513:
644:
443:
488:
758:
161:
750:
675:
336:
652:
Blue Draw
Metagabbro being the pivot point. Harlan's reconstruction of this pivot is shown to the right. At this time the two provinces are in contact at only one point north of the Blue Draw Metagabbro; that point of contact was 875 km (540 mi) from Sudbury and 95 km (60 mi) southwest of Duluth, Minnesota. The Blue Draw Metagabbro is now 935 km (580 mi) west of Sudbury and remains about 150 km (90 mi) south of the Superior-Wyoming provinces' junction.
741:, the Wyoming craton is thought to have completely separated from the southern Superior province, this is consistent with the occurrence of a 2,076- to 2,067-million-year-old hotspot centered just south of the Superior province and east of the MRV. The 2,125- to 2,101-million-year-old Marathon and 2,077- to 2,076-million-year-old Fort Frances dikes, both on the present-day Superior province north of the Great Lakes tectonic zone, are consistent with rifting during this time period.
205:
388:
635:
about 625 km (390 mi) to the
Wisconsin-Michigan state line on Lake Superior. The hotspot was 125 km (80 mi) south of the East Bull Lake suite, approximately under present-day Sudbury. The Blue Draw Metagabbros – in the Black Hills of South Dakota – were 625 km (390 mi) west of Sudbury and 150 km (90 mi) south of the westernmost contact of the two provinces on the Wyoming province.
175:– added landmass through volcanic activity and continental collision along a boundary that stretches from present-day South Dakota, U.S., into the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, region. The farthest west into South Dakota is 99°W, which is about 55 km (34 mi) from the Minnesota – South Dakota border. This crustal boundary is the Great Lakes tectonic zone (GLTZ). It is a 1,400 km (870 mi) long paleo
375:(line of tectonic transport) in the mylonite foliation plunges 42° in a S43°E direction. In the Sims-and-Day model, this last collision in the assembly of the Superior province resulted from northwest-directed tectonic transport of the Minnesota River Valley subprovince terrane against the terrane of the Superior province. The collision was oblique, resulting in
426:. Repeated metamorphism and deformation caused extensive recrystallization, intense foliation, shear zones and folding. There are east-northeast- to east-trending faults in the gneissic rocks south of the Great Lakes tectonic zone in Minnesota, south of the Midcontinent Rift System in Wisconsin and in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
516:
Marquette, Michigan, is on the eastern side of the map, on Lake
Superior. The Northern complex is No. 1 on the map; it has three emplacements just northeast of Marquette. The Southern complex is No. 2 on the map and has one emplacement the just southwest of Marquette. On the Michigan-Wisconsin border
503:
series, rather than the low-oxygen concentration of the magnetic titanium oxides. Penokean-age rocks in the northern
Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan contain areas of low-pressure, low- to high-temperature metamorphism. The folding and metamorphism increased in intensity to the south and
446:
The
Montevideo Gneiss Complex is No. 13 on the map and occurs in two separate gerrymandering places; one has a northwesterly orientation in west-central Minnesota and the other emplacement is south of the first one and has an east–west orientation. The Morton Gneiss Complex is No. 14 on the map with
212:
The collision of the gneissic
Minnesota River Valley (MRV) subprovince onto the southern edge of the Superior province was another process in the slow change in tectonics which marks the end of the Archean Eon. This gneissic terrane originally extended several hundred kilometers east to west, making
712:
and may have evolved as a single sedimentary rift basin between 2,450 and 2,100 million years ago. These
Huronian and Snowy Pass sedimentary rocks are similar, each having 2,450- to 2,100-million-year-old epicratonic rifts succeeded by a 2,100- to 1,800-million-year-old passive sedimentary margins.
