1307:
rates remained close to zero. Before March 1933, people expected further deflation and a recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment. But when
Roosevelt announced major regime changes, people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion. With these positive expectations, interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do. Roosevelt's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped make his policy objectives credible. The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investment. The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard, a balanced budget in times of crisis and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70–80% of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937. If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued, the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933, and output would have been 30% lower in 1937 than in 1933.
2987:
40:
2070:
2054:
2129:
2006:
2038:
two days, 19–20 June. Collapse was at hand. U.S. President
Herbert Hoover called for a moratorium on payment of war reparations. This angered Paris, which depended on a steady flow of German payments, but it slowed the crisis down, and the moratorium was agreed to in July 1931. An international conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on 19 August a standstill agreement froze Germany's foreign liabilities for six months. Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England. The funding only slowed the process. Industrial failures began in Germany, a major bank closed in July and a two-day holiday for all German banks was declared. Business failures became more frequent in July, and spread to Romania and Hungary.
2914:
1956:
506:
2248:
1110:, which required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued. By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession. This credit was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes. A "promise of gold" is not as good as "gold in the hand", particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40% of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding. During the bank panics, a portion of those demand notes was redeemed for Federal Reserve gold. Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit. On 5 April 1933, President Roosevelt signed
1703:
566:. This angered Paris, which depended on a steady flow of German payments, but it slowed the crisis down, and the moratorium was agreed to in July 1931. An International conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on 19 August a standstill agreement froze Germany's foreign liabilities for six months. Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England. The funding only slowed the process. Industrial failures began in Germany, a major bank closed in July and a two-day holiday for all German banks was declared. Business failures were more frequent in July, and spread to
2387:
382:
344:, the American stock market crashed 11% at the opening bell. Actions to stabilize the market failed, and on 28 October, Black Monday, the market crashed another 12%. The panic peaked the next day on Black Tuesday, when the market saw another 11% drop. Thousands of investors were ruined, and billions of dollars had been lost; many stocks could not be sold at any price. The market recovered 12% on Wednesday, but the damage had been done. Though the market recovered from 14 November until 17 April 1930, it entered a prolonged slump. From 17 April 1930 until 8 July 1932, the market continued to lose 89% of its value.
2167:
Greece's foreign exchange reserves being almost totally wiped out in 1932. Remittances from abroad declined sharply and the value of the drachma began to plummet from 77 drachmas to the dollar in March 1931 to 111 drachmas to the dollar in April 1931. This was especially harmful to Greece as the country relied on imports from the UK, France, and the Middle East for many necessities. Greece went off the gold standard in April 1932 and declared a moratorium on all interest payments. The country also adopted protectionist policies such as import quotas, which several
European countries did during the period.
832:
1181:
3176:
2933:£15 million fiduciary note slowed, but did not reverse the British crisis. The financial crisis now caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931. With deficits mounting, the bankers demanded a balanced budget; the divided cabinet of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government agreed; it proposed to raise taxes, cut spending and most controversially, to cut unemployment benefits by 20%. The attack on welfare was totally unacceptable to the Labour movement. MacDonald wanted to resign, but King George V insisted he remain and form an all-party coalition "
3070:
348:
578:
fiduciary note slowed, but did not reverse, the
British crisis. The financial crisis now caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931. With deficits mounting, the bankers demanded a balanced budget; the divided cabinet of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government agreed; it proposed to raise taxes, cut spending, and most controversially, to cut unemployment benefits 20%. The attack on welfare was unacceptable to the Labour movement. MacDonald wanted to resign, but King George V insisted he remain and form an all-party coalition "
1548:
131:
1005:
2256:
143:
10536:
17738:
3465:
1056:). By not lowering interest rates, by not increasing the monetary base and by not injecting liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling, the Federal Reserve passively watched the transformation of a normal recession into the Great Depression. Friedman and Schwartz argued that the downward turn in the economy, starting with the stock market crash, would merely have been an ordinary recession if the Federal Reserve had taken aggressive action. This view was endorsed in 2002 by
10500:
2282:(IRI) was formed in January 1933 and took control of the bank-owned companies, suddenly giving Italy the largest state-owned industrial sector in Europe (excluding the USSR). IRI did rather well with its new responsibilities—restructuring, modernising and rationalising as much as it could. It was a significant factor in post-1945 development. But it took the Italian economy until 1935 to recover the manufacturing levels of 1930—a position that was only 60% better than that of 1913.
2857:
2446:
1732:
1518:
unless the economy were to acquire an increase in material goods. As a result, the upswing lacks a solid base. It is not real prosperity. It is illusory prosperity. It did not develop from an increase in economic wealth, i.e. the accumulation of savings made available for productive investment. Rather, it arose because the credit expansion created the illusion of such an increase. Sooner or later, it must become apparent that this economic situation is built on sand."
1278:; a further price level decline would then result in a debt deflationary spiral. According to Bernanke, a small decline in the price level simply reallocates wealth from debtors to creditors without doing damage to the economy. But when the deflation is severe, falling asset prices along with debtor bankruptcies lead to a decline in the nominal value of assets on bank balance sheets. Banks will react by tightening their credit conditions, which in turn leads to a
3660:
2937:". The Conservative and Liberals parties signed on, along with a small cadre of Labour, but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government. Britain went off the gold standard, and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Great Depression. In the 1931 British election, the Labour Party was virtually destroyed, leaving MacDonald as prime minister for a largely Conservative coalition.
852:
1025:
311:
728:
1650:
595:
2674:
devastating hurricane in 1928 and the plummeting demand from global markets in the latter half of the decade. 1930 unemployment on the island was roughly 36% and by 1933 Puerto Rico's per capita income dropped 30% (by comparison, unemployment in the United States in 1930 was approximately 8% reaching a height of 25% in 1933). To provide relief and economic reform, the United States government and Puerto Rican politicians such as
1804:
10512:
3632:
3014:
3576:, had extensively studied the Great Depression as part of his doctoral work at MIT, and implemented policies to manipulate the money supply and interest rates in ways that were not done in the 1930s. Bernanke's policies will undoubtedly be analyzed and scrutinized in the years to come, as economists debate the wisdom of his choices. In 2011, one journalist contrasted the Great Depression of the 1930s as opposed to the
943:
3646:
10524:
2421:
leaving people desperate and charities unable to cope. Work relief schemes were the only government support available to the unemployed, the rate of which by the early 1930s was officially around 15%, but unofficially nearly twice that level (official figures excluded Māori and women). In 1932, riots occurred among the unemployed in three of the country's main cities (
3239:
431:(value based) rate of duties on dutiable imports for 1921–1925 was 25.9% but under the new tariff it jumped to 50% during 1931–1935. In dollar terms, American exports declined over the next four years from about $ 5.2 billion in 1929 to $ 1.7 billion in 1933; so, not only did the physical volume of exports fall, but also the prices fell by about
1925:
unemployment and hardship among peasants, labourers, colonial auxiliaries, and artisans. The budgets of colonial governments were cut, which forced the reduction in ongoing infrastructure projects, such as the building and upgrading of roads, ports and communications. The budget cuts delayed the schedule for creating systems of higher education.
3511:, though the 1929 crisis was called "The Crash", and the term "panic" has since fallen out of use. At the time of the Great Depression, the term "The Great Depression" was already used to refer to the period 1873–96 (in the United Kingdom), or more narrowly 1873–79 (in the United States), which has retroactively been renamed the
367:(privately run, no relation to the government). Unable to pay out to all of its creditors, the bank failed. Among the 608 American banks that closed in November and December 1930, the Bank of United States accounted for a third of the total $ 550 million deposits lost and, with its closure, bank failures reached a critical mass.
2125:, they remained the largest party, and Hitler was appointed as Chancellor the following January. The government formation deal was designed to give Hitler's conservative coalition partners many checks on his power, but over the next few months, the Nazis manoeuvred to consolidate a single-party dictatorship.
1941:
educational reform in which "rural schools" designed to modernize agriculture would stem the flow of under-employed farm workers to cities where unemployment was high. Students were trained in traditional arts, crafts, and farming techniques and were then expected to return to their own villages and towns.
2371:
But on the other hand, the depression led the area governments to develop new local industries and expand consumption and production. Following the example of the New Deal, governments in the area approved regulations and created or improved welfare institutions that helped millions of new industrial
2321:
on all civilian bureaucrats in the
Japanese government. From 1934, the military's dominance of the government continued to grow. Instead of reducing deficit spending, the government introduced price controls and rationing schemes that reduced, but did not eliminate inflation, which remained a problem
2208:
How much India was affected has been hotly debated. Historians have argued that the Great
Depression slowed long-term industrial development. Apart from two sectors—jute and coal—the economy was little affected. However, there were major negative impacts on the jute industry, as world demand fell and
2189:
Icelandic post-World War I prosperity came to an end with the outbreak of the Great
Depression. The Depression hit Iceland hard as the value of exports plummeted. The total value of Icelandic exports fell from 74 million kronur in 1929 to 48 million in 1932, and was not to rise again to the
2037:
movements, as well as with investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies, investors withdrew their short-term money from
Germany as confidence spiraled downward. The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in the first week of June, 540 million in the second, and 150 million in
1911:
also acted energetically to modernize the legal and penal systems, stabilize prices, amortize debts, reform the banking and currency systems, build railroads and highways, improve public health facilities, legislate against traffic in narcotics and augment industrial and agricultural production. On 3
1244:
Outstanding debts became heavier, because prices and incomes fell by 20–50% but the debts remained at the same dollar amount. After the panic of 1929 and during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 U.S. banks failed. (In all, 9,000 banks failed during the 1930s.) By April 1933, around $ 7 billion in
675:
agreed that monetary factors played important roles both in the worldwide economic decline and eventual recovery. Bernanke also saw a strong role for institutional factors, particularly the rebuilding and restructuring of the financial system, and pointed out that the
Depression should be examined in
577:
The world financial crisis now began to overwhelm
Britain; investors around the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £2.5 million per day. Credits of £25 million each from the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and an issue of £15 million
424:
Many economists have argued that the sharp decline in international trade after 1930 helped to worsen the depression, especially for countries significantly dependent on foreign trade. Most historians and economists blame the Act for worsening the depression by seriously reducing international trade
3605:
dropped 8.4% on 12 August 1932. Where we have experienced great volatility with large intraday swings in the past two months, in 2011, we have not experienced any record-shattering daily percentage drops to the tune of the 1930s. Where many of us may have that '30s feeling, in light of the DJIA, the
3585:
If we contrast the 1930s with the Crash of 2008 where gold went through the roof, it is clear that the U.S. dollar on the gold standard was a completely different animal in comparison to the fiat free-floating U.S. dollar currency we have today. Both currencies in 1929 and 2008 were the U.S. dollar,
3250:
Producers reduced their expenditures on durable goods, and inventories declined, but personal income was only 15% lower than it had been at the peak in 1937. As unemployment rose, consumers' expenditures declined, leading to further cutbacks in production. By May 1938 retail sales began to increase,
2755:
The Great Depression caused mass immigration to the Soviet Union, mostly from Finland and Germany. Soviet Russia was at first happy to help these immigrants settle, because they believed they were victims of capitalism who had come to help the Soviet cause. However, when the Soviet Union entered the
2041:
In 1932, 90% of German reparation payments were cancelled (in the 1950s, Germany repaid all its missed reparations debts). Widespread unemployment reached 25% as every sector was hurt. The government did not increase government spending to deal with Germany's growing crisis, as they were afraid that
696:
In rural and small-town areas, women expanded their operation of vegetable gardens to include as much food production as possible. In the United States, agricultural organizations sponsored programs to teach housewives how to optimize their gardens and to raise poultry for meat and eggs. Rural women
2745:
At the time of the Depression, the Soviet economy was growing steadily, fuelled by intensive investment in heavy industry. The apparent economic success of the Soviet Union at a time when the capitalist world was in crisis led many Western intellectuals to view the Soviet system favorably. Jennifer
2558:
fell by 51% in 1933 and 56% in 1934, relative to 1928. However, real wages fell less due to the government's policy of decreasing cost of living, particularly food expenditures (food prices were down by 65% in 1935 compared to 1928 price levels). Material conditions deprivation led to strikes, some
2166:
tried to adopt deflationary policies to stave off the crises that were going on in other countries, but these largely failed. For a brief period, the drachma was pegged to the U.S. dollar, but this was unsustainable given the country's large trade deficit and the only long-term effects of this were
1517:
wrote in the 1930s: "Credit expansion cannot increase the supply of real goods. It merely brings about a rearrangement. It diverts capital investment away from the course prescribed by the state of economic wealth and market conditions. It causes production to pursue paths which it would not follow
1144:
Keynes's basic idea was simple: to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing, as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession. Keynesian economists called on governments during
710:
into sandwiches and soups. They sewed and patched clothing, traded with their neighbors for outgrown items, and made do with colder homes. New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days. Many women also worked outside the home, or took boarders, did laundry for trade or cash, and did
701:
and other items for themselves and their families and homes from feed sacks. In American cities, African American women quiltmakers enlarged their activities, promoted collaboration, and trained neophytes. Quilts were created for practical use from various inexpensive materials and increased social
3460:
is credited with formalizing the phrase, though Hoover is widely credited with popularizing the term, informally referring to the downturn as a depression, with such uses as "Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement" (December 1930, Message to Congress),
3317:
And the great owners, who must lose their land in an upheaval, the great owners with access to history, with eyes to read history and to know the great fact: when property accumulates in too few hands it is taken away. And that companion fact: when a majority of the people are hungry and cold they
2750:
As the Great Depression ground on and unemployment soared, intellectuals began unfavorably comparing their faltering capitalist economy to Russian Communism. Karl Marx had predicted that capitalism would fall under the weight of its own contradictions, and now with the economic crisis gripping the
2367:
economies had been established through American and British investment in Latin American exports to the world. As a result, Latin Americans export industries felt the depression quickly. World prices for commodities such as wheat, coffee and copper plunged. Exports from all of Latin America to the
2170:
Protectionist policies coupled with a weak drachma, stifling imports, allowed the Greek industry to expand during the Great Depression. In 1939, the Greek industrial output was 179% that of 1928. These industries were for the most part "built on sand" as one report of the Bank of Greece put it, as
2143:
economic policy, creating a network of client states and economic allies in central Europe and Latin America. By cutting wages and taking control of labor unions, plus public works spending, unemployment fell significantly by 1935. Large-scale military spending played a major role in the recovery.
1924:
had recently become a major export crop in Kenya and Tanganyika. During the depression, it suffered severely from low prices and marketing problems that affected all colonial commodities in Africa. Sisal producers established centralized controls for the export of their fibre. There was widespread
1593:
According to this view, the root cause of the Great Depression was a global over-investment in heavy industry capacity compared to wages and earnings from independent businesses, such as farms. The proposed solution was for the government to pump money into the consumers' pockets. That is, it must
1393:
I think the Austrian business-cycle theory has done the world a great deal of harm. If you go back to the 1930s, which is a key point, here you had the Austrians sitting in London, Hayek and Lionel Robbins, and saying you just have to let the bottom drop out of the world. You've just got to let it
1306:
took office. Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation, industrial production bottomed out in March 1933, and investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933. There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround. Money supply was still falling and short-term interest
1190:
argued that the predominant factor leading to the Great Depression was a vicious circle of deflation and growing over-indebtedness. He outlined nine factors interacting with one another under conditions of debt and deflation to create the mechanics of boom to bust. The chain of events proceeded as
718:
In Germany, the government tried to reshape private household consumption under the Four-Year Plan of 1936 to achieve German economic self-sufficiency. The Nazi women's organizations, other propaganda agencies and the authorities all attempted to shape such consumption as economic self-sufficiency
692:
In France, very slow population growth, especially in comparison to Germany continued to be a serious issue in the 1930s. Support for increasing welfare programs during the depression included a focus on women in the family. The Conseil Supérieur de la Natalité campaigned for provisions enacted in
684:
Women's primary role was as housewives; without a steady flow of family income, their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care. Birthrates fell everywhere, as children were postponed until families could financially support them. The average birthrate for 14 major
339:
had brought considerable wealth to the United States and Western Europe. The year 1929 dawned with considerable economic progress in the American economy. A small stock crash occurred on 25 March 1929, but the crash was stabilized. Despite signs of economic trouble, the market continued to improve
116:
Economic historians usually consider the catalyst of the Great Depression to be the devastating Wall Street Crash. However, some dispute this, seeing the crash less as a cause of the Depression and more a symptom of the rising nervousness of investors partly due to gradual price declines caused by
3229:
had regained the levels of the late 1920s, except for unemployment, which remained high at 11%, although this was considerably lower than the 25% unemployment rate seen in 1933. In the spring of 1937, American industrial production exceeded that of 1929 and remained level until June 1937. In June
3029:
By 1932, unemployment had reached 23.6%, peaking in early 1933 at 25%. Those releasing from prison during this period had an especially difficult time finding employment given the stigma of their criminal records, which often led to recidivism out of economic desperation. Drought persisted in the
2547:
production noted an 89% decrease. On the other hand, electrotechnical, leather, and paper industries noted marginal increases in production output. Overall, industrial production decreased by 41%. A distinct feature of the Great Depression in Poland was the de-concentration of industry, as larger
2420:
was especially vulnerable to worldwide depression, as it relied almost entirely on agricultural exports to the United Kingdom for its economy. The drop in exports led to a lack of disposable income from the farmers, who were the mainstay of the local economy. Jobs disappeared and wages plummeted,
2309:
The devaluation of the currency had an immediate effect. Japanese textiles began to displace British textiles in export markets. The deficit spending proved to be most profound and went into the purchase of munitions for the armed forces. By 1933, Japan was already out of the depression. By 1934,
1940:
Political protests were not common. However, there was a growing demand that the paternalistic claims be honored by colonial governments to respond vigorously. The theme was that economic reforms were more urgently needed than political reforms. French West Africa launched an extensive program of
1849:
the country hardest hit by the Great Depression because 80% of government revenue came from exports of copper and nitrates, which were in low demand. Chile initially felt the impact of the Great Depression in 1930, when GDP dropped 14%, mining income declined 27%, and export earnings fell 28%. By
761:
World War II had a dramatic effect on many parts of the American economy. Government-financed capital spending accounted for only 5% of the annual U.S. investment in industrial capital in 1940; by 1943, the government accounted for 67% of U.S. capital investment. The massive war spending doubled
705:
Oral history provides evidence for how housewives in a modern industrial city handled shortages of money and resources. Often they updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families. Cheap foods were used, such as soups, beans and noodles. They purchased the cheapest
540:
According to later analysis, the earliness with which a country left the gold standard reliably predicted its economic recovery. For example, The UK and Scandinavia, which left the gold standard in 1931, recovered much earlier than France and Belgium, which remained on gold much longer. Countries
171:
At the beginning, governments and businesses spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the corresponding period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom suffered severe losses in the stock market the previous year, cut expenditures by 10%. In addition, beginning in the
3002:
which raised tariffs on thousands of imported items. The intent of the Act was to encourage the purchase of American-made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. Most countries that traded with the U.S. increased
2940:
The effects on the northern industrial areas of Britain were immediate and devastating, as demand for traditional industrial products collapsed. By the end of 1930 unemployment had more than doubled from 1 million to 2.5 million (20% of the insured workforce), and exports had fallen in
2144:
The policies had the effect of driving up the cost of food imports and depleting foreign currency reserves, leading to economic impasse by 1936. Nazi Germany faced a choice of either reversing course or pressing ahead with rearmament and autarky. Hitler chose the latter route, which according to
906:
Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of the Great Depression is right, or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending, particularly investment, is the
898:
that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists. The consensus among demand-driven theories is that a large-scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid
688:
Among the few women in the labor force, layoffs were less common in the white-collar jobs and they were typically found in light manufacturing work. However, there was a widespread demand to limit families to one paid job, so that wives might lose employment if their husband was employed. Across
536:
ceased exchanging pound notes for gold and the pound was floated on foreign exchange markets. Japan and the Scandinavian countries followed in 1931. Other countries, such as Italy and the United States, remained on the gold standard into 1932 or 1933, while a few countries in the so-called "gold
444:
Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as: "imposing tariffs, import quotas, and exchange controls". These restrictions triggered much tension among countries that had large amounts of bilateral trade, causing major export-import reductions
481:
was the primary transmission mechanism of the Great Depression. Even countries that did not face bank failures and a monetary contraction first-hand were forced to join the deflationary policy since higher interest rates in countries that performed a deflationary policy led to a gold outflow in
1607:
It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the trends we are describing are long-time trends and were thoroughly evident before 1929. These trends are in nowise the result of the present depression, nor are they the result of the World War. On the contrary, the present depression is a collapse
1376:
and replaced him. An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of many Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist position led to disastrous consequences. Unlike what liquidationists expected, a large proportion of the capital stock was not redeployed but
561:
in Vienna in May. This put heavy pressure on Germany, which was already in political turmoil. With the rise in violence of National Socialist ('Nazi') and Communist movements, as well as investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies, investors withdrew their short-term money from
899:
further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand. Monetarists believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but the shrinking of the
3230:
1937, the Roosevelt administration cut spending and increased taxation in an attempt to balance the federal budget. The American economy then took a sharp downturn, lasting for 13 months through most of 1938. Industrial production fell almost 30 per cent within a few months and production of
2398:
suffered a deep and exceptionally long depression. This depression was partly caused by the after-effects of the American stock-market crash of 1929, and partly by internal factors in the Netherlands. Government policy, especially the very late dropping of the Gold Standard, played a role in
1261:
The liquidation of debt could not keep up with the fall of prices that it caused. The mass effect of the stampede to liquidate increased the value of each dollar owed, relative to the value of declining asset holdings. The very effort of individuals to lessen their burden of debt effectively
637:
did not think that the New Deal under Roosevelt single-handedly ended the Great Depression: "It is, it seems, politically impossible for a capitalistic democracy to organize expenditure on the scale necessary to make the grand experiments which would prove my case—except in war conditions."
