563:. Over its length the aqueduct crosses eight rivers. The conduit was built using the "cut and cover" method with an unreinforced concrete arch resting on a cast in place base invert. Sections at road and rail crossings had reinforcing steel. Siphon crossings of rivers were made as reinforced round concrete tubes. The interior dimensions of the aqueduct were selected so that no internal pressure was developed by the water flow; nineteen different interior sections were required. For inspection and maintenance, manholes were provided at approximately 1 mile intervals, which allow insertion of a small boat for inspections. Vent pipes in the manholes allowed controlled entry of air.
743:
250:
503:
flow to the City of
Winnipeg from 30 to 42 million gallons per day. The station was equipped with three 20 million gallons per day pumping units with electrically controlled switchgear and electrically operated discharge valves. This was the first major addition to the District's aqueduct since the original works were completed in 1919.
727:
provided that interest and sinking fund charges should be levied on land only. The GWWD Act was amended in 1927 to allow a maximum price of five cents per thousand gallons to be charged, which became effective on 1 January 1938. Any surplus from sales was used to reduce the annual level based on the
578:
Initially the aqueduct terminated at a reservoir built on McPhillips Street, which had been the center of the city's original water system. The design of the project included provisions for an additional reservoir approximately 13-mile (21 km) east of the McPhillips reservoir. This would allow
502:
As a result of steadily increasing demand for water, construction of a booster pumping station adjacent to the
Greater Winnipeg Water District's surge tank in St. Boniface was completed in 1950. This station allowed the District to fully develop the capacity of the existing works and to increase the
467:
The project was carried out as outlined in the engineering report with the addition of a 250 million gallon reservoir at Deacon (about eight miles east of St. Boniface), a second 5-foot 6-inch pressure pipe from Deacon to the Red River, and a booster pumping station on the east bank of the Red River
424:
That this water be brought from Shoal Lake through a covered concrete aqueduct 136 kilometres (85 mi) in length under open flow conditions to within about eight miles from St. Boniface, thence through a 1.7-metre (5.6 ft) reinforced concrete circular pipe under pressure to the eastern bank
412:
On 7 April 1913, the
Winnipeg City Council appointed a Board of Consulting Engineers to estimate the cost and general plan of the project to supply the Greater Winnipeg Water District with water from Shoal Lake. This report was submitted on 20 August 1913 and contained the following recommendations:
445:
The engineering report was adopted by the
Administration Board of the Greater Winnipeg Water District on 6 September 1913. A by-law was passed to raise the sum of $ 13,500,000 for the project by the issue and sale of debentures. The plan was put to Winnipeg voters on 1 October 1913 and was approved
697:
spearheaded making Shoal Lake the city's water source, a project he had supported long before becoming mayor in 1913. In
January 1913, a series of meetings was held between Winnipeg and the municipalities, who reached an agreement on draft legislation to form a water district. On February 15 that
574:
Since the Falcon River entering Shoal Lake drains a considerable area of muskeg, a dike was built in the lake to prevent brown, organics-laden water from being drawn into the aqueduct. The intake structure included dual intake chambers to allow for maintenance of one while the other was in use.
471:
Surveying along the route of the aqueduct began in 1913 and construction commenced on 1 March 1914. The first work to be undertaken was the building of a 110-mile (180 km) railway, including siding and spurs, a telephone line, clearing and fencing of the right-of-way, and completion of the
320:
Between 1900 and 1908, a group of seven wells were dug. These averaged about 5.5 metres (18 ft) in diameter and varied in depth from 14 to 31 metres (46 to 102 ft). In some years, their yield was not consistent and it was evident that a more adequate supply was needed for the rapidly
215:
It has a capacity of 85 million imp gal (390 million L) per day (4.4 cubic metres per second), a capacity that was planned for a city of one million inhabitants; peak water usage by the city was in 1988 and the capacity of the aqueduct has never been entirely used.
297:
The first water supply system in
Winnipeg was installed and operated by the private Winnipeg Water Works Company, which obtained its charter on 30 December 1880. The charter was for a 20-year period and the works were put into operation in 1882. The source of supply was the
566:
Structural design was complicated by the widely varying ground conditions, ranging from rock to soft peat soil. In some places, gravel fill was brought in to replace unsuitable material excavated. The depth of backfill was intended to protect the aqueduct from freezing.
