2032:
1386:
397:
505:
408:
198:
446:
303:
1898:
468:
290:
494:
236:
184:
457:
423:
380:
358:
343:
328:
314:
252:
213:
164:
1671:
1513:
1579:
2323:
1263:, and also played by the Mongol rules by sending a delegation to Golden Horde (as the neutral power-broker) in order to negotiate peace. But the Mongols used Moscow to counterbalance the rise of Lithuanian power; they arrested the Lithuanian envoys and handed them over to the Muscovites, so that Algirdas had to ransom his emissaries from his enemies.
1354:). Dmitry Konstantinovich was part of a group of Rus' princes who were concerned about the rise of the Daniilovichi princely dynasty of Muscovy; the princes of Rostov, Beloozero, and Galich–Dmitrov supported Konstantinovich's claim to grand prince in return for receiving extra power for themselves from Nawruz. Nawruz was overthrown in 1361, however.
1425:), was invited by some grandees to seize the throne. Khidr rebelled against Nawruz, whose own lieutenant betrayed him and handed him over to be executed. Khidr was slain by his own son, Timur Khwaja, in the same year. Timur Khwaja reigned for only five weeks before descendants of Öz Beg Khan seized power.
1601:
who was defeated at
Kulikovo, and Tokhtamysh personally defeated Mamai at the Kalka River (1381) to become the undisputed khan, he wanted to make Moscow an example of what happened if anyone dared defy Mongol supremacy over the Rus' principalities. Tokhtamysh allied himself (in part through coercion)
1617:
Although
Kulikovo had marked Muscovy's new position as the pre-eminent state amongst the Rus' principalities, the subsequent sack of Moscow confirmed that Donskoy and the other princes remained firmly under suzerainty of the Tatar–Mongol Golden Horde, now ruled by Tokhtamysh. According to Halperin
1503:
deserted Urus and went over to Timur. Timur personally attacked Urus in 1376 but the campaign ended indecisively. Urus died the next year and was succeeded by his son, Timur-Melik, who immediately lost
Sighnaq to Tokhtamysh. In 1378, Tokhtamysh conquered Sarai.
1093:
The Rus' principalities and neighbouring states frequently changed their allegiancies at this time, joining forces with or against various Mongol factions and with or against each other, in tactical efforts to exploit rapidly shifting situations. The
2567:
The 1375 Muscovy-led expedition forced Tver to sign a treaty recognising Moscow's superiority and to pledge military support in the case of a conflict; however, no
Tverian troops were sent to reinforce Donskoy's anti-Mamai coalition at Kulikovo in
1641:(Golden Horde) as having evolved from "the thirteenth to early fourteenth century major European and Asian power" to a "late fourteenth-century minor regional East European " during the decades-long war. Tokhtamysh was not as bloodthirsty as
1306:
clan fought bitterly over the fate of the dynasty, while no fewer than 24 khans (possibly even more) were enthroned. The capital city of Sarai changed hands multiple times, in one year being successively conquered by 6 different pretenders.
2060:
2045:
770:
1330:
When Rus' princes heard of Berdi Beg's death, they had begun travelling to Sarai to receive patents from his successor, but by the time they arrived, Nawruz had already assumed the throne. Nawruz did not award the title of
2644:"With more common sense than valour, Dmitrii Donskoi withdrew northward, leaving the people of his capital to their fate. In their consternation, they turned to a Lithuanian prince, Ostei, to lead the defence of the city."
2421:
turned on his Rus' vassal
Dmitrij Konstantinovič, and captured and sacked Nižnij Novgorod (which had already been burnt down by Mamai the previous year), arresting and torturing Rus' merchants and confiscating their
1614:, to lead the defence. The princes of Nizhniy Novgorod tricked the population into surrendering the city, after which Tokhtamysh' forces immediately sacked Moscow as punishment for resisting Mongol authority.
1205:
to the Rus' princes, although it is unclear when this happened, or why, though the Golden Horde officials authorised with collecting the taxes were widely hated in Rus' sources. The last references to the
1809:
1360/1: Rus' princes travelling to Sarai are abused and their property is stolen. Subsequently they stopped personally travelling to Sarai, and instead sent emissaries to pay homage and receive patents.
1476:(1377). However Arab-Shah was unable to take advantage of the situation because of the advance of another Mongol general from the east. Mamai sent an army against the Muscovite alliance in 1378, but
1066:
had ravaged the cities of the Golden Horde, was characterised by two decades of near anarchy. A long series of short-reigning khans deposed and killed each other, only to suffer the same fate next.
2031:
4051:
2078:
775:
2016:
of
Muscovy conclude a peace agreement and recognise the latter as grand prince of Vladimir. Later in 1364, Konstantinovich refuses a patent from yet another khan for the title of Vladimir.
4046:
2055:
2040:
2073:
2558:, and fought under Donskoy at Kulikovo in 1380, but in 1382 the Suzdalians played a crucial role in capturing Moscow by deception, allowing Tokhtamysh to sack the Muscovite capital.
1456:
backed
Abdullah but failed to take Sarai, which saw the reign of two more khans, Murad and Aziz. Abdullah died in 1370 and Muhammad Bolaq was enthroned as puppet khan by Mamai.
1987:
1363/4: Donskoy evicts sitting princes from
Starodub, Galich and Rostov, and replaces them with vassals by invoking his title of grand prince of Vladimir with Mamai's backing.
1610:
at
Kulikovo two years earlier, abandoned his capital and fled north, leaving the dismayed citizens of Moscow to ask a Lithuanian prince named Ostei (or Ostej), a grandson of
878:
2162:
2157:
981:
950:
855:
785:
46:
1274:
in the 1340s, spreading to all urban centres of Golden Horde and its vassals, with many in the ranks of the khan's army and up to 25% of the Rus' population dying to the
1201:
from the subordinate Rus' principalities provided the Horde's coffers with plenty revenue. The responsibility of tax collection was eventually transferred from the
987:
896:
890:
884:
1634:
over the Golden Horde and its Rus' vassals, but because
Muscovy mostly escaped the destruction of war, these years allowed it to recover and grow its strength.
1323:. Qulpa's two sons were Christians and bore the Slavic names Michael and Ivan, which outraged the Muslim populace of the Golden Horde. In 1360, Qulpa's brother
1278:. The end of Özbeg Khan's reign in 1341 also sparked a series of dynastic regicides, first intermittently, then from 1359 with alarming frequency. Özbeg's son
908:
956:
944:
920:
914:
1266:
Two developments in the mid-14th century were catastrophic for the Horde's society and economy: several Mongol khanates fell between 1330 and 1370, and the
4036:
743:
1969:) for the throne of Vladimir from rival khans. The khan at Sarai changes allegiance and issues a patent awarding the title of grand prince of Vladimir to
2318:
993:
2601:
entry for the year 6868 (1360), which according to the 1914 Oxford English translation says: 'The same year there was a great tumult in the Horde: many
4041:
968:
4013:
2506:
2577:
In 1380, Lithuania was allied with Mamai, but the Lithuanians arrived too late to aid him; they retreated at the news of Mamai's defeat at Kulikovo.