2673:
In the years immediately preceding the depression, negative developments in the island and world economies perpetuated an unsustainable cycle of subsistence for many Puerto Rican workers. The 1920s brought a dramatic drop in Puerto Rico's two primary exports, raw sugar and coffee, due to a
417:) is that the passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff exacerbated the Great Depression, although there is disagreement as to how much. In the popular view, the Smoot–Hawley Tariff was a leading cause of the depression. In a 1995 survey of American economic historians, two-thirds agreed that the
2932:
The world financial crisis began to overwhelm Britain in 1931; investors around the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £2.5 million per day. Credits of £25 million each from the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and an issue of
1302:, the key to recovery and to ending the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations. The thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession important economic indicators turned positive in March 1933 when
1265:
Fisher's debt-deflation theory initially lacked mainstream influence because of the counter-argument that debt-deflation represented no more than a redistribution from one group (debtors) to another (creditors). Pure re-distributions should have no significant macroeconomic effects.
719:
was needed to prepare for and to sustain the coming war. The organizations, propaganda agencies and authorities employed slogans that called up traditional values of thrift and healthy living. However, these efforts were only partly successful in changing the behavior of housewives.
3294:
as an alternative approach to the study of economics. Neoliberalism went on to challenge the dominance of the Keynesian school of Economics in the mainstream academia and policy-making in the United States, having reached its peak in popularity in the election of the presidency of
603:
In most countries of the world, recovery from the Great Depression began in 1933. In the U.S., recovery began in early 1933, but the U.S. did not return to 1929 GNP for over a decade and still had an unemployment rate of about 15% in 1940, albeit down from the high of 25% in 1933.
3619:
reached such skewed extremes; half the unemployed had been out of work for over six months, something that was not repeated until the late-2000s recession. 2007 and 2008 eventually saw the world reach new levels of wealth gap inequality that rivalled the years of 1928 and 1929.
2231:
Ireland was a largely agrarian economy, trading almost exclusively with the UK, at the time of the Great Depression. Beef and dairy products comprised the bulk of exports, and Ireland fared well relative to many other commodity producers, particularly in the early years of the
445:
during the depression. Not all governments enforced the same measures of protectionism. Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions, while other countries reduced "trade and exchange restrictions only marginally":
1784:
Australia's dependence on agricultural and industrial exports meant it was one of the hardest-hit developed countries. Falling export demand and commodity prices placed massive downward pressures on wages. Unemployment reached a record high of 29% in 1932, with incidents of
1253:
and construction slowed or completely ceased. In the face of bad loans and worsening future prospects, the surviving banks became even more conservative in their lending. Banks built up their capital reserves and made fewer loans, which intensified deflationary pressures. A
2795:
called in 1938 the "world's highest standard of living". Sweden was also the first country worldwide to recover completely from the Great Depression. Taking place amid a short-lived government and a less-than-a-decade old Swedish democracy, events such as those surrounding
625:, which effectively raised reserve requirements, causing a monetary contraction that helped to thwart the recovery. GDP returned to its upward trend in 1938. A revisionist view among some economists holds that the New Deal prolonged the Great Depression, as they argue that
2325:
The deficit spending had a transformative effect on Japan. Japan's industrial production doubled during the 1930s. Further, in 1929 the list of the largest firms in Japan was dominated by light industries, especially textile companies (many of Japan's automakers, such as
2117:. Hitler ran for the Presidency in 1932, and while he lost to the incumbent Hindenburg in the election, it marked a point during which both Nazi Party and the Communist parties rose in the years following the crash to altogether possess a Reichstag majority following the
1710:
The majority of countries set up relief programs and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the right. Many of the countries in Europe and Latin America that were democracies saw them overthrown by some form of dictatorship or authoritarian rule,
1273:
developed an alternative way in which the financial crisis affected output. He builds on Fisher's argument that dramatic declines in the price level and nominal incomes lead to increasing real debt burdens, which in turn leads to debtor insolvency and consequently lowers
2190:
pre-1930 level until after 1939. Government interference in the economy increased: "Imports were regulated, trade with foreign currency was monopolized by state-owned banks, and loan capital was largely distributed by state-regulated funds". Due to the outbreak of the
400:
was passed in the United States on 17 June 1930, having been proposed the year prior. Ostensibly aimed at protecting the American economy as the Depression began to take root, it backfired enormously and may have even caused the Depression. The consensus view among
545:, almost avoided the depression entirely. The connection between leaving the gold standard as a strong predictor of that country's severity of its depression and the length of time of its recovery has been shown to be consistent for dozens of countries, including
3594:; they are two completely different animals. Where we have experienced inflation since the Crash of 2008, the situation was much different in the 1930s when deflation set in. Unlike the deflation of the early 1930s, the U.S. economy currently appears to be in a "
2277:
very hard. As industries came close to failure they were bought out by the banks in a largely illusionary bail-out—the assets used to fund the purchases were largely worthless. This led to a financial crisis peaking in 1932 and major government intervention. The
1468:
believed that the Federal Reserve had further contributed to the problems of the Depression by permitting the money supply to shrink during the earliest years of the Depression. However, during the Depression (in 1932 and in 1934) Hayek had criticized both the
620:
and rising nominal interest rates that Roosevelt's words and actions portended. It was the rollback of those same reflationary policies that led to the interruption of a recession beginning in late 1937. One contributing policy that reversed reflation was the
3372:
is likewise set in the Great Depression, centering on a privileged socialite's love affair with a Marxist revolutionary. The era spurred the resurgence of social realism, practiced by many who started their writing careers on relief programs, especially the
714:
In Japan, official government policy was deflationary and the opposite of Keynesian spending. Consequently, the government launched a campaign across the country to induce households to reduce their consumption, focusing attention on spending by housewives.
183:
and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment remained low. By May 1930, automobile sales declined to below the levels of 1928. Prices, in general, began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930. Then a
2498:
Poland was affected by the Great Depression longer and stronger than other countries due to inadequate economic response of the government and the pre-existing economic circumstances of the country. At that time, Poland was under the authoritarian rule of
1903:. However, the U.S. silver purchase act of 1934 created an intolerable demand on China's silver coins, and so, in the end, the silver standard was officially abandoned in 1935 in favor of the four Chinese national banks' "legal note" issues. China and the
167:
dropped from 381 to 198 over the course of two months, optimism persisted for some time. The stock market rose in early 1930, with the Dow returning to 294 (pre-depression levels) in April 1930, before steadily declining for years, to a low of 41 in 1932.
460:
which caused their balance of payments to strengthen. It also freed up monetary policy so that central banks could lower interest rates and act as lenders of last resort. They possessed the best policy instruments to fight the Depression and did not need
3054:(RFC) in 1932. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $ 2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions. But $ 2 billion was not enough to save all the banks, and
1168:, and other devices to restart the U.S. economy, but never completely gave up trying to balance the budget. According to the Keynesians, this improved the economy, but Roosevelt never spent enough to bring the economy out of recession until the start of
562:
Germany as confidence spiraled downward. The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in the first week of June, 540 million in the second, and 150 million in two days, 19–20 June. Collapse was at hand. U.S. President Herbert Hoover called for a
1067:
Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it
743:. Many economists believe that government spending on the war caused or at least accelerated recovery from the Great Depression, though some consider that it did not play a very large role in the recovery, though it did help in reducing unemployment.
7598:
425:
and causing retaliatory tariffs in other countries. While foreign trade was a small part of overall economic activity in the U.S. and was concentrated in a few businesses like farming, it was a much larger factor in many other countries. The average
4265:
According to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Data website, based on a monthly timeseries 1929 September – 1932 June, the Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 87.1% while the Cowles Commission and S&P's all stock index lost 85.0%:
188:
started in 1931. Farmers faced a worse outlook; declining crop prices and a Great Plains drought crippled their economic outlook. At its peak, the Great Depression saw nearly 10% of all Great Plains farms change hands despite federal assistance.
1858:, which succeeded in reestablishing Chile's creditworthiness, Chileans elected to office during the 1938–58 period a succession of center and left-of-center governments interested in promoting economic growth through government intervention.
1314:, which slowed down economic recovery from the Great Depression, is explained by fears of the population that the moderate tightening of the monetary and fiscal policy in 1937 were first steps to a restoration of the pre-1933 policy regime.
615:
policies either caused or accelerated the recovery, although his policies were never aggressive enough to bring the economy completely out of recession. Some economists have also called attention to the positive effects from expectations of
2524:
for over a century. Prior to independence, the Russian part exported 91% of its exports to Russia proper, while the German part exported 68% to Germany proper. After independence, these markets were largely lost, as Russia transformed into
1936:
mining region, employment declined by 70%. In the country as a whole, the wage labour force decreased by 72,000 and many men returned to their villages. In Leopoldville, the population decreased by 33%, because of this labour migration.
1823:, Canadian industrial production had by 1932 fallen to only 58% of its 1929 figure, the second-lowest level in the world after the United States, and well behind countries such as Britain, which fell to only 83% of the 1929 level. Total
1094:
With significantly less money to go around, businesses could not get new loans and could not even get their old loans renewed, forcing many to stop investing. This interpretation blames the Federal Reserve for inaction, especially the
3097:
off their farms in the Midwest. From his inauguration onward, Roosevelt argued that restructuring of the economy would be needed to prevent another depression or avoid prolonging the current one. New Deal programs sought to stimulate
2994:
Hoover's first measures to combat the depression were based on encouraging businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages but businesses had little choice: wages were reduced, workers were laid off, and investments postponed.
2171:
without massive protection they would not have been able to survive. Despite the global depression, Greece managed to suffer comparatively little, averaging an average growth rate of 3.5% from 1932 to 1939. The dictatorial regime of
1082:– which produced panic and widespread runs on local banks, and the Federal Reserve sat idly by while banks collapsed. Friedman and Schwartz argued that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought
598:
The overall course of the Depression in the United States, as reflected in per-capita GDP (average income per person) shown in constant year 2000 dollars, plus some of the key events of the period. Dotted red line = long-term trend
645:, the money supply growth caused by huge international gold inflows was a crucial source of the recovery of the United States economy, and that the economy showed little sign of self-correction. The gold inflows were partly due to
6244:
2511:
until his death in 1935. As a result, Poland was unable to perform a more active monetary and budget policy. Additionally, Poland was a relatively young country that emerged merely 10 years earlier after being partitioned between
757:
at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war. This finally eliminated the last effects from the Great Depression and brought the U.S. unemployment rate down below 10%.
1090:
to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of the banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did.
586:, and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Great Depression. In the 1931 British election, the Labour Party was virtually destroyed, leaving MacDonald as prime minister for a largely Conservative coalition.
196:
was the factor that pulled down most other countries at first; then, internal weaknesses or strengths in each country made conditions worse or better. Frantic attempts by individual countries to shore up their economies through
3234:
fell even faster. Unemployment jumped from 14.3% in 1937 to 19.0% in 1938, rising from 5 million to more than 12 million in early 1938. Manufacturing output fell by 37% from the 1937 peak and was back to 1934 levels.
205:
and retaliatory tariffs in other countries – exacerbated the collapse in global trade, contributing to the depression. By 1933, the economic decline pushed world trade to one third of its level compared to four years earlier.
117:
falling sales of consumer goods (as a result of overproduction because of new production techniques, falling exports and income inequality, among other factors) that had already been underway as part of a gradual depression.
2964:, the effects were short-lived and the later 1930s were a prosperous time. Growth in modern manufacture of electrical goods and a boom in the motor car industry was helped by a growing southern population and an expanding
3331:
The Great Depression has been the subject of much writing, as authors have sought to evaluate an era that caused both financial and emotional trauma. Perhaps the most noteworthy and famous novel written on the subject is
1140:
in the economy contributed to a massive decline in income and to employment that was well below the average. In such a situation, the economy reached equilibrium at low levels of economic activity and high unemployment.
5216:
582:". The Conservative and Liberals parties signed on, along with a small cadre of Labour, but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government. Britain went off the
3030:
agricultural heartland, businesses and families defaulted on record numbers of loans, and more than 5,000 banks had failed. Hundreds of thousands of Americans found themselves homeless, and began congregating in
11136:
1226:
During the Crash of 1929 preceding the Great Depression, margin requirements were only 10%. Brokerage firms, in other words, would lend $ 9 for every $ 1 an investor had deposited. When the market fell, brokers
1853:
Influenced profoundly by the Great Depression, many government leaders promoted the development of local industry in an effort to insulate the economy from future external shocks. After six years of government
2715:
1598:. The economy was overbuilt, and new factories were not needed. Foster and Catchings recommended federal and state governments to start large construction projects, a program followed by Hoover and Roosevelt.
6384:
6286:
5049:
109:. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Faced with plummeting demand and few job alternatives, areas dependent on
7595:
9954:
1357:(capital and labor) to be redeployed in other more productive sectors of the dynamic economy. They argued that even if self-adjustment of the economy caused mass bankruptcies, it was still the best course.
330:
Because the Great Depression began in the United States and then spread around the world, the origins of the Great Depression are examined in the context of the United States economy. In the aftermath of
468:. Countries abandoning the gold standard relatively early experienced relatively mild recessions and early recoveries. In contrast, countries remaining on the gold standard experienced prolonged slumps."
5021:
5699:
fiscal policy was of little consequence even as late as 1942, suggests an interesting twist on the usual view that World War II caused, or at least accelerated, the recovery from the Great Depression.
5525:
2403:. The depression in the Netherlands eased off somewhat at the end of 1936, when the government finally dropped the Gold Standard, but real economic stability did not return until after World War II.
5892:
9087:
2306:. Takahashi used the Bank of Japan to sterilize the deficit spending and minimize resulting inflationary pressures. Econometric studies have identified the fiscal stimulus as especially effective.
1920:
The sharp fall in commodity prices, and the steep decline in exports, hurt the economies of the European colonies in Africa and Asia. The agricultural sector was especially hard hit. For example,
8516:
1770:
was formed. However the Great Depression was the last time when Argentina was one of the richer countries of the world as it stopped growing in the decades thereafter and became underdeveloped.
12290:
685:
countries fell 12% from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930, to 17.0 in 1935. In Canada, half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births.
3438:
is in the form of a fictional journal as told by the protagonist Minnie Swift as she recounts her experiences during the era, especially when her family takes in an orphan cousin from Texas.
2722:
lived as paupers. The social discomfort caused by the depression was a contributing factor in the 1933 split between the "gesuiwerde" (purified) and "smelter" (fusionist) factions within the
1932:
economy because of the drop in international demand for raw materials and for agricultural products. For example, the price of peanuts fell from 125 to 25 centimes. In some areas, as in the
13010:
2770:
Spain had a relatively isolated economy, with high protective tariffs and was not one of the main countries affected by the Depression. The banking system held up well, as did agriculture.
8701:
1394:
cure itself. You can't do anything about it. You will only make it worse. ... I think by encouraging that kind of do-nothing policy both in Britain and in the United States, they did harm.
449:"Countries that remained on the gold standard, keeping currencies fixed, were more likely to restrict foreign trade." These countries "resorted to protectionist policies to strengthen the
11129:
9963:(London). "America and Europe face the worst jobs crisis since the 1930s and risk 'an explosion of social unrest' unless they tread carefully, the International Monetary Fund has warned."
3255:
to stop further expansion of the New Deal and, when unemployment dropped to 2% in the early 1940s, they abolished WPA, CCC and the PWA relief programs. Social Security remained in place.
8453:
8329:
Fabrizio Mattesini and Beniamino Quintieri. "Does a reduction in the length of the working week reduce unemployment? Some evidence from the Italian economy during the Great Depression."
3010:
so that big banks could help failing banks survive. But bankers were reluctant to invest in failing banks, and the National Credit Corporation did almost nothing to address the problem.
1963:
The crisis affected France a bit later than other countries, hitting hard around 1931. While the 1920s grew at the very strong rate of 4.43% per year, the 1930s rate fell to only 0.63%.
1353:
economists. The liquidationist position held that a depression worked to liquidate failed businesses and investments that had been made obsolete by technological development – releasing
1282:
that seriously harms the economy. A credit crunch lowers investment and consumption, which results in declining aggregate demand and additionally contributes to the deflationary spiral.
13502:
8398:
3484:" to refer to an economic downturn dates to the 19th century, when it was used by varied Americans and British politicians and economists. The first major American economic crisis, the
1628:, and motorized farm machinery, and because of the rapid growth in productivity there was a lot of excess production capacity and the work week was being reduced. The dramatic rise in
10146:(Berghahn Books, 2013), 224 pp. Compares political crises in Germany, Italy, Austria, and Spain with those in Sweden, Japan, China, India, Turkey, Brazil, and the United States.
7495:
6795:
10454:
2751:
West, his predictions seem to be coming true. By contrast Russia seemed an emblematic modern nation, making the staggering leap from a feudal past to an industrial future with ease.
1241:. Government guarantees and Federal Reserve banking regulations to prevent such panics were ineffective or not used. Bank failures led to the loss of billions of dollars in assets.
5821:
3552:
2399:
prolonging the depression. The Great Depression in the Netherlands led to some political instability and riots, and can be linked to the rise of the Dutch fascist political party
1044:. They argued that the Great Depression was caused by the banking crisis that caused one-third of all banks to vanish, a reduction of bank shareholder wealth and more importantly
9999:
The Great Depression: An Inquiry into the causes, course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-Thirties, as Seen by Contemporaries and in Light of History
11122:
7315:
711:
sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer. Extended families used mutual aid—extra food, spare rooms, repair-work, cash loans—to help cousins and in-laws.
340:
through September. Stock prices began to slump in September, and were volatile at the end of September. A large sell-off of stocks began in mid-October. Finally, on 24 October,
4240:
13375:
12040:
746:
The rearmament policies leading up to World War II helped stimulate the economies of Europe in 1937–1939. By 1937, unemployment in Britain had fallen to 1.5 million. The
82:
of October (Black Tuesday). This crisis marked the start of a prolonged period of economic hardship characterized by high unemployment rates and widespread business failures.
5264:
3606:
CPI, and the national unemployment rate, we are simply not living in the '30s. Some individuals may feel as if we are living in a depression, but for many others the current
2945:
were unemployed due to the severe decline in heavy industry. In some towns and cities in the north east, unemployment reached as high as 70% as shipbuilding fell by 90%. The
12045:
807:, and throughout Europe. In the late 1920s there was a scramble to deflate prices to get the gold standard's conversation rates back on track to pre-WWI levels, by causing
693:
the Code de la Famille (1939) that increased state assistance to families with children and required employers to protect the jobs of fathers, even if they were immigrants.
