2282:
2598:
2637:
2338:
2661:
485:
2625:
2560:
982:
2512:
2314:
2398:
1586:
2530:
66:
656:
2426:
2586:
110:
1133:
1086:
2649:
2465:
2386:
2410:
2684:
5541:
2438:
2298:
2350:
1063:
1017:
2496:
622:
2572:
2542:
2374:
2362:
6316:
5760:
521:
358:
2696:
2326:
2450:
1219:
539:
1316:
503:
1040:
639:
1179:
1156:
1365:
1109:
557:
6326:
5770:
2715:
427:
1476:
990:
73:
2477:
4180:
4234:
4207:
1706:
and nasal system, the smell of the chili causes them discomfort and deters them from feeding on the crops. By planting a few rows of the fruit around valuable crops, farmers create a buffer zone through which the elephants are reluctant to pass. Chili dung bombs are also used for this purpose. They
871:
in 1912. Historically, it was a measure of the dilution of an amount of chili extract added to sugar syrup before its heat becomes undetectable to a panel of tasters; the more it has to be diluted to be undetectable, the more powerful the variety, and therefore the higher the rating. The modern
1719:
in mammals. Chili peppers are eaten by birds living in the chili peppers' natural range, possibly contributing to seed dispersal and evolution of the protective capsaicin in chili peppers, as a bird in flight can spread the seeds further away from the parent plant after they pass through its
2597:
1701:
countries, where elephants nightly destroy crops, raid grain houses, and sometimes kill people. Farmers have found the use of chilies effective in crop defense against elephants. Elephants do not like capsaicin. Because the elephants have a large and sensitive
4599:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
331:), which had long been known in Europe, they have a spicy, hot taste unlike other foods. Chilies were first brought back to Europe by the Spanish, who financed Columbus's voyages, appearing in Spanish records by 1493. Unlike true pepper vines (of genus
2281:
2136:
is the most common
Spanish spelling in Mexico and several other Latin American countries, as well as some parts of the United States which refers specifically to this plant and its fruit. In the Southwest United States (particularly New Mexico),
1617:, in which extreme sensations like pain and fear can be enjoyed because individuals know that these sensations are not actually harmful. This method lets people experience extreme feelings without any significant risk of bodily harm.
345:. By the mid-1500s, they had become a common garden plant in Spain and were incorporated into numerous dishes. By 1526, they also appeared in Italy, in 1543 in Germany, and by 1569 in the Balkans, where they came to be processed into
385:. From there, it spread to neighboring regions in South Asia and western Southeast Asia via local trade and natural dispersal. At around the same time, the Spanish also introduced chilis to the Philippines, where it spread to
4598:
2970:"A Systematic Approach to Species-Level Identification of Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Seeds: Establishing the Groundwork for Tracking the Domestication and Movement of Chile Peppers through the Americas and Beyond"
1707:
are bricks made of mixing dung and chili, and are burned, creating a noxious smoke that keeps hungry elephants out of farmers' fields. This can lessen dangerous physical confrontation between people and elephants.
862:
where heat and discomfort are perceived. However, birds are unable to perceive the hotness and so they can eat some of the hottest peppers. The intensity of the "heat" of chili peppers is commonly reported in
812:
Peppers are commonly broken down into two groupings: bell peppers (UK: sweet peppers) and hot peppers. Most popular pepper varieties are seen as falling into one of these categories or a cross between them.
899:
insects that attack certain species of chili peppers, according to one study. Peppers increased the quantity of capsaicin in proportion to the damage caused by fungal predation on the plant's seeds.
4260:
3871:
3956:
111:
2660:
267:
diversity because it is a center of diversification where varieties of all five domesticates were introduced, grown, and consumed in pre-Columbian times. The largest diversity of wild
1472:, these peppers are ripened to a burgundy color and then semidried, deseeded, and smashed to a paste, sometimes they are roasted before being soaked to give them a rich flavour.
373:
in the 16th century, though the details are unrecorded. The
Portuguese introduced it first to Africa and Arabia, and then to their colonies and trading posts in Asia, including
2808:
4577:
2258:
in spicy peppers may cause skin irritation, requiring hand washing and care when touching the eyes or any sensitive body parts. Consuming hot peppers may cause stomach pain,
789:
Though there are only a few commonly used species, there are many cultivars and methods of preparing chili peppers that have different names for culinary use. Green and red
1648:
to relieve pain. A 2022 review of preliminary research indicated that regular consumption of chili peppers was associated with weak evidence for a lower risk of death from
1694:
1346:
that is used as a spice or seasoning. Chilies can be dried to prolong their shelf life. Chili peppers can also be preserved by brining, immersing the pods in oil, or by
1698:
5016:
3925:
2059:
164:
Chili peppers are believed to have originated in
Central or South America and were first cultivated in Mexico. European explorers brought chili peppers back to the
3979:
3902:
2636:
249:
in 2014, chili plants were first cultivated independently across different locations in the
Americas including highland Peru and Bolivia, central Mexico, and the
3164:
Carrizo García, Carolina; Barfuss, Michael H. J.; Sehr, Eva M.; Barboza, Gloria E.; Samuel, Rosabelle; Moscone, Eduardo A.; Ehrendorfer, Friedrich (July 2016).
401:. Their spread to East Asia in the late 16th century is less clear, but was likely also through local trade or through Portuguese and Spanish trading ports in
1327:, chili peppers constitute a crucial part of many cuisines around the world, particularly in Chinese (especially in Sichuanese food), Mexican, Thai, Indian,
2849:
Common name: pepper. Latin name: Capsicum annuum L. ... Harvested organ: fruit. Fruit varies substantially in shape, pericarp thickness, color and pungency.
4490:
4009:
3845:
413:. The earliest known mention of the chili pepper in Chinese writing dates to 1591, though the pepper is thought to have entered the country in the 1570s.
6362:
3290:
3150:
4268:
2648:
1361:, or other means of blistering or charring the skin, so as not to entirely cook the flesh beneath. When cooled, the skins will usually slip off easily.
7601:
3879:
2763:
2511:
2141:
also denotes a thick, spicy, un-vinegared sauce made from this fruit, available in red and green varieties, and served over the local food, while
4997:
4440:"Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray"
3964:
2409:
1390:
crops have toxins in their leaves, chili peppers do not. The leaves, which are mildly bitter and nowhere near as hot as the fruit, are cooked as
4110:
4885:
4789:
2193:) is the most common spelling in India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, and variably in Canada.
843:. The quantity of capsaicin varies by variety, and depends on growing conditions. Water-stressed peppers usually produce stronger pods. When a
2828:
5043:
7636:
7606:
7561:
5806:
1720:
digestive system than any land or tree dwelling mammal could do so under the same circumstances, thus reducing competition for resources.
3818:
3639:
Ruiz-Lau N, Medina-Lara F, Minero-García Y, Zamudio-Moreno E, Guzmán-Antonio A, Echevarría-Machado I, Martínez-Estévez M (1 March 2011).
2337:
797:. Unripe peppers are green (although peppers that do not turn red on ripening have been bred). In the same species are the jalapeño, the
2437:
7566:
3620:
Kosuge S, Inagaki Y (1962). "Studies on the pungent principles of red pepper. Part XI. Determination and contents of the two pungent".
1483:
In India, most households always keep a stock of fresh hot green chilies at hand, and use them to flavor most curries and dry dishes.
4606:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
4828:"Chilli, Capsicum and Pepper are spicy plants grown for the pod. Green chilli is a culinary requirement in any Sri Lankan household"
3729:
1342:. When used fresh, they are most often prepared and eaten like a vegetable. Whole pods can be dried and then crushed or ground into
4569:
2624:
1682:
for control of unruly individuals or crowds. Such products have considerable potential for misuse, and may cause injury or death.
7571:
6355:
5092:
2559:
2476:
2397:
2122:
is widely used in
English of the United States and optionally in Canada. However, it is also commonly used as a short name for
153:. Chili peppers exhibit a range of heat and flavors. This diversity is the reason behind the availability of different types of
7576:
5058:
4988:
2425:
2385:
2246:
is also commonly used in the botanical and culinary fields in the names of different types of pungent plants and their fruits.
877:
1556:—usually bottled when commercially available—that adds spice to other dishes. Hot sauces are found in many cuisines including
4712:
4611:
4244:
4217:
4190:
4135:
4082:
3494:
3467:
2201:, the country, which has an uncertain etymology perhaps relating to local place names. Certain Spanish-speaking countries in
847:
plant is stressed, by absorbing low water for example, the concentration of capsaicin increases in some parts of the fruit.
7581:
4625:
2495:
1283:
3933:
7551:
7477:
1600:, Christmas bell pepper: named for its distinct three-sided shape resembling a red bishop's crown or a red Christmas bell
1255:
3987:
2529:
6348:
6091:
6072:
5168:
4804:
4157:
7469:
6141:
5411:
4968:
3588:"Studies on the pungent principles of red pepper. Part VIII. On the chemical constitutions of the pungent principles"
3563:
3438:
3386:
3358:
3298:
1357:
have a tough outer skin that does not break down on cooking. Chilies are sometimes used whole or in large slices, by
1302:
1050:
873:
246:
3527:"Green chili production in 2020; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Green Chillies and Peppers from pick lists"
3093:"Green chili production in 2019; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Green Chillies and Peppers from pick lists"
2541:
1262:
6201:
5799:
5486:
3555:
1143:
213:
In 2019, the world's production of raw green chili peppers amounted to 38 million tons, with China producing half.
