museum)
553:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
2870:
2856:
2510:Komissarov, Sergey; Gordon, Yefim (2010).
2368:
1829:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
882:Günther Jörg-type tandem-airfoil flairboat
740:from 1979 to 1992. In 1987, the 400-tonne
3063:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g.
2347:"Entrepreneur's vision for future travel"
2254:. Thomas Newdick, The Drive, May 19, 2022
2228:
2170:
1746:
1106:Aerodynamically alleviated marine vehicle
999:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
432:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:Although the GEV may look similar to the
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
2450:
2431:
2412:
1906:"Iran unveils squadrons of flying boats"
1800:Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
1487:
1477:from the original on September 30, 2008.
1452:
1295:
1232:
1230:
1192:
1190:
1007:
885:
830:
605:
593:
531:
316:
296:
85:
67:of all important aspects of the article.
3059:are not included in the table, nor are
2761:"Ekranoplanes: Soaring above the waves"
2547:
2468:
2298:
2020:
1972:from the original on September 23, 2016
1934:
1780:from the original on September 29, 2013
1564:Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1978–79
1296:McFadden, Christopher (April 4, 2017).
1173:Not a stabilizer because destabilizing.
14:
3100:
2584:
2575:
2021:Trimble, Stephen (November 14, 2011).
1966:Harbor and Port Authority of Singapore
1937:"Iran is developing a new flying boat"
1903:
1561:
1399:
1397:
1395:
835:The Rhein-Flugzeugbau X-114 in flight.
691:program continued with the support of
321:A Russian light ekranoplan Aquaglide-2
292:
63:Please consider expanding the lead to
2851:
2733:"Between Wind and Waves: Ekranoplans"
2730:
2644:Science & Technology Organization
2514:. Hersham, UK: Ian Allan Publishing.
2272:
2126:from the original on January 20, 2018
1959:
1773:. No. 11 March 1992. p. 5.
1670:"The Ground Effect Craft 'Hoverwing'"
1650:from the original on February 3, 2011
1543:from the original on December 3, 2007
1416:from the original on January 16, 2014
1227:
1187:
338:
2672:
2051:
1879:Universal Hovercraft of America, Inc
1849:Universal Hovercraft of America, Inc
1324:
1320:
1318:
1291:
1289:
768:and a need for reliable navigation.
414:adding citations to reliable sources
385:
186:adding citations to reliable sources
157:
36:
2689:
2344:
1904:Lendon, Brad (September 28, 2010).
1855:from the original on April 15, 2011
1618:"WigetWorks/AirFish/Wing-in-Ground"
1464:
1410:International Maritime Organization
1392:
783:(with revised hull design) and one
493:International Maritime Organization
24:
2587:Seminar on Aeronautics & Space
2578:IX Conference for Young Scientists
2557:Rozhdestvensky, Kirill V. (2002).
2094:from the original on July 19, 2013
2064:from the original on April 7, 2018
2033:from the original on April 7, 2018
1949:from the original on July 7, 2015.
1761:
1505:Joint Stock Company Volga Shipyard
698:. It produced the most successful
25:
3139:
2825:"СВП с АР проекта А18 («Тунгус»)"
2654:
2406:Easy Ways to Study Ground Effects
2378:Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
2299:Lagrone, Sam (February 1, 2023).
1885:from the original on June 2, 2011
1465:May, James (September 27, 2008).
1315:
1286:
1025:Iran deployed three squadrons of
847:. In 1963 Lippisch developed the
555:issued Technical Memorandum 771,
486:
3079:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g.
2813:"Ground Effect and WIG Vehicles"
2789:"Wing in the Ground Effect Ship"
2753:Airfoil Tandem W.I.G. Consulting
2673:Cole, William (September 2002).
2088:Wing Ship Technology Corporation
1960:Young, Lam Yi (April 25, 2010).
1748:10.3182/20070625-5-FR-2916.00113
1467:"Riding the Caspian Sea Monster"
1238:"Coastal Travel - 100% Electric"
1039:National University of Singapore
894:, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
390:
325:
224:, the less drag it experiences.