9875:
9292:
7197:
3410:, focuses on the changes brought by the Depression to the titular character's family and how the Kittredges dealt with it. A theatrical adaptation of the series entitled
2564:
2310:
Takahashi realized that the economy was in danger of overheating, and to avoid inflation, moved to reduce the deficit spending that went towards armaments and munitions.
13092:
3251:
employment improved, and industrial production turned up after June 1938. After the recovery from the Recession of 1937–38, conservatives were able to form a bipartisan
2756:
war in 1941, most of these Germans and Finns were arrested and sent to Siberia, while their Russian-born children were placed in orphanages. Their fate remains unknown.
1594:
redistribute purchasing power, maintaining the industrial base, and re-inflating prices and wages to force as much of the inflationary increase in purchasing power into
7751:
2777:. Many talented workers were forced into permanent exile. By staying neutral in the Second World War, and selling to both sides, the economy avoided further disasters.
421:
at least worsened the Great Depression. According to the U.S. Senate website, the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act is among the most catastrophic acts in congressional history.
13097:
6368:
6270:
4535:
486:, countries that lost gold but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and the domestic price level to decline (
9236:
9224:
3818:
13192:
12532:
12402:
5047:
2587:
10344:
5213:
3182:
workers constructing drainage culvert, 1933. Over 3 million unemployed young men were taken out of the cities and placed into 2,600+ work camps managed by the CCC.
1460:
According to Rothbard, the government support for failed enterprises and efforts to keep wages above their market values actually prolonged the Depression. Unlike
517:
not only spread the downturn worldwide, but also suspended gold convertibility (devaluing the currency in gold terms) that did the most to make recovery possible.
9933:
8778:
8546:
4430:
3385:
provides insight into criminal justice ramifications of the Great Depression, especially in regard to patterns of recidivism due to lack of economic opportunity.
2986:
39:
13782:
12662:
12030:
10176:
1137:
7230:
1262:
increased it. Paradoxically, the more the debtors paid, the more they owed. This self-aggravating process turned a 1930 recession into a 1933 great depression.
101:, prices, tax revenues, and profits. International trade fell by more than 50%, unemployment in the U.S. rose to 23% and in some countries rose as high as 33%.
16881:
14541:
13269:
13037:
12871:
12527:
10161:. Chapters by economic historians cover Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland.
5870:
1978:
9814:
5009:
3318:
will take by force what they need. And the little screaming fact that sounds through all history: repression works only to strengthen and knit the repressed.
2194:, which cut Iceland's exports of saltfish by half, the Depression lasted in Iceland until the outbreak of World War II (when prices for fish exports soared).
13558:
13125:
13015:
6595:"Margin Requirements, Margin Loans, and Margin Rates: Practice and Principles – analysis of history of margin credit regulations – Statistical Data Included"
2313:
This resulted in a strong and swift negative reaction from nationalists, especially those in the army, culminating in his assassination in the course of the
1966:
The depression was relatively mild: unemployment peaked under 5%, the fall in production was at most 20% below the 1929 output; there was no banking crisis.
1766:, which preserved a quota in exchange for significant concessions to British exports. By 1935 the economy had recovered to 1929 levels and the same year the
1719:
gave up democracy voluntarily. There too were severe impacts across the Middle East and North Africa, including economic decline which led to social unrest.
1334:
should expand liquidity in the banking system and the government should cut taxes and accelerate spending in order to prevent a collapse in money supply and
1322:
There is common consensus among economists today that the government and the central bank should work to keep the interconnected macroeconomic aggregates of
359:
Despite the crash, the worst of the crisis did not reverberate around the world until after 1929. The crisis hit panic levels again in December 1930, with a
93:. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of
5517:
3278:
generally remained the most influential economic school in the United States and in parts of Europe until the periods between the 1970s and the 1980s, when
2616:
scheme, employing up to 100,000 people in 1935. After Piłsudski's death, in 1936 the gold standard regime was relaxed, and launching the development of the
14614:
12893:
12020:
7412:
7100:
Conversations with Great Economists: Friedrich A. Hayek, John Hicks, Nicholas Kaldor, Leonid V. Kantorovich, Joan Robinson, Paul A.Samuelson, Jan Tinbergen
6594:
5884:
5135:
2742:
in the world and had very little international trade. Its economy was not tied to the rest of the world and was mostly unaffected by the Great Depression.
1827:
fell to 56% of the 1929 level, again worse than any country apart from the United States. Unemployment reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933.
1132:
9084:
4774:
3148:(NRA) made a number of sweeping changes to the American economy. It forced businesses to work with government to set price codes through the NRA to fight
14702:
14536:
12930:
8010:
7280:
6350:
4992:
3042:, to spur new home construction, and reduce foreclosures. The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to stimulate the economy was the passage of the
9126:
8508:
2887:
Turkey was badly affected by the Great Depression and it came at a time when the state was still reforming its economic policy following the end of the
13470:
13328:
12010:
8977:
6239:
2069:
2053:
1912:
November 1935, the government instituted the fiat currency (fapi) reform, immediately stabilizing prices and also raising revenues for the government.
6325:
2612:
with currencies tied to the gold standard. Only in late 1932 did the government effect a plan to fight the economic crisis. Part of the plan was mass
1249:. Bank failures snowballed as desperate bankers called in loans that borrowers did not have time or money to repay. With future profits looking poor,
13032:
12819:
12015:
6130:
6079:
3350:
for literature. The novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers who are forced from their home as drought, economic hardship, and changes in the
2824:'s "summer cabinet" in 1936. During forty years of hegemony, it was the most successful political party in the history of Western liberal democracy.
10274:. 1985. 4 sound cassettes; papers. Storey discusses the Great Depression and hardships of early life, abortion, childbearing and motherhood. At the
9105:
3222:. The national debt as a proportion of GNP rose under Hoover from 20% to 40%. Roosevelt kept it at 40% until the war began, when it soared to 128%.
2050:
was hit hard by the depression, as American loans to help rebuild the German economy now stopped. The unemployment rate reached nearly 30% in 1932.
13524:
13497:
12814:
11285:
11145:
9723:
8395:
6686:
4064:
7647:
13872:
13832:
12168:
11114:
7349:
5922:
3945:
13680:
12598:
12085:
9252:
8445:
7517:
6202:
6025:
2157:
1530:
10089:
Aldcroft, Derek H. "Economic Growth in Britain in the Inter-War Years: A Reassessment." Economic History Review, 20#2, 1967, pp. 311–26.
1716:
1441:
In the Austrian view, it was this inflation of the money supply that led to an unsustainable boom in both asset prices (stocks and bonds) and
14489:
13894:
13130:
12337:
9837:
8686:
8288:
6775:
1632:
of major industries in the U.S. and the effects of productivity on output, wages and the workweek are discussed by Spurgeon Bell in his book
9164:
8738:
62:(1929–1939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world. It became evident after a sharp decline in
13512:
13109:
12925:
12866:
12449:
12407:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
11528:
11153:
6792:
6629:
762:
economic growth rates, either masking the effects of the Depression or essentially ending the Depression. Businessmen ignored the mounting
464:"The length and depth of a country's economic downturn and the timing and vigor of its recovery are related to how long it remained on the
10165:
8584:
7708:
Westcott, Nicholas (1984). "The East African sisal industry, 1929–1949: the marketing of a colonial commodity during depression and war".
4969:
3789:
15857:
15813:
14636:
14479:
14374:
14119:
13857:
12977:
12888:
12630:
12615:
12497:
9567:
9528:
8486:
8065:
5456:(2001). "Producing Citizens, Reproducing the 'French Race': Immigration, Demography, and Pronatalism in Early Twentieth-Century France".
3965:
2218:
9489:
8840:
8193:
Samita Sen, "Labour, Organization and Gender: The Jute Industry in India in the 1930s", in Helmut Konrad and Wolfgang Maderthaner, eds.
6966:
5825:
5614:
Reagin, N. R. (2001). "Marktordnung and Autarkic Housekeeping: Housewives and Private Consumption under the Four-Year Plan, 1936–1939".
4181:
2348:
Because of high levels of U.S. investment in Latin American economies, they were severely damaged by the Depression. Within the region,
2128:
2105:
lost seats. The next two years were marked by increased street violence between Nazis and Communists, while governments under President
1445:. Therefore, by the time the Federal Reserve tightened in 1928 it was far too late to prevent an economic contraction. In February 1929
16719:
16697:
14462:
13977:
13972:
13962:
13335:
13064:
12312:
11888:
11835:
10568:
9333:, Maurice W. Lee, Chairman of Economics Dept., Washington State College, published by R.D. Irwin Inc, Homewood, Illinois, 1955, p. 236.
5756:
5332:
3999:
7787:
Lungu, Gatian F. (1993). "Educational Policy-Making in Colonial Zambia: The Case of Higher Education for Africans from 1924 to 1964".
5797:
4484:
Whaples, Robert (1995). "Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions".
2953:
in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. About 200,000 unemployed men were sent to the work camps, which continued in operation until 1939.
1539:, "The idea that capitalism caused the Great Depression was widely held among intellectuals and the general public for many decades."
17623:
14631:
14574:
14467:
14296:
13738:
12241:
9016:
3684:
3406:, released to tie in with the dolls and playsets sold by the company. The stories, which take place during the early to mid 1930s in
2683:
2209:
prices plunged. Otherwise, conditions were fairly stable. Local markets in agriculture and small-scale industry showed modest gains.
1991:
France's relatively high degree of self-sufficiency meant the damage was considerably less than in neighbouring states like Germany.
1231:, which could not be paid back. Banks began to fail as debtors defaulted on debt and depositors attempted to withdraw their deposits
607:
There is no consensus among economists regarding the motive force for the U.S. economic expansion that continued through most of the
2274:
1850:
1932, GDP had shrunk to less than half of what it had been in 1929, exacting a terrible toll in unemployment and business failures.
17467:
17029:
16144:
14678:
14474:
13967:
13455:
13395:
12955:
12610:
12502:
12352:
11746:
11353:
7988:
626:
17:
7843:
Ochonu, Moses (2009). "Critical convergence: the Great Depression and the meshing of Nigerian and British anti-colonial polemic".
3058:
and bank failures continued. Quarter by quarter the economy went downhill, as prices, profits and employment fell, leading to the
2433:). Many were arrested or injured through the tough official handling of these riots by police and volunteer "special constables".
2005:
1269:
Building on both the monetary hypothesis of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz and the debt deflation hypothesis of Irving Fisher,
17648:
14584:
14557:
14516:
14511:
14484:
14414:
14301:
14097:
13904:
13492:
13316:
13214:
12846:
11358:
11149:
10989:
10893:
9276:
9180:
Swanson, Joseph; Williamson, Samuel (1972). "Estimates of national product and income for the United States economy, 1919–1941".
8406:
5953:
3723:
3102:
and provide work and relief for the impoverished through increased government spending and the institution of financial reforms.
651:
9865:
9296:
17519:
16965:
16288:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16258:
14685:
14394:
14077:
13982:
13812:
13760:
13721:
13288:
13283:
13137:
13074:
13027:
13005:
12970:
12625:
12481:
11724:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11440:
10707:
9908:
8864:
7187:
4557:
2904:
2290:
The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan. The Japanese economy shrank by 8% during 1929–31. Japan's Finance Minister
1824:
457:
8316:
Fabrizio Mattesini, and Beniamino Quintieri. "Italy and the Great Depression: An analysis of the Italian economy, 1929–1936."
5176:
monetary development were crucial to the recovery implies that self-correction played little role in the growth of real output
3156:, labor standards, and competitive conditions in all industries. It encouraged unions that would raise wages, to increase the
1511:, were generated by government creating a boom through easy money and credit, which was soon followed by the inevitable bust.
14501:
14389:
14259:
14163:
14072:
13996:
13541:
13507:
12522:
12512:
12507:
12365:
12360:
12224:
12189:
11729:
11258:
10898:
10888:
10712:
10158:
9600:
9561:
9522:
9067:
8576:
8098:
8041:
7747:
7619:
7481:
7263:
7140:
7070:
6927:
6824:
6672:
6458:
6256:
5850:
5407:
5374:
5326:
5233:
5196:
4680:
4659:
4361:
4120:
4095:
3847:
3130:
3043:
2977:
2122:
1984:, which won the elections in 1936. Ultra-nationalist groups also saw increased popularity, although democracy prevailed into
1878:
1762:
Decline in foreign trade hit Argentina hard. The British decision to stop importing Argentine beef led to the signing of the
1345:
and the equilibrating powers of the market, and failed to understand the severity of the Depression. Outright leave-it-alone
800:
549:. This partly explains why the experience and length of the depression differed between regions and states around the world.
31:
10138:
9755:
9606:
9221:
8663:
7381:
7164:
5871:
https://www.cato.org/blog/world-war-i-gold-great-depression#:~:text=The%20result%20was%20a%20second,4%20years%20in%20a%20row
4527:
4379:(March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions".
1955:
17524:
16412:
15894:
14697:
14594:
14531:
14521:
14404:
14195:
14158:
14087:
13919:
13884:
13435:
13165:
12898:
12669:
12620:
12593:
12517:
12476:
11977:
11003:
10979:
3811:
3110:
2934:
1907:, which followed suit in this regard in September 1935, would be the last to abandon the silver standard. In addition, the
663:
also attributed the recovery to monetary factors, and contended that it was much slowed by poor management of money by the
630:
579:
2913:
2657:
dictatorship. With the budget balanced in 1929, the effects of the depression were relaxed through harsh measures towards
2029:
in Vienna in May. This put heavy pressure on Germany, which was already in political turmoil with the rise in violence of
930:
should have cut short the process of monetary deflation and banking collapse, by expanding the money supply and acting as
14861:
14784:
14653:
14641:
14579:
14336:
13827:
13726:
13323:
12982:
12878:
12762:
10692:
2773:
By far the most serious negative impact came after 1936 from the heavy destruction of infrastructure and manpower by the
2381:
2279:
1586:. It held the economy produced more than it consumed, because the consumers did not have enough income. Thus the unequal
10667:
8624:
3021:(World War I veterans) after the marchers with their wives and children were driven out by the regular Army by order of
2368:
U.S. fell in value from $ 1.2 billion in 1929 to $ 335 million in 1933, rising to $ 660 million in 1940.
2175:
took over the Greek government in 1936, and economic growth was strong in the years leading up to the Second World War.
17812:
17807:
14626:
14567:
14452:
14447:
14384:
14146:
14107:
14067:
13914:
13867:
13847:
13460:
13087:
13082:
12987:
12935:
12464:
12219:
12078:
11873:
10784:
10235:
9930:
8775:
8538:
6378:
6280:
5042:
Steven Horwitz, "Unfortunately Unfamiliar with Robert Higgs and Others: A Rejoinder to Gauti Eggertsson on the 1930s",
4427:
3258:
Between 1933 and 1939, federal expenditure tripled, and Roosevelt's critics charged that he was turning America into a
3195:
3169:
3122:
3051:
2617:
2094:
1579:
1255:
1057:
763:
8207:
Simmons, Colin (1987). "The Great Depression and Indian Industry: Changing Interpretations and Changing Perceptions".
7880:"Les paysans de l'empire: écoles rurales et imaginaire colonial en Afrique occidentale française dans les années 1930"
7220:
4462:
992:
Insufficient spending, the money supply reduction, and debt on margin led to falling prices and further bankruptcies (
17761:
16936:
16724:
16692:
14668:
14648:
14599:
14589:
14457:
14379:
14356:
14316:
14180:
14170:
14047:
14022:
13929:
13909:
13387:
13177:
12903:
12285:
10751:
10687:
9777:
9384:
9372:
9044:
9002:
8852:
8657:
7159:
6529:
6450:
6319:
4749:
4719:
3607:
2400:
2343:
2118:
1689:
1667:
766:
and heavy new taxes, redoubling their efforts for greater output to take advantage of generous government contracts.
6407:
5547:
Klassen, Tari (2008). "How Depression-Era Quiltmakers Constructed Domestic Space: An Interracial Processual Study".
4626:
4212:
907:
primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression. Today there is also significant academic support for the
608:
17746:
14673:
14619:
14604:
14506:
14341:
13817:
13770:
13765:
13667:
13594:
13294:
13059:
12588:
11719:
10918:
10908:
10702:
10621:
9804:
4962:
3694:
3145:
2921:
The World Depression broke at a time when the United Kingdom had still not fully recovered from the effects of the
2709:
1096:
505:
10218:
10128:
Economic diplomacy and the origins of the Second World War: Germany, Britain, France and Eastern Europe, 1930–1939
5579:
Metzler, Mark (2004). "Woman's Place in Japan's Great Depression: Reflections on the Moral Economy of Deflation".
4933:
3527:, and the breakdown of economic ties which followed, led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the
2682:
created and administered first the Puerto Rico Emergency Relief Administration (PRERA) 1933 and then in 1935, the
689:
Britain, there was a tendency for married women to join the labor force, competing for part-time jobs especially.
17756:
16836:
14707:
14496:
14437:
14346:
14237:
14212:
13709:
13699:
13264:
13182:
13120:
13104:
12950:
12945:
12709:
12689:
12679:
12674:
11937:
11144:
11024:
11019:
10827:
10478:
9032:
8974:
6602:
4381:
3524:
3412:
3203:
3118:
2801:
2078:
1389:
to pre-1924 levels by 1933. Milton Friedman called leave-it-alone liquidationism "dangerous nonsense". He wrote:
668:
571:
483:
10459:
Richardson, H. W. "The Basis of Economic Recovery in the Nineteen-Thirties: A Review and a New Interpretation."
7404:
5168:
2412:
17766:
17529:
16901:
16853:
16119:
16067:
15295:
14690:
14364:
14311:
14227:
14217:
14185:
14114:
14102:
14057:
13944:
13842:
13704:
13624:
13614:
13400:
13257:
12960:
12918:
12861:
12635:
12546:
11671:
10999:
10903:
10611:
10591:
10561:
9641:
4766:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3215:
2247:
1671:
1484:
1372:
tried to keep the federal budget balanced until 1932, when he lost confidence in his Secretary of the Treasury
1079:
1045:
775:
570:
and Hungary. The crisis continued to get worse in Germany, bringing political upheaval that finally led to the
520:
Every major currency left the gold standard during the Great Depression. The UK was the first to do so. Facing
102:
89:(GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the
8007:
6347:
4989:
2639:
136:
The unemployment rate in the U.S. during 1910–60, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–39) highlighted
17617:
17509:
16921:
16469:
15265:
15255:
14948:
14442:
14306:
14222:
14153:
14124:
14062:
13952:
13924:
13568:
12940:
12833:
12071:
11699:
11415:
10969:
10923:
10642:
10637:
9940:: A look at the value of the U.S. dollar in 1929 and 2008; what has changed and where that leaves us today".
9134:
3995:
3565:
3540:
3243:
3211:
2895:, which held an important share, were down considerably which had already started beforehand due to drought.
2723:
1779:
1702:
1422:
110:
15476:
10286:
10256:
10246:
8922:, "A Unique Chapter in the History of Democracy: The Swedish Social Democrats", in K. Misgeld et al. (eds),
6154:"Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions"
5977:"Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions"
5208:
Ben S. Bernanke, "Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propaga-tion of the Great Depression",
3218:, a strong stimulus to the growth of labor unions. In 1929, federal expenditures constituted only 3% of the
2569:
17698:
16871:
15922:
15415:
15388:
14737:
14730:
14663:
14526:
14409:
14331:
14321:
14175:
14136:
14092:
14052:
14009:
13957:
13889:
13862:
13822:
13800:
13609:
13423:
13370:
13303:
13160:
13116:
13044:
12965:
12883:
12694:
12558:
12387:
12295:
12103:
11581:
10984:
10913:
7644:
6444:
6412:
6309:
5777:
3602:
3003:
tariffs on American-made goods in retaliation, reducing international trade, and worsening the Depression.
2629:
2086:
193:
164:
149:
537:
bloc", led by France and including Poland, Belgium and Switzerland, stayed on the standard until 1935–36.
453:
and limit gold losses." They hoped that these restrictions and depletions would hold the economic decline.
