1434:
1073:
294:
285:
115:
899:
878:
in the book of 1957 estimated it to be 50,000–60,000. The historian and archaeologist, medieval warfare expert
Kirpchinikov, in the book of 1966 argues that the maximum strength of the army of six regiments on Kulikovo Field could not exceed 36,000. Archaeologist Dvurechensky, an employee of the "Kulikovo field" museum, in his report of 2014 determined the number of the Russian army as 6,000–7,000 warriors. Close assessments are given by modern Russian historians Penskoy and Bulychev. The main impetus for reducing the estimates of the strength of the army was the analysis of demography and mobilization potential. It was noted that even a much larger and more densely populated Russia of the 16th century rarely could expose 30,000–40,000 soldiers at a time. It was also noted that the timeframe for mobilization (about two weeks) was too small to mobilize a huge army of unskilled militiamen (even apart from the fact that this approach was completely contrary to all the military traditions of that time). Attempts to reduce the size of the army are criticized by some authors.
874:, which estimates them to 150–200,000. This number is completely unreliable, as such masses of people simply could not physically fit on the field; even the number of 100,000 seems overestimated. Late literature sources determine the number of Russian troops at 300,000 or even 400,000 armoured soldiers only. Thus, there is no exact data on the number of the army of Dmitry. It can only be said that by the standards of that time, it was a very large army, and even in the 15th century the Moscow princes could not assemble an equally powerful force, which led to fantastic stories about hundreds of thousands of warriors. The definition of the real size of medieval armies based on chronicles is a difficult task.
782:". Dmitry agreed to pay tribute, but only in the amount provided for by his previous contract with Mamai. In Kolomna, Dmitry received updated information about the Mamai itinerary and about the approaching forces of Jogaila. So, after reviewing the army, on August 20 he moved west along the Oka River, crossed it at the town of Lopasnya on August 24–25 and moved south towards Mamai. On September 6, the Russian army reached the Don River, where it was reorganized, taking into account the units that joined during the movement from Kolomna. At the council, it was decided to cross the Don before the enemies could combine their forces, although this step cut off the path to retreat in case of defeat.
1051:: "both of these people do not fight to stand in large detachments, but in their usual way they rush to throw missiles, strike and then retreat backwards". An expert on medieval warfare, Kirpichnikov assumed that the armies on the Kulikovo field fought by several separate consolidated units, that tried to keep the battle order. As soon as this order was disrupted, the survivors from the unit fled and a new detachment was put in their place. Gradually, more and more units were drawn into the battle. As described in the "Expanded Chronicle Tale": "And a corpse fell on a corpse, a Tatar body fell on a Christian body; then here, it was possible to see how a
158:
1025:
138:
46:
128:
1239:, which almost certainly did not happen. They also contradict each other on some fundamentals such as Donskoy's role during the battle. According to the "Narration", Donskoy fought on horseback with his clothes, was wounded and left the field of battle, and was found unconscious under a tree after the battle; according to the "Chronicle Tale", Donskoy switched clothes with a boyar, fought in the frontline until the end of combat, and did not sustain even a scratch. The style of the Slavonic sources also differs significantly: the
1602:, who had found spearheads, poleaxes and crosses on the field. Spears and arrows dug out by the locals are also mentioned in the worksheets of the Tula Provincial Academic Archival Commission. Many artifacts were collected by noble families that owned Kulikovo, such as the Oltufyevs, the Safonovs, the Nechayevs and the Chebyshevs, whose rich collections were still remembered by local citizens in the 1920–1930s. Their estates were situated around the village of Monastyrschina, close to the site of the battle, but during the
254:
1043:
approximately corresponds to 10.35 am. According to one of the later sources, the Tatars met the first blow of the
Russian cavalry on foot, exposing the spears in two rows, which gave rise to stories about the "hired Genovese infantry." Russian sources, even the earliest ones, unanimously tell us that after the clash of the main forces, a cruel melee began, which lasted a long time and in which the "innumerable multitude of people" perished on both sides. The medieval German historian
1741:
316:
305:
209:
148:
986:
multiple lines, and probably, the location of the regiments did not match their names (there is no evidence that the regiments of the Left and Right Hand disposed in line with the Large
Regiment). The terrain did not allow for a broad front; probably, the units entered into battle gradually. The army's flanks were protected by ravines with dense thickets which excluded any chance for a surprise flank attack of a Horde. The Ambush regiment under the command of
1644:
237:
1013:
1116:. He captured and burned down Moscow, forcing Dmitri to accept him as sovereign. However, the victory at Kulikovo was an early sign of the decline of Mongol power. In the century that followed, Moscow's power rose, solidifying control over the other Russian principalities. Russian vassalage to the Golden Horde officially ended in 1480, a century after the battle, following the defeat of the Horde's invasion at the
937:
757:
1566:, Secretary of the Department of Russian and Slavic Archaeology of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society. Historian Stepan Nechayev noted in his writings that during their agricultural operations, local peasants discovered old weapons, crosses, chainmail, and used to find human bones before; some of those finds were purchased by him, and their descriptions appeared on the pages of
1093:
Moscow–Ryazan
Treaties of 1381 and 1402). Prince Dmitry of Moscow began to prepare for reprisal, but Prince Oleg of Ryazan fled (according to the Nikon Chronicle, "to Lithuania") and the Ryazan boyars received Moscow governors. Soon Prince Oleg returned to power, but he was forced to accept Prince Dmitry as his sovereign ("older brother") and to sign a treaty of peace.
814:" from all over North-Eastern Rus', but all this data is doubtful. There are mentioned even 70 fallen Ryazan boyars, although according to all other sources the Duchy of Ryazan was the forced ally of Tatars. According to the Russian historian Gorskii, the list of princes and commanders (according to which one can estimate the composition of the army), cited in
1583:
museum. After visiting the field and the village of
Monastyrschina, Tikhomirov noted that "swords, axes, arrows, spears, crosses, coins and other similar things" that were of value were frequently found there and owned by private persons. Numerous fragments of weapons, crosses and armour were also noted by the famous 19th-century Tula historian
949:
based on an unknown earlier source, or whether it reflects a retrospective attempt to describe the battle based on tactics and practices of the 16th century. Due to the absence of other sources, the course of the battle according to "The Tale" was adopted as a basis for subsequent reconstructions of the battle.