5048:
4388:"Association of pepper intake with all-cause and specific cause mortality - A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3403:
1576:
The contrast in color and appearance makes chili plants interesting to some as a purely decorative garden plant.
4337:"Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses"
3321:
4500:
7586:
5773:
1240:
4933:
1269:
7626:
5061:(Article from Germán Octavio López Riquelme about biology, nutrition, culture and medical topics. In Spanish)
3033:
Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz J, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, et al. (April 2014).
2888:
1594:
Black
Hungarian pepper: green foliage, highlighted by purple veins and purple flowers, jalapeño-shaped fruits
1236:
2585:
2313:
2055:
7596:
5441:
4832:
4565:
4761:
3226:"Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru"
6319:
6161:
5792:
5431:
5085:
4857:
3513:, p. 21: "The earliest known record for chiles in a Chinese source is from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, in 1591."
2741:
1690:
1251:
42:
17:
2449:
2349:
7621:
7482:
6823:
6773:
5815:
5540:
4879:
4783:
2683:
2674:
2373:
2205:
and the
Caribbean, including Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Dominican Republic, Venezuela and
2130:, which in turn can refer to pure dried, ground chili peppers, or to a mixture containing other spices.
2046:
884:, colorless, odorless, and crystalline-to-waxy solid at room temperature, and measures 16,000,000 SHU.
616:
173:
92:
4300:
Rozin P, Schiller D (1980). "The Nature and
Acquisition of a Preference for Chili Pepper by Humans".
3166:"Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers ( Capsicum , Solanaceae)"
2325:
2297:
2173:
4827:
4522:
Tewksbury JJ, Nabhan GP (July 2001). "Seed dispersal. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chilies".
3146:
3035:"Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico"
2918:"Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus Capsicum)"
7631:
7591:
7492:
7358:
7072:
6196:
5481:
1096:
880:(HPLC) to directly measure the capsaicinoid content of a chili pepper variety. Pure capsaicin is a
6281:
6731:
5905:
5885:
5163:
5053:
3120:
2666:
2571:
2464:
1425:, use the entire chili. Dried whole chilies may be reconstituted before grinding to a paste. The
1229:
1200:
NOTE: SHU claims marked with an asterisk (*) have not been confirmed by
Guinness World Records.
7611:
7556:
6548:
6501:
6015:
5763:
5715:
5268:
5078:
3758:
Tewksbury JJ, Reagan KM, Machnicki NJ, Carlo TA, Haak DC, Peñaloza AL, Levey DJ (August 2008).
1649:
3822:
3484:
2361:
1445:(a wild pepper) are used in cheeses and soups to add spiciness to dishes. In southern Mexico,
7487:
7015:
6955:
6641:
6601:
6563:
6386:
3641:"Water Deficit Affects the Accumulation of Capsaicinoids in Fruits of Capsicum chinense Jacq"
2862:
1959:
56:
4282:
3224:
van Zonneveld M, Ramirez M, Williams DE, Petz M, Meckelmann S, Avila T, et al. (2015).
2836:
7209:
7126:
7000:
6898:
6573:
6528:
6465:
5950:
5925:
5725:
5223:
5193:
3771:
3237:
3046:
2981:
2753:
1985:
1972:
822:
316:
1276:
98:
8:
6970:
6913:
6891:
6736:
6217:
5970:
5960:
5865:
5730:
5497:
5233:
5143:
4495:
3733:
2521:
2456:
2073:
2058:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1328:
1138:
1091:
951:
713:
647:
200:
150:
32:
7077:
3775:
3241:
3050:
2985:
440:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
7309:
7234:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6871:
6803:
6631:
6543:
6538:
6516:
6470:
6397:
6301:
6292:
6131:
5575:
5570:
5148:
4547:
4466:
4439:
4412:
4387:
4363:
4336:
4317:
3794:
3759:
3706:
3681:
3260:
3225:
3198:
3165:
3069:
3034:
3005:
2997:
2947:
2934:
2917:
2813:
1939:
1823:
1679:
1637:
1580:
981:
765:
241:
in the Americas. Origins of cultivating chili peppers have been traced to east-central
237:, and have been a part of human diets since about 7,500 BC. They are one of the oldest
206:
169:
7428:
4669:; other spellings are listed as variants, with "chilli" described as "chiefly British"
3604:
3587:
2695:
7510:
7388:
7368:
7328:
7274:
7176:
7171:
6758:
6568:
6481:
6419:
6276:
6271:
6257:
6186:
6102:
5855:
5684:
5471:
5461:
5416:
5371:
5355:
5350:
5341:
4964:
4708:
4617:
4607:
4539:
4471:
4417:
4368:
4321:
4240:
4213:
4186:
3799:
3711:
3662:
3559:
3490:
3463:
3456:
3434:
3382:
3354:
3294:
3265:
3203:
3185:
3074:
2951:
2939:
2832:
2785:
2747:
2670:
2577:
2416:
1597:
1166:
777:
741:
660:
441:
366:
342:
250:
194:
188:
65:
5900:
5275:
5178:
5017:"Researchers develop portable device to quantify capsaicin content in chili peppers"
4904:
3009:
7166:
7151:
7131:
6813:
6694:
6448:
6329:
6241:
6005:
5985:
5920:
5669:
5516:
5243:
5188:
4728:
4650:
4551:
4531:
4461:
4451:
4407:
4399:
4358:
4348:
4309:
3789:
3779:
3701:
3693:
3680:
O'Neill J, Brock C, Olesen AE, Andresen T, Nilsson M, Dickenson AH (October 2012).
3652:
3599:
3255:
3245:
3193:
3177:
3064:
3054:
2989:
2929:
2517:
2259:
1715:
Birds do not have the same sensitivity to capsaicin, because it targets a specific
1516:
1508:
1442:
1368:
802:
722:
706:
665:
254:
146:
104:
7398:
6022:
5385:
5067:
List of chili pepper varieties ordered by heat rating in Scoville Heat Units (SHU)
4866:. Vol. 7 N–Poy (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). Oxford, UK. 1913. p. 663
1585:
1331:
and many other South American, Caribbean and East Asian cuisines. In 21st-century
7433:
7020:
6965:
6945:
6908:
6863:
6666:
6626:
6171:
6126:
6037:
5845:
5826:
5560:
5446:
5401:
5305:
5119:
4909:
4733:
4655:
4087:
4014:
3549:
3284:
3250:
2239:
2123:
1613:
suggests that eating chilies is an example of a "constrained risk" like riding a
1469:
1422:
1418:
1073:
868:
677:
642:
630:
398:
394:
182:
49:
4386:
Kaur M, Verma BR, Zhou L, Lak HM, Kaur S, Sammour YM, et al. (March 2022).
2214:
887:
Capsaicin is produced by the plant as a defense against mammalian predators and
655:
271:
peppers is consumed in Bolivia. Bolivian consumers distinguish two basic forms:
7616:
7363:
7333:
7239:
7107:
7032:
6856:
6818:
6793:
6751:
6714:
6246:
6166:
6052:
5995:
5990:
5935:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5745:
5526:
5436:
5315:
5253:
5248:
5213:
5203:
5158:
5153:
4601:
4403:
3764:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3039:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2486:
1614:
1565:
1465:
1391:
1339:
1189:
937:
864:
806:
718:
690:
625:
586:
370:
319:
and his crew reached the Caribbean, they were the first Europeans to encounter
7393:
5064:
4770:. Vol. 2 C (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). Oxford, UK. 1933. p. 346
4456:
4353:
3657:
3640:
3638:
2993:
2654:
Green Chillies from North India. They are used as spice in many Indian dishes.
438:
about FAO data "Chillies and peppers, dry (Capsicum spp., Pimenta spp.), raw".
7545:
7403:
7338:
7316:
7284:
7219:
7087:
7057:
7037:
7025:
7010:
6995:
6985:
6960:
6763:
6511:
6236:
6191:
6086:
6010:
5980:
5975:
5945:
5940:
5850:
5840:
5689:
5659:
5521:
5476:
5290:
5263:
5238:
5218:
5133:
5128:
4335:
Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA (June 2016).
3666:
3189:
2780:
2735:
2482:
2226:
2202:
1881:
1779:
1461:
1454:
1332:
1068:
1022:
965:
758:
686:
402:
333:
7448:
6340:
6266:
3784:
3059:
1386:
The leaves of every species of Capsicum are edible. Though almost all other
149:
are the substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or
7383:
7373:
7343:
7279:
7269:
7249:
7229:
7047:
6845:
6788:
6726:
6486:
6136:
6121:
6032:
6000:
5965:
5915:
5735:
5664:
5595:
5585:
5580:
5406:
5395:
5295:
5258:
4621:
4543:
4475:
4421:
4372:
4165:
3903:"Confirmed: Smokin Ed's Carolina Reaper sets new record for hottest chilli"
3803:
3715:
3682:"Unravelling the mystery of capsaicin: a tool to understand and treat pain"
3529:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2022
3269:
3207:
3095:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2021
3078:
2943:
2757:
2255:
2160:
2127:
2069:
1755:
1671:
1665:
1645:
1524:
1520:
1408:. In Japanese cuisine, the leaves are cooked as greens, and also cooked in
1343:
1119:
923:
854:
in the mouth and throat, potentially evoking pain via spinal relays to the
839:-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called
754:
746:
621:
365:
The rapid introduction of chilis to Africa and Asia was likely through the
324:
158:
6116:
5390:
4989:"How chili peppers helped Nobel Prize winners understand how we feel heat"
4564:
3697:
850:
When peppers are consumed by mammals such as humans, capsaicin binds with
7413:
7408:
7353:
7289:
7254:
7062:
6990:
6950:
6684:
6407:
6181:
6062:
5930:
5860:
5649:
5456:
5325:
5285:
5208:
5198:
5138:
4038:
3526:
3181:
3092:
2729:
2720:
2603:
2206:
1739:
1716:
1641:
913:
881:
790:
698:
682:
257:
crops cultivated in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America.