2443:
conquers Sarai. Arab Shah eventually abdicated in 1380 in favour of Tokhtamysh, who spared him and Qaghan Beg, and gave them some fiefdoms to reign.
2586:"Of course Chingissids killed each other all the time, especially in the recent past, during the "Troubles" in the Juchid ulus in the 1360s–1370s."
848:
2134:
3929:
3906:
3883:
3786:
3663:
3566:
2411:
2167:(21 November 1368). But they fail to conquer the city itself on three occasions (1368, 1370; 1372 didn't reach Moscow). The recently completed
1472:
troops impinged on the Bulgar territory of Arab-Shah, the son of Bulat Temir, who caught them off guard and defeated them on the banks of the
2109:
2084:
698:
2521:
2141:
1589:
The siege of Moscow in 1382 was motivated by khan Tokhtamysh's desire to punish Muscovy for its audacity to challenge the authority of the
1260:
780:
123:
841:
1602:
with the Rus' princes of Tver, Riazan, and Nizhniy Novgorod against Muscovy, and launched a surprise attack on the city in 1382. Prince
1179:
s or patents) continued supporting his rule, and the Turco-Mongolian population of his realm gradually assimilated and became known as "
4031:
736:
1377:, presumably because "Urus-Khan's mother was a Russian princess... he was prepared to press his claims on Russia on that ground."
2256:
attacked Urus Khan with fresh troops from Timur, but is defeated (and wounded) by Urus' son Toqtaqiya in a battle near the river
2114:
2089:
703:
19:
This article is about the 14th–century Golden Horde war of succession. For the 1598–1613 Tsardom of Russia successon crisis, see
2555:
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797:
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412:
363:
202:
3759:
3519:
1735:
3728:
3979:
2511:
2496:
1707:
4061:
729:
2401:
1846:
1090:), Mamai had no legitimate claim to the throne, and instead used Chingisid puppet-khans to exercise political control.
2414:), killed him, and subjugated the area. According to Rus' chronicles, Tagai had already been killed in the late 1360s.
1714:
1385:
3950:
3858:
3834:
3809:
3797:Цари ордынские: биографии ханов и правителей Золотой Орды (Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy)
3722:
3682:
3596:
3540:
2501:
1754:
1294:
in 1359 is usually considered the start of the Great Troubles. When Qulpa was killed (1360) by yet another brother,
2471:– Tokhtamysh's faction defeats Mamai's faction, becomes undisputed khan of the Golden Horde and ends Great Troubles
2468:
2384:
1377: On Arab Shah's orders, Dmitrij Ivanovič of Moscow and Dmitrij Konstantinovič of Nižnij Novgorod attacked the
1561:
1127:
817:
137:
3749:
4056:
1688:
1413:
became strongholds of various factions during the war, while vassal Rus' principalities frequently changed sides.
1721:
3701:
2199:
1692:
1102:
were opportunistic in profiting from the internecine warfare that weakened Mongol-Tatar control in the region.
640:
590:
2156:
from khans for the title of grand prince of Vladimir) raid and attack Moscow, defeating the Muscovites in the
1553:
mercenaries for another attack on Moscow in 1380. In the ensuing battle, Mongol forces once again lost at the
4066:
2621:
2516:
999:
2605:
with their wives and children were killed, and the men of the ranks fought against each other.' The phrase
1703:
3991:
1627:
938:
1495:
for assistance. Tokhtamysh attacked Urus, killing his son Kutlug-Buka, but lost the battle and fled to
1980:
of Nizhny Novgorod–Suzdal fails to retake city of Vladimir, and is driven back to Suzdal by Mamai and
1937:
1918:
1887:
1866:
632:
580:
2631:
2451:
2433:
2337:
2230:
of the Vladimir throne). Treaty imposed on Tver, recognising itself as a "younger brother" of Moscow.
1481:
1251:
also played this power game according to the Mongol rules in 1353 and 1371. In the mid-14th century,
807:
679:
2597:
2528:
1623:
1437:
1390:
1332:
1226:
1095:
1027:
472:
295:
1302:(the 1242 founder of the Golden Horde) went extinct. From 1360 to 1380, competing branches of the
1235:(patent). They employed this highly symbolic title to prop up a weaker Rus' principality (usually
2175:
1681:
1170:
902:
131:
1645:, and did not have the means to completely level Moscow (as Genghis would have done), just like
2475:
2363:
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1573:
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1211:
1131:
1079:
1071:
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318:
143:
3938:
4007:
3574:
Grigor'ev, A. P. (1983). "Zolotoordynskie hany 60-70-h godov XIV v.: hronologija pravlenii".
2345:
2302:
2213:
1914:
1902:
1654:
1473:
1469:
1449:
1336:
1298:, who himself died under suspicious circumstances after a year on the throne, the lineage of
1236:
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119:
55:
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282:
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Sidorenko, V. A. (2000). "Hronologija pravlenii zolotoordynskih hanov 1357-1380 gg".
3946:
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3755:
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3592:
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3515:
2226:
1375: Muscovy–led expedition against Tver (allied with Mamai, who had given Tver the
2179:
1052:
1044:
1618:(1987), 'Moscow benefited more from the deteriorating relations between Tokhtamysh
3995:
3620:
2036:
2009:
1977:
1970:
1951:
1947:
1374:
1351:
1343:
636:
585:
20:
3624:
2137:, makes himself khan, and purges princes and emirs whom he suspects of disloyalty.
3820:
3795:
3712:
3672:
3530:
2611:
2352:
1607:
1465:
1428:
In 1362, the Golden Horde was divided between Keldi Beg in Sarai, Bulat Temir in
1244:
1005:
3608:
1560:
The Great Troubles came to an end when Tokhtamysh personally defeated Mamai the
2483:
2461:
2249:. Urus' son Qutlu-Buqa defeated Tokhtamysh, but died of wounds from the battle.
2013:
1981:
1962:
1943:
1897:
1817:
1790:
1631:
1603:
1477:
1429:
1339:
1115:
962:
713:
656:
545:
401:
3822:Мамай: история "антигероя" в истории (Mamaj: Istorija "anti-geroja" v istorii)
4025:
3632:
3609:"A Tatar interpretation of the battle of Kulikovo Field, 1380: Rustam Nabiev"
2362:'s Mongol troops raided and plundered the countryside of Nizhny Novgorod and
2351:
1377: After Pyana, Mongol troops loyal to Mamai sacked and burnt the city of
2246:
1646:
1214:(possibly the last region to switch to princely tax collection), while emir
1147:
3802:
Tsars of the Horde: Biographies of the Khans and Rulers of the Golden Horde
1827:
1813:
1642:
1590:
1394:
1271:
1162:
1087:
1056:
865:
550:
175:
110:
79:
24:
3589:
Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History
1146:
The Golden Horde had reached the height of its power and prosperity under
3982:[The initial period of the "Great Troubles" in Rus' chronicles].