455:
age data indicates that there are four crystalline rock complexes 3,400 million years old in the Lake
Superior region. The best-known units are the Morton Gneiss and the Montevideo Gneiss complexes, along the Minnesota River Valley in southwest Minnesota. Rocks exposed in the Minnesota River Valley
682:
Swarms of mafic dikes and sills are typical of continental rifting and can be used to time supercontinent breakup. Intrusion of the 2,475- to 2,445-million-year-old
Matachewan-Hearst Mafic Dike Swarm and the 2,490- to 2,475-million-year-old East Bull Lake suite of layered mafic intrusive rocks are
660:
The 2,125- to 2,090-million-year-old mafic magmatic events affecting the
Superior and Wyoming cratons show the hotspot having moved 500 km (310 mi) west from Sudbury, and the two provinces have rifted so that they are separated by 100 km (60 mi). That narrowest distance between
634:
The final assembly of supercontinent Kenorland was finished by 2,600 to 2,550 million years ago; the southern Superior province – with the Minnesota River Valley subprovince attached – and the current-day southeastern border of the Wyoming province abutted each other from the Sudbury area westerly
269:
zone exists beneath one of the blocks. The subduction zone consumes the oceanic crust connected to the other block. After the oceanic crust is consumed, the two blocks meet and the subducting oceanic crust pulls the attached continental block under the other. During the collision with the Superior
721:
Much of the southeastern Superior province was bisected by the more than 300,000 km (120,000 sq mi) 2,172- to 2,167-million-year-old Biscotasing Diabase Swarm which trended northeast from Sudbury. In southcentral Wyoming province there is a 2,170 ± 8-million-year-old quartz diorite
651:
The 2,170-million-year-old intrusive events that affected the Superior and the Wyoming cratons indicate that the plume had moved 330 km (210 mi) west, centered in the opening between the Superior province and the rifting Wyoming province. The Wyoming province was rotating away, with the
693:
In the northern Black Hills of southwest South Dakota the 2,600- to 2,560-million-year-old Precambrian crystalline core, the Blue Draw Metagabbro, is a 1 km (0.62 mi) thick layered sill. The East Bull Lake intrusive suite, in the southern Superior province near Sudbury, Ontario, aligns
766:
Minnesota has been the most seismically active in the region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan's Upper Peninsula and southern Ontario. Several earthquakes have been documented in Minnesota in the last 120 years, with at least six in the GLTZ. The epicenters show a clear relationship to tectonic
533:
The Northern and Southern complexes of the Upper Peninsula are highly migmatized and intensely foliated, with the intensity of foliation increasing toward margins. The western part of the Southern Complex shows intricate phases of folding and foliation. These Late Archean rocks form a roughly
491:
The Watersmeet Domes gneisses straddle the Wisconsin-Michigan border. (Note that the map scales are different for these three maps.) No. 11 is a quartz monzonite-migmatite complex which also straddles the border; it is northwest of the Watersmeet Domes and has a southwesterly
521:
Compressive deformation during the Penokean orogeny reactivated the GLTZ, which followed deposition of the Marquette Range Supergroup sediments and resulted in a north-side up motion along steep brittle-ductile faults in the eastern, low-grade portion of the Marquette
694:
spatially with the Blue Draw Metagabbro if the Superior and Wyoming cratons are restored to the Kenorland configuration proposed by Roscoe and Card (1993). These layered mafic intrusions are of similar thickness and identical age, and occur along a rifted belt.
274:
which defines the boundary between the two terranes. Tectonism along the zone began during the docking of the two terranes into a single continental mass, and culminated in the early Proterozoic, where deformation took place under low to intermediate pressures.
284:
683:
interpreted as indicating early Paleoproterozoic, mantle-hotspot driven rifting centered near Sudbury, Ontario, during the onset of Kenorland breakup. Radiometric dating shows that the Wyoming province's Blue Draw Metagabbro was undergoing rifting at
661:
the two cratons is 1,150 km (710 mi) from Sudbury, in east-central South Dakota. The Blue Draw Metagabbro is now 950 km (590 mi) west of Sudbury and 200 km (120 mi) south of the Superior province's southern border.
761:
This map and table shows where Minnesota's earthquakes have occurred. Earthquakes 1, 6, 9, 11, 15 and 18 are in the Great Lakes tectonic zone. The size of the dot indicates the strength of the earthquake. The Morris earthquake is No.