162:
41:
2837:"Flying hovercraft project Wig"
2731:Edgar, Julian (March 5, 2002).
2361:
2338:
2320:
2292:
2266:
2244:
2229:Sissi Cao (December 16, 2021).
2222:
2196:
2138:
2106:
2076:
2052:Drew, James (August 28, 2015).
2045:
2014:
1984:
1953:
1935:Biggers, Chris (July 6, 2015).
1928:
1897:
1867:
1837:
1792:
1755:
1722:
1692:
1676:. March 1, 2000. Archived from
1662:
1632:
1610:
1580:
1555:
1523:
1493:
1458:
1428:
827:Lippisch Type and Hanno Fischer
800:dissolution of the Soviet Union
589:
401:needs additional citations for
350:
173:needs additional citations for
55:may be too short to adequately
2690:Teo, Francis (July 18, 2006).
2512:Soviet and Russian Ekranoplans
2334:– via www.newshub.co.nz.
1764:"USA joins Russia on Wingship"
1706:. July 5, 2007. Archived from
1704:South African Air Force Museum
1370:
1344:
1280:10.1016/j.paerosci.2006.10.001
1260:Progress in Aerospace Sciences
1251:
1167:
1158:
1131:List of ground-effect vehicles
791:remained at a naval base near
717:. The Soviet Navy ordered 120
65:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
2801:"The Lun, sitting in drydock"
2607:(inactive February 1, 2024).
2552:. Southampton, UK: WIT Press.
2436:. Boston, MA: The MIT Press.
2351:Otago Daily Times Online News
1531:"Be-2500 amphibious aircraft"
1325:Katz, Justin (May 27, 2022).
301:WIG-wings configurations: (A)
1406:"Wing-in-Ground (WIG) craft"
1180:
1146:
1116:Ground effect (aerodynamics)
941:
872:University of Duisburg-Essen
602:, developed during the 1970s
382:Advantages and disadvantages
135:экранопла́н – "screenglider"
7:
2957:Tethered (static or towed)
2369:Abramowski, Tomasz (2007).
2345:Rae, Sally (May 26, 2024).
2273:Blain, Loz (May 24, 2022).
1640:"Introducing the AirFish 8"
1562:Taylor, John W. R. (1978).
1099:
10:
3144:
2915:Lift: Lighter than air gas
2432:Forsberg, Randall (1995).
1644:Wigetworks Private Limited
1302:interestingengineering.com
821:
527:
29:
3018:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2240:– via The Observer.
1003:Aerocon Dash 1.6 wingship
651:
635:
627:
153:
134:
2413:Fishwick, Simon (2001).
1151:
1083:Around mid-2022, the US
1078:Southern Airways Express
1020:
3113:Aircraft configurations
2749:"Das Albatross-Prinzip"
2605:10.14339/RTO-TR-AVT-081
1536:Beriev Aircraft Company
1386:NASA Aeronautic Academy
309:Reverse-delta wing; (C)
3128:Ground effect vehicles
3053:Ground-effect vehicles
2929:Unpowered free flight
2548:Nebylov, A.V. (2002).
2476:. Oxford, UK: Osprey.
2454:(September 16, 2011).
2399:on September 22, 2010.
2384:(2). Warsaw: 425–436.
2231:"Is It a Flying Boat?"
1998:. 2009. Archived from
1802:(September 30, 1994).
1594:. 2008. Archived from
1507:. 2011. Archived from
1013:
897:
836:
766:longitudinal stability
702:so far, the 125-tonne
615:
603:
544:
536:Artist's concept of a
322:
314:
94:
3061:experimental aircraft
2921:Lift: Unpowered rotor
2783:on November 25, 2009.
2743:on November 10, 2005.
2208:Aerospace Tech Review
1710:on September 29, 2013
1011:
992:ultrasonic altimeters
889:
834:
609:
600:Bartini Beriev VVA-14
597:
535:
320:
300:
107:wing-in-ground-effect
99:ground-effect vehicle
89:
18:Ground effect vehicle
2975:(None – see note 2)
2952:(None – see note 2)
2924:Lift: Powered rotor
2726:on December 7, 2015.