2857:
2105:
2024:
2020:
2002:
1929:
1546:
1487:
In 1372, Urus marched west and occupied Sarai. His nephew and lieutenant
1267:
1063:
833:
575:
570:
1872:
September/August 1362: Battle on the Volga River – Khiḍr Khan's brother
3999:
2447:
2440:
2378:
2268:
2253:
2234:
2220:
1852:
1823:
1794:
1780:
1695: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1531:
1488:
1370:
1324:
1295:
1222:
system around 1380, indicating that it had fallen into disuse by then.
1187:
1123:
613:
600:
555:
540:
389:
96:
2388:(allies of Mamai) and forced them to recognise Arab Shah's suzerainty.
2205:
1374: Mamai briefly recaptures Sarai, then Urus Khan recaptures Sarai.
2426:
2418:
2392:
2374:
2359:
2306:
2272:
2257:
2195:
2130:
1921:'s Golden Horde forces. Lithuania is victorious and incorporates the
1906:
1877:
1856:
1800:
1769:
1619:
1496:
1358:
1316:
1299:
1287:
1158:
1083:
675:
666:
605:
595:
560:
106:
102:
1670:
2385:
2145:
1611:
1440:
attacked the western tributaries of the Golden Horde and conquered
1283:
1279:
1275:
1252:
1103:
686:
3408:
1961:
issues a patent awarding the title of grand prince of Vladimir to
1070:
emerged as the most powerful Mongol warlord, frequently employing
3650:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century Part II.1
2407:
2295:
2123:
2066:
2065:– forces of Ryazan and Kozelsk defeat the Golden Horde forces of
1837:
1804:
1512:
1445:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1362:
721:
367:
350:
266:
3220:
1327:(Navruz) revolted against the khan and killed him and his sons.
1118:
successfully united most Rus' princes against Mamai at the 1380
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
2367:
1433:
1418:
1402:
1366:
1350:, nephew of Alexander of Suzdal who previously held it (before
1231:
1180:
1175:
1135:
437:
227:
3244:
3232:
2962:
4052:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
3386:
3384:
3382:
3299:
3297:
3295:
2797:
2396:
2310:
2291:
2264:
2242:
2238:
2209:
1991:
1958:
1883:
1862:
1841:
1833:
1784:
1773:
1598:
1578:
1550:
1542:
1523:
1500:
1492:
1453:
1422:
1320:
1303:
1291:
1215:
1166:
1067:
1038:
620:
535:
433:
223:
92:
51:
3360:
3268:
3256:
3181:
3140:
3138:
3136:
2835:
2833:
2831:
1225:
The khans obtained the prerogative of granting the title of
1122:, solidifying Muscovite pre-eminence amongst them. However,
4047:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3123:
3121:
3108:
3106:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3064:
3062:
3016:
2950:
2845:
2005:
tries to take control of Crimea, but is driven out by Mamai
1776:, who seizes the Golden Horde throne – Great Troubles begin
1650:
1441:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3379:
3292:
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2812:
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3047:
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2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2294:'s control). Moscow briefly installed a tax collector in
3980:"Начальный период "великой замятни" в русских летописях"
3943:
Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State
3482:
3470:
3432:
3348:
3198:
3196:
3118:
3103:
3074:
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3037:
3035:
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2727:
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2721:
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2119:
and reincorporates the Bulgar Ulus into the Golden Horde
45:
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2768:
2693:
2679:
2677:
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1585:
as painted by Vasily Sergeievich Smirnov (19th century)
1319:(Berdibek) was killed in 1359 in a coup by his brother
3420:
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3309:
3280:
3208:
3150:
3001:
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2974:
2935:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2743:
1389:
Map of the Golden Horde during the Great Troubles and
23:. For the 20th–century Northern Ireland conflict, see
3962:
Materialov po arheologii, istorii i ètnografii Tavrii
3193:
3169:
3091:
3028:
2881:
2869:
2785:
2712:
2609:
or "Great Troubles" features more prominently in the
1480:
defeated Mamai's forces led by general Begich at the
3576:
Istriografija i istočnikovedenie stran Azii i Afriki
2658:
2896:
1965:
of Muscovy. Donskoy had thus received two patents (
1564:to become the undisputed khan of the Golden Horde.
1373:). He was named Urus, which means "Russian" in the
1286:(1342), who in turn was possibly killed by his son
3507:
2094:, the autonomous emir of the (Volga) Bulgar Ulus (
1954:on the authority of a patent from a khan at Sarai.
1567:
1452:in 1363. A powerful Mongol general by the name of
1290:(1357). The latter's assassination by his brother
1255:(Olgerd) of Lithuania would try to bring Tver and
1126:'s lightning rise to power in the late 1370s, his
3751:Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book
3550:
3226:
2507:List of wars involving the Principality of Moscow
138:takes over Golden Horde as undisputed khan (1381)
4023:
3829:]. Saint Petersburg: Eurasia. p. 287.
3804:]. Saint Petersburg: Eurasia. p. 406.
2381:to abdicate, and becomes the new khan at Sarai.
1622:than it had from the victory of Kulikovo.' The
1210:system are found from the 1350s to 1382 in the
3510:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
2202:out of Sarai and briefly controls the capital.
1946:drive out Nizhny Novgorod–Suzdalian troops of
1653:from the face of the earth after crushing the
1606:, who had led his largely Muscovite army to a
132:pre-eminent amongst Rus' principalities (1380)
4012:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
3936:
3827:Mamai: the story of an 'anti-hero' in history
3573:
3414:
3250:
3187:
1890:at Sarai, but they are defeated in battle by
1597:(1380). Even though it was his rival warlord
1538:attempted to break free of the Khan's power.
849:
737:
3945:. Academic Studies Press. pp. 104–107.
2298:until the city was taken back by the Tatars.
1865:returns to his base in Crimea and proclaims
4037:Wars involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3984:Bulletin of the South Ural State University
3867:
3238:
2313:, defeated a Rus' princes coalition led by
2133:seizes the throne of the Ulus of Orda from
1876:(in control of Gülistan) defeats and kills
1526:by I.G. Blinov (ink, tempera, gold), 1890s.