1433:
1935:
Reconstructions of the battle traditionally draw a breakthrough of the Tatars on the left flank of the
Russian troops, but there is no direct indication of such a course of events in the medieval sources. The description that the battle line of the Russian army was broken and the regiment of the Left
1250:
The two German chroniclers were not eyewitnesses, but in all likelihood received their information from
Lithuanian informants, who had their own biases. According to Ostrowski (1998, 2000), the German chronicles were generally earlier and more accurate than the Kulikovo cycle sources, and showed that
1092:
Upon learning of Mamai's defeat, Prince
Jogaila turned his army back to Lithuania. People of the Ryazan Land attacked separate detachments coming from the battlefield, plundered them and taken prisoners (the question of the return of prisoners remained actual for twenty years, it was mentioned in the
985:
The
Russian army was organized into six "regiments" - a Patrol, a Forward, two regiments of "Right" and "Left Hand," a Large regiment and an Ambush regiment. In turn, each of the regiments was divided into smaller tactical units – "banners" (a total of about 23). On the field the army was arranged in
881:
Estimates of the forces of the Tatars in
Russian sources are equally unreliable, they only show an overwhelming numerical superiority. So, in one variant of "The Tale" the number of Russian troops was boldly given at 1,320,000 but the Tatar army was named "innumerable". There were no medieval sources
877:
Estimates of the number of the Russian army by historians gradually departed from the hundreds of thousands of soldiers described in the chronicles and medieval literature. Military historian General Maslovsky in the work of 1881 estimated it to be 100,000–150,000. The historian of military art Razin
1557:
The first searches for traces of the battle were done by amateurs in the 18th and 19th centuries by asking for items from peasants who ploughed the land, and frequently reported having discovered fragments of "weapons, baptismal crosses, icons, medallions and other items" that were allegedly related
1108:
khan. Mamai again fled to Caffa and was killed there. The war with Moscow had led Mamai's Horde to a complete crash. With one stroke Tokhtamysh received full power, thus eliminating the 20-year split of the Golden Horde. According to historian Gorsky, it was Tokhtamysh who received the most concrete
998:
Mikhail Brenok as the head of the Large Regiment under the great banner. He also exchanged with the boyar horses and gave him a coat and a helmet, so the Grand Prince could fight like an ordinary boyar, remaining unrecognized. The battle opened with a single combat between two champions. The Russian
773:
In August 1380 Prince Dmitri learned of the approaching army of Mamai. It is alleged that Oleg Ryazansky sent a message to him. The interpretations of such an act are different. Some believe that he did this because he was not a supporter of Mamai, while others believe that he expected to intimidate
743:
was defeated by Mamai in 1378 (and his capital was burnt), he had no strength to resist Mamai, and Ryazan's relationship with Moscow had long been hostile. Therefore, in the campaign of 1380 Oleg took the side of Mamai, although this fact is sometimes challenged. Mamai camped his army on the bank of
1573:
In 1825, it was reported by a famous Russian adventurer that the "precious things" from the field, once numerous, were "scattered across Russia" and formed private collections, such as those of Nechayev, Countess Bobrinskaya and other noble persons. The fate of these collections is not always clear
1055:
pursued a Tatar, and a Tatar pursued a Rusyn." The tightness of the field did not allow the Tatars to realize their mobility and use their tactics of flanking. Nevertheless, in a fierce battle, the Tatars began to gradually overcome. They broke through to the banner of the Large Regiment, threw it
697:
The open conflict between Dmitry and Mamai began in 1374, the exact reasons are unknown. It is believed that the illegitimacy of the puppet khans of Mamai was by that time too obvious, and he demanded more and more money, as he lost the war for the throne of the Golden Horde. In the following years
1621:
The 2008 book by Dvurechensky et al. presents a catalogue of findings in the Kulikovo field. According to the compilers, the following items of weapons belonging to the time of the battle: four spearheads (and two fragments), a tip of a javelin, two fragments of axe blades, a fragment of an armour
1606:
most of their collections were lost and only a significant part of the Nechayevs’ collection survived the revolutionary period, whereas the extensive use of agricultural machinery in the field contributed to a loss of remaining artefacts. Several antiquities, however, were found and transferred to
1259:
The Battle of Kulikovo gave rise to an unprecedentedly large stratum of medieval Rus' literature; no other historical event has received such wide coverage. Russian historians singled out a body of "literary works of the Kulikovo cycle", or "Kulikovo cycle" for short. The most important works are:
1222:
and "Narration") probably derived from a common source. Scholars usually consider the "Narration" to be the youngest version of this Slavonic primary source, and the least reliable, but even scholars who claim it has some historical elements have openly admitted that it has its flaws. For example,
1059:
At that time, the cavalry of the ambush regiment launched a surprise counterstrike on the Horde's flank, which led to the collapse of the Horde's line. People and horses, tired from a long battle, could not resist the blow of fresh forces. After the Horde was routed, the Russians chased the Tatars
693:
also failed and so the jarliq returned to Dmitry. According to the results of the truce with Lithuania in 1372, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was now recognized as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes. In 1375 the Prince of Tver once again received a jarliq for the Grand Duchy from Mamai.
518:
Although the victory did not end Mongol domination over Russia, it is traditionally regarded as the turning point at which Mongol influence began to wane and Moscow's power began to rise. The battle would allow Moscow to strengthen its claims of ascendancy over the other Russian principalities, in
1880:
A detailed account of the location and actions of the Ambush Regiment is contained only in "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai", but with an important note that the words of a spectator and participant wrote it. In addition, the formation and command structure of this regiment is described in credible
1582:
pointed to the fact that in their time iron objects were often collected, melted down by peasants and used for their purposes. One such cases occurred recently, in 2009, when a Persian blade dug out from the field was discovered in the house of a local family and transferred to the Kulikovo field
1083:
The losses in the battle were great. A third of the commanders of 23 "banners" were killed in action. Grand Prince Dmitry himself survived, although wounded and fainted from exhaustion. His entire escort died or scattered and he was hardly found among the corpses. For six days the victorious army
1042:
After the fights of the advanced detachments, the main forces of both armies clashed. According to the "Expanded Chronicle Tale" it happened "at the sixth hour of the day" (the daylight was divided into twelve hours, the duration of which changed throughout the year). "The sixth hour of the day"
948:
The early sources contain few details about the course of the battle. "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai", which dates back to the 16th century, gives a complete picture detailing the alignment of forces and the events on the field and adds many colourful details. It is unknown whether "The Tale" is
1894:
The episode with disguise appears only in "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai", but already in the "Expanded Tale" it is said about how Dmitry drove off to the Patrol Regiment and took part in the attack in the first line. Then he returned to his place in the Large Regiment and his retinue tried to
1536:
came up with what he believed was the exact location of the battle and his hypothesis was accepted. Studies of old soils in the 20th century showed that the left bank of Nepryadva near its influx in the Don was covered with dense forests, while on the right there was a wooded steppe with vast
1003:
and the Horde's champion was Temir-Murza (also Chelubey or Cheli-bey, also Tovrul or Chrysotovrul). During the first pass of the contest, each champion killed the other with his spear and both fell to the ground. Thus, it remained unclear whose victory was predicted by the duel's outcome.
613:(descendant of Genghis Khan), and as such his grip on power was tenuous, as there were true Genghisids with claims to mastery. Therefore, he had to constantly fight for supreme power and at the same time struggle against separatism. While there was a war of succession in the declining
1540:
The historian Azbelev (2016) subjected this localization to sharp criticism. Trying to prove that 400,000 people were involved in the battle on both sides, he assumed that the real battlefield was not at the mouth, but at the source of Nepryadva since the Old Russian word
1921:
According to "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai" it happened "at the third hour", but this information is doubtful. Chronicle data are more reliable, and, in addition, "The Tale" mentions earlier that the formation of regiments continued until "the sixth hour of the day"
679:
was only 9 years old) did not accept this. They used equally armed force and bribes to various Khans and as a result, in 1365, forced the princes of Nizhny Novgorod to give up claims to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir finally. In 1368, the conflict between Moscow and
3189:Двуреченский О. В., Егоров В. Л., Наумов А. Н. Реликвии Донского побоища. Находки на Куликовом поле / авт.-сост. О. В. Двуреченский. М.: Квадрига, 2008. 88 с. (Реликвии ратных полей / Гос. ист. музей, Военно-ист. и природный музей-заповедник "Куликово поле").
1756:
The traditional Slavophile Russian point of view sees the battle as the first step in the liberation of the Russian lands from the Golden Horde dependency. However, approximately half of the old Kievan Rus' at this time were controlled by the Grand Duchy of
519:
which it would ultimately become the centre of a centralized Russian state. Russians also finally ended the national fragmentation among the Russian people, and the battle is considered the beginning of the unification of the Russian nation into one whole.
818:
and the sources derived from it, is completely untrustworthy. However, he identified two chronicles with a sufficiently high level of reliability. According to his reconstruction, detachments from most of North-Eastern Russia, part of the Princes of the
694:
Then Dmitri with a strong army (larger than it was in the Kulikovo battle) quickly moved to Tver and forced it to capitulate. Mikhail recognized himself as the "little brother" of the prince of Moscow and ensured to participate in wars with the Tatars.