2456:"Faster than a Boat"
1771:Flight International
1206:2nd Annual Ship Tech
1001:(DARPA) studied the
564:attempted ..."
410:improve this article
330:Used by the Russian
182:improve this article
3108:Amphibious vehicles
2793:Sungwoo Engineering
2702:on January 10, 2009
2210:. December 31, 2021
2158:on February 5, 2018
2122:. January 5, 2018.
1511:on February 6, 2012
1358:. September 4, 2018
1272:2006PrAeS..42..211R
1141:Caspian Sea Monster
1136:Surface effect ship
1121:Ground-effect train
903:SAAF Port Elizabeth
693:Minister of Defence
680:Caspian Sea Monster
293:Wing configurations
218:lift-dependent drag
115:ground-effect craft
3042:balloon helicopter
1916:on October 1, 2010
1805:Technology Roadmap
1680:on October 9, 2007
1442:. August 29, 2019.
1014:
898:
837:
616:
604:
580:Alexander Lippisch
569:Rostislav Alexeyev
547:By the 1920s, the
545:
345:Alexander Lippisch
339:Reverse-delta wing
332:Rostislav Alexeyev
323:
315:
95:
32:Ekranoplan (album)
3123:Soviet inventions
3095:
3094:
3077:flettner airplane
3013:
3012:
2807:. March 10, 2010.
2568:978-3-540-66277-8
2540:978-0-07-042313-8
2521:978-1-85780-332-7
2502:978-3-540-40645-7
2483:978-1-84176-096-4
2443:978-0-262-56085-6
1875:"19XRW Hoverwing"
1845:"18SPW Hoverwing"
1455:, pp. 80–83.
859:and the six-seat
853:Rhein Flugzeugbau
845:Arthur A. Collins
664:Nikita Khrushchev
582:, working in the
541:-class ekranoplan
473:form of multiple
446:lift-induced drag
442:
441:
434:
240:have long wings.
234:lift-induced drag
214:
213:
206:
105:), also called a
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
3135:
3088:
3045:
3033:
2961:Tethered balloon
2918:Lift: Fixed wing
2897:
2896:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2817:Aerospaceweb.org
2808:
2796:
2784:
2779:. Archived from
2768:
2756:
2744:
2739:. Archived from
2727:
2722:. Archived from
2711:
2709:
2707:
2698:. Archived from
2696:SeaDiscovery.com
2686:
2679:Boeing Frontiers
2669:
2662:"Alekseyev A-90"
2647:
2641:
2633:Lay summary in:
2630:
2624:
2621:cite tech report
2616:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2553:
2544:
2525:
2506:
2487:
2465:
2447:
2428:
2415:Low Flying Boats
2409:
2400:
2398:
2392:. Archived from
2375:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2002:on July 16, 2011
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1942:Business Insider
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1912:. Archived from
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1735:IFAC Proceedings
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1598:on July 18, 2011
1584:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1501:"Volga Shipyard"
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1331:Breaking Defense
1322:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1215:on March 7, 2010
1214:
1208:. Archived from
1203:
1194:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1066:Brittany Ferries
1035:Lloyd's Register
984:radio altimeters
808:Nizhniy Novgorod
764:faced were poor
736:served with the
653:
637:
629:
614:concept aircraft
437:
430:
426:
423:
417:
394:
386:
312:
308:
304:
222:in ground effect
209:
202:
198:
195:
189:
166:
158:
136:
77:
74:
68:
45:
37:
21:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3069:Flying Bedstead
3051:
3039:
3023:
3014:
2890:
2876:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2777:Moscow Top News
2771:
2759:
2747:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2634:
2618:
2617:
2593:
2569:
2541:
2529:
2522:
2503:
2484:
2452:Garrison, Peter
2444:
2425:
2396:
2373:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2184:. June 15, 2021
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1958:
1954:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1488:Garrison (2011)
1486:
1482:
1463:
1459:
1453:Garrison (2011)
1451:
1447:
1440:Revolution.aero
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1402:
1393:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1287:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1111:Flying Platform
1102:
1074:English Channel
1023:
990:, isotropic or
988:laser altimeter
944:
895:
884:
829:
824:
696:Dmitriy Ustinov
592:
530:
521:
489:
438:
427:
421:
418:
407:
395:
384:
353:
341:
328:
310:
306:
305:Ekranoplan; (B)
302:
295:
210:
199:
193:
190:
179:
167:
156:
78:
72:
69:
62:
50:This article's
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:hybrid airship
3047:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2882:by methods of
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2841:MAD Hovercraft
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2728:
2712:
2687:
2670:
2656:
2655:External links
2653:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2527:
2520:
2507:
2501:
2488:
2482:
2466:
2448:
2442:
2429:
2423:
2410:
2401:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2337:
2319:
2291:
2265:
2243:
2221:
2195:
2169:
2137:
2105:
2075:
2044:
2013:
1983:
1952:
1927:
1896:
1866:
1836:
1791:
1762:Gaines, Mike.