362:
In the Marquette area, the GLTZ is a northwest-striking zone of metamorphic rock about 2 km (1.2 mi) wide that was crushed by the dynamics of tectonic movements. Shear zone boundaries are subparallel and strike N60°W; the
254:. The first was probably during formation of the terrane, the second was during suturing. The growth of the Superior province greenstone-granitic terranes ended with the suturing of the Minnesota River Valley gneiss terrane to the
774:
Wisconsin has had no earthquakes along the GLTZ, Michigan's Upper Peninsula has had four earthquakes in the vicinity of the GLTZ – Negaunee, Newberry and two in Sault Ste. Marie – and the Sudbury area has had three earthquakes.
322:
The pattern of sedimentation from this rifting environment continued into the Penokean orogeny, which is the next major tectonic event in the Great Lakes region. During the Penokean orogeny (1,850 to 1,900 million years ago),
836:
815:
Mapquest. The original author arrived at approximate values using the scales, maps and a ruler. The geographic locations (Sudbury, Duluth, Wisconsin, etc.) given with the measurements are present-day locations.
391:
This map shows the locations of the Superior province, Penokean orogeny, Minnesota River Valley subprovince, Great Lakes tectonic zone (Minnesota's portion) and the present-day location of the Wyoming province.
790:
The original url used showed the entire article as a PDF. It doesn't seem to work when the url is typed into Google. The url=ftp:// geo.igemi.troisk.ru/archive/Geophysics/geo2000/geo65n06/geo6506r18901899.pdf
647:
This shows a possible configuration for the attachment of the Wyoming and Superior provinces at 2,100 million years ago. Note the Blue Draw Metagabbro (BDM), marked by the red dot, on the Wyoming province.
291:
After suturing, the region was tectonically quiet for a few hundred million years. The Algoman Mountains had been built and then eroded into sediments that covered the area. Fragmentation of this Archean
1074:"Late Paleoproterozoic (geon 18 and 17) reactivation of the Neoarchean Great Lakes Tectonic Zone, northern Michigan, USA: Evidence from kinematic analysis, thermobarometry and Ar/Ar geochronology"
767:
features of the state; four epicenters lie along the Great Lakes tectonic zone. Depths are estimated at 5 to 20 km (3 to 12 mi). The best-documented event occurred on July 9, 1975, near
479:, after the suturing of the MRV gneissic terrane onto the Superior province. Similar intrusions farther east along the GLTZ show later dates, reinforcing the theorized closure from west to east.
753:
The red dots show larger-magnitude earthquakes in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan's Upper Peninsula and southern Ontario. The earthquake near Minnesota's western "bulge" is the Morris earthquake.
499:
The 1,850-million-year-old Penokean magmatism in Wisconsin represents margin-type igneous activity terminated by collision. Some of the Penokean granites show iron enrichment similar to the
107:
106:
Collision began along the Great Lakes tectonic zone with the Algoman mountain-building event and continued for tens of millions of years. During the formation of the GLTZ, the gneissic
447:
its northern edge contiguous to the southerly Montevideo portion and gerrymanders to the southwest. The Sacred Heart granite is No. 15 on the map; it is bisected by the Morton complex.
270:
province, the MRV gneissic block was thrust up onto the Superior province's edge; this resulted in a thrusted crumpled fault tens of kilometers wide producing a mountain range, and a
1277:
434:
Crystalline rocks are more prominent in Minnesota, where they underlie 8,882 km (3,429 sq mi), than they are in either Wisconsin or Michigan's Upper Peninsula.
132:
is the continental landmass that is hypothesized to have rifted away from the southern Superior province portion of Kenorland, before moving rapidly west and docking with the
418:
bodies of Late Archean age are part of the greenstone-granite terrane of northern Minnesota, northwestern Wisconsin and the western part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
619:
the Superior and Wyoming provinces had completely separated. From about 2,100 to 1,865 million years ago the Wyoming craton drifted in a westward direction until it docked
1276:
Milkereit, Bernd; Berrer, E. K.; King, Alan R.; Watts, Anthony H.; Roberts, B.; Adam, Erick; Eaton, David W.; Wu, Jianjun; Salisbury, Matthew H. (November–December 2000).
550:
at the erosional boundary between the Archean Superior province and the overlying sequence of early Proterozoic continental margin deposits. The structure consists of the
472:
and unfoliated, and may represent passive intrusions into folded metasedimentary rocks. It is a typical late-tectonic medium-grained pink granite that was intruded around
1475:
496:
Late Archean lithologies in northwestern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan are similar to the Sacred Heart granite and consist of gneisses and migmatites.