688:
used the help of Lithuania, and in addition, in 1371 Mamai gave him a jarliq to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. But the Moscow troops simply did not let the new "Grand Prince" enter Vladimir, despite the presence of the Tatar ambassador. The
1895:
dissuade him from such reckless behaviour. But he refused and again fought in the front ranks and his armor was damaged in many places. This behaviour was not something exceptional for the rulers of that time. Dmitry Donskoy's grandson
721:
Mamai continued attempts to reaffirm his control over the tributary lands of the Golden Horde. In 1378, he sent forces led by the warlord Murza Begich to ensure Prince Dmitri's obedience, but this army suffered a crushing defeat at the
1562:, who had a personal interest in the history of the battle. A large number of antiquities were discovered in the 19th century and their relatively large number led to the publication of the first catalogue of Kulikovo artefacts by
1056:
down and killed Boyar Brenok. The regiment of the "Left Hand" was also overturned and some "Moscow recruits" fell into a panic. It seemed that the rout of the Russian army was close and the Tatars put all their forces into action.
1072:
2157:
734:
and was ready to unite the entire Horde under his rule. In 1380, despite the threat from Tokhtamysh, Mamai chose to personally lead his army against the forces of Moscow. In preparation for the invasion, he allied with Prince
397:
293:
284:
114:
2208:
2123:
1912:, p. 238 lists 6 arguments in favour of this. In "Zadonschina" Peresvet does not fight in a duel, but in the thick of the battle, and not as a monk, but as a noble boyar in a gold-plated armour.
2516:Масловский Д.М. Из истории военного искусства России: Опыт критического разбора похода Дмитрия Донского 1380 г. до Куликовской битвы включительно // Военный сборник. СПб., 1881. № 8. Отд. 1.
2166:, p. 208, It strengthened the claims of the rulers of Moscow to ascendancy over the other Russian principalities. But it marked only the beginning of the end of Mongol rule over Russia.
402:
1395:
narrative were replaced by the idea that the Rus' soldiers fought "for the Rus’ Land and the Christian faith"; yet the Christian elements in it pale in comparison to its military and
1112:
Prince Dmitri, who became known as Donskoy (of the Don) after the battle, did not manage to become fully independent from the Golden Horde, however. In 1382, Khan Tokhtamysh launched
898:
1243:
is a rather chivalric and militaristic story with only superficial religious elements, while the "Narration" is a very Christian religious retelling of the events narrated in the
1410:, while over a hundred copies of the "Narration" have survived, indicating the greater popularity of these later versions, which systemically rewrote various episodes from the
2217:, p. 25, Two years later... the Russians were actually under harsher Mongol control... Despite this, Dmitri had laid important groundwork for Moscow's future dominance.
3076:– интервью с руководителем отряда Верхне-Донской археологической экспедиции Государственный исторический музей Олегом Двуреченским. Журнал «Нескучный Сад» № 4 (15) 15.08.05
412:
1537:
openings. On one of them, between the rivers Nepryadva and Smolka, the place of the battle was finally localized by a team of archaeologists led by Dvurechensky in 2005.
957:
On 7 September, Prince Dmitri was told that Mamai's army was approaching. On the morning of 8 September, in a thick fog, the army crossed the Don River. According to the
994:(brother-in-law of the Grand Prince) was hidden behind the line of Russian troops in an oak grove. The Grand Prince himself went to the front lines, leaving his trusted
1406:, is "a highly religious depiction of the battle, replete with constant prayers, miracles, and religious symbolism". As of 2022, there were 6 known manuscripts of the
2132:, p. 53, Certainly Kulikovo did not free the Russian principalities... The victory at Kulikovo, however, greatly increased the prestige of the ruler of Moscow.
1203:
1789:, sees in Mamai a representative of economic and political interests from outside, particularly Western Europe, which in the battle were represented by numerous
1167:(see below). Some Turkic words, phrases and steppe terminology are found in this source, which has led some scholars to propose the original text was written in
1545:
had also designated the place where the river flows from the lake. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that Nepryadva derived from
3832:
831:
and from the Principality of Tver (except for Kashin, who became independent under the treaty of 1375). The probability of the presence of a detachment from
1194:
549:
370:
3625:
3837:
1615:
1587:, who suggested building a museum for these artefacts. Some of the finds are known to have been sent as gifts to government officials and members of the
1579:
790:
The earliest chronicle tales do not provide details on the composition of the Russian army. Among the dead in the battle there are named only Princes of
1908:
This episode appears only in "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai" and there are serious suspicions that this is the product of literary fiction. The book of
973:
value. The army came to the "clean field" near Nepryadva mouth and assumed a battle formation. After some time, Tatars appeared and began to form their
2571:
1153:
A common Slavonic source for the earliest three "literary works of the Kulikovo cycle", the oldest of which was probably the "Chronicle Tale" and the
1899:
in one of the battles with the Tatars was surrounded and taken prisoner after a brutal melee, although armour saved his life, like his grandfather.
1611:
1218:
Each of the literary works of the Kulikovo cycle contains at least some historical errors or fictions. The earliest three works ("Chronicle Tale",
774:
Dmitry – in the past, none of the Russian princes dared to meet in battle with the Khan himself. Nevertheless, Dmitry quickly assembled an army in
3165:
1760:
Some historians within the Eastern Orthodox tradition view the battle as a stand-off between the Christian Rus and non-Christians of the steppe.
3783:
3751:
3728:
2196:
1584:
2143:
1778:
Other historians believe that the meaning of the battle is overstated, viewing it as nothing more than a simple regional conflict within the
1546:
2646:
1598:
While preparing his work "Parishes and Churches of the Tula Diocese" (1895), editor Pavel Malitsky received reports from inhabitants of the
2648:"Духъ южны" и "осьмый час" в "Сказании о Мамаевом побоище" (К вопросу о восприятии победы над "погаными" в памятниках "куликовского цикла")
407:
3827:
2525:Разин, Е. А. История военного искусства в 3 т. Т. 2 : История военного искусства VI–XVI вв. – СПб. : Полигон, 1999. – 656 с. –
1468:, later known for his works on the Napoleonic Wars, in 1850 wrote the monumental painting "The Battle of the Kulikovo Field" by order of
2561:// Воинские традиции в археологическом контексте. От позднего латена до позднего средневековья. – Тула: Куликово поле, 2014. c. 124–129
1036:
690:
3770:
1145:
sources. No sources from the Tatar side are available; if they had been written, they were probably destroyed a few years later when
706:
in 1377. In the same year "Mamai's tatars" defeated the army of Nizhny Novgorod with an auxiliary detachment left by Dmitry at the
363:
1708:
2081:
1680:
672:
424:
1524:
Medieval sources do not give a precise description of the site of the battle, but they mention a large clear field beyond the
3678:
3619:
3592:
3571:
3535:
3384:
3363:
3342:
3321:
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3270:
3247:
3194:
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2238:
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1425:, nobody is said to be fighting "for the Rus' Land", but only "for the Christian faith and Grand Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich".
3775:
1687:
1614:. Most recent descriptions of Kulikovo weaponry and other artefacts have been presented in publications by Vasily Putsko,
1661:
356:
3657:
3112:
1418:
843:, whose rulers have long rivalled their Grand Princes. Also, the presence of small detachments from the borderlands of
320:
1801:, "Russians went to the Kulikovo field as citizens of various principalities and returned as a united Russian nation".