1464:Mamai also had to deal with a rebellion in
1229:to any Rus' prince they favoured through a
1062:This era, which followed shortly after the
16:14th–century Golden Horde war of succession
3928:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3882:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3843:
3785:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3662:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3565:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3551:Grekov, B. D.; Jakubovskij, A. J. (1950).
3354:
1098:as well as Horde vassals such as Tver and
863:
856:
842:
744:
730:
4042:Wars involving the Principality of Moscow
3968:
3959:
3937:Shaikhutdinov, Marat (23 November 2021).
3818:
3793:
3754:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3717:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3607:Halperin, Charles J. (17 February 2016).
3476:
3464:
3445:
3390:
3373:
3303:
3274:
3262:
3127:
3112:
3085:
3068:
2436:– Muscovy defeates Mamai's general Begich
1755:Learn how and when to remove this message
3913:
3890:
3696:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3606:
3586:
3426:
3342:
3286:
3202:
3163:
3144:
3022:
3010:
2995:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2929:
2917:
2875:
2851:
2839:
2822:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2762:
2737:
2706:
2547:
2545:
2030:
1896:
1577:
1511:
1384:
1218:is said to have intended to restore the
3977:
3770:
3647:
3528:
3488:
3402:
3330:
3318:
3214:
3175:
2890:
2263:1376: Skirmishes between the forces of
2241:(Tamerlane) and establishes himself at
2191:– Lithuania and Muscovy conclude peace.
4024:
3893:Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy
3744:
3710:
3691:
3505:
3097:
3053:
3041:
2863:
2687:
2100:Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal
1249:Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal
3819:Počekaev, Roman Julianovich (2010b).
3794:Počekaev, Roman Julianovich (2010a).
2638:
2542:
2366:, capturing the city (and prince) of
1851:conquer the capital Sarai, overthrow
1637:Halperin (2016) described the Juchid
837:
725:
3978:Sorogin, Yevgeniy Igorevich (2022).
3670:
3532:The Formation of Muscovy 1300 – 1613
2905:
2522:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)
2512:List of wars of succession in Europe
2142:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)
1693:adding citations to reliable sources
1664:
1261:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)
1128:definitive victory over Mamai (1381)
1082:as his allies. Because he was not a
3674:Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition
3591:. Indiana University. p. 222.
2482:besiege and devastate Moscow while
2460:– coalition of Rus' princes led by
2098:), was defeated by troops from the
2035:Illustration from the 16th-century
1942:winter 1362–3: Muscovite troops of
1342:(later known as "Donskoy"), but to
1243:) to keep the latter in check as a
1134:confirmed the Rus' principalities'
13:
3731:from the original on 23 April 2023
3506:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
2866:, p. xxi, 195, 207, 209, 215.
2280:Muscovite–Volga Bulgars war (1376)
1239:) against a stronger one (usually
751:
14:
4078:
2502:List of khans of the Golden Horde
2497:Armies of the Rus' principalities
2464:of Muscovy defeat Mamai's faction
2328:(killed in battle; son of prince
2056:Battle near the Shishevsky Forest
2041:Battle near the Shishevsky Forest
1901:2012 commemorative stamp for the
1660:
1186:Taxes regularly collected by the
3964:. Vol. 7. pp. 267–288.
2478:– Tokhtamysh's Golden Horde and
2469:Battle of the Kalka River (1381)
2330:Dmitri Konstantinovich of Suzdal
2074:Battle of the Pyana River (1367)
1832:September/October 1361: warlord
1669:
1562:Battle of the Kalka River (1381)
1348:prince of Nizhny Novgorod–Suzdal
1344:Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal
1165:flourished. While Özbeg adopted
1157:), when overland trade from the
1132:subsequent sack of Moscow (1382)
503:
492:
466:
455:
444:
421:
406:
395:
378:
356:
341:
326:
312:
301:
288:
250:
234:
211:
196:
182:
162:
44:
4032:Wars involving the Golden Horde
3547:(originally published in 1987).
3498:
2589:
2580:
1917:– battle between Lithuania and
1680:needs additional citations for
1568:Aftermath: 1382 siege of Moscow
1152:
1106:defeated Mamai's forces at the
3677:. Londen/New York: Routledge.
2571:
2561:
2223:captures Sarai from Urus Khan.
2012:of Nizhny Novgorod–Suzdal and
1932:conquers Sarai and drives out
1522:. A large-scale hand-coloured
1499:. Soon after, another general
1:
3625:10.1080/00905992.2015.1063594
3587:Halperin, Charles J. (1987).
3535:. Routledge. pp. 52–62.
3227:Grekov & Jakubovskij 1950
2651:
2556:1376 campaign against Bolghar
1259:under his control during the
1141:
515:
481:
275:
257:
3939:"3.4 Invasion of Tokhtamysh"
3671:Kohn, George Childs (2013).
2450:defeats and kills Urus' son
2275:end indecisively. Urus dies.
2027:) and proclaims himself khan
2023:seizes Sarai (probably from
1507:
1310:
1282:was murdered by his brother
1270:reached the capital city of
7:
3992:South Ural State University
3868:Safargaliev, M. G. (1960).
3529:Crummey, Robert O. (2014).
2490:
2178:– Muscovites defeat prince
1952:city of Vladimir–on-Klyazma
1628:Battle of the Vorskla River
1173:(exempt from taxes through
1039:
798:Muscovite–Volga Bulgars war
10:
4083:
4062:Medieval history of Russia
3969:Vernadsky, George (1953),
3553:Zolotaja orda i eë padenie
2554:joined Muscovy during the
2282:– war between Muscovy and
2158:Battle of the Trosna River
1973:of Nizhny Novgorod–Suzdal.
1571:
1110:and thereby conquered the
504:
493:
467:
456:
445:
407:
396:
313:
302:
289:
235:
197:
183:
58:monument (erected in 1862)
18:
4002:(inactive 30 April 2024).
3714:Medieval Russia: 980–1584
3694:Medieval Russia: 980–1584
2632:Novgorod Fourth Chronicle
2517:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
2434:Battle of the Vozha River
2429:plundered Ryazan (again).
2315:Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdalian
2286:against the Bulgar Ulus (
1626:(1386–1395) and the 1399
1491:deserted him and went to
1482:Battle of the Vozha River
1417:In 1361, a descendant of
1352:Ivan I "Kalita" of Moscow
1049:Golden Horde Dynastic War
1031:
874:
761:
523:
155:
62:
43:
39:Golden Horde Dynastic War
36:
3914:Seleznëv, J. V. (2009).
3891:Sagdeeva, R. Z. (2005).
2598:Novgorod First Chronicle
2535:
2395:attacked Mamai's vassal
1459:
1438:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1380:
1333:Grand Prince of Vladimir
1227:Grand Prince of Vladimir
1096:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
781:Lithuanian–Muscovite War
714:Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow
657:Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow
124:but not Moscow (1368–72)
3973:, Yale University Press
3771:Nasonov, A. N. (1940).