238:
6808:
5955:
5228:
4063:
3001:
2969:
2126:(literally "chili with meat"), most versions of which are seasoned with
1507:
Chilies are present in many cuisines. Some notable chili dishes include
1430:
927:
694:
607:
fruits) were produced worldwide, with China producing 46% of the total.
7520:
7515:
7453:
7438:
7378:
7067:
6975:
6721:
6558:
6553:
6491:
6402:
5720:
5615:
5590:
5330:
4313:
2769:
2615:
2089:
1901:
1610:
1500:
1446:
1387:
1243: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
896:
851:
782:
390:
130:
2234:, the latter usage is included in English dictionaries, including the
357:
7530:
7525:
7323:
7294:
7244:
7186:
7092:
6980:
6886:
6840:
6460:
6226:
5895:
5784:
5710:
5654:
5644:
5630:
5610:
5600:
5565:
5506:
5173:
4535:
3846:"Pepper X dethrones Carolina Reaper as world's hottest chilli pepper"
2835:
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Archived from
2085:
2030:
1917:
1877:
1703:
1633:
1625:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1532:
1528:
1410:
947:
855:
832:
730:
702:
526:
386:
378:
165:
142:
117:
4438:
Haar RJ, Iacopino V, Ranadive N, Weiser SD, Dandu M (October 2017).
4334:
1218:
7443:
7418:
7136:
7121:
6903:
6830:
6798:
6746:
6699:
6656:
6636:
6621:
6586:
6414:
6206:
6156:
6151:
6057:
6042:
5910:
5694:
5679:
5674:
5620:
5466:
5426:
5360:
5320:
5300:
5183:
5109:
4491:"Elephant Crop Raids Foiled by Chili Peppers, Africa Project Finds"
4209:
The Complete Language of Food: A Definitive and Illustrated History
3872:"The Hottest Chilli in the World was Created in Wales Accidentally"
2304:
1675:
1629:
1426:
1358:
1347:
1324:
1315:
1027:
961:
892:
859:
844:
828:
750:
406:
134:
125:
27:
Varieties of peppers belonging to several species of Capsicum genus
5639:
3147:"Birthplace of the domesticated chili pepper identified in Mexico"
1568:
from Thailand. Dried chilies are also used to infuse cooking oil.
1457:. Mexican households usually grow chile plants to use in cooking.
638:
7348:
7299:
7214:
7204:
7146:
7082:
7052:
6741:
6704:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6596:
6438:
6231:
6176:
6146:
6047:
6027:
5890:
5605:
5555:
5511:
5451:
5421:
5310:
5280:
2551:
2502:
2164:
2081:
2080:(table). In a 100 gram reference amount, chili peppers supply 40
1857:
1557:
1542:
1512:
1450:
1434:
1364:
1354:
1184:
1161:
888:
798:
734:
582:
382:
346:
338:
234:
154:
5070:
3223:
3163:
426:
245:
some 6,000 years ago, although, according to researchers at the
7304:
7259:
7199:
7156:
7097:
7042:
7005:
6925:
6920:
6881:
6778:
6768:
6689:
6651:
6591:
6581:
6455:
6443:
6433:
6111:
5740:
5380:
2774:
2607:
2547:
1653:
1537:
1487:
1438:
1405:
1400:
1378:
1372:
770:
726:
544:
508:
242:
3679:
2863:"Paprika vs. Chili Powder vs. Cayenne: What's The Difference?"
1398:(literally "chili leaves"). They are used in the chicken soup
7423:
7264:
7224:
7194:
7141:
7116:
7102:
6850:
6835:
6709:
6676:
6661:
6646:
6533:
6428:
6392:
3757:
2443:
Chili pepper dip in a traditional restaurant in Amman, Jordan
2267:
2263:
2198:
1769:
1114:
1045:
907:
A wide range of intensity is found in commonly used peppers:
596:
562:
490:
473:
410:
138:
121:
2714:
1583:: small cherry-shaped fruits and dark brown to black leaves
1475:
7161:
6876:
6506:
6496:
6377:
1693:
between farmers and elephants have long been widespread in
989:
260:
230:
4592:
4570:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
4437:
1504:
recipe is entirely made of chili mixed with local cheese.
997:
The top 8 world's hottest chili peppers (by country) are:
651:
cultivars, characteristically bear fruits pointing upwards
634:, one of the most diverse and commonly grown chili species
5049:
The Chile Pepper Institute of New Mexico State University
4862:
4766:
3032:
2788:– a condiment for adding a sweet, mild heat taste to food
2287:
Illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia
2171:) and is the preferred British spelling according to the
2077:
1799:
374:
176:
across the world for food and traditional medicine. Five
72:
352:
1335:, chili peppers are commonly used across many regions.
5044:
Plant Cultures: Chilli pepper botany, history and uses
4233:
Bosland, Paul W.; Hamilton, Wendy V. (15 March 2023).
4010:"Title of world's hottest chili pepper stolen – again"
2809:"Indian chilli displacing jalapenos in global cuisine"
672:
There are five domesticated species of chili peppers:
137:. Chili peppers are widely used in many cuisines as a
4998:"Hot Discovery: Chili Peppers Might Extend Your Life"
4143:
2922:
Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
3926:"Trinidad Moruga Scorpion wins hottest pepper title"
3585:
2710:
831:(spicy heat) when ingested or applied topically are
4236:
The Official Cookbook of the Chile Pepper Institute
3351:
Historical Geography of Crop Plants A Select Roster
3151:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2270:, and symptoms possibly requiring hospitalization.
4603:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
3760:"Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies"
3455:
3326:New Mexico State University Chile Pepper Institute
2967:
1620:
4852:
4850:
4805:"Fall in exports crushes chilli prices in Guntur"
4756:
4754:
4752:
3404:"Chili: Small Fruit Sets Global Palettes on Fire"
2766:– organization for the promotion of chili peppers
2764:International Connoisseurs of Green and Red Chile
2391:Scotch bonnet chili peppers in a Caribbean market
1949:
1867:
462:Production of chillies and peppers, green – 2020
41:"Hot pepper" redirects here. For other uses, see
31:"Red Chillies" redirects here. For the film, see
7543:
7314:
4385:
1678:formulations as a chemical irritant, for use as
4521:
4232:
4111:"What's driving the global chili pepper craze?"
3121:"Capsicums: Innovative uses of an ancient crop"
2980:(3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 316–336.
2744:– which in some cultures includes chili peppers
2115:, all of which are recognized by dictionaries.
1404:. In Korean cuisine, the leaves may be used in
323:They called the fruits "peppers" because, like
4847:
4749:
4558:
3547:
3379:Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings
2415:Removing seeds and pith from dried chilies in
2197:The name of the plant is unrelated to that of
1734:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1548:Fresh or dried chilies are often used to make
801:(which, when dried, is referred to as ancho),
161:, each offering its own taste and heat level.
48:For the dish often called simply "chili", see
6370:
6356:
5800:
5086:
5054:Capsicums: Innovative Uses of an Ancient Crop
4986:
4958:
4934:"How to Handle Hot Peppers and Chiles Safely"
4299:
4253:
3619:
3541:
3282:
3127:. Arlington, VA: ASHS Press. pp. 479–487
2968:Katherine C, Christine H (16 December 2014).
2911:
2909:
985:Red Bhut Jolokia and green bird's eye chilies
827:The substances that give chili peppers their
599:of green chilies and peppers (counted as any
129:, which are members of the nightshade family
4275:
3483:Raj NM, Peter KV, Nybe EV (1 January 2007).