3765:
3706:
3698:
3514:
3409:
3058:
2530:
2292:
1727:
1610:
Works on relics from Kulikovo were published in the 1920s and 1930s by local lore specialists Vladimir Narcissov and
1339:
1767:
saw the battle as critical for the history of Eastern Europe in stopping another invasion from Asia, similar to the
1694:
3073:
1768:
444:
3501:
965:, who was considered a patron Saint of Russia. According to the chronology adopted in Russia it was the year 6888
3035:
3606:
3205:М. В. Фехнер Находки на Куликовом поле // Куликово поле: Материалы и исследования. Труды ГИМ. М., 1990. Вып. 73
1676:
1665:
1630:, firearms), date back to the 16th–18th centuries and cannot in any way relate to the Kulikovo battle of 1380.
1379:
1327:
1224:
1117:
1024:
961:, after that the bridges were destroyed. The day of 8 September was very special, as it was the feast of the
2584:
1104:. He assembled a new army, but now he did not have a "legitimate khan" and his nobles defected to his rival
1752:
The historical evaluation of the battle has many theories as to its significance in the course of history:
1500:
778:. There he was visited by the ambassadors of Mamai. They demanded an increased tribute, "as under the Khan
606:
2554:
806:", along with a figure of 253,000 fallen in the battle, gives dozens of dead princes, boyars, "Lithuanian
1764:
2205:, p. 21, Moscow's strength, especially relative to other Russian principalities, continued to grow.
1096:
Mukhammad-Bulek, Mamai's figurehead Khan, was killed in battle. Mamai escaped to the Genoese stronghold
3822:
1806:
1457:
1438:
1402:. On the other hand, the "Narration of the Battle with Mamai", which has been largely derived from the
545:
560:
was growing in power and was often challenging its neighbours over territory, including clashing with
2069:
1297:
962:
791:
723:
610:
434:
141:
131:
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824:
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633:
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266:
187:
2179:
Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino–Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century
3842:
1654:
1444:
The paintings on the theme of the battle were created by many Russian and Soviet artists such as
1232:
1199:
527:
477:
193:
161:
2365:
1701:
698:
the Tatars raided Dmitry's allies and the Moscow troops made a campaign against Tatars over the
1113:
659:
Simultaneously with the beginning of the Great Troubles in the Horde in 1359, Prince of Moscow
626:
622:
557:
449:
229:
119:
20:
1793:
mercenaries, while the Moscow army stood in support of the rightful ruler of the Golden Horde
835:
is quite high (although in the early Novgorod chronicles, such information is not available).
609:
in 1361 and after his mysterious death in 1370, Muhammad Bolak was enthroned. Mamai was not a
157:
2282:
1307:
1179:
and other borrowings, and do not rule out that the source was originally written in Slavonic.
1061:
836:
707:
561:
429:
419:
392:
1626:, and several arrowheads. Many weapons found in the vicinity of the Kulikovo field (such as
127:
1592:
1469:
45:
137:
8:
2574:// Военное дело Золотой Орды: проблемы и перспективы изучения. Казань, 2011, стр. 157–161
2090:, p. 208, The Russian armies, led by Grand Prince Dmitrii of Moscow, son of Ivan II.
1896:
1855:
1236:
864:
649:
1558:
to Kulikovo. It is known that at the time some of the finds were collected by economist
3745:
3722:
3608:
The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
3488:
3440:
2358:
1591:; in 1839 and 1843, the head of a mace and the blade of a sword were gifted to Emperor
1575:
1525:
1415:
1183:
1138:
1000:
904:
795:
745:
685:
1421:, Alexander Peresvet pronouncing a prayer before going into battle, and unlike in the
3702:
3694:
3674:
3653:
3615:
3588:
3567:
3531:
3510:
3492:
3480:
3444:
3405:
3380:
3359:
3338:
3317:
3296:
3266:
3243:
3190:
3054:
2526:
2497:
2396:
2369:
2288:
2234:
2183:
1745:
1603:
1349:, or "Oration Concerning the Life and Passing of Grand Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich", or
1101:
987:
890:
of Lithuania, were late to the battle and the number of their troops can be ignored.
883:
860:
807:
740:
660:
656:
for their legitimate right to the throne and allied with the Grand Prince of Moscow.
645:
297:
241:
3263:
The Battle of Kulikovo in the Testimonies of Contemporaries and Memory of Posterity)
1480:
The site of the battle is commemorated by a memorial church, built from a design by
3472:
3432:
3421:"Text and Textology: Salmina's Dating of the Chronicle Tales about Dmitrii Donskoi"
1846:
1826:
1790:
1588:
1481:
1453:
1251:
the battle did take place on the Don River, but was not as significant as claimed.
1133:
Only five primary sources about the battle have survived into modern times: one in
913:
794:(which by that time were in strong submission to Moscow), noble Moscow boyars, and
711:
568:
from Ryazan, and the prince of Ryazan was killed after several years in captivity.
539:
468:
324:
3476:
1804:
The battle is perhaps the earliest example of the Russian tactic of deception, or
730:, seized power in the eastern part of the Golden Horde. He enjoyed the support of
3668:
3652:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Русско-Балтийский информационный центр БЛИЦ.
3582:
3561:
3546:
3525:
3395:
3374:
3353:
3332:
3311:
3292:
3137:
2558:
2491:
2390:
2228:
2177:
1772:
1559:
1445:
1388:
1172:
1142:
1134:
974:
958:
870:
The first data on the total number of troops collected by Dmitry appeared in the
832:
828:
668:
151:
3460:
3087:
1414:
to make them more religious. For example, the "Narration" adds an invocation of
1936:
Hand was cut off appears only in the work of the historian of the 18th century
1567:
1533:
1492:
1461:
1449:
1077:
1032:
1028:
676:
580:
496:
492:
380:
288:
75:
37:
2453:
3816:
3798:
3785:
3602:
3484:
3461:"A Tatar interpretation of the battle of Kulikovo Field, 1380: Rustam Nabiev"
1563:
1044:
171:
2541:Кирпичников А.Н. Военное дело на Руси в XIII–XV вв. – Л.: Наука, 1966, с. 16
1779:
1740:
1496:
1488:
1465:
1373:
1321:
1155:
803:
761:
614:
602:
589:
576:
553:
217:
51:
3436:
1325:, or "The Battle beyond the Don", a famous epic based on or influenced by
640:
and in 1368–1372 made three campaigns against Moscow. After the death of
147:
3280:
3214:
1798:
1786:
1599:
504:
500:
258:
79:
270:(arrived too late to aid Mamai; retreated at the news of Mamai's defeat)
2747:
1794:
1668: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1623:
1105:
970:
966:
727:
181:
3420:
1574:
and not all of them have been preserved to this day; General Governor
827:
were represented in the army of Dmitry, but there were no troops from
3242:] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library.
2493:
Conflict, Bargaining, and Kinship Networks in Medieval Eastern Europe
1937:
1529:
1168:
1076:
An exhausted Dmitri having his wounds cared for after the battle. By
852:
699:
598:
572:
224:
3168:[History of the study of relics of the Battle of Kulikovo].
2552:Масштабы Донского побоища по данным палеографии и военной археологии
1643:
1163:("Narration of the Battle with Mamai") was largely derived from the
636:
continued its expansion. It competed with Moscow for supremacy over
2759:
1820:
1627:
1396:
1228:
1176:
1097:
908:
839:
could be represented by the troops of the appanage Principality of
820:
811:
779:
641:
3259:Куликовская битва в свидетельствах современников и памяти потомков
2602:
2284:
A Companion to Russian Studies: An Introduction to Russian History
1437:
A USSR postage stamp from 1980 featuring imagery of the battle by
1347:
Slovo o zhitii i prestavlenii velikogo kniazia Dmitriia Ivanovicha
2626:
1508:
1012:
887:
856:
775:
736:
703:
653:
584:
565:
348:
197:
855:
is "not excluded". Probably, the army of Dmitri was enforced by
2735:
2551:
1504:
1214:
Two Bolgar manuscripts from the end of the 17th or 18th century
1052:
991:
848:
840:
715:
664:
523:
508:
246:
177:
166:
2723:
2078:, p. 6, Russians, with Grand Prince Dmitry at the centre.