437:
The aqueduct between Shoal Lake and the Deacon
Reservoir was to have a capacity of 390 million L (85 million imp gal) per day and the pressure portion to be capable of delivering to the McPhillips Street reservoirs about 140 million L
380:, assented to on 15 February 1913. The Act was passed contingent on the plan being approved by Winnipeg voters. The matter was submitted to vote on 1 May 1913 with 2,226 people in favour and 369 against. The areas included in the district were the City of Winnipeg,
506:
In 1954, the
District completed a direct 41-centimetre (16 in) diameter pipe connection between the aqueduct and the Municipality of St. Vital, the cost being borne between the District and St. Vital. A pumping station was paid for and operated by St. Vital.
570:
To allow surface water to drain freely across the path of the aqueduct, inverted siphons were installed at fifty-six locations. Freezing was prevented by ensuring the outlet level was always below water level, preventing cold air from entering the siphon.
365:
spearheaded making Shoal Lake the city's water source, a project he had supported long before becoming mayor in 1913. The engineer's report also recommended sinking of additional wells to maintain a supply until the larger system could be completed.
587:
The McPhillips reservoir in the north-west part of the city holds 227 megalitres. The Wilkes reservoir in the southern part holds 251 megalitres. The McLean reservoir in the eastern part of the city holds 205 megalitres. The Deacon reservoir near
420:
That Shoal Lake can be depended on to furnish all the water required for the
Greater Winnipeg Water District until the population shall have reached about 850,000 and with the help of the Lake of the Woods can furnish a practically inexhaustible
329:
On 23 July 1906, a commission was appointed to investigate the best available source of water supply. The commission engaged the services of a group of engineers which, on 29 August 1907, submitted a report that recommended the City to go to the
722:
The
District sold water in bulk—without pressure—and at the same price, to the several participating municipalities. This price was at first based on the cost of maintenance, operation, and management; the
713:; the Mayor of St. Boniface and one other member of its City Council; and the Mayors of St. James, East Kildonan, Transcona, Fort Garry, St. Vital, West Kildonan, and Tuxedo. The Mayor of Winnipeg was the
788:
in Winnipeg to commemorate the aqueduct. The monument includes a Historic Sites Advisory Board of Manitoba plaque designed in the shape of the aqueduct pipe, a Canadian Water Landmark plaque by the
36:
807:
built to secure the maximum capacity of the GWWD Aqueduct. At the branch's official opening, a plaque and stone & metal sculpture were also unveiled. Originally located on the west side of
429:, thence through a 1.5-metre (5 ft) diameter cast iron pipe in tunnel under the river, and thence through a 1.2-metre (4 ft) diameter reinforced concrete pipe to the reservoirs at
369:
In January 1913, a series of meetings was held between Winnipeg and several municipalities in the surrounding region, who reached an agreement on draft legislation to form a metropolitan
579:
for peak loads to be served in excess of the aqueduct's nominal capacity and allow for maintenance shutdowns of the aqueduct without interrupting the city's water supply.
349:
In 1912, the Public Utilities Commissioner, at the request of the City of Winnipeg, caused an investigation to be made and obtained an engineering report that recommended
438:(30 million imp gal) per day. The engineers estimated the total cost of the intake, diversion works, concrete aqueduct, pressure portion, and tunnel to be
476:
1165:
1170:
753:
591:
256:
559:
The system consists of about 83-mile (134 km) of buried concrete unpressurized conduit and 9.9-mile (16 km) of buried pressurized inverted
536:
community had proposed developments but they were cancelled in the interest of protecting the watershed. In lieu of these cancelled developments, a
1123:
Developing a Domestic Water Supply for Winnipeg from Shoal Lake and Lake of the Woods: The Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct, 1905 – 1919
522:
480:
793:
940:
689:
It was established in 1913 as a collaboration between the City of Winnipeg and its neighbouring municipalities, who decided to invest
495:
reservoir and distribution to the City of Winnipeg began on 5 April 1919. The opening ceremony for the aqueduct was performed by
235:
1094:"Historic Sites of Manitoba: Greater Winnipeg Water District Second Branch Aqueduct Plaque (Bishop Grandin Boulevard, Winnipeg)"
797:
346:
and was committed to the expenditure of a large sum of money. Consequently, the water supply project was postponed until 1912.