3482:
3476:
3028:
3026:
1670:Capsaicin extracted from chilies is used in
976:
275:, species with small round fruits including
4931:
4645:
4643:
3957:"Chile Pepper Institute studies what's hot"
3730:"History of the Scoville Scale | FAQS"
3372:
3370:
2915:
2777:– an arrangement of dried chili pepper pods
2750:– known as the "Chile Capital of the World"
2431:Dried chili pepper flakes and fresh chilies
1394:in Filipino cuisine, where they are called
6363:
6349:
5807:
5793:
5093:
5079:
4884:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4788:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4566:United States Food and Drug Administration
3521:
3519:
3453:
2906:
2860:
2738:– a type of weapon made with chili peppers
7602:Cuisine of the Southwestern United States
4897:
4465:
4455:
4411:
4392:American Journal of Preventive Cardiology
4362:
4352:
4036:
3816:
3793:
3783:
3705:
3656:
3603:
3276:
3259:
3249:
3197:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3068:
3058:
3023:
2933:
1632:chemical in chili peppers, is used as an
1564:from China (known as rāyu in Japan), and
1453:and chipotle peppers. Chiles are used in
1303:Learn how and when to remove this message
745:includes the hottest peppers such as the
310:
4721:
4640:
4080:
3977:
3948:
3428:
3376:
3367:
3344:
3342:
2806:
2403:Chili peppers drying in Kathmandu, Nepal
2068:Red hot chili peppers are 88% water, 9%
1584:
1474:
1363:
1314:
988:
980:
793:, for example, are the same cultivar of
654:
637:
620:
610:
356:
168:in the late 16th century as part of the
71:
64:
4707:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
4705:Seed To Civilization: The Story of Food
4433:
4431:
4328:
4158:"Vitamin Rich Chili pepper Leaf Kimchi"
4108:
3843:
3821:. Homecooking.about.com. Archived from
3753:
3751:
3586:Kosuge S, Inagaki Y, Okumura H (1961).
3516:
3489:. New India Publishing. pp. 107–.
3118:
2963:
2961:
867:(SHU), invented by American pharmacist
681:includes many common varieties such as
14:
7544:
5814:
4987:Kottasová I, Hunt K (4 October 2021).
4702:
4102:
4039:""Record-breaking" chilli is hot news"
3869:
3673:
3551:Conservation of tropical plant species
3401:
3286:Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums
3219:
3217:
3107:
3085:
2886:
878:high-performance liquid chromatography
295:with small elongated fruits including
263:has the highest variety of cultivated
103:
6344:
5788:
5074:
4995:
4206:Dietz, S. Theresa (11 October 2022).
4205:
4178:
4136:"Dahon ng Sili (Chili pepper leaves)"
3980:"Aussies grow world's hottest chilli"
3954:
3923:
3900:
3348:
3339:
2145:denotes the meat dish. The plural is
2098:
1659:
668:, include the hottest chili cultivars
353:Distribution to the rest of the world
180:species have been widely cultivated:
6325:
5769:
4428:
3748:
3548:Normah MN, Chin HF, Reed BM (2013).
3402:Wallin, Nils-Bertil (11 June 2004).
2958:
2565:White flower of chili paper at night
1723:
1571:
1433:. In the northern Mexican states of
1241:adding citations to reliable sources
1212:
420:
337:), which grow naturally only in the
7637:Fruits originating in North America
7607:Crops originating from the Americas
7562:Medicinal plants of Central America
4925:
3214:
2732:– Italian name for hot chili pepper
2630:Chili peppers cultivated in Myanmar
1449:is made with dried chiles, such as
24:
5059:Chilli: La especia del Nuevo Mundo
4979:
4580:from the original on 27 March 2024
4239:. University of New Mexico Press.
3932:. Associated Press. Archived from
3819:"Chile Pepper Heat Scoville Scale"
3433:. University of New Mexico Press.
2935:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x
2642:Dried chili pepper flakes, Myanmar
2343:Ripe chilies in the field, Myanmar
1338:Chili pepper pods are botanically
172:, which led to the cultivation of
25:
7648:
7567:Medicinal plants of South America
5100:
5037:
3605:10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.35.10_923
2887:Mishan, Ligaya (18 August 2022).
2224:originally referred to the genus
902:
247:University of California Berkeley
6324:
6315:
6314:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5539:
4488:
4037:Henderson N (19 February 2011).
3817:Filippone PT (11 October 2000).
2861:peppergeek (28 September 2022).
2713:
2694:
2682:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2596:
2584:
2570:
2558:
2540:
2528:
2510:
2494:
2475:
2463:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2296:
2280:
2103:The three primary spellings are
1217:
1177:
1154:
1131:
1107:
1084:
1061:
1038:
1015:
555:
537:
519:
501:
483:
425:
229:plants originated in modern-day
4952:
4819:
4796:
4696:
4672:
4628:from the original on 9 May 2024
4515:
4482:
4379:
4293:
4226:
4199:
4172:
4162:Ssoft International Corporation
4150:
4128:
4083:"Chili Peppers: Global Warming"
4074:
4056:
4030:
4002:
3971:
3917:
3894:
3863:
3837:
3810:
3722:
3632:
3613:
3579:
3503:
3447:
3422:
3395:
3314:
3157:
3139:
2916:Pickersgill B (December 1971).
2760:drank with ground chili peppers
2535:Chili pepper wine from Virginia
1710:
1685:
1621:Topical use and health research
1228:needs additional citations for
145:and related compounds known as
7572:Crops originating from Ecuador
6727:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
4910:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4734:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4685:as the main entry, and labels
4679:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
4656:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4283:"Bishop's crown pepper, image"
4261:"Chilies as Ornamental Plants"
4109:McQuaid J (20 February 2015).
3454:Collingham E (February 2006).
3431:Chile Peppers A Global History
2880:
2854:
2821:
2807:Dasgupta, R. R. (8 May 2011).
2800:
13:
1:
7577:Crops originating from Mexico
4963:. Columbia University Press.
3924:Bryan SM (16 February 2012).
3732:. Tabasco.Com. Archived from
3610:Chem. Abstr. 1964, 60, 9827g.
3283:Bosland PW, Votava E (2000).
2793:
2331:Immature chilies in the field
1604:
416:
253:. They were one of the first
5002:U.S. News & World Report
3978:Da Silva M (12 April 2011).
3901:Lynch K (19 November 2013).
3870:Morris L (22 January 2018).
3322:"The Story of Chile Peppers"
3251:10.1371/journal.pone.0134663
2610:, Italy, with a sign saying
2379:Ripe chili pepper with seeds
2054:Percentages estimated using
1729:Peppers, hot chili, red, raw
1479:Chilies at a market in India
816:
781:includes the South American
769:includes the South American
341:, chilies could be grown in
7:
7582:Crops originating from Peru
6539:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
6202:Trinidad scorpion 'Butch T'
4996:Murez C (9 November 2020).
4081:Robinson S (14 June 2007).
3963:. USA Today. Archived from
3844:Atwal S (16 October 2023).
3462:. Oxford University Press.
3377:Raghavan, Susheela (2006).
3349:Sauer, Jonathan D. (2017).
2742:Food and drink prohibitions
2706:
2550:of chili peppers drying in
2084:, and are a rich source of
2047:Link to USDA Database entry
1490:. Bhutanese call this crop
1486:Chili is a staple fruit in
1429:is the smoked, dried, ripe
1353:Many fresh chilies such as
1208:
361:Chili pepper plant in Ghana
43:Hot pepper (disambiguation)
10:
7653:
7552:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
5021:News Medical Life Sciences
4936:. Better Homes and Gardens
4932:Andrea Beck (8 May 2019).
4807:. Thehindubusinessline.com
4404:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100301
4018:. London. 25 February 2011
3622:J. Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan
3353:. CRC Press. p. 161.
2889:"How The Chili Became Hot"
2829:"HORT410. Peppers – Notes"
2675:South Chungcheong Province
2273:
1744:166 kJ (40 kcal)
1663:
1421:, including variations on
820:
617:List of Capsicum cultivars
614:
397:via their monopoly of the
221:
216:
29:
7503:
7462:
7185:
6675:
6461:Coriander leaf / Cilantro
6376:
6371:Culinary herbs and spices
6310:
6290:
6255:
6215:
6100:
6071:
5825:
5754:
5703:
5629:
5548:
5537:
5495:
5487:Trinidad Scorpion Butch T
5369:
5339:
5117:
5108:
4961:The Chile Pepper in China
4457:10.1186/s12889-017-4814-6
4354:10.3390/molecules21070844
3955:Joshi M (11 March 2012).
3658:10.21273/HORTSCI.46.3.487
3592:Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi
3511:The Chile Pepper in China
2994:10.1007/s12231-014-9279-2
2249:
2236:Oxford English Dictionary
2177:, although it also lists
2174:Oxford English Dictionary
2053:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2021:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1900:
1876:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1733:
1144:Trinidad Scorpion Butch T
977:Notable hot chili peppers
579:
141:to add "heat" to dishes.
7359:Montreal steak seasoning
6197:Trinidad Moruga scorpion
5482:Trinidad Moruga scorpion
4703:Heiser C (August 1990).
3905:. Guinness World Records
3381:. CRC Press. p. 8.
2355:The Black Pearl cultivar
1414:style for preservation.
1097:Trinidad moruga scorpion
116:), are varieties of the
4179:Basan, Ghillie (2006).
3785:10.1073/pnas.0802691105
3686:Pharmacological Reviews
3429:DeWitt ·, Dave (2020).
3060:10.1073/pnas.1308933111
2667:Cheongyang chili pepper
2505:, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2056:US recommendations
1650:cardiovascular diseases
1203:
809:, and other cultivars.
133:, cultivated for their
97:
7315:
5716:Chile Pepper Institute
4959:Brian R. Dott (2020).
4302:Motivation and Emotion
4182:Middle Eastern Kitchen
4068:Guinness World Records
3850:Guinness World Records
3509:Brian R. Dott (2020).