940:
3313:
Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
2711:
2687:
2421:
1399:
1146:
1017:
995:
844:
756:
731:
594:
488:
309:
213:
2337:
2247:
2113:
2111:
924:
The duel between Peresvet and Chelubey on the Kulikovo Field
3527:
Russia and Central Asia: Coexistence, Conquest, Convergence
3265:] (in Russian). Moscow: Квадрига. pp. 384, illus.
2590:
2264:
2262:
681:
637:
3670:
The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat"
2991:
2989:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2675:
2663:
2144:"The Battle of Kulikovo: When the Russian Nation Was Born"
2033:
2021:
1744:
The memorial column on the Kulikovo field was designed by
1016:"The Field of Kulikovo" (1890s). A large-scale hand-drawn
3291:]. Эксклюзивная классика (revised ed.). Moscow:
3018:
3016:
2927:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2108:
601:
of Berdi Beg, soon took power in the western part of the
3614:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–15.
3053:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 236.
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2788:
2786:
2572:О численности войска Дмитрия Ивановича на Куликовом поле
2471:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2259:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1982:
1980:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1060:
for over 50 kilometres (31 mi), until they reached
548:
in the 13th century, the numerous principalities became
3088:"Место сражения на Куликовом поле по летописным данным"
2986:
2962:
2939:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2817:
2798:
2489:
2454:"К вопросу о составе русского войска на Куликовом поле"
1810:, and it is taught as such at Russian military schools.
1254:
16:
Battle between Russian principalities and Mongol forces
3013:
2871:
2771:
2614:
1503:, was named in honour of the Russian victory over the
1267:, or "Chronicle Tale", passed down in two redactions:
1149:
burnt down the archives of the Golden Horde in Sarai.
2974:
2846:
2829:
2783:
2433:
2409:
2098:
2096:
2045:
2004:
1992:
1977:
1954:
1343:, also known as "Narration of the Battle with Mamai".
482:
3256:
3001:
2904:
2892:
2765:
2753:
2699:
2608:
1909:
1882:
1235:
in 1380, and that Dmitry Donskoy had a meeting with
3074:Где была Куликовская битва. В поисках Куликова поля
1860:'Mamai's carnage'; furthermore in Russian:
1607:museums in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
1128:
1114:
another campaign against the Principality of Moscow
617:, new political powers were appearing, such as the
2357:
2093:
882:from the Tatar side. Mamai's allies, Grand Prince
798:. The latter, according to some sources, was from
667:(law pronouncement) transferred the throne of the
2483:
2388:
2230:The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life
2057:
1295:, or "Expanded Chronicle Tale", preserved in the
1227:in 1380 resided in Moscow rather than Kyiv, that
3814:
3503:The Rise and Demise of the Myth of the Rus' Land
3404:] (in Russian). Moscow: Наука. p. 214.
675:. But the Moscow elite (in 1359, the new Prince
495:. The battle took place on 8 September 1380, at
3692:. Saint Petersburg: ООО "Издательство Полигон".
2141:
2360:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1273:, or "Short Chronicle Tale", preserved in the
3166:"История изучения реликвий Куликовской битвы"
2280:
1331:. The earliest manuscript dates to the 1470s.
511:) and was won by Dmitry, who became known as
364:
50:"The Battle of Kulikovo" (1849). Painting by
3833:Battles involving the Principality of Moscow
3735:
3712:
3544:
3509:. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press. p. 116.
2741:
2729:
2717:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2427:
2039:
2027:
1109:political benefit from the defeat of Mamai.
3330:
2445:
2382:
2182:. Cambridge University Press. p. 226.
2117:
1866:
1190:(originally in Latin, translated to German)
564:. Thus, in 1300, Moscow seized the city of
522:The victory at Kulikovo is commemorated in
3838:14th century in the Principality of Moscow
3750:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3727:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3376:Kulikovo 1380: The Battle that Made Russia
3257:Amel'kin, Andrei; Seleznev, Yuri (2011).
2287:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
2175:
1514:
1037:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
941:https://ru.wikipedia.org/Файл:Peresvet.jpg
663:died and the new Khan of the Horde by his
652:began to struggle with their step-brother
371:
357:
3459:Halperin, Charles J. (17 February 2016).
3185:
3183:
3160:
3158:
2281:Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (1981).
1728:Learn how and when to remove this message
802:(rather from Bryansk). The poetic story "
748:, waiting for the arrival of his allies.
3499:
3458:
3418:
3372:
3233:
3048:
3022:
2995:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2886:
2865:
2840:
2823:
2811:
2792:
2075:
2051:
1971:
1739:
1432:
1223:the "Narration" mistakenly claimed that
1071:
1023:
1011:
897:
755:
3666:
3643:
3393:
3351:
3309:
3279:
3208:
3085:
2933:
2898:
2777:
2705:
2632:
2620:
2596:
2477:
2451:
2439:
2415:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2268:
2253:
2233:. Transaction Publishers. p. 185.
2163:
2129:
2087:
2015:
1998:
1986:
1923:
491:and Russian forces led by Grand Prince
3815:
3601:
3523:
3180:
3155:
3007:
2921:
2585:Куликовская битва по летописным данным
2355:
2214:
1552:
216:, controlling the western part of the
3687:
3584:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917
3555:] (in Russian). Leningrad: Наука.
2653:Герменевтика древнерусской литературы
1797:. According to the Russian historian
1775:in the 8th century in Western Europe.
352:
3690:История военного искусства VI–XVI вв
3650:Literary Works of the Kulikovo Cycle
3580:
3559:
3067:
2274:
2226:
2202:
2102:
2063:
1666:adding citations to reliable sources
1637:
1255:Literary works of the Kulikovo cycle
1020:by I.G. Blinov (ink, tempera, gold).
2496:. Lexington Books. pp. 19–21.
487:) was fought between the forces of
13:
3828:Battles involving the Golden Horde
3355:The Formation of Muscovy 1300–1613
3095:Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики
2461:Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики
2392:The Formation of Muscovy 1300–1613
2356:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
1377:is based on the literary model of
378:
14:
3854:
3759:
3709:(Военно-историческая библиотека).
3425:Slavonic and East European Review
2176:Meyendorff, John (24 June 2010).
1340:The Tale of the Battle with Mamai
1047:describe this battle in his book
760:Dmitri captures a warrior of the
515:("of the Don") after the battle.
96:Unification of the Russian nation
3631:from the original on 6 June 2011
3051:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
2490:Christian Raffensperger (2018).
1642:
1293:Prostrannaia letopisnaia povest’
1129:Primary sources about the battle
935:
710:. The Tatars then began to raid
691:campaigns of the Lithuanian army
314:
303:
292:
283:
252:
235:
207:
156:
146:
136:
126:
113:
44:
3553:Battle of Kulikovo (in Russian)
3530:. University of Toronto Press.
3240:The history of the Russian Army
3227:
3199:
3130:
3105:
3079:
3042:
3028:
2638:
2577:
2564:
2544:
2535:
2519:
2510:
2349:
2220:
2169:
2135:
1929:
1915:
1902:
1888:
1874:
1653:needs additional citations for
1633:
816:"The Tale of the Rout of Mamai"
3545:Kirpichnikov, Anatoly (1980).
3337:. Cambridge University Press.
2142:Timofeychev, A. (2017-07-19).