1754:
1741:(7): 663–668.
1721:
1691:
1661:
1631:
1609:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1522:
1492:
1480:
1457:
1445:
1427:
1391:
1369:
1343:
1314:
1285:
1266:(3): 211–283.
1250:
1226:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1089:Liberty Lifter
1022:
1019:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
883:
880:
828:
825:
823:
820:
612:Beriev Be-2500
591:
588:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
513:
509:
499:, hovercraft,
488:
487:Classification
485:
440:
439:
398:
396:
389:
383:
380:
379:
378:
375:
368:
352:
349:
340:
337:
327:
324:
294:
291:
212:
211:
170:
168:
161:
155:
152:
80:
79:
59:the key points
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3140:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:(in Russian).
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2666:Airliners.net
2663:
2659:
2658:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2615:. TR-AVT-081.
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:Gunston, Bill
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2424:0-85133-126-2
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2253:
2247:
2232:
2225:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2063:
2059:
2058:Flight Global
2055:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2027:Flight Global
2024:
2017:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1714:September 29,
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1619:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1573:0-35-400572-3
1569:
1565:
1558:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1490:, p. 82.
1489:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:launched its
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:United States
953:
949:
939:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
906:
904:
893:
888:
879:
877:
873:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
833:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
749:
748:
744:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
701:
697:
694:
690:
685:
682:
681:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
660:ground effect
657:
656:screen effect
652:эффект экрана
649:
645:
641:
633:
625:
621:
613:
610:Model of the
608:
601:
596:
587:
585:
584:United States
581:
578:
574:
570:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:ground effect
542:
540:
534:
525:
517:
514:
511:
510:
508:
505:
502:
498:
494:
484:
481:
478:
476:
470:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
436:
433:
425:
415:
411:
405:
404:
399:This section
397:
393:
388:
387:
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
357:
356:
348:
346:
343:Developed by
336:
333:
326:Straight wing
319:
299:
290:
288:
283:
281:
278:. Unlike the
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
239:
235:
230:
225:
223:
219:
208:
205:
197:
187:
183:
177:
176:
171:This section
169:
165:
160:
159:
151:
149:
145:
144:ground effect
140:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
93:
92:A-90 Orlyonok
88:
84:
76:
66:
60:
58:
53:
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3052:
2948:autorotation
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2781:the original
2776:
2773:"Ekranoplan"
2764:
2755:(in German).