2591:Pickled chili in India
2520:dried on the plant in
2060:the National Academies
1590:
1480:
1383:
1320:
994:
986:
669:
652:
635:
436:is missing information
362:
311:Distribution to Europe
77:
69:
7587:Symbols of New Mexico
6282:Sweet piquanté pepper
6187:'Red Savina' habanero
6162:Hainan yellow lantern
5432:Hainan yellow lantern
4693:as a British variant.
3984:Australian Geographic
3698:10.1124/pr.112.006163
3125:Progress in New Crops
3123:. In Janick J (ed.).
2689:Chili pepper in Ghana
1842:Vitamins and minerals
1598:Bishop's crown pepper
1588:
1478:
1367:
1318:
992:
984:
874:quantitative analysis
658:
641:
624:
611:Species and cultivars
360:
75:
68:
57:Red Hot Chili Peppers
7627:Mesoamerican cuisine
7210:Beau monde seasoning
6575:Limnophila aromatica
5906:Diavoletto d'Abruzzo
5726:Hot pepper challenge
4185:. Hippocrene Books.
4168:on 14 November 2009.
4140:Tribo ความสุขบนเตียง
2754:History of chocolate
2167:word for the fruit (
1323:Due to their unique
1319:Smoke-dried chipotle
1237:improve this article
970:100,000–350,000 SHU
823:Hottest chili pepper
595:In 2020, 36 million
317:Christopher Columbus
7597:New Mexican cuisine
7334:Jamaican jerk spice
6956:Japanese pricklyash
5731:Hunan hand syndrome
5498:Capsicum frutescens
5065:The Hot Pepper List
4496:National Geographic
4212:. Wellfleet Press.
3882:on 18 February 2018
3876:National Geographic
3825:on 26 February 2012
3776:2008PNAS..10511808T
3770:(33): 11808–11811.
3242:2015PLoSO..1034663V
3119:Bosland PW (1998).
3051:2014PNAS..111.6165K
2986:2014EcBot..68..316C
2839:on 26 December 2018
2612:il viagra calabrese
2522:Mesilla, New Mexico
2485:drying in the sun,
2209:, call the peppers
1730:
1680:less-lethal weapons
1560:from North Africa,
1498:(in Sharchop). The
1462:Aleppo chili pepper
1329:New Mexican cuisine
1139:Trinidad and Tobago
1092:Trinidad and Tobago
956:50,000–100,000 SHU
865:Scoville heat units
714:Capsicum frutescens
705:, and all forms of
648:Capsicum frutescens
463:
120:of plants from the
105:[ˈt͡ʃiːlːi]
7310:Herbes de Provence
6941:Grains of paradise
6804:Crushed red pepper
6518:Houttuynia cordata
6227:African bird's eye
6132:Chocolate habanero
5576:Chili pepper water
5571:Chili pepper paste
4689:as a variant, and
4503:on 29 October 2013
4314:10.1007/BF00995932
3990:on 28 October 2011
3182:10.1093/aob/mcw079
2893:The New York Times
2814:The Economic Times
2501:Sundried chili at
2457:bird's eye chilies
2099:Spelling and usage
2011:Other constituents
1728:
1660:Chemical irritants
1591:
1589:Black pearl pepper
1581:Black pearl pepper
1481:
1384:
1376:chicken soup with
1321:
995:
987:
942:30,000–50,000 SHU
895:fungus carried by
891:, in particular a
766:Capsicum pubescens
670:
653:
636:
461:
363:
343:temperate climates
174:multiple varieties
170:Columbian Exchange
78:
76:Young chili plants
70:
55:For the band, see
7622:Sri Lankan spices
7539:
7538:
7511:Chinese herbology
7389:Pumpkin pie spice
7369:Old Bay Seasoning
7329:Italian seasoning
7275:Five-spice powder
6577:(rice-paddy herb)
6420:Indian bay leaf (
6338:
6337:
5856:Beaver Dam pepper
5782:
5781:
5685:Sweet chili sauce
5535:
5534:
5417:Ellachipur Sanman
5372:Capsicum chinense
5342:Capsicum baccatum
5023:. 22 October 2020
4913:. Merriam-Webster
4880:cite encyclopedia
4784:cite encyclopedia
4737:. Merriam-Webster
4714:978-0-674-79681-2
4659:. Merriam-Webster
4613:978-0-309-48834-1
4530:(6845): 403–404.
4444:BMC Public Health
4246:978-0-8263-6456-2
4219:978-1-57715-259-0
4192:978-0-7818-1190-3
4146:on 12 March 2007.
3967:on 14 March 2012.
3736:on 23 August 2010
3496:978-81-89422-44-8
3469:978-0-09-943786-4
3410:. Yale University
3408:YaleGlobal Online
3289:. New York City:
3045:(17): 6165–6170.
2833:Purdue University
2786:Sweet chili sauce
2748:Hatch, New Mexico
2671:Cheongyang County
2578:Choricero peppers
2518:New Mexico chiles
2417:San Pedro Atocpan
2367:Cubanelle peppers
2159:was the original
2066:
2065:
2001:
2000:
1724:Nutritional value
1638:topical ointments
1572:Ornamental plants
1494:(in Dzongkha) or
1443:chiltepin peppers
1313:
1312:
1305:
1287:
1198:
1197:
974:
973:
932:3,500–10,000 SHU
778:Capsicum baccatum
742:Capsicum chinense
661:Capsicum chinense
593:
592:
589:
477:
459:
458:
151:applied topically
93:Classical Nahuatl
16:(Redirected from
7644:
7320:
7127:Tasmanian pepper
7108:Sichuan pepper (
7063:Pomegranate seed
6877:Dill / Dill seed
6732:Brazilian pepper
6695:Alligator pepper
6449:garlic / Chinese
6365:
6358:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6328:
6327:
6318:
6317:
5986:New Mexico chile
5809:
5802:
5795:
5786:
5785:
5772:
5771:
5762:
5761:
5670:Pickapeppa Sauce
5543:
5507:African Birdseye
5115:
5114:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4992:
4974:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4833:The Sunday Times
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4787:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4762:"Chilli, chilly"
4758:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4700:
4694:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4536:10.1038/35086653
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4499:. Archived from
4486:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4459:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4356:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4287:CayenneDiane.com
4279:
4273:
4272:
4267:. Archived from
4257:
4251:
4250:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4164:. Archived from
4154:
4148:
4147:
4142:. Archived from
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3986:. Archived from
3975:
3969:
3968:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3878:. Archived from
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3787:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3170:Annals of Botany
3161:
3155:
3154:
3153:. 21 April 2014.
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3116:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2937:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2698:
2686:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2614:("the Calabrian
2600:
2588:
2574:
2562:
2544:
2532:
2514:
2498:
2479:
2467:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2319:Buds and flowers
2316:
2300:
2284:
2260:hyperventilation
2189:(and its plural
2165:Náhuatl language
1953:
1905:
1878:Vitamin A equiv.
1871:
1838:
1837:
1731:
1727:
1517:chiles en nogada
1509:arrabbiata sauce
1308:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1245:
1221:
1213:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1000:
999:
910:
909:
707:New Mexico chile
666:Habanero peppers
628:, a cultivar of
580:
561:
559:
558:
543:
541:
540:
525:
523:
522:
507:
505:
504:
489:
487:
486:
470:
464:
460:
454:
451:
445:
429:
421:
255:self-pollinating
239:cultivated crops
115:
114:
113:
107:
60:
53:
46:
39:
21:
7652:
7651:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7632:Mexican cuisine
7592:Leaf vegetables
7542:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7499:
7458:
7434:Tandoori masala
7181:
7058:Peruvian pepper
6946:Grains of Selim
6931:Aromatic ginger
6864:Bunium persicum
6671:
6372:
6369:
6339:
6334:
6306:
6286:
6251:
6211:
6172:Madame Jeanette
6142:Dragon's Breath
6127:Carolina Reaper
6096:
6067:
6038:Peperone crusco
6016:Santa Fe Grande
5846:Baklouti pepper
5821:
5813:
5783:
5778:
5750:
5699:
5625:
5561:Chili con carne
5544:
5531:
5491:
5447:Madame Jeanette
5412:Dragon's Breath
5402:Carolina Reaper
5365:
5335:
5269:Santa Fe Grande
5120:Capsicum annuum
5104:
5099:
5040:
5035:
5026:
5024:
5015:
5006:
5004:
4982:
4980:Further reading
4971:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4867:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4826:
4825:Usage example:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4802:Usage example:
4801:
4797:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4771:
4760:
4759:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4701:
4697:
4677:
4673:
4662:
4660:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4614:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4563:
4559:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4487:
4483:
4436:
4429:
4384:
4380:
4333:
4329:
4298:
4294:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4271:on 15 May 2013.
4259:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4177:
4173:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4079:
4075:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4015:The Independent
4008:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3976:
3972:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3936:on 1 April 2012
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3815:
3811:
3756:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3678:
3674:
3637:
3633:
3624:(in Japanese).
3618:
3614:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3558:. p. 397.
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3347:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3281:
3277:
3236:(9): e0134663.