1839:
1475:
1387:), the latter had elements of
1361:Life of St. Sergii of Radonezh
1335:Skazanie o Mamaevom poboishche
1161:Skazanie o Mamaevom poboishche
343:30,000–100,000–200,000–300,000
1:
3500:Halperin, Charles J. (2022).
3477:10.1080/00905992.2015.1063594
3419:Halperin, Charles J. (2001).
2146:. Russia Beyond the Headlines
1947:
1364:
1354:
1351:Encomium to Dmitrii Ivanovich
1312:
1302:
1286:
1278:
1225:Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev
1118:great stand on the Ugra River
1007:
597:, who was the son-in-law and
533:
340:30,000–50/60,000 –150,000 men
298:Vladimir Andreyevich the Bold
3713:Karantsevich, V. L. (2004).
3646:Памятники Куликовского цикла
3172:(in Russian). Archived from
2766:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
2754:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
2644:
2609:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
1910:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
1883:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
1532:River. In the 19th century,
1501:Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh
1271:Kratkaia letopisnaia povest’
1087:
980:
739:of Lithuania. Ryazan Prince
702:in 1376 and seized the city
7:
3352:Crummey, Robert O. (2014).
3334:A Concise History of Russia
3234:Егоршина, Петрова (2023).
2587://Исторический формат, 2016
1814:
1785:Another Russian historian,
1771:in the 5th century and the
1519:
1380:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
1328:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
1188:Chronik des Landes Preussen
952:
768:
726:. Meanwhile, another khan,
540:Golden Horde § Decline
483:
425:Muscovite–Volga Bulgars war
10:
3859:
3776:History of Kulikovo Battle
3331:Bushkovitch, Paul (2011).
3310:Borrero, Mauricio (2009).
3138:"Searches and discoveries"
3115:[ESBE/Nepryadva].
3049:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003).
3036:"Куликово поле: 12 картин"
2645:Рудаков, Владимир (1998).
2635:, pp. 57, 80–83, 231.
2389:Robert O. Crummey (2014).
1528:and near the mouth of the
977:against the "Christians".
751:
571:After the killing of Khan
556:. During this period, the
537:
289:Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow
18:
3736:Podhorodecki, L. (2008).
3563:A Brief History of Russia
3524:Keller, Shoshana (2020).
2395:. Routledge. p. 52.
2364:. Facts On File. p.
1926:, pp. 215–216, 218).
1861:
1850:
1298:Novgorod Fourth Chronicle
1123:
963:Nativity of the Theotokos
934:
929:
922:
893:
785:
724:Battle of the Vozha River
644:in 1377, his eldest sons
472:
388:
334:
277:
142:Principality of Yaroslavl
132:Principality of Beloozero
106:
58:
43:
35:
30:
3645:
3644:Rybakov, Boris (1998).
3581:Moss, Walter G. (2003).
3547:
3396:
3258:
3235:
3086:Azbelev, Sergey (2016).
2647:
1832:
1595:by a Kulikovo nobleman.
1495:, discovered in 1980 by
1385:Lay of the Host of Igor’
825:Upper Oka Principalities
634:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
619:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
408:Lithuanian–Muscovite War
188:Upper Oka Principalities
162:Principality of Starodub
3715:100 знаменитых сражений
3566:. Infobase Publishing.
3394:Gorskii, Anton (2000).
3373:Galeotti, Mark (2019).
3316:. Infobase Publishing.
2452:Gorskii, Anton (2001).
1515:Archaeological searches
1419:baptising the Rus' Land
1233:grand duke of Lithuania
872:Expanded Chronicle Tale
859:'s rebellious brothers
669:Grand Duchy of Vladimir
546:Mongol invasion of Rus'
3771:The Battle of Kulikovo
3688:Razin, Ye. A. (1999).
3667:Parppei, Kati (2017).
3560:Kort, Michael (2008).
1871:'Don carnage'.
1749:
1618:and other historians.
1464:. The French painter
1441:
1428:
1353:("Expanded Redaction"
1231:(died 1377) was still
1084:stood "on the bones".
1080:
1067:
1039:
1021:
917:
765:
684:began. Prince of Tver
627:Principality of Ryazan
623:Principality of Moscow
558:principality of Moscow
528:Day of Military Honour
278:Commanders and leaders
230:Principality of Ryazan
192:Lithuanian princes of
172:Principality of Kashin
167:Principality of Mologa
152:Principality of Rostov
21:Dmitry Donskoy (opera)
3799:53.65250°N 38.65350°E
3437:10.1353/see.2001.0046
3236:История русской армии
2346:, pp. 90, 92–93.
2256:, pp. 28–29, 44.
1743:
1622:plate, a fragment of
1436:
1308:Sofia First Chronicle
1175:, but these could be
1075:
1062:Krasivaya Mecha River
1035:, miniature from the
1027:
1015:
901:
837:Grand Duchy of Ryazan
823:Land and part of the
759:
708:Battle on Pyana River
3465:Nationalities Papers
3402:Moscow and the Horde
2599:, pp. 277, 308.
2227:Benz, Ernst (2008).
1677:"Battle of Kulikovo"
1662:improve this article
3795: /
2756:, pp. 248–249.
2744:, pp. 100–104.
1553:Searches for traces
1416:Volodimer I of Kiev
1265:Letopisnaia povest’
1237:Sergius of Radonezh
1208:, preserved as the
969:, which also had a
242:Genoese mercenaries
19:For the opera, see
3804:53.65250; 38.65350
3738:Kulikowe Pole 1380
3379:. Bloomsbury USA.
3289:For Rus' to Russia
3219:From Rus to Russia
3176:on 4 January 2019.
2936:, pp. ix, 20.
2732:, pp. 99–100.
2557:2022-10-10 at the
2550:Двуреченский О.В.
1763:Russian historian
1750:
1576:Alexander Balashov
1442:
1184:Johann von Posilge
1139:Middle High German
1081:
1040:
1022:
1001:Alexander Peresvet
918:
796:Alexander Peresvet
766:
605:. Mamai enthroned
583:had arisen there.
484:Kulikovskaya bitva
465:Battle of Kulikovo
31:Battle of Kulikovo
3823:Conflicts in 1380
3680:978-90-04-33794-7
3621:978-0-521-86403-9
3594:978-0-85728-752-6
3573:978-1-4381-0829-2
3548:Куликовская битва
3537:978-1-4875-9434-3
3386:978-1-4728-3121-7
3365:978-1-317-87200-9
3344:978-1-139-50444-7
3323:978-0-8160-7475-4
3302:978-5-17-153845-3
3272:978-5-91791-074-1
3249:978-5-699-42397-2
3195:978-5-904162-01-6
3117:ru.wikisource.org
2742:Kirpichnikov 1980
2730:Kirpichnikov 1980
2720:, pp. 94–99.
2718:Kirpichnikov 1980
2696:, pp. 89–92.
2694:Kirpichnikov 1980
2682:Kirpichnikov 1980
2670:Kirpichnikov 1980
2503:978-1-4985-6853-1
2480:, pp. 51–52.
2430:, pp. 37–43.
2428:Kirpichnikov 1980
2402:978-1-317-87200-9
2375:978-0-8160-4671-3
2334:, pp. 86–89.
2322:, pp. 90–92.
2310:, pp. 83–85.
2271:, pp. 80–82.