1190:
Characterization of crystalline rocks in the Lake Superior region, USA: implications for nuclear waste isolation. Wisconsin, Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Minnesota
339:
The pale yellow portion shows the Upper Peninsula (UP) of Michigan. Marquette is on the south shore of Lake Superior, straight north of the "'r' in the word 'Upper'".
95:) tectonics (2,450 to 2,100 million years ago), a second compression during the Penokean orogeny (1,900 to 1,850 million years ago), a second extension during Middle
347:
in the Marquette, Michigan, U.S., area provides information of the structure for the zone along a 10 km (6.2 mi) strike. The GLTZ was an active dextral
980:
1116:
Sims, P.K.; Card, K.D.; Morey, G.B.; Peterman, Z.E. (December 1980). "The Great Lakes tectonic zone — A major crustal structure in central North America".
208:
This diagram shows the dynamics of two colliding continental plates. The Superior province was underridden by the Minnesota River Valley subprovince plate.
504:
southeast, and produced the isolated gneissic 1,755-million-year-old Watersmeet Domes which straddle the border of Michigan and northeastern Wisconsin.
188:
530:, a second episode of GLTZ reactivation took place during the uplift of the post-Huronian 2,400- to 2,100-million-year-old granitic Southern Complex.
164:
The Wawa subprovince is the wide green belt to the south; it is part of the Superior province. The Minnesota River Valley subprovince is also shown.
214:
581:
In the eastern Sudbury area the rock is highly crystalline hornblendic gneiss, which apparently dips at a rather low angle toward the southeast.
566:
and metasedimenary rocks. The sublayer consists of a mass of basic to ultrabasic inclusions of varying size and frequency of occurrence. Sudbury
460:, metagabbro and paragneisses. The complex of ancient gneisses is intruded by a younger, weakly deformed granite body, the Sacred Heart granite.
1225:"SHRIMP study of zircons from Early Archean rocks in the Minnesota River Valley: Implications for the tectonic history of the Superior Province"
1665:
1029:
Basement Tectonics 10, Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Basement Tectonics, held in Duluth, Minnesota, U.S.A., August 1992
799:
The distance measurements in the Wyoming province section are derived by the original author of this article with the use of three resources:
803:
Geological Guidebook to the Paleoproterozoic East Bull Lake Intrusive Suite Plutons at East Bull Lake, Agnew Lake and River Valley, Ontario
1476:
Geological Guidebook to the Paleoproterozoic East Bull Lake Intrusive Suite Plutons at East Bull Lake, Agnew Lake and River Valley, Ontario
228:
and continued for tens of millions of years. The collision is interpreted to have happened obliquely at an angle, beginning in the west.
1329:"Title Elastic Moduli, Thermal Expansion, and Inferred Permeability of Climax Quartz Monzonite and Sudbury Gabbro to 500°C and 55 MPa"
1428:
Dahl, Peter S.; Hamilton, Michael A.; Wooden, Joseph L.; Foland, Kenneth A.; Frei, Robert; McCombs, James A.; Hom, Daniel K. (2006).
217:
than a future Superior province belt. The boundary that separates the two colliding bodies is the Great Lakes tectonic zone; it is a
1552:
1278:"Development of 3-D seismic exploration technology for deep nickel-copper deposits—A case history from the Sudbury basin, Canada"
643:
690:, the same time the emplacement of the 250 km (160 mi) long belt of mafic layered intrusions in the Sudbury region.
1482:
1036:
930:
898:
846:
512:
1024:
1430:"2480 Ma mafic magmatism in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota: a new link connecting the Wyoming and Superior cratons"
110:
was thrust up onto the Superior province's edge as it consumed the Superior province's oceanic crust. Fragmentation of the
584:
A paleostress analysis of the eastern exposures near Sudbury shows continuing dextral offset during the Penokean orogeny.
160:
1690:
1675:
1670:
145:
838:
Precambrian blocks and orogen boundaries in the north-central United States determined from gravity and magnetic date
771:, with a magnitude of 4.6, and a felt area of 82,000 km (32,000 sq mi) covering parts of four states.