17683:
16896:
15842:
15823:
15400:
15245:
15211:
15196:
15175:
15170:
14658:
14609:
14424:
14326:
14249:
14131:
14027:
13852:
13837:
13775:
13410:
13365:
13172:
13054:
12908:
11895:
11677:
11609:
10933:
10928:
10858:
10853:
10697:
10601:
9102:
8284:
Barry, Frank, and Mary E. Daly. "Irish Perceptions of the Great Depression" (No. iiisdp349. IIIS, 2011.)
5664:
4185:
4056:
3394:
3374:
3291:
3179:
3141:
3007:
2999:
2946:
2809:
2695:
2480:, the Great Depression had negative impacts on its exports. In 1933 a new concession was signed with the
2184:
2114:
1904:
1009:
973:
494:
418:
397:
376:
202:
10266:
10033:
6709:
6477:
2714:
As world trade slumped, demand for South African agricultural and mineral exports fell drastically. The
611:(and the 1937 recession that interrupted it). The common view among most economists is that Roosevelt's
17612:
17494:
16970:
16422:
16114:
16022:
15817:
15393:
15083:
15073:
14562:
14432:
14264:
14244:
14232:
14042:
14032:
13714:
13619:
13232:
13222:
12749:
12744:
12734:
12729:
12251:
11952:
11927:
11782:
11777:
11736:
11704:
11491:
11409:
10974:
10953:
10883:
10878:
10868:
10863:
10662:
10652:
10647:
10616:
10490:
10310:
8031:
7192:
5775:
Induction Statistics. In Inductions (by year) from World War I Through the End of the Draft (1973)
4390:
3867:
3165:
3039:
2868:
2841:
2643:
2609:
2493:
2457:
2386:
2090:
1950:
1798:
1743:
1346:
1311:
1291:
6102:
6051:
4771:
At the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia
1862:
903:
greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression.
17817:
17802:
17776:
17771:
17592:
17266:
17177:
17056:
14963:
14141:
13447:
13252:
13247:
12809:
12263:
11972:
11962:
11709:
11103:
11009:
10746:
10677:
10672:
10657:
10596:
10554:
10416:(2007), essays by economists on the U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Italy and on tariffs; statistical
10351:
Hall of mirrors : the Great Depression, the great recession, and the uses-and misuses-of history
9249:
8795:
Minnaar, Anthony (1994). "Unemployment and relief measures during the Great Depression (1929–1934)".
8764:
Volkskapitalisme: class, capital, and ideology in the development of Afrikaner nationalism, 1934–1948
7338:
6153:
5976:
5711:
Higgs, Robert (1 March 1992). "Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s".
4113:
Worlds together, worlds apart: a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present
3942:
3493:
3360:
is another important novella about a journey during the Great Depression. Additionally, Harper Lee's
3086:
3063:
3038:" – that began to appear across the country. In response, President Hoover and Congress approved the
2765:
2481:
2242:
2203:
1836:
1767:
1508:
381:
341:
319:
160:
79:
8258:
Frank Barry and Mary E. Daly, "Irish Perceptions of the Great Depression" in Michael Psalidopoulos,
7768:
Olubomehin, O.O. (2002). "Road Transportation and the Economy of South-Western Nigeria, 1920–1939".
7441:
6513:
6173:
5996:
5010:"A Reply to Steven Horwitz's Commentary on 'Great Expectations and the End of the Great Depression'"
2529:
that was mostly a closed economy, and Germany was in a tariff war with Poland throughout the 1920s.
17781:
17751:
17442:
17244:
17003:
16960:
16926:
16427:
16417:
16099:
15887:
15847:
15793:
15536:
15491:
15330:
15201:
15078:
14254:
13634:
13604:
13599:
13589:
13355:
13311:
13152:
12913:
12699:
12563:
12377:
12317:
11862:
11650:
11029:
10201:
Helping the Homeless Man: Activities and Facilities of the Central Registry for Homeless Single Men
5658:
5155:
3733:
2817:
2477:
2102:
1763:
786:
15551:
9847:
8727:
8285:
7677:
Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. (1977). "Mutation de l'Impérialisme Colonial Français dans les Années 30".
6633:
5502:'I Was Really Proud of Them': Canned Raspberries and Home Production During the Farm Depression".
3568:
seem similar to the Great Depression, but significant differences exist. The then-chairman of the
1449:
published a paper predicting the Federal Reserve's actions would lead to a crisis starting in the
17708:
17587:
17489:
17427:
17239:
16866:
16753:
16687:
16600:
15501:
15335:
15325:
15315:
15305:
15043:
15033:
14993:
14983:
14856:
14777:
13748:
13484:
13242:
12209:
11967:
11957:
11947:
11942:
11932:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11323:
11014:
10943:
10822:
9903:
9160:
8697:
3738:
3388:
A number of works for younger audiences are also set during the Great Depression, among them the
2821:
2592:
2417:
2098:
1712:
1660:
1555:
934:. If they had done this, the economic downturn would have been far less severe and much shorter.
912:
10162:
9748:
See "What Can Transition Economies Learn from the First Ten Years? A New World Bank Report," in
8580:
7457:
Productivity, Wages and National Income, The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution
6769:
3773:
2642:, already appointed Minister of Finance in 1928 greatly expanded his powers and in 1932 rose to
1102:
One reason why the Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was the
739:
The common view among economic historians is that the Great Depression ended with the advent of
17822:
17562:
17514:
17484:
17321:
17289:
17279:
17096:
17081:
17061:
16943:
16714:
16709:
15984:
15671:
15516:
15376:
15319:
15275:
15238:
14988:
14928:
14903:
14873:
14846:
14746:
14200:
13550:
13360:
13340:
13142:
12997:
12792:
12739:
12724:
12568:
12256:
11714:
11644:
11476:
10948:
10777:
10429:
Madsen, Jakob B. "Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression",
10210:
8509:"Wielki kryzys w Polsce. Zbankrutowało niemal 25% firm, a produkt krajowy spadł o ponad połowę"
8057:
6168:
5991:
5649:
5150:
4966:
3708:
3481:
3252:
3219:
3134:
3114:
2837:
2647:
2318:
2025:. The financial crisis escalated out of control in mid-1931, starting with the collapse of the
1974:
1970:
1908:
1587:
1567:
1551:
1470:
1427:
1323:
1180:
927:
831:
664:
529:
86:
30:
This article is about the severe worldwide economic downturn in the 1930s. For other uses, see
9551:
9512:
8478:
5399:
5366:
5212:, No. 3 (June 1983): 257–276, available from the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank collection at
4189:
3969:
3175:
17504:
17499:
17437:
17382:
17331:
16953:
16484:
16457:
16129:
16057:
15803:
15486:
15461:
15446:
15420:
15359:
15038:
14978:
14958:
14953:
14399:
14082:
13197:
12754:
12719:
12714:
12657:
12640:
12370:
11900:
11883:
11878:
11867:
11830:
11825:
11819:
11430:
11399:
11297:
11045:
10938:
10843:
9483:
8835:
8249:
Frank Barry and Mary F. Daly, "Concurrent Irish Perspectives on the Great Depression" (2010)
7530:
7428:
6946:
6500:
4561:
4297:
3991:
3713:
3461:
and "I need not recount to you that the world is passing through a great depression" (1931).
3362:
3106:
2679:
2532:
1866:
1354:
1303:
1246:
1157:
931:
840:
812:
557:
The financial crisis escalated out of control in mid-1931, starting with the collapse of the
392:
in April 1929, shortly before the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act passed the House of Representatives
364:
352:
10062:
9634:"When Did the Great Depression Receive Its Name? (And Who Named It?) – History News Network"
7339:"Underconsumption theories and Keynesian economics. Interpretations of the Great Depression"
5753:
5316:
1789:
becoming common. After 1932, an increase in wool and meat prices led to a gradual recovery.
1529:
generally argue that the Great Depression was the result of the inherent instability of the
17572:
17348:
17301:
17121:
17116:
16891:
16886:
16861:
16801:
16645:
16625:
16577:
16447:
16362:
16200:
15852:
15556:
15300:
15270:
15223:
15186:
15112:
15063:
15028:
14968:
14933:
14868:
14851:
14751:
13879:
13753:
13644:
13022:
12454:
12434:
12382:
12332:
12273:
12204:
11466:
11311:
11065:
10873:
10504:
10272:
Washington Women’s Heritage Project Records: Ethel P. Storey Oral History Interview (13/20)
9013:
8950:
7188:"The Causes of the Economic Crisis, and Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression"
7128:
5794:
3577:
3558:
3508:
3377:
in the U.S. Nonfiction works from this time also capture important themes. The 1933 memoir
2833:
2504:
2314:
1386:
1165:
1111:
816:
646:
14801:
10271:
10200:
8446:"II RP była gospodarczą porażką. Mity na jej temat są bardzo szkodliwe [TOP 2018]"
2675:
2665:, causing social discontent but stability and, eventually, an impressive economic growth.
2017:
forced American banks to end the new loans that had been funding the repayments under the
1969:
However, the depression had drastic effects on the local economy, and partly explains the
441:
as written. Hardest hit were farm commodities such as wheat, cotton, tobacco, and lumber.
347:
8:
17477:
17472:
17410:
17358:
17076:
17044:
17034:
16916:
16906:
16437:
16432:
16253:
16233:
16154:
16074:
16052:
16032:
15880:
15782:
15591:
15410:
15310:
15290:
15250:
15206:
15191:
15147:
15088:
15013:
15003:
14973:
14896:
14291:
14207:
14017:
13733:
13418:
13049:
12246:
11565:
11420:
11328:
11280:
11248:
11229:
9959:
9412:
7985:
7019:"'Liquidation' Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression"
6990:"'Liquidation' Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression"
6887:"'Liquidation' Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression"
6687:"Non-Monetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression"
4317:"Bank Failures in Theory and History: The Great Depression and Other "Contagious" Events"
3598:", or a situation where monetary policy is unable to stimulate an economy back to health.
3587:
3447:
3382:
3334:
3125:. Although amended, key provisions of both Acts are still in force. Federal insurance of
3059:
2727:
2295:
2106:
1873:
created the Production Development Corporation (Corporación de Fomento de la Producción,
1870:
1150:
1127:
1107:
895:
887:
634:
622:
450:
185:
75:
71:
15451:
14883:
10324:
China during the Great Depression : market, state, and the world economy, 1929–1937
8567:
José Cardozo, "The great depression and Portugal" in Michael Psalidopoulos, ed. (2012).
3186:
These reforms, together with several other relief and recovery measures, are called the
3069:
2148:"could only be partially accomplished without territorial expansion" and therefore war.
1106:. At that time, the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the
17577:
17541:
17405:
17294:
17274:
17147:
17111:
16998:
16980:
16911:
16547:
16407:
16387:
16342:
16243:
16228:
15837:
15808:
15766:
15571:
15280:
15260:
15228:
15142:
15137:
15117:
15068:
15008:
14998:
14943:
14938:
14770:
13531:
13519:
13237:
13227:
13204:
13187:
12583:
12327:
12322:
12194:
12050:
12035:
12025:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11984:
11302:
11270:
10812:
10424:
10403:
10354:
10327:
10195:
10121:
9870:
9809:
9752:
9693:
8232:
8224:
7928:
7860:
7812:
7804:
7725:
7690:
7614:
John Birmingham (2000). Leviathan: The unauthorised biography of Sydney. Random House.
7511:
6864:
6751:
6701:
6575:
6567:
6194:
6186:
6052:"Quantitative implications of a debt-deflation theory of Sudden Stops and asset prices"
6017:
6009:
5736:
5596:
5481:
5256:
5103:
5095:
4880:
4795:
4698:
4618:
4509:
4501:
4410:
4402:
4334:
3532:
3528:
3368:
3226:
2334:
had been displaced by heavy industry as the largest firms inside the Japanese economy.
2291:
1547:
1504:
1492:
1365:
1078:
The Federal Reserve allowed some large public bank failures – particularly that of the
804:
567:
546:
521:
414:
10050:
9272:
8355:(For more on the Japanese economy in the 1930s see "MITI and the Japanese Miracle" by
5945:
493:
There is also consensus that protectionist policies, and primarily the passage of the
17688:
17668:
17400:
17365:
17197:
17091:
17071:
16990:
16843:
16778:
16452:
16402:
16377:
16337:
16332:
16263:
16109:
15701:
15676:
15586:
15466:
15354:
15157:
15093:
15058:
15048:
14918:
14274:
13430:
12782:
12280:
12199:
12184:
11771:
11765:
11759:
11365:
11338:
11275:
11263:
11224:
11193:
11098:
10770:
10154:
10002:
9596:
9557:
9518:
9380:
9368:
9193:
9063:
9040:
8998:
8848:
8653:
8572:
8236:
8094:
8037:
7864:
7816:
7729:
7615:
7565:
7487:
7477:
7307:
7259:
7136:
7066:
6962:
6923:
6820:
6755:
6668:
6525:
6454:
6374:
6315:
6276:
6252:
6198:
6122:
6071:
6021:
5740:
5728:
5631:
5600:
5473:
5403:
5392:
5370:
5359:
5322:
5192:
5107:
5087:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4676:
4655:
4513:
4414:
4357:
4338:
4126:
4116:
4091:
4038:
4034:
3909:
3843:
3781:
3718:
3503:
Financial crises were traditionally referred to as "panics", most recently the major
3300:
3191:
3094:
2805:
2786:
2774:
2635:
2191:
2014:
1842:
1595:
1563:
1378:
1361:
1146:
1049:
732:
649:
and partly due to deterioration of the political situation in Europe. In their book,
563:
15626:
10339:
Bernanke, Ben. "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression: A Comparative Approach"
10276:
Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
10205:
Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
9898:
8919:
8872:
6734:
Mishkin, Fredric (December 1978). "The Household Balance and the Great Depression".
6579:
5914:
5485:
4622:
4565:
17658:
17447:
17375:
17370:
17167:
17157:
16975:
16806:
16763:
16736:
16731:
16585:
16552:
16542:
16392:
16320:
16124:
16062:
16042:
16027:
15751:
15696:
15681:
15666:
15651:
15581:
15561:
15541:
15496:
15103:
15053:
15023:
15018:
14908:
14834:
14190:
14037:
13743:
13563:
12573:
12414:
12392:
12231:
11852:
11847:
11682:
11343:
11333:
11243:
11203:
11198:
11173:
11168:
11164:
11085:
11080:
10516:
10391:
9685:
9189:
8808:
8804:
8356:
8216:
7968:
7920:
7896:
7891:
7879:
7852:
7796:
7717:
7682:
7555:
7225:
7026:
6997:
6958:
6894:
6854:
6846:
6743:
6559:
6178:
6114:
6063:
6001:
5720:
5690:
5623:
5588:
5465:
5453:
5248:
5160:
5079:
4872:
4610:
4493:
4394:
4324:
4151:
4030:
3889:
3452:
The term "The Great Depression" is most frequently attributed to British economist
3263:
3157:
2961:
2957:
2908:
2730:. Unemployment programs were begun that focused primarily on the white population.
2299:
2259:
1933:
1575:
1514:
1382:
1335:
1275:
1115:
1041:
1004:
820:
660:
385:
336:
15631:
7856:
6118:
6067:
5847:
2990:
Unemployed men standing in line outside a depression soup kitchen in Chicago, 1931
2600:
To adapt to the crisis, Polish government employed deflation methods such as high
17718:
17653:
17462:
17432:
17420:
17284:
17182:
17049:
16382:
16149:
15952:
15927:
15917:
15862:
15756:
15721:
15686:
15621:
15546:
15531:
15425:
15381:
15218:
15152:
15127:
15122:
15098:
14829:
14814:
13899:
13675:
13573:
13345:
12645:
12578:
12347:
12268:
12214:
11921:
11911:
11661:
11602:
11597:
11591:
11183:
11055:
11050:
10994:
10482:
10439:
10396:
10275:
10204:
10169:
10151:
The Great Depression in Europe: Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context
10142:
10135:
9995:
9937:
9842:
9724:"The wild decade: how the 1990s laid the foundations for Vladimir Putin's Russia"
9710:
9590:
9395:
9280:
9256:
9228:
9168:
9109:
9091:
9020:
8981:
8844:
8782:
8647:
8588:
8569:
The Great Depression in Europe: Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context
8402:
8342:
Myung Soo Cha, "Did Takahashi Korekiyo Rescue Japan from the Great Depression?",
8292:
8260:
The Great Depression in Europe: Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context
8088:
8014:
7992:
7755:
7651:
7602:
7375:
7253:
7154:
6837:
Eggertsson, Gauti B. (2008). "Great Expectations and the End of the Depression".
6799:
6779:
6550:
Fisher, Irving (October 1933). "The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions".
6354:
6248:
5854:
5801:
5781:
5760:
5678:
5220:
5053:
4996:
4973:
4937:
4466:
4434:
4301:
3949:
3822:
3728:
3569:
3512:
3497:
3473:
3356:
3279:
3267:
3199:
3144:
provided incentives to cut farm production in order to raise farming prices. The
3126:
2739:
2521:
2172:
2047:
2000:
1900:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1583:
1500:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1446:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1377:
vanished during the first years of the Great Depression. According to a study by
1350:
1299:
1083:
1037:
916:
698:
656:
642:
542:
533:
130:
98:
90:
10535:
10444:
John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace
10385:
9676:
Fletcher, T.W. (1961). "The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873–1896".
2620:
kicked off the economy, to over 10% annual growth rate in the 1936–1938 period.
2548:
conglomerates were less flexible and paid their workers more than smaller ones.
2255:
1222:
A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation adjusted interest rates
370:
17703:
17452:
17353:
17306:
17008:
16821:
16816:
16811:
16667:
16595:
16352:
16310:
15994:
15962:
15776:
15761:
15726:
15711:
15691:
15661:
15481:
15132:
14841:
14809:
14369:
14269:
13652:
12787:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12439:
12302:
12236:
11210:
11188:
11075:
10353:(2015), leading economist compares economic decline after 1929 and after 2008.
10079:(International Labour Office, 1936). Statistics of major economies; not online.
9417:
8893:
Gabriel Tortella and Jordi Palafox, "Banking and Industry in Spain 1918–1936",
7044:
7042:
6492:
5627:
5394:
Breadwinning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-era City, 1929–1939
4694:
4443:
4376:
3637:
3595:
3453:
3343:
3339:
3304:
3187:
3022:
2950:
2888:
2658:
2638:, Portugal suffered no turbulent political effects of the Depression, although
2579:
2517:
2331:
2163:
2110:
2073:
The reverse of this medal supporting the German election Nazi campaigns of 1932
2043:
2026:
1894:
1571:
1369:
1204:
A still greater fall in the net worth of businesses, precipitating bankruptcies
962:
908:
525:
142:
106:
15511:
9345:, James Arthur Estey, Purdue University, Prentice-Hall, 1950, pp. 22–23 chart.
8995:
What Happened Where: A Guide To Places And Events In Twentieth-Century History
8220:
7721:
7560:
7543:
6747:
6182:
6005:
5724:
5694:
5652:
said, "One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas."
5164:
4614:
4497:
4398:
4285:
3464:
1899:
China was largely unaffected by the Depression, mainly by having stuck to the
17796:
17678:
17597:
17582:
17567:
17338:
17316:
17222:
17106:
17039:
17013:
16948:
16791:
16748:
16743:
16590:
16474:
16372:
16094:
15947:
15932:
15741:
15731:
15706:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15616:
15606:
15576:
15566:
15471:
15371:
15344:
15108:
13350:
12650:
12459:
12094:
11638:
11632:
11623:
11617:
11559:
11550:
11541:
11523:
11512:
11500:
11470:
11292:
11060:
10023:
The Great Depression: An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies
9759:
8616:
8129:
7959:
Beaudry, Paul; Portier, Franck (2002). "The French Depression in the 1930s".
7569:
7491:
6495:(1947). "The Keynesian Revolution". New York: Macmillan: 56–58, 169, 177–179.