3741:(digital printing 2004)
3648:Howorth, H. H. (1880).
2635:(Dubrovsky manuscript).
2198:drives Mamai's protégé
2176:Battle of Skornishchevo
2171:proved insurmountable.
1822:August/September 1361:
976:Muscovite–Horde battles
4057:14th-century conflicts
3971:The Mongols and Russia
3711:Martin, Janet (2004).
3692:Martin, Janet (1995).
2617:Vologda-Perm Chronicle
2552:Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal
2480:Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal
2476:Siege of Moscow (1382)
2370:itself in autumn 1377.
2284:Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal
2050:
2010:Dmitry Konstantinovich
1978:Dmitry Konstantinovich
1971:Dmitry Konstantinovich
1948:Dmitry Konstantinovich
1909:
1586:
1583:Siege of Moscow (1382)
1574:Siege of Moscow (1382)
1527:
1414:
1212:Principality of Ryazan
524:Commanders and leaders
2971:, p. 73–75, 107.
2303:Battle on Pyana River
2034:
1915:Battle of Blue Waters
1913:Autumn 1362 or 1363:
1903:Battle of Blue Waters
1900:
1655:Tver Uprising of 1327
1581:
1515:
1450:Battle of Blue Waters
1388:
1138:to the Golden Horde.
1108:Battle of Blue Waters
1047:), also known as the
629:Mamai's puppet-khans:
4067:Principality of Tver
3613:Nationalities Papers
3417:, p. 45–46, 54.
2806:, p. 57, 73–75.
2529:Tokhtamysh–Timur war
2122:1368: Mamai defeats
1923:Principality of Kiev
1689:improve this article
1624:Tokhtamysh–Timur war
1391:Tokhtamysh–Timur war
1361:had set up court in
1112:Principality of Kiev
56:Millennium of Russia
3870:Raspad Zolotoj Ordy
3845:Pokhlebkin, William
2595:One example is the
2288:Qashan Principality
2216:to Nizhny Novgorod.
2169:Moscow Kremlin Wall
2152:(obtaining several
2096:Qashan Principality
1072:Rus' principalities
1059:from 1359 to 1381.
897:Burundai's campaign
488:Donskoy's coalition
144:sacks Moscow (1382)
105:falls (1360), many
4000:10.14529/ssh220205
3916:Èlita Zolotoj Ordy
3850:A History of Vodka
3376:, p. 149–151.
3277:, p. 125–126.
3265:, p. 284–285.
3241:, p. 117–118.
3188:Shaikhutdinov 2021
3056:, p. 207–208.
3025:, p. 69, 107.
2959:, p. 75, 107.
2854:, p. 73, 100.
2607:Velikaya zamyatnya
2474:(Aftermath) 1382:
2458:Battle of Kulikovo
2332:), also including
2237:receives aid from
2214:Sary-Aka's embassy
2189:Treaty of Lyubutsk
2150:Mikhail II of Tver
2051:
1910:
1595:Battle of Kulikovo
1587:
1555:Battle of Kulikovo
1530:By the 1380s, the
1528:
1519:Battle of Kulikovo
1432:, and Abdullah in
1415:
1163:Yuan dynasty China
1120:Battle of Kulikovo
1040:Velikaya zamyatnya
885:Kuremsa's campaign
660:(1363–early 1370s)
653:Mikhail II of Tver
244:(1363–70; 1370–74)
117:Lithuania conquers
3761:978-0-511-36800-4
3521:978-0-8160-4671-3
3514:. Facts On File.
2319:Ivan Dmitriyevich
2180:Oleg II of Ryazan
2148:of Lithuania and
1886:briefly installs
1803:sets up court in
1765:
1764:
1757:
1739:
1620:Tamerlane (Timur)
1436:. Meanwhile, the
1053:war of succession
1037:
1017:
1016:
935: (1359–81/2)
909:Dyuden's campaign
899: (1258–1260)
879:Nevruy's campaign
831:
830:
771:Shishevsky Forest
720:
719:
673:
661:
626:
611:
519:
477:
441:
417:
270:
245:
231:
207:
193:
179:
151:
150:
4074:
4017:
4011:
4003:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3933:
3927:
3919:
3910:
3904:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3840:
3815:
3790:
3784:
3776:
3765:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3707:
3688:
3667:
3661:
3653:
3644:
3602:
3583:
3570:
3564:
3556:
3546:
3525:
3513:
3492:
3491:, p. 223–5.
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3449:
3443:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3393:, p. 83–85.
3388:
3377:
3371:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3307:
3306:, p. 61–63.
3301:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3253:, p. 29–31.
3248:
3242:
3239:Safargaliev 1960
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3148:
3147:, p. 74–75.
3142:
3131:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2842:, p. 73–75.
2837:
2826:
2820:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2741:
2735:
2710:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2627:Rogozh Chronicle
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2549:
2432:11 August 1378:
2405:
2327:
2301:1377: 2 August
2166:
2118:
2093:
2082:
2064:
2049:
2037:Facial Chronicle
1882:September 1362:
1850:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1704:"Great Troubles"
1697:
1673:
1665:
1375:Turkish language
1340:Dmitry Ivanovich
1337:Muscovite prince
1156:
1155: 1313–1341
1154:
1042:
1036:romanized:
1035:
1033:
982:The Bityug River
951:Edigu's campaign
869:
858:
851:
844:
835:
834:
756:
746:
739:
732:
723:
722:
707:
671:
659:
624:
609:
517:
513:
508:
507:
506:
497:
496:
495:
483:
475:
471:
470:
469:
460:
459:
458:
449:
448:
447:
431:
426:
425:
424:
415:
411:
410:
409:
400:
399:
398:
383:
382:
381:
361:
360:
359:
346:
345:
344:
331:
330:
329:
317:
316:
315:
306:
305:
304:
293:
292:
291:
277:
263:
259:
255:
254:
253:
243:
239:
238:
237:
221:
216:
215:
214:
205:
201:
200:
199:
191:
187:
186:
185:
172:
167:
166:
165:
70:1359–1381 (1382)
64:
63:
48:
34:
33:
21:Time of Troubles
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4005:
4004:
3953:
3921:
3920:
3898:
3897:
3875:
3874:
3861:
3837:
3812:
3778:
3777:
3762:
3734:
3732:
3725:
3704:
3685:
3655:
3654:
3599:
3558:
3557:
3543:
3522:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3452:
3444:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3380:
3372:
3361:
3355:Pokhlebkin 1992
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3151:
3143:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2829:
2821:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2782:, p. 73–5.
2778:
2769:
2761:
2744:
2736:
2713:
2709:, p. 72–3.