395:
Early Archean rocks generally form elongate, domal or circular bodies that are several kilometers thick. Late-stage
183:
terrane to the south – Minnesota River Valley subprovince – from the 2,700-million-year-old Late Archean greenstone-
265:
as the subprovince came in from the south. Suturing of one continental block onto another usually occurs because a
986:
152:
have been documented in Minnesota, Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Sudbury in the last 120 years along the GLTZ.
697:
Recent paleomagnetic and geochronological data from the central Wyoming craton support the hypothesis that the
1137:
1224:
702:
487:
442:
1685:
1660:
468:
The Sacred Heart granitic bodies that occur along portions of the Minnesota River Valley are relatively
258:
Wawa subprovince. Suturing, the last stage of closure, started in South Dakota and continued eastward.
1073:
1427:
1189:
835:
Mickus, K. (2007). Hatcher Robert D., Jr.; Carlson, Marvin P.; McBride, John H.; et al. (eds.).
314:. This is when the Wyoming province is hypothesized to have drifted away from the Superior province.
1627:
868:
376:
1700:
1695:
551:
1602:
1515:
768:
140:
from the GLTZ-rifting environment continued into the Penokean orogeny, which is the next major
1072:
Tohver, E.; Holm, D.K.; van der Pluijm, B.A.; Essene, E.J.; Cambray, F.W. (February 5, 2007).
749:
570:
varies between a gabbro and a norite, depending upon the local silicates' ratios. The quartz
359:
determined in the exposed GLTZ – which are consistent – are applicable to its entire length.
348:
324:
92:
51:
47:
888:
271:
1441:
1289:
1275:
1236:
1125:
723:
261:
During the formation of the GLTZ, the MRV protocontinent consumed the Superior province's
8:
1579:
1556:
1328:
698:
372:
364:
33:
1445:
1293:
1240:
1129:
886:
674:
262:
1375:
856:
469:
452:
387:
1371:
757:
534:
north–south belt lying south of Marquette extending to the Michigan-Wisconsin border.
1705:
1379:
1193:
1032:
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894:
842:
304:
137:
25:
1092:
1071:
1680:
1527:
1449:
1367:
1297:
1244:
1133:
1088:
608:, south of current-day Sudbury. Continental rifting is exhibited by emplacement of
523:
415:
176:
1429:
811:
Using that scale with landmarks on the maps from page 8 of the Dahl reference and
84:
The zone is characterized by active compression during the Algoman orogeny (about
1356:"Notes on a part of the Huronian Series in the Neighbourhood of Sudbury (Canada)"
547:
218:
74:
59:
43:
39:
400:
396:
293:
129:
36:, and then trends more northeasterly to skim the northernmost shores of lakes.
54:
along a boundary that stretches from present-day South Dakota, U.S., into the
1654:
1115:
543:
1531:
887:
Whitney, Donna L; Teyssier, Christian; Siddoway, Christine S, eds. (2004).
344:
237:
21:
1473:
457:
456:
include a complex of migmatitic granitic gneisses, schistose to gneissic
335:
149:
100:
96:
563:
736:
707:
685:
621:
614:
599:
559:
474:
356:
309:
298:
283:
266:
249:
242:
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170:
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During the Late Archean Eon the Algoman orogeny – which occurred about
123:
116:
86:
55:
1301:
1197:
1248:
1222:
920:
575:
500:
423:
419:
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zone of highly deformed rocks. Collision began along the GLTZ around
141:
133:
111:
29:
1481:(Report). Ontario Geological Survey. p. 4. 6135. Archived from
1453:
1355:
1025:"New Data on Vergence of the Lake Archean Great Lakes Tectonic Zone"
191:
of the Superior province. The GLTZ is 50 km (30 mi) wide.
1187:
1027:. In Ojakangas, Richard W; Dickas, Albert B; Green, John C (eds.).
527:
368:
571:
204:
184:
78:
70:
63:
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with the Superior province, northwest of its original position.
69:
It is 1,400 km (870 mi) long, and separates the older
701:(in southern Ontario) and Snowy Pass (in southeastern Wyoming)
605:
567:
555:
404:
255:
180:
1516:"Seismic history of Minnesota and its geological significance"
609:
517:
are the Watersmeet Dome gneisses; they extend into Wisconsin.