3222:
3215:
3162:
3158:
3149:. EurekaAlert,
3145:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3117:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3031:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2974:Economic Botany
2966:
2959:
2914:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2859:
2855:
2842:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2690:
2687:
2678:
2664:
2655:
2652:
2643:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2619:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2580:
2575:
2566:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2471:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2441:
2432:
2429:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2389:
2380:
2377:
2368:
2365:
2356:
2353:
2344:
2341:
2332:
2329:
2320:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2252:
2240:Merriam-Webster
2124:chili con carne
2101:
2093:
2049:
2044:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1954:
1924:
1911:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1872:
1843:
1832:
1827:
1808:
1803:
1764:
1759:
1726:
1713:
1688:
1668:
1662:
1623:
1607:
1574:
1423:chiles rellenos
1309:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1222:
1211:
1206:
1178:
1176:
1155:
1153:
1132:
1130:
1108:
1106:
1085:
1083:
1074:Carolina Reaper
1062:
1060:
1051:Dragon's Breath
1039:
1037:
1016:
1014:
979:
905:
869:Wilbur Scoville
825:
819:
678:Capsicum annuum
643:Tabasco peppers
631:Capsicum annuum
626:Cayenne peppers
619:
613:
556:
554:
538:
536:
520:
518:
502:
500:
484:
482:
472:
455:
449:
446:
439:
430:
419:
399:Manila galleons
395:Pacific Islands
371:Spanish traders
355:
313:
291:landraces; and
224:
219:
109:
108:
83:, also spelled
61:
54:
50:Chili con carne
47:
40:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7650:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7504:Related topics
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7472:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7364:Mulling spices
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7240:Cinnamon sugar
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7191:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7152:Voatsiperifery
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6860:
6857:Nigella sativa
6848:
6843:
6841:Coriander seed
6838:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6468:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6390:
6382:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6345:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6322:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6272:Bishop's crown
6269:
6263:
6261:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6221:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6092:Wild chiltepin
6089:
6083:
6081:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5823:
5822:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5766:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5746:Scoville scale
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5527:Tabasco pepper
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5398:(ghost pepper)
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5351:Bishop's crown
5347:
5345:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5179:Chile de árbol
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5039:
5038:External links
5036:
5034:
5033:
5013:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4924:
4896:
4846:
4818:
4795:
4748:
4720:
4713:
4695:
4671:
4639:
4612:
4591:
4557:
4514:
4481:
4427:
4378:
4327:
4292:
4274:
4252:
4245:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4191:
4171:
4149:
4127:
4101:
4073:
4055:
4029:
4001:
3970:
3947:
3916:
3893:
3862:
3836:
3809:
3747:
3721:
3692:(4): 939–971.
3672:
3651:(3): 487–492.
3631:
3612:
3578:
3564:
3540:
3515:
3502:
3495:
3475:
3468:
3446:
3439:
3421:
3394:
3387:
3366:
3359:
3338:
3313:
3299:
3275:
3213:
3156:
3138:
3106:
3084:
3022:
2957:
2928:(4): 683–691.
2905:
2879:
2853:
2820:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2487:Andhra Pradesh
2481:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2289:Seikei Zusetsu
2286:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2251:
2248:
2195:
2194:
2154:
2131:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1712:
1709:
1687:
1684:
1664:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1646:dermal patches
1622:
1619:
1615:roller coaster
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1573:
1570:
1419:Mexican dishes
1311:
1310:
1252:"Chili pepper"
1225:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:Infinity chili
1187:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:(Bhut jolokia)
1117:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
978:
975:
972:
971:
968:
958:
957:
954:
944:
943:
940:
934:
933:
930:
920:
919:
916:
904:
903:Common peppers
901:
852:pain receptors
818:
815:
787:
786:
774:
762:
738:
710:
612:
609:
591:
590:
587:United Nations
577:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:
551:
550:
547:
533:
532:
529:
515:
514:
511:
497:
496:
493:
479:
478:
468:
457:
456:
433:
431:
424:
418:
415:
354:
351:
312:
309:
223:
220:
218:
215:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7649:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7612:Indian spices
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7557:Chili peppers
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7404:Ras el hanout
7402:
7400:
7399:Quatre épices
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7339:Khmeli suneli
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7285:Garlic powder
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7220:Bouquet garni
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6986:Litsea cubeba
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6961:Juniper berry
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6764:Celery powder
6762:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6569:Lemon verbena
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6366:
6361:
6359:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6331:
6323:
6321:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6303:
6302:Rocoto pepper
6300:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6218:C. frutescens
6214:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6192:Scotch bonnet
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6078:glabriusculum
6075:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:Hungarian wax
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:Guntur Sannam
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Facing heaven
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:Banana pepper
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5810:
5805:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5775:
5767:
5765:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5690:Tabasco sauce
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Biber salçası
5638:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:Culinary uses
5547:
5542:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Siling labuyo
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Scotch bonnet
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:Komodo Dragon
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5386:Ají caballero
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Hungarian wax
5222:
5220:
5219:Guntur Sannam
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Facing Heaven
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5102:Chili peppers
5096:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4972:
4970:9780231551304
4966:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4935:
4928:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4890:(sense 2b of
4887:
4881:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4785:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4308:(1): 77–101.
4307:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4265:Seedsbydesign
4262:
4256:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4194:
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4105:
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3717:
3713:
3708:
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3668:
3664:
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3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3567:
3565:9781461437758
3561:
3557:
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3528:
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3512:
3506:
3498:
3492:
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3479:
3471:
3465:
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3459:
3450:
3442:
3440:9780826361806
3436:
3432:
3425:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3388:9781420004366
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3360:9781351440622
3356:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3302:
3300:9780851993355
3296:
3293:. p. 1.
3292:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3271:
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3252:
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3209:
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3027:
3011:
3007:
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2999:
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2834:
2830:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Salsa (sauce)
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2736:Chili grenade
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2677:, South Korea
2676:
2672:
2668:
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2587:
2582:
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2573:
2568:
2561:
2556:
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2549:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:Guntur chilli
2478:
2473:
2470:Green chilies
2466:
2461:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2399:
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2327:
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2299:
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2283:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:South America
2200:
2192:
2188:
2185:as variants.
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:carbohydrates
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1886:
1883:
1882:beta-Carotene
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:Dietary fiber
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:Carbohydrates
1751:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1717:pain receptor
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:pepper sprays
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:Psychologist
1599:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:dahon ng sili
1393:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1333:Asian cuisine
1330:
1326:
1317:
1307:
1304:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254: –
1253:
1249:
1248:Find sources:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1226:This section
1224:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:United States
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:United States
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
991:
983:
969:
967:
966:Scotch bonnet
963:
960:
959:
955:
953:
949:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
929:
925:
922:
921:
917:
915:
912:
911:
908:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
876:of SHU using
875:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
841:capsaicinoids
838:
834:
830:
824:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
780:
779:
775:
772:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:Scotch bonnet
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
675:
674:
673:
667:
663:
662:
657:
650:
649:
645:, like other
644:
640:
633:
632:
627:
623:
618:
608:
606:
602:
598:
588:
584:
578:
574:
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570:
566:
564:
553:
552:
548:
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535:
534:
530:
528:
517:
516:
512:
510:
499:
498:
494:
492:
481:
480:
475:
471:(Millions of
469:
466:
465:
453:
443:
437:
434:This section
432:
428:
423:
422:
414:
412:
408:
404:
403:Canton, China
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
359:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:C. caballeroi
286:
285:C. eshbaughii
282:
281:C. cardenasii
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
214:
211:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
190:
185:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:capsaicinoids
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:
123:
119:
112:
106:
102:
101:
100:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:Chili peppers
74:
67:
63:
58:
51:
44:
37:
35:
19:
7384:Powder-douce
7374:Panch phoron
7344:Lemon pepper
7280:Garam masala
7270:Fines herbes
7250:Curry powder
7230:Chaat masala
7109:
7088:Sarsaparilla
7048:Onion powder
6996:Mango-ginger
6862:
6855:
6789:Chili powder
6783:
6574:
6564:Lemon myrtle
6521:
6517:
6472:
6471:Vietnamese (
6421:
6385:
6293:C. pubescens
6291:
6256:
6216:
6122:Bhut jolokia
6101:
6077:
6073:
5961:Kashmiri red
5916:Er jing tiao
5831:
5827:
5816:
5736:Pepper spray
5665:Pepper jelly
5596:Filfel chuma
5586:Chili thread
5581:Chili powder
5496:
5396:Bhut jolokia
5370:
5340:
5118:
5101:
5025:. Retrieved
5020:
5005:. Retrieved
5001:
4960:
4953:Bibliography
4938:. Retrieved
4927:
4915:. Retrieved
4908:
4899:
4891:
4868:. Retrieved
4861:
4837:. Retrieved
4831:
4821:
4809:. Retrieved
4798:
4772:. Retrieved
4765:
4739:. Retrieved
4732:
4723:
4704:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4661:. Retrieved
4654:
4630:. Retrieved
4602:
4594:
4582:. Retrieved
4573:
4560:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4505:. Retrieved
4501:the original
4494:
4484:
4447:
4443:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4269:the original
4264:
4255:
4235:
4228:
4208:
4201:
4181:
4174:
4166:the original
4161:
4152:
4144:the original
4139:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4115:Forbes Media
4114:
4104:
4092:. Retrieved
4086:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4042:
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4013:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:the original
3983:
3973:
3965:the original
3960:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3934:the original
3929:
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3880:the original
3875:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3849:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3823:the original
3812:
3767:
3763:
3738:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3724:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3554:. New York:
3550:
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3510:
3505:
3485:
3478:
3457:
3449:
3430:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3407:
3397:
3378:
3350:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3285:
3278:
3233:
3229:
3176:(1): 35–51.