350:
197:
90:
510:
Equipment to fluoridate the water supply was installed at the aqueduct intake and operations commenced on 28 December 1956.
619:, built in 1972 with eight open cells, holds 8800 megalitres, equal to a 20-day supply for the city. It is named after
525:
were initially land-locked by the channel conveying water to Snowshoe Bay, and the water in Snowshoe Bay was often not
472:
Falcon River diversion. Construction of the aqueduct began in May 1915 and was virtually completed by the end of 1918.
719:
Chairman, and the work of the corporation was managed by a Board of Commissioners consisting of one to three persons.
540:
for the First Nation was set up, to which both the City of Winnipeg and the Province of Manitoba both contribute to.
789:
393:
731:
The District also operated a railway service between St. Boniface and Shoal Lake, and a sand and gravel business.
1175:
231:. Water flows by gravity from the lake, since the aqueduct drops about 91 metres (300 ft) over its length.
889:
461:
457:
397:
309:
In April 1899, the City of Winnipeg purchased the plant of the Water Works Company for $ 237,650, making it a
219:
The aqueduct extends approximately 154 kilometres (96 mi) from an intake structure on Shoal Lake to the
552:, Shoal Lake, Ontario. On its way to Winnipeg the aqueduct and railway pass through East Braintree, McMunn,
253:
Overflow tank for Winnipeg aqueduct prevents pressure rise if water demand is low. Tache Ave. Winnipeg near
1160:
815:
was extended west from River Road to Waverley Street and the underpass at Pembina Highway had to be built.
659:
644:
479:
through the newly-created lake at the west end of Indian Bay and a channel was dug to convey this water to
376:
This resulted in the creation of the Greater Winnipeg Water District (GWWD), incorporated by an Act of the
29:
1119:
824:
533:
80:
709:
The District was administered by a Board composed of the Mayor of Winnipeg and four other members of
1008:"Manitoba History: Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District"
975:"Manitoba History: Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District"
343:
246:
rail services to the public, from Winnipeg to the rail station at the Shoal Lake aqueduct intake.
683:
334:
for its future water supply. The commission endorsed this recommendation and forwarded it to the
185:
517:
was completed and officially opened. Residents of Shoal Lake 40 living on the peninsula between
851:
442:
13,045,600, excluding costs for land acquisition and for interest charges during construction.
426:
913:
875:
1141:
Not All Down Hill From There: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District
710:
663:
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335:
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703:
675:
655:
549:
518:
450:
381:
377:
303:
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Again, to prevent cold air from entering, the intake level was well below the lake level.
417:
That Shoal Lake water is of excellent quality for domestic and for manufacturing purposes;
8:
1140:
1129:
667:
468:
capable of delivering 50 million gallons per day to the reservoirs at McPhillips Street.
389:
385:
228:
212:
since the aqueduct was put in service in 1919 at a cost of nearly CDN $ 16 million.
1058:
694:
620:
362:
306:
on the north bank of the river immediately downstream from the Maryland Street Bridge.
101:
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The GWWD was eventually succeeded by the City of Winnipeg Water and Waste Department.
812:
785:
747:
715:
679:
492:
453:
430:
358:
299:
224:
1125:, retrieved 29 July 2014, Master's thesis with photographs, University of Manitoba.
671:
650:
The GWWD covered an area of 166.8 km (64.42 sq mi) and included the
1093:
1035:"Historic Sites of Manitoba: Winnipeg Aqueduct Monument (James Avenue, Winnipeg)"
1034:
808:
690:
439:
201:
1130:
Pressure to Act: The Shoal Lake Aqueduct and the Greater Winnipeg Water District
623:, who as Mayor of the city drove efforts to secure the Shoal Lake water supply.