2240:978-0-202-36575-6
2189:978-0-521-13533-7
2040:Karantsevich 2004
2028:Podhorodecki 2008
1870:
1859:
1769:Battle of Châlons
1746:Alexander Brullov
1738:
1737:
1730:
1712:
1616:Oleg Dvurechensky
1580:Dmitri Tikhomirov
1193:The chronicle of
1182:The chronicle of
988:Vladimir the Bold
946:
945:
886:and Grand Prince
884:Oleg II of Ryazan
865:Dmitri of Bryansk
861:Andrei of Polotsk
671:to the Prince of
650:Dmitri of Bryansk
646:Andrei of Polotsk
481:
473:Куликовская битва
458:
457:
398:Shishevsky Forest
347:
346:
271:
102:
101:
3850:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3766:The Zadonshchina
3755:
3749:
3741:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3693:
3684:
3663:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3613:
3598:
3587:. Anthem Press.
3577:
3556:
3541:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3415:
3390:
3369:
3348:
3327:
3306:
3285:От Руси к России
3276:
3253:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2869:
2863:
2844:
2838:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2796:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2118:Bushkovitch 2011
2115:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1827:Russo-Kazan Wars
1733:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1670:
1646:
1638:
1482:Aleksey Shchusev
1458:Alexander Bubnov
1454:Mikhail Nesterov
1439:Alexander Bubnov
1366:
1356:
1314:
1304:
1288:
1283:Simeon Chronicle
1280:
1275:Rogozh Chronicle
1207:
1195:Detmar of Lübeck
939:
938:
920:
919:
914:Viktor Vasnetsov
810:" and "Novgorod
712:Nizhniy Novgorod
493:Dmitry of Moscow
486:
476:
474:
383:
373:
366:
359:
350:
349:
329:
319:
318:
317:
308:
307:
306:
296:
287:
269:
257:
256:
255:
240:
239:
238:
212:
211:
210:
160:
150:
140:
130:
117:
92:Russian victory
66:8 September 1380
60:
59:
48:
28:
27:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3813:
3812:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3762:
3743:
3742:
3720:
3719:
3681:
3660:
3647:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3611:
3595:
3574:
3549:
3538:
3517:
3506:
3449:
3447:
3412:
3398:
3387:
3366:
3345:
3324:
3303:
3273:
3260:
3250:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3188:
3181:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3113:"ЭСБЕ/Непрядва"
3111:
3110:
3106:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2872:
2864:
2847:
2839:
2830:
2826:, pp. 7–8.
2822:
2818:
2814:, pp. 6–8.
2810:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2559:Wayback Machine
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1875:
1862:Донское побоище
1851:Мамаево побоище
1844:
1840:
1835:
1817:
1773:Battle of Tours
1765:Sergey Solovyov
1734:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1671:
1669:
1659:
1647:
1636:
1589:Imperial family
1560:Vasily Lyovshin
1555:
1522:
1517:
1478:
1446:Orest Kiprensky
1431:
1391:, which in the
1389:Slavic paganism
1383:(also known as
1257:
1210:Ratshandschrift
1197:
1135:Church Slavonic
1131:
1126:
1090:
1070:
1010:
983:
975:order of battle
959:Nikon Chronicle
955:
936:
896:
833:Veliky Novgorod
829:Nizhny Novgorod
788:
771:
764:(17th century).
754:
673:Nizhny Novgorod
632:Meanwhile, the
542:
536:
461:
460:
459:
454:
384:
379:
377:
325:
315:
313:
312:
304:
302:
291:
263:
253:
251:
236:
234:
208:
206:
83:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3843:1380 in Europe
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3760:External links
3758:
3757:
3756:
3733:
3710:
3701:(VI–XVI вв.).
3685:
3679:
3664:
3659:5-8678-9-033-3
3658:
3641:
3620:
3603:Plokhy, Serhii
3599:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3557:
3542:
3536:
3521:
3515:
3497:
3456:
3431:(2): 248–263.
3416:
3410:
3391:
3385:
3370:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3328:
3322:
3307:
3301:
3277:
3271:
3254:
3248:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3207:
3198:
3179:
3154:
3129:
3104:
3078:
3066:
3059:
3041:
3027:
3012:
3000:
2998:, p. 255.
2985:
2973:
2971:, p. 254.
2961:
2959:, p. 256.
2938:
2926:
2903:
2891:
2870:
2845:
2828:
2816:
2797:
2782:
2780:, p. 100.
2770:
2768:, p. 246.
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2655:(in Russian).
2637:
2625:
2623:, p. 205.
2613:
2601:
2589:
2576:
2563:
2543:
2534:
2518:
2509:
2502:
2482:
2470:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2401:
2381:
2374:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2293:
2273:
2258:
2246:
2239:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2188:
2168:
2156:
2134:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2042:, p. 139.
2032:
2030:, p. 106.
2020:
2018:, p. 264.
2003:
2001:, p. 266.
1991:
1989:, p. 208.
1976:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1928:
1914:
1901:
1887:
1885:, p. 235)
1873:
1845:Also known in
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:, Russian monk
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1783:
1776:
1761:
1758:
1736:
1735:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1612:Vadim Ashurkov
1568:Vestnik Evropy
1554:
1551:
1534:Stepan Nechaev
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1493:2869 Nepryadva
1477:
1474:
1462:Mikhail Avilov
1450:Vasily Sazonov
1430:
1427:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1344:
1332:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1290:
1256:
1253:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1191:
1180:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1089:
1086:
1078:Vasily Sazonov
1069:
1066:
1033:Kulikovo Field
1031:on the way to
1029:Dmitry Donskoy
1009:
1006:
982:
979:
954:
951:
944:
943:
932:
931:
927:
926:
912:, painting by
895:
892:
787:
784:
770:
767:
753:
750:
581:Great Troubles
579:in 1359, the
544:Following the
535:
532:
497:Kulikovo Field
456:
455:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
416:
415:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
385:
381:Great Troubles
376:
375:
368:
361:
353:
345:
344:
341:
337:
336:
332:
331:
321:Muhammad Bolak
300:
280:
279:
275:
274:
273:
272:
262:
261:
249:
244:
232:
227:
203:
202:
201:
190:
184:
174:
169:
164:
154:
144:
134:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
89:
85:
84:
76:Kulikovo Field
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
41:
40:
38:Great Troubles
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3855:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3707:5-89173-038-3
3704:
3700:
3699:5-89173-040-5
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3516:9781802700565
3512:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3411:5-02-010202-4
3407:
3403:
3399:
3397:Москва и Орда
3392:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:. Routledge.
3357:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3143:
3142:en.kulpole.ru
3139:
3133:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3060:3-540-00238-3
3056:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3025:, p. 13.
3024:
3023:Halperin 2022
3019:
3017:
3010:, p. 71.
3009:
3004:
2997:
2996:Halperin 2001
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:Halperin 2016
2977:
2970:
2969:Halperin 2001
2965:
2958:
2957:Halperin 2001
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2924:, p. 70.
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2895:
2889:, p. 14.
2888:
2887:Halperin 2022
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2866:Halperin 2016
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:Halperin 2016
2837:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:Halperin 2016
2820:
2813:
2812:Halperin 2016
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2793:Halperin 2016
2789:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2684:, p. 51.
2683:
2678:
2672:, p. 88.
2671:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2611:, p. 60.
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2583:Азбелев С.Н.
2580:
2573:
2570:Пенской В.В.
2567:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2531:5-89173-040-5
2528:
2522:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2442:, p. 18.
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2418:, p. 97.
2417:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2294:0-521-28038-9
2290:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2120:, p. 23.
2119:
2114:
2112:
2105:, p. 21.
2104:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2076:Galeotti 2019
2072:
2066:, p. 82.
2065:
2060:
2054:, p. 19.
2053:
2052:Егоршина 2023
2048:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1974:, p. 10.