3173:
3169:
3159:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3124:
3097:. Retrieved
3087:
3042:
3038:
3013:. Retrieved
2977:
2973:
2925:
2921:
2896:. Retrieved
2892:
2882:
2872:19 September
2870:. Retrieved
2866:
2856:
2848:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:the original
2823:
2812:
2802:
2756:– which the
2611:
2288:
2256:volatile oil
2253:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2213:, a word of
2210:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2161:Romanization
2156:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:chili powder
2119:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2067:
2015:
2010:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1822:
1798:
1754:
1714:
1711:Food defense
1689:
1686:Crop defense
1669:
1666:Pepper spray
1642:nasal sprays
1624:
1608:
1575:
1547:
1536:
1525:mole poblano
1521:jerk chicken
1506:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1464:is grown in
1459:
1416:
1409:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1382:chili leaves
1377:
1371:
1352:
1344:chili powder
1337:
1322:
1299:
1290:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1247:
1235:Please help
1230:verification
1227:
1199:
1120:Ghost pepper
996:
906:
886:
872:method is a
849:
840:
836:
826:
811:
794:
791:bell peppers
788:
776:
764:
740:
712:
683:bell peppers
676:
671:
659:
646:
629:
604:
600:
594:
450:October 2023
447:
435:
393:, and other
364:
332:
329:Piper nigrum
328:
325:black pepper
320:
314:
305:C. chacoense
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
226:
225:
212:
205:
199:
193:
187:
181:
177:
163:
159:chili powder
124:
96:
88:
84:
80:
79:
62:
34:Red Chillies
33:
7483:Bangladeshi
7414:Sharena sol
7409:Recado rojo
7394:Qâlat daqqa
7354:Mixed spice
7290:Garlic salt
7255:Doubanjiang
6991:Long pepper
6951:Horseradish
6769:Celery seed
6642:Sanshō leaf
6559:Lemon grass
6258:C. baccatum
6182:Naga Morich
6103:C. chinense
6063:Siling haba
5931:Friggitello
5861:Bell pepper
5650:Chili sauce
5457:Naga Morich
5326:Siling haba
5286:Peperoncino
5209:Friggitello
5149:Black Pearl
4048:20 February
4022:27 February
3930:Yahoo! News
3886:17 February
3740:23 December
3645:HortScience
3598:: 923–927.
3571:28 November
3306:29 November
3131:23 December
3099:12 December
3015:11 February
2867:Pepper Geek
2730:Peperoncino
2721:Food portal
2701:Green chili
2604:Peperoncino
2455:Dried Thai
2242:. The word
2207:Puerto Rico
2076:, and 0.4%
2035:0.01g – 6 g
1552:, a liquid
1388:Solanaceous
1055:2.48M SHU*
993:Green chili
914:Bell pepper
882:hydrophobic
783:aji peppers
307:varieties.
297:C. baccatum
118:berry-fruit
18:Green chile
7546:Categories
7521:Marination
7516:Herbal tea
7478:Australian
7474:By region
7449:Yuzu koshō
7439:Thuna paha
7379:Persillade
7132:Tonka bean
7068:Poppy seed
6976:Dried lime
6899:Fingerroot
6814:New Mexico
6722:Asafoetida
6554:Lemon balm
6512:Hoja santa
6492:Curry leaf
6277:Lemon drop
5886:Cheongyang
5866:Bird's eye
5721:Chilympiad
5633:and sauces
5631:Condiments
5616:Peppersoup
5591:Ema datshi
5472:Red Savina
5462:Naga Viper
5356:Lemon drop
5331:Urfa biber
5244:New Mexico
5164:Cheongyang
5144:Bird's eye
4507:23 October
4450:(1): 831.
4398:: 100301.
4347:(7): 844.
3909:8 November
3855:16 October
3628:: 251–254.
2843:20 October
2794:References
2770:Peppersoup
1611:Paul Rozin
1605:Psychology
1501:ema datshi
1447:mole sauce
1293:April 2020
1263:newspapers
1194:1.07M SHU
1171:1.38M SHU
1167:Naga Viper
1148:1.46M SHU
1125:1.58M SHU
1101:2.0M SHU*
1032:2.69M SHU
952:bird's eye
897:hemipteran
835:(8-methyl-
821:See also:
803:New Mexico
717:includes
615:See also:
417:Production
391:Micronesia
367:Portuguese
277:C. eximium
201:frutescens
131:Solanaceae
91:(from
7531:Spice rub
7526:Seasoning
7493:Pakistani
7324:Idli podi
7295:Gochujang
7245:Crab boil
7162:Yuzu zest
7093:Sassafras
6981:Liquorice
6887:Fenugreek
6824:Cultivars
6242:Malagueta
6117:Ají dulce
6074:C. annuum
5921:Espelette
5896:Cubanelle
5828:C. annuum
5819:cultivars
5711:Capsaicin
5655:Hot sauce
5645:Chili oil
5611:Nam phrik
5601:Gochujang
5566:Chili dog
5517:Malagueta
5391:Ají dulce
5189:Espelette
5174:Cubanelle
5169:Chiltepin
5110:Cultivars
5027:4 October
5007:4 October
4341:Molecules
4322:143848453
3961:Your life
3667:0018-5345
3414:5 January
3190:0305-7364
2952:205772121
2898:1 October
2606:chili in
2095:(table).
2090:vitamin B
2086:vitamin C
2031:Capsaicin
1986:Potassium
1973:Magnesium
1918:Vitamin C
1902:Vitamin B
1704:olfactory
1691:Conflicts
1674:and some
1634:analgesic
1626:Capsaicin
1562:chili oil
1554:condiment
1550:hot sauce
1529:nam phrik
1513:paprikash
1411:tsukudani
1078:2.2M SHU
948:Piri piri
856:brainstem
833:capsaicin
817:Intensity
795:C. annuum
731:piri piri
723:malagueta
703:chiltepin
701:peppers,
695:jalapeños
527:Indonesia
442:talk page
387:Melanesia
379:Sri Lanka
321:Capsicum.
207:pubescens
166:Old World
143:Capsaicin
7470:Culinary
7444:Vadouvan
7419:Shichimi
7317:Húng lìu
7137:Turmeric
7122:Tamarind
6971:Korarima
6904:Galangal
6872:Deulkkae
6831:Cinnamon
6809:Jalapeño
6799:Chipotle
6747:Cardamom
6700:Allspice
6667:Woodruff
6657:Tarragon
6622:Rosemary
6587:Marjoram
6549:Lavender
6544:Kkaennip
6482:Culantro
6466:Bolivian
6415:Bay leaf
6387:Angelica
6320:Category
6207:Pepper X
6167:Infinity
6157:Habanero
6152:Habanaga
6058:Shishito
6043:Pimiento
5956:Jalapeño
5936:Guajillo
5911:Dundicut
5901:De árbol
5876:Cascabel
5817:Capsicum
5764:Category
5704:See also
5695:XO sauce
5680:Sriracha
5675:Shichimi
5660:Kōrēgusu
5621:Piperade
5467:Pepper X
5437:Infinity
5427:Habanero
5361:Peppadew
5321:Shishito
5306:Piquillo
5301:Pimiento
5229:Jalapeño
5214:Guajillo
5184:Dundicut
5154:Cascabel
4905:"pepper"
4858:"Pepper"
4839:21 April
4811:21 April
4626:Archived
4622:30844154
4584:28 March
4578:Archived
4568:(2024).
4544:11473305
4489:Mott M.
4476:29052530
4422:34977833
4373:27367653
4043:BBC News
3994:12 April
3829:14 April
3804:18695236
3716:23023032
3556:Springer
3331:7 August
3270:26402618
3230:PLOS ONE
3208:27245634
3079:24753581
3010:36556206
3002:43305668
2944:28564789
2707:See also
2419:, Mexico
2305:habanero
2268:vomiting
2264:sweating
2232:Capsicum
2217:origin.
2191:chillies
2082:calories
2016:Quantity
1946:Quantity
1940:Minerals
1864:Quantity
1858:Vitamins
1676:tear gas
1566:sriracha
1431:jalapeño
1427:chipotle
1369:Filipino
1359:roasting
1348:pickling
1325:pungency
1209:Culinary
1028:Pepper X
1009:Hotness
1003:Country
962:Habanero
928:jalapeño
893:fusarium
889:microbes
860:thalamus
845:habanero
829:pungency
773:peppers.