742:
640:
370:
339:
331:
313:. At this time, the source of supply was changed from the Assiniboine River to
310:
239:
209:
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768:
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on 30 October 1907. At this time, the City was undertaking the building of a
314:
271:
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52:
38:
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243:
475:
The Falcon River dam was constructed to divert discoloured water from the
804:
496:
537:
238:, also operated by the City, since 1916. The Railway formerly provided
354:
234:
Access by maintenance staff to the aqueduct has been provided by the
750:, Waterfront Drive, shows shape of much of the buried conduit, near
925:
City of Winnipeg Municipal Manual, 1959. City of Winnipeg Archives.
651:
193:
189:
526:
205:
916:
90th anniversary of Shoal Lake aqueduct, retrieved 2014 July 25
803:
On 17 October 1960, the Second Branch Aqueduct was opened as a
560:
324:
556:, Spruce, Larkhill, Monominto, Millbrook and Deacon stations.
878:
The Building of the Winnipeg Aqueduct, retrieved 2014 July 25
784:
A stone monument was unveiled at the foot of James Avenue in
700:
An Act to incorporate the ‘Greater Winnipeg Water District,’
317:. In October 1900, the well supply was placed in operation.
914:
http://www.winnipegrealtors.ca/Resources/Article/?sysid=936
876:
http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/24/winnipegaqueduct.shtml
132:
85 million imp gal (390 million L)
208:. Winnipeg has relied on the lake as its source for safe
361:
watershed—as the source of water supply. Winnipeg Mayor
1078:
http://www.ryerson.ca/~amackenz/history/national/w.html
491:
On 29 March 1919, water from Shoal Lake arrived at the
890:"Treatment Plant Background - Water Treatment Program"
887:
849:
449:
As Shoal Lake is connected with, and is part of, the
693:13.5 million to access Shoal Lake. Winnipeg Mayor
626:
302:, the intake and pumping station being located at
1152:
1166:Transport buildings and structures in Manitoba
446:by a vote of 2,951 in favour and 90 against.
407:
325:Creating the Greater Winnipeg Water District
1171:Municipal Historical Resources of Winnipeg
852:"Shoal Lake and Winnipeg's Drinking Water"
456:watershed, approval was required from the
794:National Historic Civil Engineering Site
741:
248:
178:Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct
23:Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct
236:Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway
1153:
798:Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
464:between the United States and Canada.
311:municipally-owned and operated utility
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351:Shoal Lake, Kenora District, Ontario
1059:"Shoal Lake Aqueduct – CSCE / SCGC"
725:Greater Winnipeg Water District Act
582:
13:
1113:
991:
836:
728:findings on an equalization board
548:The entry structure is located at
513:In June 2019, a road to serve the
14:
1187:
1024:
962:
941:"Greater Winnipeg Water District"
928:
340:hydro electric generating station
16:Bridge in Shoal Lake First Nation
790:American Water Works Association
737:
483:, away from the aqueduct inlet.
398:Rural Municipality of Assiniboia
394:Rural Municipality of Fort Garry
1136:, Number 72, Spring-Summer 2013
1086:
1051:
796:plaque unveiled in 1994 by the
633:Greater Winnipeg Water District
627:Greater Winnipeg Water District
390:Rural Municipality of St. Vital
919:
907:
881:
869:
543:
458:International Joint Commission
402:Rural Municipality of Kildonan
1:
958:– via Canadiana Online.
830:
746:Plaque on aqueduct monument,
292:
888:Water and Waste Department.
850:Water and Waste Department.
811:, it was moved in 1988 when
676:Municipalities of Fort Garry
321:increasing city population.