6126:
6075:
5732:
5654:
5091:
4147:
4130:
4042:
3785:
3504:
3485:
3469:
3399:
3389:
3296:
3287:
3271:
3161:
3109:
was signed into law. It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under
2926:
2813:
2651:
2601:
2513:
2508:
2364:
1929:
1882:
1877:) to encourage with subsidies and direct investments an ambitious program of
1496:
1488:
1480:
1454:
1442:
1373:
1279:
1187:
1103:
993:
920:
836:
799:
in varying ways. There was high inflation from WWI, and in the 1920s in the
796:
583:
558:
514:
478:
465:
198:
97:. Devastating effects were seen in both rich and poor countries with falling
67:
9081:
A Rabble of Dead Money: The Great Crash and the Global Depression: 1929–1939
7311:
7039:
5469:
5083:
4596:"The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression: Who Succumbed and Why?"
4271:
4267:
3117:
comprehensively regulated the securities industry. This was followed by the
1245:
deposits had been frozen in failed banks or those left unlicensed after the
1118:, coins and bullion illegal, reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold.
886:
The two classic competing economic theories of the Great Depression are the
17713:
17693:
17673:
17663:
17638:
17392:
17227:
17207:
17192:
17162:
17152:
16931:
16786:
16768:
16704:
16682:
16640:
16630:
16527:
16517:
16489:
16220:
16210:
16037:
15977:
15771:
15716:
15611:
15601:
15596:
15521:
15366:
14891:
14819:
13657:
13629:
12684:
11382:
11375:
11370:
11239:
11234:
11178:
10540:
10528:
10055:
9861:
8027:
7972:
6522:
Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933–1993
5648:
Referring to the effect of World War II spending on the economy, economist
5635:
5477:
4767:"Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke: Money, Gold and the Great Depression"
4459:"The protectionist temptation: Lessons from the Great Depression for today"
4438:
3665:
3651:
3601:
In terms of the stock market, nearly three years after the 1929 crash, the
3591:
3573:
3536:
3489:
3427:
3422:
3366:
is set during the Great Depression. Margaret Atwood's Booker prize-winning
3275:
3231:
3153:
3074:
3047:
2981:
2965:
2800:(who eventually committed suicide) remain infamous in Swedish history. The
2797:
2613:
2575:
2551:
2526:
2224:
2132:
1985:
1786:
1629:
1620:
The first three decades of the 20th century saw economic output surge with
1450:
1435:
1434:, they argue that the key cause of the Depression was the expansion of the
1342:
1331:
1327:
1294:, expectations are a central element of macroeconomic models. According to
1270:
1169:
1161:
1060:
1017:
900:
878:
754:
747:
740:
707:
672:
472:
94:
47:
43:
9470:
Rethinking Social Realism: African American art and literature, 1930–1953
7471:
6850:
5592:
4458:
1981:
1330:
on a stable growth path. When threatened by expectations of a depression,
17326:
17249:
17217:
16677:
16620:
16238:
16195:
16170:
16139:
16134:
16089:
16014:
16004:
15989:
15942:
15746:
15736:
15526:
15405:
15349:
14824:
13934:
13465:
12802:
12704:
12444:
12307:
12063:
11792:
11348:
11307:
11253:
10848:
10817:
6421:
5817:
5567:
Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression
5426:'To help keep the home going': female labour supply in interwar London".
5354:
5303:
Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression
4948:
Gauti B. Eggertsson, "Great Expectations and the End of the Depression",
4595:
4143:
3403:
3351:
3347:
3035:
3031:
2922:
2654:
2395:
2145:
1295:
1228:
1087:
1013:
981:
955:
792:
702:
interaction for women and promoted camaraderie and personal fulfillment.
332:
315:
10253:
The Great Depression and the New Deal : America's economy in crisis
9293:"National Park History: "The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps""
9212:, by Victor F. Nelson (New York: Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1936)
6868:
5099:
5067:
4930:
2856:
2445:
1731:
1020:
M2 (green) and number of banks (grey). All data adjusted to 1929 = 100%.
958:) and therefore a banking crisis, reduction of credit, and bankruptcies.
735:. Women entered the workforce as men were drafted into the armed forces.
17536:
17343:
17256:
17234:
17202:
17101:
17086:
17066:
16831:
16796:
16758:
16672:
16635:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16522:
16479:
16464:
16442:
16367:
16205:
16185:
16104:
15972:
15967:
15937:
15903:
15656:
15456:
15233:
12797:
12603:
12429:
12424:
12342:
11576:
10728:
10475:
10434:
9763:
9697:
9457:
Portrait of America: A Cultural History of the Federal Writers' Project
9026:
8694:
Fourth Conference of Southeast Europe Monetary History Network (SEEMHN)
8113:
7932:
7808:
7694:
6859:
6705:
6571:
6190:
6013:
5260:
4884:
4505:
4406:
3616:
3543:
of 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s.
3539:, which was even worse than the Great Depression. Even before Russia's
3407:
3283:
3262:
state. The Great Depression was a main factor in the implementation of
3018:
3017:
Burning shacks on the Anacostia flats, Washington, D.C., put up by the
2536:
2430:
2082:
2022:
2018:
1674: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1431:
1250:
985:
966:
891:
456:
Countries that abandoned the gold standard allowed their currencies to
427:
410:
389:
70:, the largest economy in the world at the time, leading to a period of
10361:
Golden Fetters: The gold standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939.
9553:
Ghettos, Tramps, and Welfare Queens: Down and Out on the Silver Screen
9431:
Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America
8821:
Robert William Davies, Mark Harrison, and Stephen G. Wheatcroft, eds.
8687:"The National Bank of Romania during the Great Depression – 1929–1933"
8228:
1341:
At the beginning of the Great Depression, most economists believed in
1024:
750:
of manpower following the outbreak of war in 1939 ended unemployment.
17723:
17643:
17457:
17142:
16496:
16397:
16357:
16327:
16248:
16084:
16047:
15506:
15436:
14793:
14286:
14279:
11387:
11318:
11219:
11215:
11070:
10606:
10192:
Dancing in the dark : a cultural history of the Great Depression
10009:
Capitalism in crisis: International responses to the Great Depression
9941:
9633:
8370:
Latin America in the 1930s: the role of the periphery in world crisis
8136:
edited by Gordon Martel, Routledge: London, England, 1999, pp. 98–99.
8118:
The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
7473:
A history of the modern Middle East : rulers, rebels, and rogues
7301:
6446:
The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve
4741:
Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939
4711:
Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939
4316:
3259:
3207:
3149:
3090:
3078:
2719:
2605:
2583:
2034:
1855:
1820:
1570:, popularized a theory that influenced many policy makers, including
1213:
1053:
977:
869:
860:
844:
808:
617:
487:
406:
402:
310:
180:
173:
9689:
7924:
7800:
7686:
6563:
5885:"What is the difference between Keynesian and monetarist economics?"
5252:
5234:"The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression: A Comparative Approach"
4876:
4810:
4808:
4021:
Hamilton, James (1987). "Monetary Factors in the Great Depression".
2077:
The German political landscape was dramatically altered, leading to
1649:
727:
17557:
16615:
16605:
16537:
16532:
16501:
16347:
16302:
16180:
16175:
16079:
15957:
15285:
12469:
12419:
10793:
10733:
10546:
8938:
The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej
6654:"Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History of the United States", 352
4329:
3286:
economists formulated and propagated the newly created theories of
3194:
set up in 1933 and 1934 and previously extant agencies such as the
3089:
was inaugurated in 1933, drought and erosion combined to cause the
3055:
2544:
2500:
2422:
2266:
2162:
The reverberations of the Great Depression hit Greece in 1932. The
1430:(created in 1913) shoulders much of the blame; however, unlike the
1238:
1029:
612:
552:
360:
10464:
10090:
9664:
The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972
8737:(2019–43). Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion: 1–32.
7031:
7018:
7002:
6989:
6899:
6886:
1803:
17187:
17137:
16876:
16826:
16610:
16315:
15999:
9985:(2000) comprehensive global economic and political history; 816pp
5747:
4805:
3013:
2942:
2808:
formed their first long-lived government in 1932 based on strong
2662:
2426:
2353:
2140:
1812:
1808:
1526:
851:
594:
51:
8865:"Illegal Emigration to the U.S.S.R. During the Great Depression"
6914:
6912:
6910:
5774:
4863:
Williams, David (1963). "London and the 1931 financial crisis".
3553:
Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression
1554:
displaces tenants from the land in the western dry cotton area.
1063:
in a speech honoring Friedman and Schwartz with this statement:
513:
Some economic studies have indicated that the rigidities of the
17311:
16659:
16298:
10511:
10030:
Slump and Recovery, 1929–37: A Survey of World Economic Affairs
9444:
The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers' Project, 1935–1943
8685:
Blejan, Elisabeta; Costache, Brîndușa; Aloman, Adriana (2009).
8273:
Between Two Worlds: Politics and Economy in Independent Ireland
8058:"The History Place – Rise of Hitler: Hitler Runs for President"
7285:
4909:
4907:
3631:
3099:
2892:
2327:
2085:
rose from being peripheral to winning 18.3% of the vote in the
2030:
1535:
1438:
in the 1920s which led to an unsustainable credit-driven boom.
942:
482:
countries with lower interest rates. Under the gold standard's
179:
Interest rates dropped to low levels by mid-1930, but expected
10283:
The Great Depression in America : a cultural encyclopedia
9054:
9052:
8181:
A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929–1937)
6268:
5848:"The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression"
3152:"cut-throat competition" by the setting of minimum prices and
2294:
was the first to implement what have come to be identified as
1819:
Harshly affected by both the global economic downturn and the
17172:
15872:
8420:
7831:
King Leopold's Legacy: The Congo under Belgian Rule 1908–1960
7584:
Capitalism and the Countryside: The rural crisis in Australia
6907:
6050:
Mendoza, Enrique G.; Smith, Katherine A. (1 September 2006).
5788:
2560:
2540:
2349:
2298:
economic policies: first, by large fiscal stimulus involving
2062:
2058:
1921:
1874:
1846:
976:
exacerbated what otherwise might have been a more "standard"
371:
The Smoot–Hawley act and the breakdown of international trade
63:
14762:
10449:
Mundell, R.A. "A Reconsideration of the Twentieth Century",
10407:
The World Economy, money, and the great depression 1919–1939
10300:
The Economies of Africa and Asia in the Inter-war Depression
4904:
4842:
4840:
3863:
3492:
as "a depression", and the most recent economic crisis, the
2363:
Before the 1929 crisis, links between the world economy and
1036:
The monetarist explanation was given by American economists
497:, helped to exacerbate, or even cause the Great Depression.
17212:
16655:
10762:
10333:
10243:
Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929–1941
9791:
Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World
9049:
4241:"Market crash of 1929: Some facts of the economic downturn"
3496:, had been referred to as a "depression" by then-president
3416:
was later released in 2008 to positive reviews. Similarly,
2925:
more than a decade earlier. The country was driven off the
2555:
2357:
2263:
2061:
operating a screw press against a workman, Nazi propaganda
9060:
Prosperity, Depression and the New Deal: The USA 1890–1954
8940:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 37.
8823:
The economic transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945
8726:
Chiappini, Raphaël; Torre, Dominique; Tosi, Elise (2009).
8652:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 154–55.
7531:
https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c8845/c8845.pdf
6357:
Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago
6229:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1963.
5068:"Did the New Deal Prolong or Worsen the Great Depression?"
4520:
3992:"Drought: A Paleo Perspective – 20th Century Drought"
3615:
1928 and 1929 were the times in the 20th century that the
3610:
simply does not feel like a depression akin to the 1930s.
1198:
Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off
16190:
10118:
The German slump : politics and economics, 1924–1936
10097:
A Social and Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe
8539:"140 lat temu urodził się Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski"
7911:
Laufenburger, Henry (1936). "France and the Depression".
6373:(New ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 247.
6348:"FederalReserve.gov: Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke"
4837:
4703:. Gold dates culled from historical sources, principally
3113:
supervision, with federal loans available if needed. The
2949:
of September–October 1932 was the largest of a series of
2917:
Unemployed people in front of a workhouse in London, 1930
2303:
2013:
The Great Depression hit Germany hard. The impact of the
10203:. ca. 1933–1934. 18 photographic prints (1 box). At the
9990:
The World Between the Wars, 1919–39: An Economist's View
8951:
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/518982
5822:"How Did World War II End the Great Depression?: Echoes"
5441:
Back to Home and Duty: Women Between the Wars, 1918–1939
4816:
A short history of the international economy since 1850,
4699:"Historical Statistics for the World Economy: 1–2003 AD"
3081:
on the Great Plains coincided with the Great Depression.
1706:
An impoverished American family living in a shanty, 1936
780:
706:
cuts of meat—sometimes even horse meat—and recycled the
679:
473:
The gold standard and the spreading of global depression
10377:(1963), monetarist interpretation (heavily statistical)
10245:(1947), 462 pp., thorough coverage of the U.S. economy
10225:
The Great Depression: The United States in the Thirties
8785:, Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress.
6103:"Inflation risk premia and the expectations hypothesis"
4984:"The Mistake of 1937: A General Equilibrium Analysis",
4826:
4824:
3842:(3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98.
3238:
1008:
The Great Depression in the U.S. from a monetary view.
811:
and high unemployment through monetary policy. In 1933
16882:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
10136:
Routes Into the Abyss: Coping With Crises in the 1930s
9514:
On the Aisle, Volume 2: Film Reviews by Philip Morency
9275:, Geoff Cunfer, Southwest Minnesota State University.
8837:
Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right
8195:
Routes Into the Abyss: Coping with Crises in the 1930s
6782:, American Economic Review 2008, 98: 4, pp. 1476–1516.
5361:
Women in France Since 1789: The Meanings of Difference
4858:
4856:
3546:
3518:
2820:
until 1976 with the sole and short-lived exception of
1881:. Consequently, as in other Latin American countries,
1426:(1963). In their view, much like the monetarists, the
10488:
10016:
Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939
9955:"IMF Fears 'Social Explosion' From World Jobs Crisis"
8926:, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1996.
6101:
Buraschi, Andrea; Jiltsov, Alexei (1 February 2005).
5660:
Commanding Heights, see chapter 6 video or transcript
5065:
4915:
Interwar Britain : a social and economic history
4169:
Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression: 1917–1929,
3468:
Black Friday, 9 May 1873, Vienna Stock Exchange. The
3426:
series of books for older girls, take place in 1930s
2836:, the Great Depression contributed to the end of the
2330:, have their roots in the textile industry). By 1940
2042:
a high-spending policy could lead to a return of the
633:
restricted competition and established price fixing.
10485:, statistical comparison of U.S. and other countries
9838:"The Great Recession: America Becomes Thrift Nation"
8684:
7374:
Foster, William Trufant; Catchings, Waddill (1928).
6947:"Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?"
4821:
3888:
3627:
2726:
and the National Party's subsequent fusion with the
1885:
became an entrenched aspect of the Chilean economy.
1487:
that plagued the American economy, such as those in
1133:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
10177:
An Economic and Social History of Europe, 1890–1939
9475:
7596:
A Century of Change in the Australian Labour Market
7110:
A History of Money and Banking in the United States
6586:
6524:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
5290:
World population and production: trends and outlook
4853:
4830:Isabel Schnabel, "The German twin crisis of 1931".
3206:(which was later considerably extended through the
3105:During a "bank holiday" that lasted five days, the
2700:Romania was also affected by the Great Depression.
2634:Already under the rule of a dictatorial junta, the
2251:
Unemployed outside a factory in Italy, October 1931
1412:on the Great Depression include Austrian economist
1349:was a common position, and was universally held by
10375:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
10317:The Depression and the Developing World, 1914–1939
10077:The Social Consequences Of The Economic Depression
8728:"Romania's unsustainable stabilization: 1929–1933"
8725:
7676:
7665:The Depression and the Developing World, 1914–1939
6227:A Monetary History of the United States, 1857–1960
5391:
5358:
4457:Barry Eichengreen, Douglas Irwin (17 March 2009).
4088:Historic Events for Students: The Great Depression
3966:"1998/99 Prognosis Based Upon 1929 Market Autopsy"
2968:. Agriculture also saw a boom during this period.
1590:throughout the 1920s caused the Great Depression.
10397:Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery
9866:"The Great Recession versus the Great Depression"
9379:Paperback ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 .
9367:Paperback ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 .
9179:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6700:(3). The American Economic Association: 257–276.
6442:
6269:Friedman, Milton; Anna Jacobson Schwartz (2008).
5305:(Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999), p. 159.
1210:A reduction in output, in trade and in employment
1028:Crowd at New York's American Union Bank during a
17794:
13498:Native American recognition in the United States
10470:Romer, Christina D. "The Nation in Depression",
8134:The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered
7052:(Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000), pp. 159–163.
6771:Great Expectations and the End of the Depression
6366:
6360:
4593:
3833:
3831:
3190:. Economic stimulus was attempted through a new
2559:of them violent or violently pacified – like in
2372:workers to achieve a better standard of living.
2093:also made gains, while moderate forces like the
950:Modern mainstream economists see the reasons in
553:German banking crisis of 1931 and British crisis
10412:Kehoe, Timothy J. and Edward C. Prescott, eds.
7633:The Wasted Years?: Australia's Great Depression
7373:
6100:
5066:Hannsgen, Greg; Papadimitriou, Dimitri (2010).
3354:occur during the Great Depression. Steinbeck's
2718:had concluded in 1931 that nearly one-third of
1258:developed and the downward spiral accelerated.
915:that – building on the monetary explanation of
826:
176:ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U.S.
10373:Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz.
10133:Konrad, Helmut and Wolfgang Maderthaner, eds.
10059:The great slump: capitalism in crisis, 1929–33
9953:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (14 September 2010).
8396:Social Welfare and The State: Great Depression
7958:
7281:"The Great Depression And The Great Recession"
6933:
5353:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4284:Gordon, John Steele (November–December 2018).
4211:Post, Special to Financial (24 October 2011).
3774:"Depression, You Say? Check Those Safety Nets"
3270:in European countries after World War II (see
3050:programs such as dams and the creation of the
2413:History of New Zealand § Great Depression
2390:A line of unemployed people in Amsterdam, 1933
2158:Economic history of Greece and the Greek world
1959:Soup kitchen for the unemployed in Paris, 1932
1928:The depression severely hurt the export-based
103:Cities around the world were severely affected
15888:
14778:
13895:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
12079:
11130:
10778:
10562:
9931:"The Great Depression vs. the Great Recession
6479:Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal
4479:
4477:
4475:
4182:"Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology"
3837:
3828:
2554:rose significantly (up to 43%) while nominal
2046:that had affected Germany in 1923. Germany's
1477:for not taking a more contractionary stance.
589:
10889:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
10263:The Canadian economy in the Great Depression
9543:
8617:"Graph of U.S. Unemployment Rate: 1930–1945"
7910:
7409:, Technocracy, Series A, No. 8, August 1936"
6880:
6878:
6275:(New ed.). Princeton University Press.
6049:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5681:(1992). "What Ended the Great Depression?".
5657:, William Cran (writers / producer) (2002).
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3006:In 1931, Hoover urged bankers to set up the
1915:
1232:
835:Money supply decreased considerably between
722:
10184:
9295:. Nationalparkstraveler.com. Archived from
7947:The French Economy in the Twentieth Century
6678:
6545:
6543:
6541:
4931:MeasuringWorth: What Was the U.S. GDP Then?
4734:
4704:
4580:
4528:"The Senate Passes the Smoot-Hawley Tariff"
4451:
4115:(Fourth ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
3838:Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007).
2219:Economic history of the Republic of Ireland
509:The Depression in international perspective
78:began around September 1929 and led to the
15895:
15881:
14785:
14771:
12093:
12086:
12072:
11137:
11123:
10785:
10771:
10569:
10555:
10414:Great Depressions of the Twentieth Century
10040:Great Depressions of the Twentieth Century
10038:Kehoe, Timothy J. and Edward C. Prescott.
9899:"The Great Recession: A Downturn Sized Up"
9773:
9771:
9592:Spotlight on America: The Great Depression
9582:
9556:. Oxford University Press. pp. 216–.
8080:
7767:
7516:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7405:"Man Hours and Distribution, Derived from
7330:
7303:The economic mind in American civilization
7112:(Ludwig von Mises Institute), pp. 293–294.