2705:
2694:
2686:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2612:Nikon Chronicle
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2493:
2399:
2353:Nizhny Novgorod
2321:
2200:Muḥammad-Sulṭān
2174:December 1371:
2160:
2112:
2087:
2076:
2058:
2043:
1844:
1779:February 1360:
1761:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1698:
1696:
1686:
1674:
1663:
1632:Timurid control
1608:pyrrhic victory
1576:
1570:
1510:
1466:Nizhny Novgorod
1462:
1383:
1313:
1245:divide and rule
1171:Orthodox Church
1151:
1144:
1086:(descendant of
1045:Rus' chronicles
1032:Великая замятня
1028:Church Slavonic
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
887: (1252–55)
870:
864:
862:
832:
827:
757:
752:
750:
711:
708:
701:
696:
691:
683:
678:
674:
670:
655:
651:
649:Mamai's allies:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
512:
502:
501:
491:
490:
486:
465:
464:
454:
453:
443:
442:
430:
422:
420:
405:
404:
394:
393:
387:
379:
377:
366:
357:
355:
348:
342:
340:
333:
327:
325:
311:
310:
300:
299:
287:
272:
262:
251:
249:
233:
232:
220:
212:
210:
195:
194:
181:
180:
171:
163:
161:
82:
54:as part of the
49:
38:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4019:
4018:
3986:(in Russian).
3975:
3966:
3957:
3951:
3934:
3911:
3888:
3865:
3859:
3841:
3835:
3816:
3810:
3791:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3742:
3723:
3702:
3689:
3683:
3668:
3645:
3604:
3597:
3584:
3571:
3548:
3541:
3526:
3520:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3479:, p. 153.
3477:Počekaev 2010a
3469:
3465:Počekaev 2010b
3450:
3448:, p. 152.
3446:Počekaev 2010a
3431:
3419:
3415:Grigor'ev 1983
3407:
3405:, p. 212.
3395:
3391:Počekaev 2010b
3378:
3374:Počekaev 2010a
3359:
3347:
3335:
3333:, p. 223.
3323:
3321:, p. 222.
3308:
3304:Počekaev 2010b
3291:
3279:
3275:Počekaev 2010a
3267:
3263:Sidorenko 2000
3255:
3251:Grigor'ev 1983
3243:
3231:
3229:, p. 276.
3219:
3217:, p. 120.
3207:
3192:
3190:, p. 106.
3180:
3168:
3149:
3132:
3130:, p. 250.
3128:Vernadsky 1953
3117:
3115:, p. 258.
3113:Vernadsky 1953
3102:
3100:, p. 480.
3090:
3088:, p. 246.
3086:Vernadsky 1953
3073:
3071:, p. 247.
3069:Vernadsky 1953
3058:
3046:
3044:, p. 207.
3027:
3015:
3000:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2934:
2932:, p. 119.
2922:
2910:
2908:, p. 587.
2895:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2827:
2825:, p. 107.
2808:
2796:
2784:
2767:
2765:, p. 204.
2742:
2711:
2692:
2690:, p. 208.
2656:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2622:Lviv Chronicle
2588:
2579:
2570:
2560:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:Dmitry Donskoy
2472:
2465:
2462:Dmitry Donskoy
2454:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2389:
2382:
2371:
2356:
2349:
2299:
2276:
2261:
2250:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2138:
2127:
2126:governor Tagai
2120:
2102:
2070:
2069:governor Tagai
2029:
2028:
2017:
2014:Dmitry Donskoy
2006:
1999:
1988:
1985:
1982:Dmitry Donskoy
1974:
1963:Dmitry Donskoy
1955:
1944:Dmitry Donskoy
1940:
1926:
1895:
1894:
1880:
1870:
1859:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:List of events
1659:
1649:had not wiped
1604:Dmitry Donskoy
1572:Main article:
1569:
1566:
1509:
1506:
1478:Dmitri Donskoy
1461:
1458:
1430:Volga Bulgaria
1382:
1379:
1312:
1309:
1143:
1140:
1116:Dmitry Donskoy
1043:, as found in
1024:Great Troubles
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
997:
991:
985:
978:
977:
973:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
933:Great Troubles
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
875:
872:
871:
861:
860:
853:
846:
838:
829:
828:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
789:
788:
778:
773:
768:
762:
759:
758:
754:Great Troubles
749:
748:
741:
734:
726:
718:
717:
662:
617:
530:Khans at Sarai
526:
525:
521:
520:
478:
418:
374:
373:
353:
338:
322:
321:
286:
285:
246:
208:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
140:
134:
126:
114:
103:Batu's dynasty
88:
84:
83:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
41:
40:
37:Great Troubles
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4079:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4015:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3952:9781644697153
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3860:0-86091-359-7
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3836:9785918520208
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3811:9785918520109
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3774:
3773:Mongoly i Rus
3769:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3746:Martin, Janet
3743:
3730:
3726:
3724:9780521368322
3720:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3684:9781135954949
3680:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:9781850430575
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:9781317872009
3538:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3467:, p. 65.
3466:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3429:, p. 42.
3428:
3427:Sagdeeva 2005
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3357:, p. 66.
3356:
3351:
3345:, p. 57.
3344:
3343:Halperin 1987
3339:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3289:, p. 72.
3288:
3287:Halperin 1987
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3203:Halperin 1987
3199:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3178:, p. 57.
3177:
3172:
3166:, p. 75.
3165:
3164:Halperin 1987
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3145:Halperin 1987
3141:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3023:Halperin 1987
3019:
3013:, p. 69.
3012:
3011:Halperin 1987
3007:
3005:
2998:, p. 54.
2997:
2996:Halperin 1987
2992:
2990:
2983:, p. 96.
2982:
2981:Halperin 1987
2977:
2970:
2969:Halperin 1987
2965:
2958:
2957:Halperin 1987
2953:
2947:, p. 74.
2946:
2945:Halperin 1987
2941:
2939:
2931:
2930:Halperin 1987
2926:
2920:, p. 45.
2919:
2918:Halperin 1987
2914:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2893:, p. 36.
2892:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2876:Halperin 2016
2872:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2852:Halperin 1987
2848:
2841:
2840:Halperin 1987
2836:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:Halperin 1987
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:Halperin 1987
2800:
2794:, p. 10.
2793:
2792:Halperin 2016
2788:
2781:
2780:Halperin 1987
2776:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2763:Seleznëv 2009
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2740:, p. 73.