2752:
2741:the original
2736:
2724:the original
2719:
2706:December 12,
2704:. Retrieved
2700:the original
2695:
2682:
2678:
2665:
2643:
2637:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2558:
2549:
2530:
2511:
2492:
2473:
2459:
2433:
2414:
2405:
2394:the original
2381:
2377:
2362:Bibliography
2350:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2304:
2294:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2224:
2214:December 31,
2212:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:the original
2149:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2087:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2057:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:
2006:December 30,
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1986:
1976:December 30,
1974:. Retrieved
1965:
1955:
1940:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:the original
1909:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1770:
1757:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:the original
1703:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1673:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1612:
1602:December 30,
1600:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1592:The WIG page
1591:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1547:November 20,
1545:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1515:December 30,
1513:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1504:
1495:
1483:
1470:
1460:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1409:
1385:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1219:December 30,
1217:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1205:
1169:
1160:
1094:
1082:
1072:" for cross
1063:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1032:
1024:
1015:
996:
980:
945:
937:
911:
907:
899:
875:
869:
865:
843:businessman
838:
811:
803:
797:
788:
784:
780:
776:
770:
761:
755:
751:
746:
742:
733:
731:
722:
718:
705:
699:
688:
686:
678:
674:
671:displacement
668:
659:
655:
654:, literally
643:
639:
617:
590:Soviet Union
573:Soviet Union
566:
560:
556:
548:
546:
538:
522:
506:
490:
482:
479:
471:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
428:
422:January 2024
419:
408:Please help
403:verification
400:
354:
351:Tandem wings
342:
329:
313:Tandem wing.
284:
265:
260:
256:
246:
242:
226:
215:
200:
191:
180:Please help
175:verification
172:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
83:
70:
54:
52:lead section
3118:Ekranoplans
2993:ornithopter
2765:Airforce.ru
2312:January 25,
2236:January 13,
1920:October 11,
1624:January 13,
1420:January 16,
1362:January 26,
1336:January 26,
1307:January 26,
1243:January 13,
1012:A Hoverwing
892:SAAF Museum
812:ekranoplans
804:ekranoplans
781:ekranoplans
762:ekranoplans
738:Soviet Navy
723:ekranoplans
711:Caspian Sea
687:The Soviet
636:экранопла́н
90:Ekranoplan
73:August 2021
3102:Categories
3057:hovercraft
3008:helicopter
2971:Rotor kite
2946:, etc. in
2944:Helicopter
2613:1085143242
1815:August 31,
1784:August 31,
1684:October 1,
1654:August 22,
1126:Hovercraft
1076:services.
1070:seagliders
1045:Burt Rutan
810:. Smaller
798:Since the
789:ekranoplan
754:, renamed
747:ekranoplan
727:Baltic Sea
700:ekranoplan
689:ekranoplan
675:ekranoplan
501:catamarans
497:hydrofoils
276:helicopter
272:hovercraft
249:hovercraft
194:March 2018
148:hovercraft
127:ekranoplan
123:flarecraft
3065:coleopter
3030:tiltrotor
2878:Types of
2737:AutoSpeed
2390:1429-2955
2306:USNI News
2279:New Atlas
1889:March 14,
1859:March 14,
1825:cite book
1356:New Atlas
1181:Citations
1147:Footnotes
960:Australia
942:1980–1999
876:Hoverwing
734:Orlyonoks
715:Black Sea
543:in flight
287:hydrofoil
280:hydrofoil
57:summarize
3050:Note 3:
3038:Note 2:
3026:tiltwing
3022:Note 1:
3004:Gyrodyne
2999:Autogyro
2989:Airplane
2980:Powered
2909:Aerodyne
2904:Aerostat
2880:aircraft
2805:Jalopnik
2472:(2000).
2188:June 15,
2182:BBC News
2162:April 6,
2130:April 6,
2124:Archived
2098:July 19,
2092:Archived
2068:April 6,
2062:Archived
2037:April 6,
2031:Archived
1970:Archived
1947:Archived
1883:Archived
1853:Archived
1775:Archived
1648:Archived
1541:Archived
1475:Archived
1471:BBC News
1414:Archived
1100:See also
1064:In 2021
1055:Helsinki
954:and the
841:American
793:Kaspiysk
777:Orlyonok
757:Spasatel
729:fleets.
719:Orlyonok
706:Orlyonok
638:, экран
620:Alexeyev
561:economic
365:sponsons
268:seaplane
253:aircraft
137:), is a
119:wingship
3073:Avrocar
2984:Airship
2934:balloon
2932:(Free)
2900:
2829:Aerohod
2720:FAS.org
2332:Newshub
2284:May 24,
2258:May 19,
1268:Bibcode
1059:Tallinn
1027:Bavar 2
948:Germany
822:Germany
787:-class
779:-class
773:Sokolov
745:-class
721:-class
648:Russian
646:, from
642:+ план
632:Russian
628:ЦКБ СПК
624:Russian
618:Led by
571:in the
528:History
361:biplane
251:and an
238:gliders
229:airfoil
139:vehicle
131:Russian
3081:kytoon
2995:, etc.