751:habanero
601:Capsicum
581:Source:
407:Nagasaki
301:baccatum
293:arivivis
273:ulupicas
269:Capsicum
265:Capsicum
227:Capsicum
195:chinense
189:baccatum
178:Capsicum
135:pungency
126:Capsicum
7454:Za'atar
7349:Mitmita
7300:Harissa
7215:Berbere
7205:Baharat
7172:Zereshk
7167:Zedoary
7147:Vanilla
7110:huājiāo
7083:Saffron
7073:Radhuni
7053:Paprika
7038:Njangsa
7033:Nigella
7011:Mustard
6909:greater
6819:Tabasco
6794:Cayenne
6774:Charoli
6742:Caraway
6737:Camphor
6705:Amchoor
6617:Perilla
6612:Parsley
6607:Oregano
6602:Mitsuba
6597:Mugwort
6522:giấp cá
6502:Epazote
6473:rau răm
6439:Chervil
6330:Commons
6247:Tabasco
6232:Kambuzi
6177:Nagabon
6147:Fatalii
6053:Serrano
6048:Poblano
6028:Pasilla
5996:Chimayó
5991:Big Jim
5891:Chilaca
5881:Cayenne
5871:Byadagi
5774:Commons
5606:Harissa
5556:Adobada
5512:Kambuzi
5452:Nagabon
5422:Fatalii
5316:Serrano
5311:Poblano
5281:Pasilla
5254:Chimayo
5249:Big Jim
5204:Florina
5159:Cayenne
4940:23 July
4917:21 July
4870:19 July
4774:19 July
4741:21 July
4729:"chile"
4663:21 July
4651:"Chili"
4632:21 June
4552:4389051
4467:5649076
4413:8688560
4364:6273101
3795:2575311
3772:Bibcode
3707:3462993
3261:4581705
3238:Bibcode
3199:4934398
3070:4035960
3047:Bibcode
2982:Bibcode
2552:Arizona
2548:Ristras
2503:Imogiri
2489:, India
2274:Gallery
2220:Though
2163:of the
2074:protein
1912:0.51 mg
1824:Protein
1695:African
1630:pungent
1558:harissa
1543:som tam
1435:Sinaloa
1355:poblano
1340:berries
1277:scholar
1185:England
1162:England
938:Cayenne
807:serrano
799:poblano
735:kambuzi
719:tabasco
691:cayenne
664:, like
605:Pimenta
585:of the
583:FAOSTAT
467:Region
383:Malacca
347:paprika
339:tropics
235:Bolivia
222:Origins
217:History
155:paprika
7488:Indian
7305:Hawaij
7260:Douchi
7235:Chaunk
7200:Advieh
7195:Adjika
7187:Blends
7157:Wasabi
7098:Sesame
7043:Nutmeg
7006:Mahleb
7001:Mastic
6936:Golpar
6926:Ginger
6921:Garlic
6914:lesser
6882:Fennel
6779:Chenpi
6759:Cassia
6690:Ajwain
6685:Aonori
6677:Spices
6652:Sorrel
6637:Savory
6582:Lovage
6529:Hyssop
6456:Cicely
6444:Chives
6434:Borage
6422:tejpat
6237:Labuyo
6112:Adjuma
6087:Piquín
6023:Padrón
6011:Sandia
6001:Fresno
5981:Mulato
5976:Medusa
5971:Korean
5946:Harmal
5841:Aleppo
5832:annuum
5741:Ristra
5381:Adjuma
5291:Pequin
5276:Padrón
5264:Sandia
5259:Fresno
5239:Medusa
5234:Korean
5134:Banana
5129:Aleppo
4991:. CNN.
4967:
4892:pepper
4711:
4691:chilli
4681:lists
4620:
4610:
4550:
4542:
4524:Nature
4474:
4464:
4420:
4410:
4371:
4361:
4320:
4243:
4216:
4189:
4120:25 May
4094:25 May
4064:"Home"
3940:11 May
3802:
3792:
3714:
3704:
3665:
3562:
3533:17 May
3493:
3486:Spices
3466:
3437:
3385:
3357:
3297:
3268:
3258:
3206:
3196:
3188:
3077:
3067:
3008:
3000:
2950:
2942:
2775:Ristra
2616:viagra
2608:Tropea
2307:pepper
2291:(1804)
2250:Safety
2244:pepper
2230:, not
2222:pepper
2187:Chilli
2169:chilli
2157:Chilli
2151:chiles
2113:chilli
1993:322 mg
1925:144 mg
1895:534 μg
1770:Sugars
1740:Energy
1654:cancer
1644:, and
1628:, the
1541:, and
1538:sambal
1533:'nduja
1488:Bhutan
1470:Turkey
1455:salsas
1439:Sonora
1406:kimchi
1401:tinola
1392:greens
1379:labuyo
1373:tinola
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1183:
1160:
1137:
1113:
1090:
1067:
1044:
1021:
924:Fresno
918:0 SHU
771:rocoto
733:, and
727:labuyo
597:tonnes
572:World
560:
545:Turkey
542:
524:
509:Mexico
506:
488:
405:, and
381:, and
287:, and
251:Amazon
243:Mexico
204:, and
183:annuum
99:chīlli
89:chilli
36:(film)
7617:Crops
7463:Lists
7429:Tajin
7424:Tabil
7265:Duqqa
7225:Buknu
7142:Uzazi
7117:Sumac
7103:Shiso
7026:white
7021:brown
7016:black
6966:Kokum
6851:Cumin
6846:Cubeb
6836:Clove
6784:Chili
6752:black
6710:Anise
6662:Thyme
6647:Shiso
6534:Jimbu
6487:Cress
6429:Boldo
6408:Lemon
6393:Basil
6378:Herbs
6137:Datil
6076:var.
6033:Peter
6006:No. 9
5966:Khola
5830:var.
5407:Datil
5296:Peter
4687:chile
4683:chili
4548:S2CID
4318:S2CID
3458:Curry
3006:S2CID
2998:JSTOR
2948:S2CID
2669:from
2227:Piper
2215:Taíno
2199:Chile
2183:chili
2179:chile
2147:chile
2143:chili
2139:chile
2134:Chile
2120:Chili
2109:chile
2105:chili
2072:, 2%
2022:Water
1980:23 mg
1890:48 μg
1831:1.9 g
1807:0.4 g
1784:1.5 g
1774:5.3 g
1763:8.8 g
1699:Asian
1466:Syria
1451:ancho
1417:Many
1284:JSTOR
1270:books
1115:India
1046:Wales
1006:Type
755:Datil
575:36.1
563:Spain
495:16.7
491:China
411:Japan
334:Piper
315:When
299:var.
139:spice
122:genus
95:
85:chile
7177:Zest
7078:Rose
6892:blue
6715:star
6632:Sage
6592:Mint
6507:Hemp
6497:Dill
6403:Thai
6398:Holy
5199:Fish
5139:Bell
5029:2021
5009:2021
4965:ISBN
4942:2022
4919:2021
4886:link
4872:2021
4841:2012
4813:2012
4790:link
4776:2021
4743:2021
4709:ISBN
4665:2021
4634:2024
4618:PMID
4608:ISBN
4586:2024
4540:PMID
4509:2013
4472:PMID
4418:PMID
4369:PMID
4241:ISBN
4214:ISBN
4187:ISBN
4122:2019
4096:2019
4088:Time
4050:2011
4024:2011
3996:2011
3942:2013
3911:2014
3888:2018
3857:2023
3831:2013
3800:PMID
3742:2010
3712:PMID
3663:ISSN
3573:2018
3560:ISBN
3535:2022
3491:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3416:2024
3383:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3333:2024
3308:2018
3295:ISBN
3291:CABI
3266:PMID
3204:PMID
3186:ISSN
3133:2010
3101:2021
3075:PMID
3017:2022
2940:PMID
2900:2022
2874:2023
2845:2009
2758:Maya
2303:The
2254:The
2238:and
2181:and
2111:and
2088:and
2025:88 g
1967:1 mg
1960:Iron
1923:160%
1697:and
1652:and
1496:solo
1468:and
1460:The
1437:and
1256:news
1204:Uses
858:and
757:and
747:naga
699:Thai
567:1.5
549:2.6
531:2.8
513:2.8
474:tons
369:and
303:and
261:Peru
233:and
231:Peru
157:and
6627:Rue
6267:Ají
4863:OED
4767:OED
4574:FDA
4532:doi
4528:412
4462:PMC
4452:doi
4408:PMC
4400:doi
4359:PMC
4349:doi
4310:doi
3790:PMC
3780:doi
3768:105
3702:PMC
3694:doi
3653:doi
3600:doi
3256:PMC
3246:doi
3194:PMC
3178:doi
3174:118
3065:PMC
3055:doi
3043:111
2990:doi
2930:doi
2211:ají
2149:or
2078:fat
1991:11%
1951:%DV
1910:30%
1869:%DV
1800:Fat
1636:in
1492:ema
1239:by
687:wax
603:or
375:Goa
87:or
7548::
5019:.
5000:.
4907:.
4882:}}
4878:{{
4860:.
4849:^
4830:.
4786:}}
4782:{{
4764:.
4751:^
4731:.
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4642:^
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4538:.
4526:.
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4470:.
4460:.
4448:17
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4442:.
4430:^
4416:.
4406:.
4394:.
4390:.
4367:.
4357:.
4345:21
4343:.
4339:.
4316:.
4304:.
4285:.
4263:.
4160:.
4138:.
4113:.
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4066:.
4041:.
4012:.
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3928:.
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3700:.
3690:64
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3661:.
3649:46
3647:.
3643:.
3626:36
3596:35
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3406:.
3369:^
3341:^
3324:.
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2891:.
2865:.
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2831:.
2811:.
2673:,
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2266:,
2262:,
2107:,
1978:5%
1965:6%
1893:5%
1888:5%
1656:.
1640:,
1545:.
1535:,
1531:,
1527:,
1523:,
1519:,
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964:,
950:,
926:,
805:,
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