1973:
1972:Halperin 2016
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1729:
1721:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679: –
1678:
1674:
1673:Find sources:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1651:This section
1649:
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1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
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1590:
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1578:and educator
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:Ivan Sakharov
1561:
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1045:Albert Krantz
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999:champion was
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3633:. Retrieved
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3448:. Retrieved
3428:
3424:
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3333:
3312:
3288:
3284:
3281:Gumilev, Lev
3262:
3239:
3228:Bibliography
3218:
3210:
3201:
3174:the original
3169:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:
3132:
3121:. Retrieved
3119:(in Russian)
3116:
3107:
3101:(65): 17–29.
3098:
3094:
3081:
3069:
3050:
3044:
3030:
3003:
2983:, p. 6.
2976:
2964:
2934:Parppei 2017
2929:
2901:, p. 5.
2899:Rybakov 1998
2894:
2868:, p. 7.
2843:, p. 8.
2819:
2795:, p. 4.
2778:Gorskii 2000
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2708:, p. 9.
2706:Rybakov 1998
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2640:
2633:Parppei 2017
2628:
2621:Parppei 2017
2616:
2604:
2597:Rybakov 1998
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2512:
2492:
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2478:Rybakov 1998
2473:
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2447:
2440:Rybakov 1998
2435:
2423:
2416:Gorskii 2000
2411:
2391:
2384:
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2344:Gorskii 2000
2339:
2332:Gorskii 2000
2327:
2320:Gorskii 2000
2315:
2308:Gorskii 2000
2303:
2283:
2276:
2269:Gorskii 2000
2254:Gorskii 2000
2249:
2229:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2178:
2171:
2164:Borrero 2009
2159:
2148:. Retrieved
2137:
2130:Crummey 2014
2125:
2088:Borrero 2009
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2016:Gumilev 2023
1999:Gumilev 2023
1994:
1987:Borrero 2009
1931:
1924:Rybakov 1998
1917:
1904:
1890:
1881:chronicles (
1876:
1841:
1805:
1795:Tuqtamış xan
1780:Golden Horde
1751:
1724:
1715:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1672:
1660:Please help
1655:verification
1652:
1634:Perspectives
1620:
1609:
1597:
1585:Ivan Afremov
1572:
1556:
1549:(Volosovo).
1542:
1539:
1523:
1489:minor planet
1486:
1479:
1466:Adolphe Yvon
1443:
1423:Zadonshchina
1422:
1412:Zadonshchina
1411:
1408:Zadonshchina
1407:
1404:Zadonshchina
1403:
1393:Zadonshchina
1392:
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1374:Zadonshchina
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1244:
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1220:Zadonshchina
1219:
1217:
1209:
1187:
1165:Zadonshchina
1164:
1160:
1159:, while the
1156:Zadonshchina
1154:
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804:Zadonshchina
789:
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762:Golden Horde
720:
696:
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631:
615:Golden Horde
603:Golden Horde
588:
577:Golden Horde
570:
554:Golden Horde
543:
521:
517:
512:
464:
462:
439:
413:Trosna River
326:
218:Golden Horde
205:
118:
112:
107:Belligerents
91:
52:Adolphe Yvon
36:Part of the
3802: /
3471:(1): 4–19.
3215:Lev Gumilev
3008:Plokhy 2006
2922:Plokhy 2006
2215:Keller 2020
1799:Lev Gumilev
1787:Lev Gumilev
1600:Tula Oblast
1547:Lake Volovo
1499:astronomer
1476:Dedications
1357:1449–1470s)
1305:1480s) and
1198: [
990:and Dmitry
505:Tula Oblast
445:Kalka River
435:Vozha River
430:Pyana River
403:Pyana River
393:Blue Waters
259:Circassians
225:mercenaries
80:Tula Oblast
3817:Categories
3790:38°39.21′E
3787:53°39.15′N
3717:. Kharkiv.
3170:kulpole.ru
3123:2023-05-22
2659:: 135–157.
2150:2020-01-29
1948:References
1807:maskirovka
1757:Lithuania.
1688:newspapers
1624:chain mail
1593:Nicholas I
1470:Nicholas I
1371:While the
1281:1450) and
1141:, and two
1106:Tokhtamysh
1008:Main clash
967:Anno Mundi
728:Tokhtamysh
625:, and the
538:See also:
534:Background
182:Dorogobuzh
3746:cite book
3740:. Warsaw.
3723:cite book
3673:. Brill.
3493:129150302
3485:0090-5992
3445:247621602
3283:(2023) .
2203:Kort 2008
2103:Kort 2008
2064:Moss 2003
1938:Tatischev
1897:Vasily II
1628:bardiches
1604:Civil War
1530:Nepryadva
1526:Don River
1397:chivalric
1177:loanwords
1169:Old Tatar
1137:, two in
1088:Aftermath
981:Beginning
853:Meshchera
812:posadniks
800:Lithuania
792:Beloozero
746:Don River
732:Tamerlane
700:Oka River
611:Genghisid
599:beylerbey
573:Berdi Beg
501:Don River
499:near the
478:romanized
267:Lithuania
223:European
3635:27 April
3626:Archived
3605:(2006).
2555:Archived
1821:Oslyabya
1815:See also
1748:in 1848.
1718:May 2023
1520:Location
1229:Algirdas
1049:Vandalia
953:Approach
930:Painting
909:Chelubey
905:Peresvet
903:Duel of
821:Smolensk
780:Jani Beg
769:Campaign
642:Algirdas
440:Kulikovo
420:Sary-Aka
335:Strength
200:in exile
186:Part of
71:Location
1869:
1858:
1847:Russian
1791:Genoese
1702:scholar
1509:Mongols
888:Jogaila
857:Jogaila
776:Kolomna
752:Prelude
737:Jogaila
704:Bolghar
686:Mikhail
661:Ivan II
654:Jogaila
585:Warlord
575:of the
566:Kolomna
552:of the
550:vassals
513:Donskoy
480::
469:Russian
327:†
198:Bryansk
194:Polotsk
3705:
3697:
3677:
3656:
3618:
3591:
3570:
3534:
3513:
3491:
3483:
3450:17 May
3443:
3408:
3383:
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3341:
3320:
3299:
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3057:
2529:
2500:
2467:: 1–9.
2399:
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2291:
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2186:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1505:Tataro
1497:Soviet
1315:1480s)
1289:1490s)
1173:Bolgar
1143:Bolgar
1124:Legacy
1102:Crimea
992:Bobrok
916:(1914)
894:Battle
849:Yelets
841:Pronsk
786:Forces
716:Ryazan
677:Dmitry
665:jarliq
621:, the
590:temnik
562:Ryazan
524:Russia
509:Russia
450:Moscow
323:
247:Cumans
178:Vyazma
120:Moscow
88:Result
3648:[
3629:(PDF)
3612:(PDF)
3551:[
3507:(PDF)
3489:S2CID
3441:S2CID
3400:[
3287:[
3261:[
3238:[
3147:2 May
3091:(PDF)
2457:(PDF)
1833:Notes
1709:JSTOR
1695:books
1543:ust'e
1400:ethos
1367:1418)
1337:, or
1206:]
1147:Timur
1098:Caffa
1053:Rusyn
1018:lubok
996:boyar
907:with
845:Murom
595:Mamai
526:as a
503:(now
489:Mamai
310:Mamai
214:Mamai
78:(now
3752:link
3729:link
3703:ISBN
3695:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3654:ISBN
3637:2010
3616:ISBN
3589:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3481:ISSN
3452:2023
3406:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3360:ISBN
3339:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3149:2023
3055:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2370:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2184:ISBN
1867:lit.
1856:lit.
1681:news
863:and
851:and
808:pans
744:the
741:Oleg
714:and
682:Tver
648:and
638:Tver
463:The
196:and
180:and
63:Date
3473:doi
3433:doi
3293:AST
2366:543
1664:by
1429:Art
1171:or
1100:in
1068:End
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