2939:Glider
2884:thrust
2611:
2565:
2537:
2518:
2499:
2480:
2461:Flying
2440:
2421:
2388:
1620:. 2020
1588:"FS-8"
1570:
976:Taiwan
952:Russia
816:Beriev
732:A few
640:screen
577:German
475:chines
372:canard
311:
307:
303:
154:Design
2397:(PDF)
2374:(PDF)
1809:(PDF)
1778:(PDF)
1767:(PDF)
1382:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1202:(PDF)
1152:Notes
1021:2000-
972:Korea
968:Japan
964:China
861:X-114
857:X-113
849:X-112
704:A-90
658:, or
644:plane
261:Dingo
3083:and
3075:and
3055:and
2966:Kite
2888:lift
2886:and
2708:2007
2685:(5).
2627:link
2609:OCLC
2563:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2386:ISSN
2314:2024
2286:2022
2260:2022
2238:2022
2216:2021
2190:2021
2164:2018
2151:MTV3
2132:2018
2100:2013
2070:2018
2039:2018
2008:2011
1978:2011
1922:2010
1891:2011
1861:2011
1831:link
1817:2018
1786:2018
1716:2013
1686:2007
1656:2011
1626:2022
1604:2011
1568:ISBN
1549:2013
1517:2011
1422:2014
1364:2024
1338:2024
1309:2024
1245:2022
1221:2011
1057:and
974:and
870:The
713:and
598:The
575:and
466:step
259:and
3028:or
2601:doi
2119:ERR
1910:CNN
1743:doi
1276:doi
785:Lun
752:Lun
743:Lun
539:Lun
412:by
257:Lun
227:An
184:by
125:or
113:),
111:WIG
103:GEV
3104::
3087:).
3071:,
3067:,
3024:A
3006:,
2991:,
2839:.
2815:.
2803:.
2791:.
2775:.
2763:.
2751:.
2735:.
2718:.
2694:.
2681:.
2677:.
2664:.
2642:.
2623:}}
2619:{{
2458:.
2382:45
2380:.
2376:.
2349:.
2330:.
2303:.
2277:.
2206:.
2180:.
2116:.
2090:.
2086:.
2060:.
2056:.
2029:.
2025:.
1994:.
1968:.
1964:.
1945:.
1939:.
1908:.
1881:.
1877:.
1851:.
1847:.
1827:}}
1823:{{
1769:.
1739:40
1737:.
1733:.
1702:.
1672:.
1646:.
1642:.
1590:.
1539:.
1533:.
1503:.
1473:.
1469:.
1438:.
1412:.
1408:.
1394:^
1384:.
1354:.
1329:.
1317:^
1300:.
1288:^
1274:.
1264:42
1262:.
1229:^
1204:.
1189:^
1005:.
994:.
970:,
966:,
962:,
950:,
878:.
802:,
795:.
666:.
650::
634::
626::
370:A
359:A
150:.
133::
121:,
117:,
97:A
2871:e
2864:t
2857:v
2843:.
2819:.
2795:.
2767:.
2710:.
2683:1
2668:.
2629:)
2603::
2571:.
2543:.
2526:.
2524:.
2505:.
2486:.
2464:.
2446:.
2427:.
2353:.
2316:.
2288:.
2262:.
2218:.
2192:.
2166:.
2134:.
2102:.
2072:.
2041:.
2010:.
1980:.
1924:.
1893:.
1863:.
1833:)
1819:.
1788:.
1751:.
1745::
1718:.
1688:.
1658:.
1628:.
1606:.
1576:.
1551:.
1519:.
1424:.
1388:.
1366:.
1340:.
1311:.
1282:.
1278::
1270::
1247:.
1223:.
435:)
429:(
424:)
420:(
406:.
207:)
201:(
196:)
192:(
178:.
129:(
109:(
101:(
75:)
71:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