6836:
6793:"The Fiscal Stimulus, Flawed but Valuable"
6727:
6624:
6622:
6620:
5915:"Great Depression – Causes of the decline"
5452:
5314:
4472:
4161:
3346:for the work, and in 1962 was awarded the
3210:), a jobs program for the unemployed (the
2539:production was down 27% compared to 1928,
1285:
937:
17624:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
13508:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
10995:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
10070:The Global Impact of the Great Depression
8600:
7895:
7559:
7336:
7221:"Buying Bad Debt to Return Bank Solvency"
7030:
7001:
6898:
6875:
6858:
6593:Fortune, Peter (September–October 2000).
6367:Friedman, Milton; Schwartz, Anna (2008).
6314:. Princeton University Press. p. 7.
6172:
5995:
5807:
5772:Selective Service System. (27 May 2003).
5642:
5154:
4328:
4314:
4272:https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=qj2l
4268:https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=qj2m
4213:"The Great Crash of 1929, some key dates"
4174:
3929:
3765:
3685:Entertainment during the Great Depression
2684:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration
1690:Learn how and when to remove this message
1639:
1298:, Barry Wigmore, Gauti B. Eggertsson and
27:Worldwide economic depression (1929–1939)
17468:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
16145:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
10366:Eichengreen, Barry, and Marc Flandreau.
10334:Focus on economic theory or econometrics
9983:The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s
9675:
9504:
9488:. Emmis Communications. pp. 59–63.
9205:
9203:
8975:Unemployment During The Great Depression
8262:(Athens: Alpha Bank, 2012), pp. 395–424.
8163:
7744:An Economic History of Nigeria 1860–1960
7707:
7469:
7278:
7152:
6684:
6538:
6307:
5968:
5231:
4862:
4764:
4428:"Protectionism and the Great Depression"
4351:
4020:
3463:
3246:employed 2–3 million at unskilled labor.
3237:
3174:
3068:
3012:
2985:
2912:
2791:By the 1930s, Sweden had what America's
2385:
2254:
2246:
2127:
2068:
2052:
2004:
1954:
1802:
1701:
1634:Productivity, Wages, and National Income
1546:
1290:Since economic mainstream turned to the
1179:
1023:
1003:
941:
850:
830:
726:
627:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
593:
564:moratorium on payment of war reparations
504:
380:
346:
309:
215:Change in economic indicators 1929–1932
38:
17649:Credentialism and educational inflation
13559:List of counties and county equivalents
10894:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
10368:The Gold Standard in Theory and History
9860:
9802:
9768:
9711:"Child poverty soars in eastern Europe"
9628:
9626:
9624:
9549:
9222:"Great Depression in the United States"
9149:Prosperity, Depression and the New Deal
8935:
8897:(1984), 13#2 Special Issue, pp. 81–110.
8794:
8605:. Princeton: Markus Wiener. p. 23.
8407:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
8305:The economic history of Italy 1860–1990
8206:
8132:, "Misjudging Hitler", pp. 93–115 from
8086:
8026:
8003:
8001:
7402:
7299:
7016:
6987:
6884:
6733:
6617:
6592:
6519:
6472:
6470:
6449:(3d ed.). American Media. p.
6405:
6151:
5974:
5578:
5546:
5518:"3. Feedsacks and the Great Depression"
5398:. University of Toronto Press. p.
5389:
4483:
4375:
4323:. Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA.
4315:Calomiris, Charles W. (November 2007).
4085:
3984:
3810:Roger Lowenstein, "History Repeating",
652:A Monetary History of the United States
572:coming to power of Hitler's Nazi regime
314:Crowd gathering at the intersection of
14:
17795:
17520:List of countries by unemployment rate
10021:Hall Thomas E. and J. David Ferguson.
9896:
9805:"'Great Recession': A Brief Etymology"
9517:. Dorrance Publishing. pp. 133–.
9365:The Coming of the New Deal: 1933–1935.
9062:, Hodder Education, 4. Auflage, 2008,
9037:Social Conditions in Britain 1918–1939
8473:
8471:
8418:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8036:. New York; London: Harper Perennial.
7877:
7842:
7218:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7017:De Long, J. Bradford (December 1990).
6988:De Long, J. Bradford (December 1990).
6885:De Long, J. Bradford (December 1990).
6558:(4). The Econometric Society: 337–57.
6549:
5613:
5321:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–5.
5007:
4594:Eichengreen, B.; Irwin, D. A. (2010).
4283:
4110:
4086:Richard, Clay Hanes, ed. (July 2002).
3771:
3586:but analogously it is as if one was a
2905:Great Depression in the United Kingdom
1608:resulting from these long-term trends.
209:
15876:
14766:
12067:
11118:
10766:
10550:
10341:Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking
10307:The Great Depression in Latin America
10305:Drinot, Paulo, and Alan Knight, eds.
10111:The European Economy between the Wars
9878:from the original on 25 February 2021
9835:
9588:
9481:
9321:, Fawcett Publications, 1968, p. 228.
9200:
8707:from the original on 19 November 2021
8645:
7786:
7541:
7498:from the original on 18 February 2022
7384:from the original on 18 February 2022
7318:from the original on 18 February 2022
7251:
7185:
7167:from the original on 24 December 2021
6944:
6632:. Living History Farm. Archived from
6491:
6328:from the original on 24 December 2021
6133:from the original on 18 February 2022
6082:from the original on 18 February 2022
5895:from the original on 20 December 2021
5710:
5677:
5515:
5288:W. S. Woytinsky and E. S. Woytinsky,
5134:Romer, Christina D. (December 1992).
5133:
5024:from the original on 15 February 2022
4952:98, No. 4 (September 2008): 1476–1516
4925:
4923:
4913:Sean Glynn and John Oxborrow (1976),
4777:from the original on 15 February 2022
4744:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4714:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4235:
4233:
4111:Tignor, Robert L. (28 October 2013).
3559:worldwide economic decline after 2008
3434:is told in a third-person viewpoint,
3044:Emergency Relief and Construction Act
2978:Great Depression in the United States
2816:policies, monopolizing the office of
2494:Second Polish Republic § Economy
1879:import substitution industrialization
1601:
1398:
1385:, the recession caused a drop of net
1195:Debt liquidation and distress selling
946:U.S. industrial production, 1928–1939
781:Trying to return to the Gold Standard
680:Role of women and household economics
355:in New York after its failure in 1931
32:The Great Depression (disambiguation)
16413:Practice-based professional learning
11015:Rural Electrification Administration
10980:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
10576:
10104:The British Economy between the Wars
9929:Rabinowitz, Marco (6 October 2011).
9817:from the original on 19 October 2021
9803:Rampell, Catherine (11 March 2009).
9621:
9589:Smith, Robert W. (26 January 2006).
9377:The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936.
9127:"Reconstruction Finance Corporation"
9014:"Work camps that tackled Depression"
8895:Journal of European Economic History
8627:from the original on 23 January 2021
8479:"Wielki kryzys gospodarczy w Polsce"
8456:from the original on 19 October 2021
8068:from the original on 3 November 2016
8017:, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
7998:
7454:
7233:from the original on 24 October 2016
7200:from the original on 5 December 2021
6951:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
6467:
6387:from the original on 16 January 2020
6289:from the original on 16 January 2020
6208:from the original on 4 November 2021
6031:from the original on 4 November 2021
5956:from the original on 5 November 2021
5859:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
5241:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
4693:
4538:from the original on 20 October 2021
4321:National Bureau of Economic Research
4210:
3856:
3093:, shifting hundreds of thousands of
2998:In June 1930, Congress approved the
2851:
2738:The Soviet Union was the only major
2440:
2322:until the end of World War II.
1861:Prompted in part by the devastating
1726:
1672:adding citations to reliable sources
1643:
1052:". This caused a price drop of 33% (
894:explanation. There are also various
631:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
16966:Workers' right to access the toilet
14862:Agent-based computational economics
10970:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
9684:(3). Blackwell Publishing: 417–32.
9644:from the original on 9 January 2022
9531:from the original on 17 August 2021
9510:
9420:, Penguin, 2006, 0143039431, p. 238
9250:"The Great Depression and New Deal"
8963:Britain between the wars, 1918–1940
8766:(Cambridge University Press, 1983).
8666:from the original on 18 August 2021
8549:from the original on 12 August 2021
8468:
8419:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
8275:(Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1989).
8152:
7845:Canadian Journal of African Studies
7279:Fleisher, Larry (30 October 2009).
7117:
6920:Reflections on the Great Depression
6665:Reflections on the Great Depression
6346:Ben S. Bernanke (8 November 2002),
6241:Reflections on the Great Depression
5882:
5754:"Great Depression and World War II"
5335:from the original on 16 August 2021
4961:"Was the New Deal Contractionary?"
4899:Britain between the wars, 1918–1940
4800:Britain between the wars, 1918–1940
4673:Reflections on the Great Depression
4204:
3866:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
3724:International relations (1919–1939)
3547:Comparison with the Great Recession
3338:, published in 1939 and written by
2382:Great Depression in the Netherlands
2280:Industrial Reconstruction Institute
2121:. Although the Nazis lost seats in
1973:and even more the formation of the
1201:A fall in the level of asset prices
1149:to pick up the slack by increasing
405:and economic historians (including
24:
11441:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
10421:The World in Depression, 1929–1939
10315:Latham, Anthony, and John Heaton,
10234:(Discovering U.S. History) (2010)
10230:McNeese, Tim, and Richard Jensen.
10018:(2000). 400 pp. worldwide coverage
9970:
9911:from the original on 15 April 2021
9609:from the original on 15 April 2021
9570:from the original on 15 April 2021
9492:from the original on 15 April 2021
8847:, p. 34. Oxford University Press.
8825:(Cambridge University Press, 1994)
8776:The Great Depression and the 1930S
8421:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
8147:To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949
7255:The Decline of American Capitalism
6969:from the original on 15 April 2021
6406:Krugman, Paul (15 February 2007).
6056:Journal of International Economics
5569:(1999), pp. 70, 108, 136–138, 159.
5528:from the original on 15 April 2021
5247:(1). Fraser.stlouisfed.org: 1–28.
5232:Bernanke, Ben S. (February 1995).
4920:
4652:The World Economy between the Wars
4230:
4067:from the original on 29 March 2018
4002:from the original on 30 March 2009
3488:, was described by then-president
3196:Reconstruction Finance Corporation
3170:Supreme Court of the United States
3123:Securities and Exchange Commission
3052:Reconstruction Finance Corporation
2838:absolute monarchy of King Rama VII
2716:Carnegie Commission on Poor Whites
2360:were particularly badly affected.
1403:
1317:
999:
965:and insufficient fiscal spending (
25:
17834:
12904:Director of National Intelligence
11154:Commonwealth of Nations countries
10929:Public Works Administration (PWA)
10899:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
10859:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
9780:, New York Times, 8 October 2000.
9261:Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute
8519:from the original on 29 July 2021
8489:from the original on 29 July 2021
7605:, Australian Bureau of Statistics
7415:from the original on 7 April 2020
7355:from the original on 4 March 2016
7337:Allgoewer, Elisabeth (May 2002).
7219:Bonner, Bill (25 February 2011).
7160:Foundation for Economic Education
7153:Sennholz, Hans (1 October 1969).
6817:Lessons from the Great Depression
6667:, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003,
6482:, ch. 19, Little, Brown & Co.
5943:
5270:from the original on 4 March 2016
5136:"What Ended the Great Depression"
4654:, Oxford University Press, 2008,
3907:"World Economic Survey 1932–33".
3792:from the original on 1 March 2021
3772:Duhigg, Charles (23 March 2008).
2898:
2344:Great Depression in Latin America
1175:
1121:
923:– add non-monetary explanations.
731:A female factory worker in 1942,
201:policies – such as the 1930 U.S.
85:Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide
17737:
17736:
17030:Corporate collapses and scandals
15320:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
13060:Government Accountability Office
10954:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
10919:National Recovery Administration
10909:National Industrial Recovery Act
10534:
10522:
10510:
10498:
10472:Journal of Economic Perspectives
10446:(Oxford University Press, 2006).
9947:
9923:
9890:
9854:
9829:
9796:
9783:
9742:
9716:
9704:
9669:
9656:
9462:
9449:
9436:
9423:
9405:
9389:
9357:
9348:
9336:
9324:
9311:
9285:
9266:
9242:
9215:
9182:Explorations in Economic History
9173:
9163:, The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers.
9161:The Great Depression (1929–1939)
9154:
9141:
9119:
9096:
9083:(PublicAffairs, 2017), 389 pp.
9073:
9007:
8987:
8968:
8955:
8944:
8929:
8913:
8908:Economic History of Modern Spain
8900:
8887:
8857:
8828:
8815:
8788:
8769:
8756:
8744:from the original on 8 July 2021
8719:
8678:
8639:
8609:
8594:
8561:
8531:
8501:
8438:
8412:
8388:
8375:
8362:
8349:
8346:63, No. 1 (March 2003): 127–144.
8336:
8331:Explorations in Economic History
8323:
8318:Explorations in Economic History
8310:
8297:
8278:
8265:
8252:
8243:
8200:
8187:
8172:
8139:
8123:
8107:
8050:
8020:
7979:
7952:
7939:
7904:
7871:
7836:
7823:
7780:
7761:
7736:
7701:
7670:
7663:Anthony Latham and John Heaton,
7657:
7645:1929–1939 – The Great Depression
7638:
7625:
7608:
7589:
7576:
7544:"The rise and fall of Argentina"
7535:
7524:
7463:
7448:
7396:
7367:
7293:
7272:
7245:
7212:
7186:Mises, Ludwig (18 August 2014).
7179:
7146:
7089:
7076:
7055:
7010:
6981:
6963:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x
6830:
6809:
6785:
6762:
6657:
6370:The Great Contraction, 1929–1933
6272:The Great Contraction, 1929–1933
4965:Staff Report 264, October 2006,
4963:Federal Reserve Bank of New York
4632:from the original on 14 May 2019
4352:Ferguson, Niall (October 2009),
4247:. Times Inernet. 22 October 2017
3870:from the original on 3 June 2019
3695:Timeline of the Great Depression
3658:
3644:
3630:
3561:has been compared to the 1930s.
3146:National Recovery Administration
3073:Buried machinery in a barn lot;
2971:
2855:
2710:Great Depression in South Africa
2444:
2337:
1730:
1648:
1114:making the private ownership of
500:
141:
129:
105:, especially those dependent on
11150:recessions in the United States
11025:United States Housing Authority
10382:Business Cycles and Depressions
10047:World Economic Survey 1935–1936
9897:Lahart, Justin (28 July 2009).
8993:Cook, Chris and Bewes, Diccon;
8649:Economic History of Puerto Rico
8621:American Social History Project
8344:The Journal of Economic History
8307:(Oxford University Press, 1993)
7542:Spruk, Rok (15 November 2019).
7407:Man Hours: A Declining Quantity
6648:
6485:
6436:
6399:
6340:
6301:
6262:
6232:
6220:
6161:The Journal of Economic History
6145:
6094:
6043:
5984:The Journal of Economic History
5937:
5925:from the original on 9 May 2015
5907:
5876:
5864:
5840:
5766:
5713:The Journal of Economic History
5704:
5671:
5607:
5572:
5559:
5540:
5509:
5492:
5446:
5433:
5416:
5383:
5365:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
5347:
5308:
5295:
5282:
5225:
5210:The American Economic Review 73
5202:
5181:
5127:
5124:. 1999 vol. 34 (3). pp. 377–364
5122:Journal of Contemporary History
5114:
5059:
5036:
5001:
4978:
4955:
4942:
4891:
4789:
4758:
4728:
4686:
4665:
4644:
4550:
4486:The Journal of Economic History
4421:
4382:The Journal of Economic History
4369:
4345:
4308:
4277:
4259:
4137:
4104:
4079:
4049:
4014:
3958:
3413:Kit Kittredge: An American Girl
3290:and incorporated them into the
3119:Securities Exchange Act of 1934
3046:(ERA) which included funds for
2832:In Thailand, then known as the
2733:
2703:
2394:From roughly 1931 to 1937, the
2009:Unemployed men in Hamburg, 1931
1659:needs additional citations for
1408:Two prominent theorists in the
1048:of 35%, which they called "The
795:many countries suspended their
669:Chairman of the Federal Reserve
17530:Employment-to-population ratio
16902:Occupational health psychology
15902:
14703:Separation of church and state
12919:National Reconnaissance Office
12862:President of the United States
11000:National Labor Relations Board
10990:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
10463:15#2 (1962), pp. 344–63.
10433:, (2001) 67#4 pp. 848–68
10292:
10255:(2011) for secondary schools.
10232:The Great Depression 1929–1938
10095:Ambrosius, G. and W. Hibbard,
9836:Gibbs, Nancy (15 April 2009).
9375:; Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M.
8809:10.1080/00232084.1994.10823193
8515:(in Polish). 9 November 2020.
8452:(in Polish). 3 November 2018.
8178:
7897:10.4000/etudesafricaines.15630
7548:Latin American Economic Review
7135:, Taylor & Francis, 2004,
6685:Bernanke, Ben S. (June 1983).
6311:Essays on the Great Depression
6107:Journal of Financial Economics
5191:. Princeton University Press.
5189:Essays on the Great Depression
4765:Bernanke, Ben (2 March 2004).
4156:The European world: a history,
3917:
3900:
3882:
3804:
3752:
3690:List of Depression-era outlaws
3680:Cities in the Great Depression
3675:Causes of the Great Depression
3216:National Labor Relations Board
3062:in 1932 that brought to power
2941:value by 50%. In 1933, 30% of
2668:
2406:
2375:
1080:New York Bank of United States
926:There is a consensus that the
776:Causes of the Great Depression
753:The American mobilization for
676:an international perspective.
647:devaluation of the U.S. dollar
80:Wall Street stock market crash
13:
1:
17618:Works Progress Administration
17510:Unemployment Convention, 1919
16922:Personal protective equipment
16470:Occupational Outlook Handbook
15256:Critique of political economy
14792:
10924:National Youth Administration
10453:90#3 (2000), pp. 327–40
9595:. Teacher Created Resources.
9482:Harry, Lou (1 October 2010).
7857:10.1080/00083968.2010.9707572
6119:10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.07.003
6068:10.1016/j.jinteco.2005.06.016
5785:. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
4988:24, No. S-1 (December 2006),
4986:Monetary and Economic Studies
4848:Slump and Recovery, 1929–1937
4650:Peter Temin, Gianni Toniolo,
4023:Journal of Monetary Economics
3996:National Climatic Data Center
3894:Farm Prices, Myth and Reality
3745:
3566:causes of the Great Recession
3310:
3212:Works Progress Administration
2543:production was down 61%, and
2507:, was opposed to leaving the
2119:general election in July 1932
1780:Great Depression in Australia
1562:Two economists of the 1920s,
1542:
1531:capitalist mode of production
1032:early in the Great Depression
961:Insufficient demand from the
17699:Psychopathy in the workplace
16872:Human factors and ergonomics
13065:Government Publishing Office
12533:Technological and industrial
10985:Farm Security Administration
10792:
10153:(Athens: Alpha Bank, 2012).
10149:Psalidopoulos, Michael, ed.
9713:, BBC News, 11 October 2000.
9400:Milton Friedman: A Biography
9363:Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M.
9194:10.1016/0014-4983(72)90003-4
8383:The Low Countries: 1780–1940
8093:. W.W. Norton. p. 411.
7789:The Journal of Negro History
7346:Discussion Paper No. 2002–14
7258:. Covici Friede Publishers.
6839:The American Economic Review
6694:The American Economic Review
6413:The New York Review of Books
5506:(2010), Issue 46, pp. 14–44.
4818:(2nd ed. 1962), pp. 237–244.
4035:10.1016/0304-3932(87)90045-6
3968:. Gold Eagle. Archived from
3840:Principles of Macroeconomics
3525:collapse of the Soviet Union
2630:Economic history of Portugal
2565:March of the Hungry in Sanok
2535:fell significantly: in 1932
2079:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1773:
1722:
1717:The Dominion of Newfoundland
827:Keynesian vs Monetarist view
165:Dow Jones Industrial Average
150:Dow Jones Industrial Average
7:
17684:Narcissism in the workplace
16897:Occupational exposure limit
14537:Women's reproductive health
13503:Federally recognized tribes
13366:Public utilities commission
13270:Public Health Service Corps
13173:Code of Federal Regulations
13055:Congressional Budget Office
12909:Central Intelligence Agency
12815:Water supply and sanitation
12242:Declaration of Independence
11896:1997 Asian financial crisis
11529:Civil War-era United States
10934:Public Works of Art Project
10854:Agricultural Adjustment Act
10384:(Routledge, 1997), 800 pp.