227:, a few kilometres south of
7:
818:
674:(1.9 km); and parts of the
462:1909 Boundary Waters Treaty
392:, as well as a part of the
145:Hering, Fuertes and Stearns
10:
1192:
825:Shoal Lake 40 First Nation
534:Shoal Lake 40 First Nation
287:
188:that supplies the city of
81:Shoal Lake 40 First Nation
769:49.8984361°N 97.1327000°W
607:49.8492472°N 96.9354528°W
408:Planning and construction
272:49.8977889°N 97.1286389°W
170:
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28:
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1147:, Number 75, Summer 2014
813:Bishop Grandin Boulevard
223:on the east side of the
124:154 km (96 mi)
774:49.8984361; -97.1327000
702:was assented to in the
612:49.8492472; -96.9354528
497:Edward, Prince of Wales
460:which administered the
277:49.8977889; -97.1286389
1176:Reservoirs in Manitoba
1083:, retrieved 2014 08 30
947:. 1918. Archived from
781:
656:Cities of St. Boniface
654:(65 km); parts of the
284:
1143:" by David A. Ennis,
1132:" by David A. Ennis,
745:
666:(9 km); parts of the
645:Greater Winnipeg area
515:Shoal Lake 40 reserve
499:on 9 September 1919.
336:Winnipeg City Council
252:
142:Engineering design by
53:49.62250°N 95.19556°W
704:Manitoba Legislature
382:City of St. Boniface
378:Manitoba Legislature
1161:Aqueducts in Canada
1081:Shoal Lake Aqueduct
765: /
603: /
268: /
91:Shoal Lake, Ontario
58:49.62250; -95.19556
48: /
896:. City of Winnipeg
894:legacy.winnipeg.ca
858:. City of Winnipeg
856:legacy.winnipeg.ca
782:
668:Towns of Transcona
621:Thomas Russ Deacon
487:Opening and beyond
285:
196:, with water from
102:Winnipeg, Manitoba
100:Deacon Reservoir,
786:Stephen Juba Park
748:Stephen Juba Park
493:McPhillips Street
454:Lake of the Woods
431:McPhillips Street
386:Town of Transcona
359:Lake of the Woods
304:Armstrong's Point
300:Assiniboine River
225:Winnipeg floodway
174:
173:
1183:
1145:Manitoba History
1134:Manitoba History
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652:City of Winnipeg
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583:Deacon Reservoir
363:Thomas R. Deacon
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111:City of Winnipeg
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1114:Further reading
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809:Pembina Highway
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682:(14.3 km), and
662:(18.8 km), and
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202:Kenora District
116:Characteristics
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670:(12.8 km) and
641:water district
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451:trans-boundary
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371:water district
344:Pointe du Bois
332:Winnipeg River
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315:artesian wells
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210:drinking water
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1121:David Ennis,
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1098:www.mhs.mb.ca
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951:on 2020-03-24
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760:97°07′57.72″W
757:49°53′54.37″N
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738:Commemoration
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684:West Kildonan
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664:East Kildonan
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598:96°56′07.63″W
595:49°50′57.29″N
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523:Snowshoe Bays
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263:97°07′43.10″W
260:49°53′52.04″N
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64:GWWD Aqueduct
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711:City Council
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481:Snowshoe Bay
477:Falcon River
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121:Total length
805:branch line
772: /
678:(20.8 km),
658:(17.7 km),
610: /
554:Hadashville
544:Description
275: /
56: /
30:Coordinates
1155:Categories
1103:2023-05-21
1064:2023-05-21
1044:2023-05-21
1017:2023-03-26
984:2023-05-21
955:2020-03-24
900:2023-05-21
862:2023-05-21
831:References
716:ex officio
686:(6.2 km).
550:Indian Bay
538:trust fund
400:, and the
293:Background
229:Highway 15
198:Shoal Lake
62: (
43:95°11′44″W
40:49°37′21″N
680:St. Vital
660:St. James
427:Red River
355:tributary
240:passenger
153:1913-1919
819:See also
792:, and a
639:) was a
194:Manitoba
190:Winnipeg
186:aqueduct
184:) is an
166:Location
129:Capacity
561:siphons
527:potable
425:of the
421:supply;
357:of the
288:History
244:freight
206:Ontario
137:History
698:year,
672:Tuxedo
519:Indian
396:, the
388:, and
158:Opened
87:Begins
77:Locale
182:GWWDA
150:Built
108:Owner
691:CA$
637:GWWD
631:The
532:The
521:and
440:CA$
242:and
176:The
161:1919
97:Ends
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342:at
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