2739:
2738:Halperin 1987
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:Halperin 1987
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2641:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:Autumn 1377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:Summer 1372:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:Qutluq Khwaja
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:Autumn 1364:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1855:and enthrone
1854:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:August 1361:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706: –
1705:
1701:
1700:Find sources:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1678:This section
1676:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:(near modern
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002: (1480)
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
975:
974:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:Vorskla River
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
873:
867:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
840:
839:
836:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
755:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
728:
727:
724:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
689:
688:
682:
681:
677:
669:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
622:
618:
616:
615:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
528:
527:
522:
511:
500:
489:
485:
479:
474:
463:
452:
440:
439:
435:
429:
419:
414:
403:
392:
391:
386:
376:
375:
372:
371:
365:
354:
352:
339:
336:
324:
323:
320:
309:
298:
297:
284:
280:
274:
273:
271:
269:
268:
261:
247:
242:
230:
229:
225:
219:
209:
204:
190:
178:
177:
170:
160:
159:
154:
145:
141:
139:
135:
133:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
112:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
98:
94:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4008:cite journal
3987:
3983:
3970:
3961:
3942:
3915:
3892:
3869:
3848:
3826:
3821:
3801:
3796:
3772:
3750:
3733:. Retrieved
3713:
3693:
3673:
3649:
3616:
3612:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3552:
3531:
3509:
3499:Bibliography
3489:Howorth 1880
3484:
3472:
3422:
3410:
3403:Howorth 1880
3398:
3350:
3338:
3331:Howorth 1880
3326:
3319:Howorth 1880
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3215:Nasonov 1940
3210:
3205:, p. 9.
3183:
3176:Crummey 2014
3171:
3093:
3049:
3018:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2925:
2913:
2891:Sorogin 2022
2878:, p. 8.
2871:
2859:
2847:
2799:
2787:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2563:
2267:(supporting
2227:
2153:
1966:
1957:early 1363:
1869:the new khan
1828:Timur Khwaja
1814:Timur Khwaja
1751:
1742:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1699:
1687:Please help
1682:verification
1679:
1643:Genghis Khan
1638:
1636:
1630:established
1616:
1591:Golden Horde
1588:
1559:
1541:Mamai hired
1540:
1529:
1516:
1486:
1463:
1427:
1421:(5th son of
1416:
1356:
1329:
1314:
1265:
1247:policy. The
1230:
1224:
1219:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1174:
1145:
1092:
1088:Genghis Khan
1061:
1057:Golden Horde
1048:
1023:
1021:
1008: (1480)
996: (1472)
990: (1451)
984: (1450)
971: (1424)
965: (1420)
959: (1416)
953: (1408)
947: (1399)
941: (1399)
932:
929: (1327)
923: (1317)
917: (1299)
911: (1293)
893: (1257)
881: (1252)
866:Golden Horde
786:Trosna River
753:
712:
694:Bolgar ulus:
693:
692:
685:
684:
665:
664:
648:
641:Mamat-Sultan
628:
619:
612:
591:Mamat-Sultan
551:Timur Khwaja
529:
487:
480:
432:
427:
388:
384:
369:
294:
264:
256:
248:
222:
217:
173:
168:
156:Belligerents
90:
80:Golden Horde
50:A statue of
29:
25:The Troubles
3619:(1): 4–19.
3098:Atwood 2004
3054:Martin 2004
3042:Martin 2004
2864:Martin 2004
2688:Martin 2004
2531:(1386–1395)
2452:Temur-Malik
2400: [
2334:Pereyaslavl
2322: [
2161: [
2140:1368–1372:
2113: [
2110:Bulat-Timur
2106:Aziz Shaykh
2104:1367: Khan
2088: [
2085:Bulat-Timur
2077: [
2059: [
2044: [
2025:Khayr Pulad
2021:Aziz Shaykh
2003:Khayr Pulad
1998:at Gülistan
1984:of Muscovy.
1930:Khayr Pulad
1928:late 1362:
1861:late 1361:
1845: [
1826:overthrows
1816:overthrows
1793:overthrows
1789:June 1360:
1783:overthrows
1768:1359: Khan
1474:Pyana River
1268:Black Death
1064:Black Death
891:Tugova Hill
818:Kalka River
808:Vozha River
803:Pyana River
776:Pyana River
766:Blue Waters
709:–76 Hassan
702: [
699:Bulat-Timur
680:Temur-Malik
576:Aziz Shaykh
571:Khayr Pulad
142:Tokhtamysh
136:Tokhtamysh
4026:Categories
3872:. Saransk.
3735:11 October
3703:0521362768
2652:References
2629:, and the
2448:Tokhtamysh
2441:Tokhtamysh
2379:Qāghān Beg
2269:Tokhtamysh
2254:Tokhtamysh
2235:Tokhtamysh
2221:Qaghan Beg
2039:about the
1905:issued in
1853:Ordu Malik
1824:Ordu Malik
1818:Khiḍr Khan
1795:Nowruz Beg
1791:Khiḍr Khan
1781:Nowruz Beg
1772:killed by
1745:April 2023
1715:newspapers
1647:Özbeg Khan
1547:Circassian
1532:Shaybanids
1489:Tokhtamysh
1448:after the
1371:Kazakhstan
1325:Nawruz Beg
1296:Nawruz Beg
1189:darughachi
1148:Özbeg Khan
1142:Background
1124:Tokhtamysh
614:Tokhtamysh
610:1380–1395:
601:Qāghān Beg
556:Ordu Malik
546:Khiḍr Khan
541:Nowruz Beg
390:Tokhtamysh
347:1361–68/78
337:, Gülistan
122:(1362/3),
97:Tokhtamysh
91:Defeat of
3994:: 35–41.
3924:cite book
3901:cite book
3895:. Moscow.
3878:cite book
3853:. Verso.
3781:cite book
3775:. Moscow.
3658:cite book
3652:. London.
3641:129150302
3633:0090-5992
3603:(e-book).
3561:cite book
3555:. Moscow.
2906:Kohn 2013
2427:Arab Shah
2419:Arab Shah
2412:Narovchat
2406:, beg of
2393:Arab Shah
2375:Arab Shah
2360:Arab Shah
2338:Yaroslavl
2317:nobleman
2307:Arab Shah
2273:Urus Khan
2258:Syr Darya
2196:Urus Khan
2131:Urus Khan
1950:from the
1907:Lithuania
1878:Kildi Beg
1857:Kildi Beg
1840:governor
1801:Urus Khan
1770:Berdi Beg
1508:1380–1381
1497:Samarkand
1470:Muscovite
1359:Urus Khan
1357:By 1360,
1317:Berdi Beg
1311:1359–1360
1300:Batu Khan
1288:Berdi Beg
1159:Black Sea
1136:vassalage
1084:Chingisid
921:Bortenevo
868:conflicts
676:Toqtaqiya
672:(d. 1377)
667:Urus Khan
633:ʿAbdallāh
625:(d. 1381)
606:Arab Shah
596:Urus Khan
581:ʿAbdallāh
561:Kildi Beg
484:1375–1380
473:Lithuania
296:Lithuania
265:Khans at
174:Khans at
107:pretender
3918:. Kazan.