10174:Tipton, F. and R. Aldrich,
9678:The Economic History Review
8372:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2000).
7961:Review of Economic Dynamics
7884:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
7470:Anderson, Betty S. (2016).
7023:NBER Working Paper No. 3546
6994:NBER Working Paper No. 3546
6891:NBER Working Paper No. 3546
6736:Journal of Economic History
6599:New England Economic Review
6251:, Edward Elgar Publishing,
5824:. Bloomberg. Archived from
5683:Journal of Economic History
5581:Journal of Japanese Studies
5504:Augusta Historical Bulletin
5143:Journal of Economic History
4832:Journal of Economic History
4603:Journal of Economic History
4286:"The Bank of United States"
4090:(Volume I ed.). Gale.
3623:
3292:Chicago School of Economics
3166:was deemed unconstitutional
3142:Agricultural Adjustment Act
3008:National Credit Corporation
2827:
2696:Great Depression in Romania
2640:António de Oliveira Salazar
2623:
2604:, credit limits and budget
2582:21 June – 9 July 1932) and
2476:In Iran, then known as the
2302:; and second, by devaluing
2185:Economic history of Iceland
1905:British colony of Hong Kong
1156:As the Depression wore on,
1010:Real gross domestic product
541:such as China, which had a
484:price–specie flow mechanism
318:and Broad Street after the
120:
54:during the Great Depression
10:
17839:
17613:Civil Works Administration
17495:Technological unemployment
16971:Workplace health promotion
16423:Professional certification
16120:Personality–job fit theory
15394:Real business-cycle theory
13715:Red states and blue states
13620:City commission government
13615:Council–manager government
11672:Post–World War I recession
11492:Post-Napoleonic Depression
10975:Federal Project Number One
10884:Farm Credit Administration
10879:Homeowners Refinancing Act
10864:Civil Works Administration
10682:
10474:(1993) 7#2 pp. 19–39
10467:; focus on United Kingdom.
8984:, thegreatdepression.co.uk
8603:A New Deal for the Tropics
8601:Rodriguez, Manuel (2011).
8033:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
7986:About the Great Depression
7710:Journal of African History
7681:(in French) (4): 103–152.
7635:(Allen & Unwin, 1981).
7193:Ludwig von Mises Institute
7105:For Rothbard's view, see:
7102:(Jorge Pinto Books, 2009).
7084:America's Great Depression
7050:America's Great Depression
6922:, Elgar Publishing, 2003,
6520:Rosenof, Theodore (1997).
6443:G. Edward Griffin (1998).
6408:"Who Was Milton Friedman?"
6238:Randall E. Parker (2003),
5628:10.1191/026635501678771619
4675:, Elgar publishing, 2003,
4391:Cambridge University Press
3701:
3550:
3445:
3299:in the United States, and
3040:Federal Home Loan Bank Act
2975:
2902:
2842:Siamese revolution of 1932
2784:
2763:
2707:
2693:
2689:
2644:Prime Minister of Portugal
2627:
2491:
2410:
2379:
2341:
2240:
2216:
2212:
2201:
2182:
2178:
2155:
1998:
1994:
1951:Great Depression in France
1948:
1892:
1834:
1799:Great Depression in Canada
1796:
1777:
1521:
1423:America's Great Depression
1292:new neoclassical synthesis
954:A money supply reduction (
843:, when there were massive
841:Bank Holiday in March 1933
784:
773:
590:Turning point and recovery
374:
325:
46:people lined up outside a
29:
17813:1930s in economic history
17808:1920s in economic history
17732:
17631:
17593:Guaranteed minimum income
17550:
17391:
17265:
17178:Organizational commitment
17130:
17022:
16989:
16852:
16777:
16654:
16576:
16510:
16297:
16219:
16163:
16013:
15910:
15834:
15792:
15434:
15168:
14917:
14882:
14800:
14724:
14550:
14423:
14355:
14008:
14004:
13995:
13943:
13808:
13799:
13695:
13666:
13643:
13582:
13549:
13540:
13483:
13471:Comparison of governments
13446:
13409:
13386:
13302:
13282:
13213:
13151:
13073:
12996:
12854:
12845:
12841:
12832:
12554:
12545:
12490:
12450:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
12291:drafting and ratification
12264:Articles of Confederation
12177:
12111:
12102:
11910:
11846:
11791:
11745:
11660:
11582:2nd Industrial Revolution
11575:
11522:
11515:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843)
11431:1st Industrial Revolution
11429:
11398:
11199:Price-and-wage stickiness
11160:
11094:
11038:
11010:Rural Electrification Act
10962:
10836:
10800:
10742:
10721:
10630:
10597:Wall Street Crash of 1929
10584:
10431:Southern Economic Journal
10419:Kindleberger, Charles P.
10083:
10011:(1993), essays by experts
9975:
9550:Pimpare, Stephen (2017).
8936:Handley, Paul M. (2006).
8924:Creating Social Democracy
8333:(2006), 43#3, pp. 413–37.
8221:10.1017/S0026749X00009215
8179:Manikumar, K. A. (2003).
8164:Karlsson, Gunnar (2000).
8090:Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris
7722:10.1017/s0021853700028486
7561:10.1186/s40503-019-0076-2
7403:Hubbert, M. King (1940).
6748:10.1017/S0022050700087167
6183:10.1017/S0022050700040602
6006:10.1017/S0022050700040602
5725:10.1017/S0022050700010251
5695:10.1017/S002205070001189X
5390:Srigley, Katrina (2010).
5315:Stephenson, Jill (2014).
5165:10.1017/S002205070001189X
4929:Per-capita GDP data from
4615:10.1017/s0022050710000756
4558:"The World in Depression"
4498:10.1017/S0022050700040602
4399:10.1017/S0022050700040602
3519:Other "great depressions"
3441:
3192:alphabet soup of agencies
3087:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
3064:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
2847:
2780:
2766:Economic history of Spain
2618:Central Industrial Region
2487:
2482:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
2436:
2273:The Great Depression hit
2243:Economic history of Italy
2204:Great Depression in India
2151:
1944:
1916:European African colonies
1837:Great Depression in Chile
1792:
1768:Central Bank of Argentina
847:across the United States.
769:
723:World War II and recovery
305:
230:
227:
224:
221:
219:
161:Wall Street Crash of 1929
111:primary sector industries
17762:Aspects of organizations
17443:Involuntary unemployment
17004:Equal pay for equal work
16927:Repetitive strain injury
16428:Professional development
16418:Professional association
16100:Letter of recommendation
14490:Prescription drug prices
13610:Mayor–council government
13600:Coterminous municipality
13590:Consolidated city-county
13356:Agriculture commissioner
13006:House of Representatives
12914:National Security Agency
12564:Contiguous United States
11863:1990s United States boom
11651:Financial crisis of 1914
11030:Fair Labor Standards Act
10461:Economic History Review,
10451:American Economic Review
10185:United States and Canada
9279:28 December 2008 at the
9167:23 December 2008 at the
9114:U.S. Department of State
8997:p. 115; Routledge, 1997
8320:(1997) 34#3 pp: 265–294.
8013:31 December 2021 at the
7995:, University of Illinois
7991:20 December 2008 at the
7754:31 December 2021 at the
7679:African Economic History
7654:, Source: Bank of Canada
7601:31 December 2021 at the
7476:. Stanford, California.
7300:Dorfman, Joseph (1959).
6945:White, Lawrence (2008).
6798:29 November 2021 at the
6152:Whaples, Robert (1995).
5975:Whaples, Robert (1995).
5663:(TV documentary). U.S.:
5430:(2015) 68#2 pp. 441–470.
5052:15 February 2022 at the
4972:12 February 2022 at the
4950:American Economic Review
4936:4 September 2010 at the
4692:International data from
4433:25 February 2021 at the
4356:, Penguin, p. 163,
3734:Involuntary unemployment
3375:Federal Writers' Project
3214:, WPA) and, through the
3085:Shortly after President
2759:
2522:Austro-Hungarian Empires
2478:Imperial State of Persia
2285:
2236:
2197:
1888:
1830:
1807:Unemployed men march in
1713:most famously in Germany
1058:Federal Reserve Governor
890:(demand-driven) and the
787:Financial crisis of 1914
532:, in September 1931 the
18:Great Depression of 1929
17747:Aspects of corporations
17709:Slow movement (culture)
17588:Employer of last resort
17490:Structural unemployment
17428:Frictional unemployment
16867:Epilepsy and employment
16754:Performance-related pay
16688:National average salary
16601:996 working hour system
15034:Industrial organization
14857:Computational economics
14575:Criticism of government
13920:Social welfare programs
13513:State-recognized tribes
12498:Outline of U.S. history
12210:Continental Association
11678:Depression of 1920–1921
11610:Depression of 1882–1885
11524:Early Victorian Britain
11259:Real and nominal values
10944:Railroad Retirement Act
10823:American Liberty League
10602:Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
10211:Galbraith, John Kenneth
10141:24 January 2020 at the
9936:17 October 2011 at the
9904:The Wall Street Journal
9227:28 October 2009 at the
8980:24 January 2009 at the
8843:April 15, 2021, at the
8698:National Bank of Serbia
7770:Lagos Historical Review
7650:27 January 2009 at the
7455:Bell, Spurgeon (1940).
7095:For Hayek's view, see:
6778:25 January 2016 at the
6353:March 24, 2020, at the
5946:"What is a Monetarist?"
5919:Encyclopedia Britannica
5853:2 November 2021 at the
5795:"Depression & WWII"
5759:24 January 2022 at the
5470:10.1111/1468-0424.00245
5428:Economic History Review
5084:10.2753/0577-5132530103
5046:8(1), 2, January 2011.
4865:Economic History Review
3954:Encyclopædia Britannica
3739:List of economic crises
3608:global financial crisis
3000:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
2956:In the less industrial
2822:Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp
2262:giving a speech at the
2109:increasingly relied on
2095:Social Democratic Party
2087:September 1930 election
1863:1939 Chillán earthquake
1556:Childress County, Texas
1416:and American economist
1286:Expectations hypothesis
1012:in 1996-Dollar (blue),
974:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
938:Mainstream explanations
913:expectations hypothesis
819:and in 1934 signed the
495:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
419:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
398:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
377:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
203:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
17757:Aspects of occupations
17563:Unemployment insurance
17515:Unemployment extension
17485:Reserve army of labour
17290:Constructive dismissal
17097:Sleeping while on duty
17062:Exploitation of labour
16944:Sick building syndrome
16115:Person–environment fit
15985:Independent contractor
15239:Modern monetary theory
14904:Experimental economics
14874:Pluralism in economics
14847:Mathematical economics
14637:Environmental movement
14480:Health insurance costs
14375:Educational attainment
13900:Federal Reserve System
13858:Science and technology
13361:Insurance commissioner
12899:Intelligence Community
12594:minor outlying islands
12357:Civil rights movement
11783:Recession of 1969–1970
11778:Recession of 1960–1961
11737:Recession of 1937–1938
10617:Recession of 1937–1938
10349:Eichengreen, Barry J.
10109:Feinstein. Charles H.
10106:(Basil Blackwell 1986)
10075:Woytinsky, Wladimir.
9210:Prison Days and Nights
9019:6 January 2022 at the
8834:Jennifer Burns (2009).
8781:2 January 2022 at the
8401:March 7, 2016, at the
8291:11 August 2015 at the
7973:10.1006/redy.2001.0143
7878:Gamble, Harry (2009).
7436:Cite journal requires
7155:"The Great Depression"
7061:Steele, G. R. (2001).
6508:Cite journal requires
6476:Frank Freidel (1973),
6308:Bernanke, Ben (2000).
6247:18 August 2021 at the
5804:. Americaslibrary.gov.
5763:. Library of Congress.
5650:John Kenneth Galbraith
5120:Quoted by P. Renshaw.
4995:11 August 2015 at the
4158:(2nd ed 1970), 885 pp.
4057:"The Great Depression"
3709:Causes of World War II
3613:
3477:
3379:Prison Days and Nights
3342:, who was awarded the
3320:
3253:conservative coalition
3247:
3183:
3115:Securities Act of 1933
3082:
3026:
2991:
2918:
2753:
2391:
2270:
2269:factory in Turin, 1932
2252:
2136:
2123:November 1932 election
2074:
2066:
2010:
1971:February 6, 1934 riots
1960:
1909:Nationalist Government
1816:
1707:
1640:Socio-economic effects
1618:
1588:distribution of wealth
1568:William Trufant Foster
1559:
1396:
1324:gross domestic product
1312:recession of 1937–1938
1237:, triggering multiple
1233:
1216:and loss of confidence
1184:
1138:aggregate expenditures
1076:
1033:
1021:
947:
928:Federal Reserve System
883:
848:
736:
665:Federal Reserve System
600:
510:
393:
356:
322:
236:Industrial production
87:gross domestic product
55:
17767:Aspects of workplaces
17505:Unemployment benefits
17500:Types of unemployment
17438:Graduate unemployment
17332:Letter of resignation
16961:Workers' compensation
16954:Occupational fatality
16458:Vocational university
16058:Employment counsellor
14463:Immigrant health care
13978:Transportation safety
13973:Transportation policy
13963:Public transportation
13033:President pro tempore
12889:Executive departments
12658:National Park Service
12313:Territorial evolution
11901:Early 2000s recession
11868:Early 1990s recession
11820:Early 1980s recession
11400:Commercial revolution
11298:Nominal interest rate
11046:Franklin D. Roosevelt
10939:Reciprocal Tariff Act
10844:Emergency Banking Act
10238:, for middle schools.
10215:The Great Crash, 1929
10168:13 March 2017 at the
10068:Rothermund, Dietmar.
9750:Transition Newsletter
9354:Maurice W. Lee, 1955.
9331:Economic Fluctuations
9108:12 March 2009 at the
9103:"Smoot-Hawley Tariff"
9090:24 April 2017 at the
8735:GREDEG Working Papers
8646:Dietz, James (1986).
8587:13 March 2017 at the
8087:Kershaw, Ian (1998).
7945:Jean-Pierre Dormois,
7913:International Affairs
7742:R. Olufeni Ekundare,
7631:Judy Mackinolty, ed.
7252:Corey, Lewis (1934).
7025:. Cambridge, MA: 33.
6851:10.1257/aer.98.4.1476
6768:Gauti B. Eggertsson,
5861:19.4 (1989): 553–583.
5593:10.1353/jjs.2004.0045
5318:Women in Nazi Germany
5008:Eggertsson, Gauti B.
4846:H. V. Hodson (1938),
4834:64#3 (2004): 822–871.
4562:Mount Holyoke College
3714:Causes of World War I
3582:
3494:Depression of 1920–21
3467:
3446:Further information:
3363:To Kill a Mockingbird
3352:agricultural industry
3315:
3241:
3178:
3107:Emergency Banking Act
3072:
3060:political realignment
3016:
2989:
2947:National Hunger March
2916:
2748:
2533:Industrial production
2389:
2258:
2250:
2131:
2072:
2056:
2008:
1979:SFIO socialist leader
1958:
1806:
1705:
1605:
1550:
1391:
1355:factors of production
1304:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1229:called in these loans
1183:
1158:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1065:
1027:
1007:
945:
932:lender of last resort
854:
834:
730:
597:
508:
384:
365:Bank of United States
353:Bank of United States
350:
313:
42:
17573:Job creation program
17349:Mandatory retirement
17302:Employee offboarding
17122:Workplace incivility
17117:Workplace harassment
16892:Occupational disease
16887:Occupational burnout
16802:Disability insurance
16646:Workweek and weekend
16626:Retroactive overtime
16448:Vocational education
16363:Continuing education
16201:Permanent employment
15113:Social choice theory
14869:Behavioral economics
14852:Complexity economics
14632:Environmental issues
14297:Political ideologies
14196:Indigenous languages
13396:List of legislatures
13193:separation of powers
12894:Independent agencies
12820:World Heritage Sites
12455:September 11 attacks
12378:Spanish–American War
12318:Mexican–American War
12274:Confederation period
12205:Continental Congress
11467:Copper Panic of 1789
11066:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
10914:National Housing Act
10874:Executive Order 6102
10404:Haberler, Gottfried.
10380:Glasner, David, ed.
10359:Eichengreen, Barry.
10343:(1995) 27#1 pp 1–28
9662:William Manchester,
9319:The Great Depression
9255:21 July 2016 at the
9033:Constantine, Stephen
8961:Charles Loch Mowat,
8910:(1978), pp. 129–149.
8571:Athens: Alpha Bank,
8271:See also B. Girvin,
8209:Modern Asian Studies
8062:www.historyplace.com
7586:(Pluto Press, 1987).
7380:. Houghton Mifflin.
7306:. The Viking Press.
7129:John Cunningham Wood
6996:. Cambridge, MA: 5.
6893:. Cambridge, MA: 1.
5820:(16 December 2011).
5800:25 June 2009 at the
5458:Gender & History
5301:Denyse Baillargeon,
5219:5 March 2016 at the
5174:on 17 January 2013.
4850:(London), pp. 64–76.
4532:United States Senate
4192:on 23 September 2008
3890:Cochrane, Willard W.
3760:The Great Depression
3578:late-2000s recession
3458:The Great Depression
3129:was provided by the
2588:Bloody Friday (1930)
2315:February 26 Incident
1764:Roca–Runciman Treaty
1668:improve this article
1387:capital accumulation
1368:note that President
1112:Executive Order 6102
1046:monetary contraction
996:'s debt deflation).
817:Executive Order 6102
547:developing countries
17478:Recession-proof job
17473:Lists of recessions
17411:Economic depression
17359:Retirement planning
17240:Work–life interface
17077:Employee monitoring
17045:Corporate behaviour
17035:Accounting scandals
16917:Occupational stress
16907:Occupational injury
16438:Reflective practice
16433:Professional school
16155:Work-at-home scheme
16075:Induction programme
16053:Employment contract
16033:Business networking
15197:American (National)
14897:Economic statistics
14475:Health care finance
13968:Rail transportation
13734:Imperial presidency
13456:State constitutions
13401:List of legislators
13351:Auditor/Comptroller
13324:Lieutenant governor
13050:Library of Congress
12941:Diplomatic Security
12584:Indian reservations
12247:American Revolution
11803:1973–1975 recession
11747:Post–WWII expansion
11421:Great Frost of 1709
11249:Neutrality of money
11230:Classical dichotomy
11146:Economic expansions
10481:3 July 2016 at the
10394:and Tausch A. eds.
10322:Shiroyama, Tomoko.
10241:Mitchell, Broadus.
10190:Dickstein, Morris.
10045:League Of Nations.
10032:(Oxford UP, 1938).
9960:The Daily Telegraph
9485:Cincinnati Magazine
9413:The Grapes of Wrath
9299:on 5 September 2010
9137:on 29 October 2013.
9131:EH.net Encyclopedia
9079:Charles R. Morris,
8965:(1955) pp. 386–412.
8875:on 24 February 2021
7582:Geoffrey Lawrence,
7065:. Routledge. p. 9.
6918:Randall E. Parker,
6819:, MIT Press, 1992,
6715:on 18 November 2017
6663:Randall E. Parker,
6636:on 19 February 2009
6420:(2). Archived from
5846:Richard J. Jensen,
5679:Romer, Christina D.
5549:Midwestern Folklore
5516:Vogelsang, Willem.
4967:Gauti B. Eggertsson
4802:(1955) pp. 379–385.