99:
time (1,600 million years ago) and minor reactivation during
1513:
179:
that separates the more than 3,000-million-year-old Archean
1188:
Sood, M.K.; Flower, M.F.J.; Edgar, D.E. (January 1, 1984).
407:) and quartz-feldspar-mica coarse-grained intrusive rocks (
403:
of diabase, quartz-feldspar fine-grained instrusive rocks (
371:
within the GLTZ strikes N70°W and dips S75°W. A stretching
351:
zone south of Marquette, passing under the large Marquette
1223:
Bickford, M.E.; Wooden, J.L.; Bauer, R.L. (January 2006).
554:, a differentiated sequence of intrusive volcanic rocks –
1138:
10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<690:TGLTZA>2.0.CO;2
587:
437:
925:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 214 & 215.
236:
The MRV subprovince experienced two distinct high-grade
73:
gneissic terrane to the south from younger Late Archean
841:. The Geological Society of America, Inc. p. 333.
574:
gabbro is medium- to coarse-grained, the Climax quartz
1474:
Easton, R.M.; Jobin-Bevans, L.S.; James, R.S. (2004).
1555:(Report). Minnesota Geological Survey. Archived from
1326:
330:
327:
deformed the sequences in the Lake Superior region.
1600:
1526:(1). © 1981 Seismological Society of America: 199.
1335:. American Rock Mechanics Association. ARMA-81-0097
1022:
612:igneous rocks on each side of the rift margins. By
893:. The Geological Society of America. p. 341.
1333:The 22nd U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS)
1327:Page, L.; Heard, H. C. (June 29 – July 2, 1981).
136:supercontinent 1,850 to 1,715 million years ago.
1652:
1520:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1514:Mooney, Harold M.; Morey, G.B. (February 1981).
921:Ojakangas, Richard W; Matsch, Charles L (1982).
597:An episode of hotspot gabbro magmatism occurred
463:
729:
1577:
1353:
507:
1603:Circular 14 Seismic Disturbances in Michigan
655:
1360:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
24:at its tip and heads northeast to south of
1218:
1216:
1214:
1018:
1016:
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1004:
834:
355:. P.K. Sims and W.C. Day suggest that the
287:Hotspot causing rifting of tectonic plates
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
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1269:
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1265:
307:near Sudbury and was completed by around
1629:Earthquakes in or near Canada, 1627–2007
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526:In the western portion of the Marquette
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588:Wyoming province separation hypothesis
438:Montevideo and Morton gneiss complexes
382:
1666:Geological history of the Great Lakes
1315:
1052:
1023:Sims, P.K.; Day, W.C. (August 1992).
978:
482:
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939:
875:
807:Page 4 has a map with a scale given.
1144:
716:
669:
604:at the eastern edge of the Wyoming
537:
103:time (the past 500 million years).
28:, then heads east through northern
13:
1553:Historical Seismicity of Minnesota
1434:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
379:-thrust shear along the boundary.
108:Minnesota River Valley subprovince
14:
1717:
1372:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1888.044.01-04.07
638:
629:
331:GLTZ in Marquette, Michigan, area
1635:(Map). Natural Resources Canada
1620:
1594:
1571:
1545:
1467:
1093:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.02.014
793:
784:
705:were adjacent to each other at
1031:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
828:
744:
1:
1578:Dutch, Steven (May 3, 1999).
821:
1601:Bricker, D. Michael (1977).
464:Sacred Heart granitic bodies
429:
199:
194:
7:
231:
155:
10:
1722:
508:Michigan's Upper Peninsula
278:
1691:Precambrian United States
1676:Hotspots of North America
1671:Proterozoic North America
730:After complete separation
656:After complete separation
18:Great Lakes tectonic zone
985:(Thesis). Archived from
778:
546:structure is located in
890:Gneiss Domes in Orogeny
552:Sudbury Igneous Complex
187:terrane to the north –
1532:10.1785/BSSA0710010199
1354:Bonney, T. G. (1888).