3847:(1992).
3748:(2007).
3729:Archived
2491:See also
2446:1378/9:
2410:(modern
2386:Mordvins
2290:, under
2146:Algirdas
2129:1368/9:
2108:defeats
2001:1363/4:
1994:attacks
1938:Abdallāh
1919:Abdallāh
1888:Abdallāh
1867:Abdallāh
1612:Algirdas
1284:Jani Beg
1280:Tini Beg
1276:pandemic
1253:Algirdas
1114:, while
1104:Algirdas
1074:such as
1051:, was a
813:Kulikovo
793:Sary-Aka
687:Algirdas
518:1376–80)
428:1370s–81
385:1370s–82
206:(1363–?)
192:(1362–3)
113:wage war
75:Location
3582:: 9–54.
2408:Mukhsha
2377:forces
2296:Bolghar
2154:yarliks
2124:Mukhsha
2067:Mukhsha
1967:yarliks
1838:Mukhsha
1805:Sighnaq
1729:scholar
1593:at the
1543:Genoese
1446:Podolia
1411:Mukhsha
1407:Bolghar
1399:Sighnaq
1363:Sighnaq
1237:Muscovy
1100:Muscovy
1055:in the
994:Aleksin
499:Muscovy
368:Bolgar
351:Mukhsha
349:Tagai,
267:Sighnaq
260:1361–79
241:Muscovy
189:Muscovy
129:Muscovy
3949:
3857:
3833:
3808:
3758:
3721:
3700:
3681:
3639:
3631:
3595:
3539:
3518:
2625:, the
2619:, the
2615:, the
2486:flees.
2467:1381:
2456:1380:
2439:1378:
2425:1378:
2422:goods.
2417:1378:
2391:1378:
2368:Ryazan
2364:Ryazan
2358:1377:
2342:Yuryev
2278:1376:
2271:) and
2252:137?:
2247:Sayram
2233:137?:
2228:yarlik
2219:1375:
2212:sends
2208:1374:
2194:1373:
2072:1367:
2054:1365:
2008:1364:
1990:1363:
1976:1363:
1799:1360:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1549:, and
1536:Qashan
1434:Crimea
1419:Shiban
1403:Crimea
1367:Shieli
1346:, the
1304:Jochid
1257:Ryazan
1232:yarlik
1220:basqaq
1208:basqaq
1203:basqaq
1197:baskak
1193:basqaq
1181:Tatars
1176:yarlik
1169:, the
1080:Ryazan
988:Moscow
969:Odoyev
905:(1289)
903:Rostov
823:Moscow
697:61–68
604:77–80
534:59–60
510:Suzdal
476:(1380)
462:Ryazan
438:Crimea
416:(1382)
413:Suzdal
332:1361–4
319:Ryazan
228:Crimea
203:Suzdal
87:Result
3990:(2).
3825:[
3800:[
3637:S2CID
2603:Tsars
2568:1380.
2536:Notes
2404:]
2397:Tagai
2346:Murom
2326:]
2311:Mamai
2309:, or
2292:Mamai
2265:Timur
2243:Otrar
2239:Timur
2210:Mamai
2165:]
2117:]
2092:]
2081:]
2063:]
2048:]
1996:Murād
1992:Mamai
1959:Mamai
1934:Murād
1892:Murād
1884:Mamai
1874:Murād
1863:Mamai
1849:]
1842:Tagai
1834:Mamai
1785:Qulpa
1774:Qulpa
1736:JSTOR
1722:books
1599:Mamai
1524:lubok
1501:Edigu
1493:Timur
1460:1370s
1454:Mamai
1423:Jochi
1395:Sarai
1381:1360s
1321:Qulpa
1315:Khan
1292:Qulpa
1272:Sarai
1216:Mamai
1167:Islam
1068:Mamai
1006:Sarai
963:Sarai
706:]
645:Tulak
637:Tūlūn
621:Mamai
599:75–7
594:73–5
589:71–3
586:Tūlūn
584:70–1
579:67–9
574:64–7
569:62–4
566:Murad
559:61–2
544:60–1
536:Qulpa
434:Mamai
402:Timur
362:1361–
335:Murād
224:Mamai
218:1360s
176:Sarai
169:1360s
111:khans
93:Mamai
52:Mamai
4014:link
3947:ISBN
3930:link
3907:link
3884:link
3855:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3806:ISBN
3787:link
3756:ISBN
3737:2015
3719:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3664:link
3629:ISSN
3593:ISBN
3567:link
3537:ISBN
3516:ISBN
2245:and
1836:and
1708:news
1651:Tver
1639:ulus
1551:Alan
1534:and
1517:The
1444:and
1442:Kyiv
1409:and
1241:Tver
1130:and
1078:and
1076:Tver
1022:The
1000:Ugra
957:Kiev
945:Kiev
927:Tver
915:Kiev
451:Tver
370:ulus
308:Tver
279:1362
120:Kiev
67:Date
3996:doi
3621:doi
1936:or
1691:by
1335:to
1191:or
1183:".
1161:to
564:62
554:61
549:61
539:60
436:in
226:in
95:by
4028::
4010:}}
4006:{{
3988:22
3941:.
3926:}}
3922:{{
3903:}}
3899:{{
3880:}}
3876:{{
3783:}}
3779:{{
3727:.
3660:}}
3656:{{
3635:.
3627:.
3617:44
3615:.
3611:.
3578:.
3563:}}
3559:{{
3453:^
3434:^
3381:^
3362:^
3311:^
3294:^
3195:^
3152:^
3135:^
3120:^
3105:^
3076:^
3061:^
3030:^
3003:^
2988:^
2937:^
2898:^
2883:^
2830:^
2811:^
2770:^
2745:^
2714:^
2695:^
2660:^
2544:^
2402:ru
2344:,
2340:,
2336:,
2324:ru
2305:–
2163:uk
2144:–
2115:ru
2090:ru
2083:–
2079:ru
2061:ru
2046:ru
1847:ru
1657:.
1557:.
1545:,
1484:.
1468:.
1405:,
1401:,
1397:,
1393:.
1369:,
1153:r.
1034:,
1030::
704:ru
516:c.
482:c.
364:76
283:72
276:c.
258:c.
4016:)
3998::
3955:.
3932:)
3909:)
3886:)
3863:.
3839:.
3814:.
3789:)
3764:.
3739:.
3706:.
3687:.
3666:)
3643:.
3623::
3601:.
3580:7
3569:)
3545:.
3524:.
2355:.
2348:.
2260:.
2182:.
1925:.
1758:)
1752:(
1747:)
1743:(
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1726:·
1719:·
1712:·
1685:.
1199:)
1195:(
1150:(
1026:(
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745:e
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