763:
754:
679:
678:Matachewan Dike Swarms
648:
518:
493:
448:
392:
340:
288:
209:
165:
42:added landmass to the
1580:Wisconsin Earthquakes
760:
752:
677:
646:
515:
490:
445:
414:Most of the region's
390:
338:
286:
207:
163:
121:and was completed by
114:supercontinent began
52:continental collision
20:(GLTZ) is bounded by
1081:Precambrian Research
318:Cessation of rifting
91:), a pulling-apart (
1608:(Report). p. 2
1446:2006CaJES..43.1579D
1294:2000Geop...65.1890M
1241:2006GSAB..118...94B
1130:1980GSAB...91..690S
923:Minnesota's Geology
665:Supporting evidence
593:General information
578:is medium-grained.
383:Composition of rock
34:Marquette, Michigan
1686:Precambrian Canada
1661:Geologic provinces
764:
755:
680:
649:
519:
494:
483:Northern Wisconsin
449:
393:
341:
289:
210:
166:
146:Great Lakes region
1559:on March 19, 2011
1440:(10): 1579–1600.
1302:10.1190/1.1444873
1038:978-0-7923-3429-3
932:978-0-8166-0950-5
900:978-0-8137-2380-8
848:978-0-8137-1200-0
769:Morris, Minnesota
739:million years ago
710:million years ago
688:million years ago
624:million years ago
617:million years ago
602:million years ago
477:million years ago
312:million years ago
301:million years ago
252:million years ago
245:million years ago
226:million years ago
173:million years ago
126:million years ago
119:million years ago
89:million years ago
48:volcanic activity
44:Superior province
26:Duluth, Minnesota
1713:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1598:
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1587:
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1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1488:on July 23, 2011
1487:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1425:
1384:
1383:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1288:(6): 1890–1899.
1273:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1249:10.1130/B25741.1
1220:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1185:
1142:
1141:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1087:(1–4): 144–168.
1078:
1069:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1020:
999:
998:
996:
994:
976:
937:
936:
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907:
884:
873:
872:
866:
862:
860:
852:
832:
816:
797:
791:
788:
740:
724:Wind River Range
711:
689:
625:
618:
603:
538:Sudbury, Ontario
478:
416:crystalline rock
345:geologic mapping
313:
302:
253:
246:
227:
189:Wawa Subprovince
174:
130:Wyoming province
127:
120:
90:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1701:Supercontinents
1696:Plate tectonics
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1638:
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1632:
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1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1454:10.1139/E06-066
1426:
1387:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1316:
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1304:
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1186:
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1114:
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1097:
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1076:
1070:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1021:
1002:
992:
990:
989:on May 16, 2008
982:The Big Picture
977:
940:
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732:
719:
706:
684:
672:
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658:
641:
632:
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613:
598:
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590:
548:Greater Sudbury
540:
510:
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440:
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333:
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308:
297:
281:
248:
241:
234:
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202:
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169:
158:
122:
115:
85:
40:Algoman orogeny
12:
11:
5:
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865:|journal=
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825:
823:
820:
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792:
782:
780:
777:
746:
743:
731:
728:
718:
717:During rifting
715:
671:
670:Before rifting
668:
666:
663:
657:
654:
640:
639:During rifting
637:
631:
630:Before rifting
628:
594:
591:
589:
586:
562:– overlain by
539:
536:
509:
506:
484:
481:
465:
462:
439:
436:
431:
428:
411:) are common.
384:
381:
332:
329:
319:
316:
294:supercontinent
280:
277:
247:and the other
233:
230:
215:protocontinent
201:
198:
196:
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157:
154:
81:to the north.
9:
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3:
2:
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623:
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611:
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585:
582:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:, gabbro and
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:Sudbury Basin
535:
531:
529:
525:
514:
505:
502:
497:
489:
480:
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444:
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328:
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315:
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306:
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296:began around
295:
285:
276:
273:
268:
264:
263:oceanic crust
259:
257:
251:
244:
239:
229:
225:
220:
216:
213:it more of a
206:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
162:
153:
151:
147:
144:event in the
143:
139:
138:Sedimentation
135:
131:
125:
118:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
88:
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:the original
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1523:
1519:
1490:. Retrieved
1483:the original
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1437:
1433:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1332:
1305:. Retrieved
1285:
1281:
1252:. Retrieved
1232:
1229:GSA Bulletin
1228:
1201:. Retrieved
1121:
1118:GSA Bulletin
1117:
1096:. Retrieved
1084:
1080:
1042:. Retrieved
1028:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
981:
922:
916:
904:. Retrieved
889:
837:
830:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
786:
773:
765:
733:
720:
696:
692:
681:
659:
650:
633:
596:
583:
580:
541:
532:
520:
498:
495:
492:orientation.
467:
450:
433:
413:
394:
361:
342:
321:
290:
260:
240:events, one
235:
211:
167:
105:
83:
68:
58:region near
38:
22:South Dakota
17:
15:
1366:(1–4): 32.
1235:(1–2): 94.
1124:(12): 690.
745:Earthquakes
703:supergroups
470:unfractured
458:amphibolite
453:radiometric
420:Lithologies
349:strike-slip
325:compression
238:metamorphic
150:earthquakes
101:Phanerozoic
97:Proterozoic
93:extensional
1655:Categories
1282:Geophysics
1192:(Report).
979:Davis, P.
822:References
560:granophyre
424:migmatitic
357:kinematics
272:shear zone
267:subduction
148:. Several
75:greenstone
66:, Canada.
56:Lake Huron
1537:March 30,
1380:128876159
1254:March 30,
1203:March 31,
1098:March 31,
1044:March 24,
993:March 29,
906:March 24,
867:ignored (
857:cite book
576:monzonite
501:magnetite
430:Minnesota
409:pegmatite
373:lineation
365:foliation
353:anticline
200:Collision
195:Mechanism
134:Laurentia
112:Kenorland
77:-granite
30:Wisconsin
1706:Terranes
1639:April 9,
1612:April 9,
1586:April 8,
1582:(Report)
1563:April 9,
1492:April 4,
1459:April 2,
1339:April 7,
1307:April 7,
722:dike of
699:Huronian
564:breccias
528:syncline
369:mylonite
303:under a
256:basaltic
232:Suturing
181:gneissic
156:Location
142:tectonic
1681:Orogeny
1442:Bibcode
1290:Bibcode
1237:Bibcode
1198:5050035
1126:Bibcode
572:biotite
451:Recent
377:dextral
343:Recent
305:hotspot
279:Rifting
185:granite
79:terrane
71:Archean
64:Ontario
60:Sudbury
1378:
1196:
1035:
929:
897:
845:
606:craton
568:gabbro
556:norite
524:Trough
405:aplite
177:suture
128:. The
1633:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
1486:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
1376:S2CID
1077:(PDF)
779:Notes
737:2,100
708:2,170
686:2,480
622:1,865
615:2,100
610:mafic
600:2,480
475:2,600
401:sills
397:dikes
310:2,100
299:2,450
250:2,600
243:3,050
224:2,700
219:fault
171:2,750
124:2,100
117:2,450
87:2,700
1641:2010
1614:2010
1588:2010
1565:2010
1539:2010
1494:2010
1461:2010
1341:2010
1309:2010
1256:2010
1205:2010
1194:OSTI
1100:2010
1046:2010
1033:ISBN
995:2010
927:ISBN
908:2010
895:ISBN
869:help
843:ISBN
542:The
399:and
50:and
16:The
1528:doi
1450:doi
1368:doi
1298:doi
1245:doi
1233:118
1134:doi
1089:doi
1085:157
762:11.
734:By
367:in
46:by
1657::
1524:71
1522:.
1518:.
1502:^
1448:.
1438:43
1436:.
1432:.
1388:^
1374:.
1364:44
1362:.
1358:.
1331:.
1317:^
1296:.
1286:65
1284:.
1280:.
1264:^
1243:.
1231:.
1227:.
1213:^
1146:^
1132:.
1122:91
1120:.
1108:^
1083:.
1079:.
1054:^
1003:^
941:^
877:^
861::
859:}}
855:{{
813:3.
809:2.
805:.
801:1.
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32:,
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1616:.
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1530::
1496:.
1463:.
1452::
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1382:.
1370::
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1300::
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1247::
1239::
1207:.
1140:.
1136::
1128::
1102:.
1091::
1048:.
997:.
935:.
910:.
871:)
851:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