4671:Randall E. Parker,
4465:24 May 2012 at the
4354:The Ascent of Money
4290:ABA Banking Journal
3813:Wall Street Journal
3590:and the other is a
3588:Saber-toothed tiger
3529:standards of living
3448:Economic depression
3436:Christmas After All
3418:Christmas After All
3402:and illustrated by
3383:Victor Folke Nelson
3335:The Grapes of Wrath
3325:The Grapes of Wrath
3227:economic indicators
2935:National Government
2728:South African Party
2610:fixed exchange rate
2139:Hitler followed an
2107:Paul von Hindenburg
1871:Pedro Aguirre Cerda
1151:government spending
1128:John Maynard Keynes
1108:Federal Reserve Act
881:increases Year/Year
635:John Maynard Keynes
623:Banking Act of 1935
580:National Government
522:speculative attacks
451:balance of payments
415:Austrian economists
351:Crowds outside the
216:
210:Economic indicators
192:The decline in the
186:deflationary spiral
113:suffered the most.
72:economic depression
17741:See also templates
17578:Job creation index
17542:Youth unemployment
17406:Discouraged worker
17295:Wrongful dismissal
17275:At-will employment
17148:Civil conscription
17112:Workplace bullying
16999:Affirmative action
16981:Workplace wellness
16912:Occupational noise
16548:Long service leave
16408:Overspecialization
16388:Induction training
16343:Career development
14585:affirmative action
14558:Capital punishment
14517:Poverty and health
14512:Physician shortage
14485:Health care prices
14415:Standard of living
14098:standard of living
13905:Financial position
13532:Hawaiian home land
13520:Indian reservation
13493:Tribal sovereignty
13336:Secretary of state
13205:United States Code
13121:Territorial courts
13093:Associate Justices
12978:Inspector generals
12465:War in Afghanistan
12328:Reconstruction era
12195:Stamp Act Congress
11985:COVID-19 recession
11645:Panic of 1910–1911
11477:Panic of 1796–1797
11303:Real interest rate
11271:Economic expansion
10904:Glass–Steagall Act
10869:Communications Act
10813:New Deal Coalition
10281:Young, William H.
10223:Goldston, Robert,
10102:Broadberry, S. N.
10007:Garside, W.R. ed.
9871:The New York Times
9810:The New York Times
8197:(2013) pp. 152–66.
8168:. pp. 308–12.
8166:History of Iceland
8008:Germany – Economic
7377:The Road to Plenty
7133:Friedrich A. Hayek
7131:, Robert D. Wood,
6806:, 20 October 2012.
6804:The New York Times
6493:Klein, Lawrence R.
5780:7 May 2009 at the
5044:Econ Journal Watch
5014:Econ Journal Watch
4814:William Ashworth,
4796:Charles Loch Mowat
4736:Eichengreen, Barry
4706:Eichengreen, Barry
3948:9 May 2015 at the
3943:"Great Depression"
3821:6 May 2021 at the
3778:The New York Times
3533:post-Soviet states
3478:
3456:, whose 1934 book
3369:The Blind Assassin
3248:
3225:By 1936, the main
3184:
3135:Glass–Steagall Act
3121:which created the
3083:
3027:
2992:
2919:
2867:. You can help by
2775:civil war, 1936–39
2456:. You can help by
2392:
2292:Takahashi Korekiyo
2271:
2253:
2227:have argued that:
2137:
2075:
2067:
2031:national socialist
2011:
1961:
1856:austerity measures
1817:
1742:. You can help by
1708:
1602:Productivity shock
1560:
1399:Heterodox theories
1366:J. Bradford DeLong
1251:capital investment
1247:March Bank Holiday
1185:
1153:or cutting taxes.
1126:British economist
1034:
1022:
948:
896:heterodox theories
884:
849:
737:
601:
511:
394:
357:
323:
214:
76:economic contagion
56:
17790:
17789:
17689:Post-work society
17669:Kiss up kick down
17401:Barriers to entry
17366:Severance package
17198:Human trafficking
17092:Sexual harassment
17072:Employee handbook
16991:Equal opportunity
16854:Safety and health
16844:Take-home vehicle
16453:Vocational school
16403:Lifelong learning
16378:Further education
16338:Career counseling
16333:Career assessment
16110:Overqualification
15870:
15869:
15401:New institutional
14760:
14759:
14720:
14719:
14716:
14715:
14686:National security
14395:Income inequality
14275:Statue of Liberty
14078:income inequality
13991:
13990:
13983:Trucking industry
13795:
13794:
13791:
13790:
13722:Foreign relations
13710:Electoral College
13691:
13690:
13479:
13478:
13431:District attorney
13278:
13277:
13105:Courts of appeals
12828:
12827:
12541:
12540:
12482:COVID-19 pandemic
12435:Feminist Movement
12281:American frontier
12200:Thirteen Colonies
12061:
12060:
11772:Recession of 1958
11766:Recession of 1953
11760:Recession of 1949
11457:Thirteen Colonies
11264:Velocity of money
11194:Paradox of thrift
11112:
11111:
10801:Causes and legacy
10760:
10759:
10163:table of contents
10159:978-960-99793-6-8
10126:Kaiser, David E.
9988:Davis, Joseph S.
9864:(20 March 2009).
9850:on 17 April 2009.
9602:978-1-4206-3218-7
9563:978-0-19-066072-7
9524:978-1-4349-7709-0
9511:Morency, Philip.
9468:Stacy I. Morgan,
9317:Robert Goldston,
9233:Microsoft Encarta
9068:978-0-340-96588-7
8869:www.genealogia.fi
8577:978-960-99793-6-8
8425:iranicaonline.org
8100:978-0-393-32035-0
8043:978-1-56852-036-0
7620:978-0-09-184203-1
7483:978-0-8047-9875-4
7265:978-0-405-04116-7
7141:978-0-415-31057-4
7108:Murray Rothbard,
7071:978-0-415-25138-9
7048:Murray Rothbard,
6928:978-1-84376-335-2
6825:978-0-262-26119-7
6791:Christina Romer,
6673:978-1-84376-550-9
6605:on 11 August 2015
6460:978-0-912986-39-5
6257:978-1-84376-550-9
5498:Ann E. McCleary,
5454:Camiscioli, Elisa
5422:Jessica S. Bean,
5409:978-1-4426-1003-3
5376:978-0-230-80214-8
5328:978-1-317-87607-6
5197:978-0-691-01698-6
4681:978-1-84376-335-2
4660:978-0-19-804201-3
4363:978-986-173-584-9
4167:George H. Soule,
4122:978-0-393-92207-3
4097:978-0-7876-5701-7
3925:Depression Decade
3910:League of Nations
3849:978-0-07-319397-7
3758:John A. Garraty,
3719:Economic collapse
3398:books written by
3323:–John Steinbeck,
3301:Margaret Thatcher
3268:planned economies
3095:displaced persons
2885:
2884:
2806:Per Albin Hansson
2787:Economy of Sweden
2636:Ditadura Nacional
2552:Unemployment rate
2474:
2473:
2192:Spanish Civil War
2015:Wall Street Crash
1843:League of Nations
1760:
1759:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1596:consumer spending
1564:Waddill Catchings
1483:argued that most
1379:Olivier Blanchard
1362:Barry Eichengreen
1219:Hoarding of money
1207:A fall in profits
1116:gold certificates
1050:Great Contraction
733:Fort Worth, Texas
699:feed sack dresses
574:in January 1933.
303:
302:
253:Wholesale prices
16:(Redirected from
17830:
17818:Financial crises
17803:Great Depression
17777:Critique of work
17772:Corporate titles
17740:
17739:
17659:Evil corporation
17525:Employment rates
17448:Jobless recovery
17416:Great Depression
17376:Golden parachute
17371:Golden handshake
17168:Job satisfaction
17158:Critique of work
16976:Workplace phobia
16807:Health insurance
16764:Wage compression
16732:Progressive wage
16586:35-hour workweek
16553:No call, no show
16543:Leave of absence
16393:Knowledge worker
16321:Master craftsman
16125:Personality hire
16063:Executive search
16043:Curriculum vitae
16028:Background check
15897:
15890:
15883:
15874:
15873:
15074:Natural resource
14909:Economic history
14835:Mechanism design
14787:
14780:
14773:
14764:
14763:
14740:
14733:
14620:African American
14502:Health insurance
14390:Household income
14260:National symbols
14191:American English
14164:Federal holidays
14073:household income
14006:
14005:
14002:
14001:
13806:
13805:
13744:Anti-Americanism
13668:Special district
13595:Independent city
13564:County executive
13547:
13546:
13341:Attorney general
13300:
13299:
13289:Federal District
12872:Executive Office
12852:
12851:
12843:
12842:
12839:
12838:
12599:populated places
12579:federal enclaves
12574:federal district
12552:
12551:
12415:American Century
12398:Great Depression
12393:Roaring Twenties
12353:Women's suffrage
12232:Halifax Resolves
12225:Founding Fathers
12220:military history
12185:Pre-colonial era
12109:
12108:
12088:
12081:
12074:
12065:
12064:
11853:Great Regression
11848:Great Moderation
11694:Great Depression
11683:Roaring Twenties
11204:Underconsumption
11174:Effective demand
11165:Aggregate demand
11139:
11132:
11125:
11116:
11115:
11086:Robert F. Wagner
11081:Francis Townsend
10808:Great Depression
10787:
10780:
10773:
10764:
10763:
10612:Effect in cities
10578:Great Depression
10571:
10564:
10557:
10548:
10547:
10539:
10538:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10515:
10514:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10494:
10440:Markwell, Donald
10435:online at JSTOR.
10261:Safarian, A. E.
10251:Reis, Ronald A.
10217:(1954), popular
10014:Grossman, Mark.
9996:Garraty, John A.
9981:Brendon, Piers.
9964:
9951:
9945:
9927:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9916:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9846:. Archived from
9833:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9822:
9800:
9794:
9787:
9781:
9778:Who Lost Russia?
9775:
9766:
9746:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9728:The Conversation
9720:
9714:
9708:
9702:
9701:
9673:
9667:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9630:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9479:
9473:
9466:
9460:
9455:Jerrold Hirsch,
9453:
9447:
9442:Jerre Mangione,
9440:
9434:
9427:
9421:
9409:
9403:
9393:
9387:
9361:
9355:
9352:
9346:
9340:
9334:
9328:
9322:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9289:
9283:
9270:
9264:
9246:
9240:
9239:31 October 2009.
9219:
9213:
9207:
9198:
9197:
9177:
9171:
9158:
9152:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9133:. Archived from
9123:
9117:
9100:
9094:
9077:
9071:
9056:
9047:
9030:
9024:
9011:
9005:
8991:
8985:
8972:
8966:
8959:
8953:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8933:
8927:
8917:
8911:
8906:R. J. Harrison,
8904:
8898:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8871:. Archived from
8861:
8855:
8832:
8826:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8792:
8786:
8773:
8767:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8743:
8732:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8706:
8691:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8598:
8592:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8475:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8416:
8410:
8392:
8386:
8381:E. H. Kossmann,
8379:
8373:
8368:Rosemary Thorp,
8366:
8360:
8357:Chalmers Johnson
8353:
8347:
8340:
8334:
8327:
8321:
8314:
8308:
8301:
8295:
8282:
8276:
8269:
8263:
8256:
8250:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8204:
8198:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8176:
8170:
8169:
8161:
8150:
8143:
8137:
8127:
8121:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8024:
8018:
8005:
7996:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7956:
7950:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7840:
7834:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7765:
7759:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7674:
7668:
7661:
7655:
7642:
7636:
7629:
7623:
7612:
7606:
7593:
7587:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7563:
7539:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7515:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7439:
7434:
7432:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7354:
7343:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7226:Business Insider
7216:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7150:
7144:
7126:
7115:
7093:
7087:
7080:
7074:
7063:Keynes and Hayek
7059:
7053:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6942:
6931:
6916:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6882:
6873:
6872:
6862:
6834:
6828:
6813:
6807:
6789:
6783:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6714:
6708:. Archived from
6691:
6682:
6676:
6661:
6655:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6626:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6601:. Archived from
6590:
6584:
6583:
6547:
6536:
6535:
6517:
6511:
6506:
6504:
6496:
6489:
6483:
6474:
6465:
6464:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6424:on 10 April 2008
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6364:
6358:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6266:
6260:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6207:
6176:
6158:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6030:
5999:
5981:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5814:
5805:
5792:
5786:
5770:
5764:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5576:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5450:
5444:
5439:Deirdre Beddoe,
5437:
5431:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5397:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5364:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5312:
5306:
5299:
5293:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5238:
5229:
5223:
5206:
5200:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5167:. Archived from
5158:
5140:
5131:
5125:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5063:
5057:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5005:
4999:
4982:
4976:
4959:
4953:
4946:
4940:
4927:
4918:
4911:
4902:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4860:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4812:
4803:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4702:
4690:
4684:
4669:
4663:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4600:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4568:on 10 March 2008
4564:. Archived from
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4481:
4470:
4455:
4449:
4448:30 November 2009
4425:
4419:
4418:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4281:
4275:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4188:. Archived from
4178:
4172:
4165:
4159:
4152:Thomas G. Barnes
4141:
4135:
4134:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3962:
3956:
3940:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3864:"Commodity Data"
3860:
3854:
3853:
3835:
3826:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3769:
3763:
3756:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3541:financial crisis
3531:in the 1990s in
3509:Panic of 1910–11
3507:, and the minor
3327:
3264:social democracy
3198:. By 1935, the "
3158:purchasing power
3077:, May 1936. The
3023:President Hoover
2962:Southern England
2909:Interwar Britain
2891:era. Exports of
2880:
2877:
2859:
2852:
2802:Social Democrats
2680:Luis Muñoz Marín
2597:18 April 1930).
2596:
2573:
2503:, whose leader,
2469:
2466:
2448:
2441:
2300:deficit spending
2260:Benito Mussolini
2223:Frank Barry and
2135:speaking in 1935
2113:, bypassing the
2099:Democratic Party
1755:
1752:
1734:
1727:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1652:
1644:
1616:
1576:Henry A. Wallace
1515:Ludwig von Mises
1383:Lawrence Summers
1360:Economists like
1336:aggregate demand
1276:aggregate demand
1236:
1084:government bonds
1074:
1042:Anna J. Schwartz
876:
867:
858:
821:Gold Reserve Act
661:Anna J. Schwartz
440:
439:
435:
386:Willis C. Hawley
337:Roaring Twenties
217:
213:
145:
133:
60:Great Depression
21:
17838:
17837:
17833:
17832:
17831:
17829:
17828:
17827:
17793:
17792:
17791:
17786:
17782:Organized labor
17752:Aspects of jobs
17728:
17719:Toxic workplace
17654:Emotional labor
17627:
17551:Public programs
17546:
17463:Great Recession
17433:Full employment
17421:Long Depression
17387:
17285:Banishment room
17261:
17183:Refusal of work
17126:
17050:Corporate crime
17018:
16985:
16848:
16773:
16650:
16572:
16506:
16383:Graduate school
16293:
16215:
16159:
16150:Underemployment
16009:
15953:Self-employment
15928:Contingent work
15918:Academic tenure
15911:Classifications
15906:
15901:
15871:
15866:
15863:Business portal
15830:
15829:
15828:
15788:
15552:von Böhm-Bawerk
15440:
15439:
15430:
15202:Ancient thought
15180:
15179:
15173:
15164:
15163:
15162:
14913:
14878:
14830:Contract theory
14815:Decision theory
14796:
14791:
14761:
14756:
14743:
14736:
14729:
14712:
14698:Opioid epidemic
14615:Native American
14595:intersex rights
14546:
14542:Life expectancy
14532:Medical deserts
14522:Race and health
14419:
14405:Personal income
14351:
14255:National anthem
14088:personal income
14053:Economic issues
13987:
13939:
13787:
13687:
13676:School district
13662:
13645:Minor divisions
13639:
13578:
13536:
13475:
13461:Statutory codes
13442:
13405:
13382:
13292:
13287:
13274:
13209:
13166:civil liberties
13147:
13138:Other tribunals
13117:District courts
13069:
13028:current members
13011:current members
12992:
12926:Law enforcement
12824:
12537:
12486:
12477:Great Recession
12348:Progressive Era
12338:Native genocide
12269:Perpetual Union
12257:Treaty of Paris
12215:United Colonies
12173:
12098:
12092:
12062:
12057:
11922:Great Recession
11914:
11912:Information Age
11906:
11855:
11851:
11842:
11795:
11793:Great Inflation
11787:
11749:
11741:
11664:
11662:Interwar period
11656:
11592:Long Depression
11584:
11580:
11571:
11531:
11527:
11518:
11433:
11425:
11402:
11394:
11359:U.S. recessions
11354:U.K. recessions
11286:U.S. expansions
11156:
11143:
11113:
11108:
11090:
11056:Frances Perkins
11051:Harold L. Ickes
11034:
11020:Social Security
10963:Second New Deal
10958:
10832:
10796:
10791:
10761:
10756:
10738:
10717:
10626:
10580:
10575:
10545:
10533:
10523:
10521:
10509:
10499:
10497:
10489:
10483:Wayback Machine
10423:(3rd ed. 2013)
10336:
10295:
10187:
10170:Wayback Machine
10143:Wayback Machine
10116:James, Harold.
10086:
9978:
9973:
9971:Further reading
9968:
9967:
9952:
9948:
9938:Wayback Machine
9928:
9924:
9914:
9912:
9895:
9891:
9881:
9879:
9859:
9855:
9834:
9830:
9820:
9818:
9801:
9797:
9788:
9784:
9776:
9769:
9758:30 May 2012 at
9747:
9743:
9733:
9731:
9722:
9721:
9717:
9709:
9705:
9690:10.2307/2599512
9674:
9670:
9661:
9657:
9647:
9645:
9632:
9631:
9622:
9612:
9610:
9603:
9587:
9583:
9573:
9571:
9564:
9548:
9544:
9534:
9532:
9525:
9509:
9505:
9495:
9493:
9480:
9476:
9472:(2004), p. 244.
9467:
9463:
9454:
9450:
9441:
9437:
9428:
9424:
9410:
9406:
9396:Lanny Ebenstein
9394:
9390:
9362:
9358:
9353:
9349:
9343:Business Cycles
9341:
9337:
9329:
9325:
9316:
9312:
9302:
9300:
9291:
9290:
9286:
9281:Wayback Machine
9271:
9267:
9257:Wayback Machine
9247:
9243:
9229:Wayback Machine
9220:
9216:
9208:
9201:
9178:
9174:
9169:Wayback Machine
9159:
9155:
9151:, 2008, p. 113.
9146:
9142:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9110:Wayback Machine
9101:
9097:
9092:Wayback Machine
9078:
9074:
9058:Peter Clemens,
9057:
9050:
9031:
9027:
9021:Wayback Machine
9012:
9008:
8992:
8988:
8982:Wayback Machine
8973:
8969:
8960:
8956:
8949:
8945:
8934:
8930:
8918:
8914:
8905:
8901:
8892:
8888:
8878:
8876:
8863:
8862:
8858:
8845:Wayback Machine
8833:
8829:
8820:
8816:
8793:
8789:
8783:Wayback Machine
8774:
8770:
8761:
8757:
8747:
8745:
8741:
8730:
8724:
8720:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8689:
8683:
8679:
8669:
8667:
8660:
8644:
8640:
8630:
8628:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8599:
8595:
8589:Wayback Machine
8566:
8562:
8552:
8550:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8522:
8520:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8490:
8477:
8476:
8469:
8459:
8457:
8444:
8443:
8439:
8429:
8427:
8417:
8413:
8403:Wayback Machine
8393:
8389:
8380:
8376:
8367:
8363:
8354:
8350:
8341:
8337:
8328:
8324:
8315:
8311:
8302:
8298:
8293:Wayback Machine
8283:
8279:
8270:
8266:
8257:
8253:
8248:
8244:
8205:
8201:
8192:
8188:
8177:
8173:
8162:
8153:
8144:
8140:
8128:
8124:
8112:
8108:
8101:
8085:
8081:
8071:
8069:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8044:
8025:
8021:
8015:Wayback Machine
8006:
7999:
7993:Wayback Machine
7984:
7980:
7957:
7953:
7944:
7940:
7925:10.2307/2601740
7909:
7905:
7876:
7872:
7841:
7837:
7833:(1966), p. 109.
7828:
7824:
7801:10.2307/2717416
7785:
7781:
7766:
7762:
7756:Wayback Machine
7741:
7737:
7706:
7702:
7687:10.2307/3601244
7675:
7671:
7662:
7658:
7652:Wayback Machine
7643:
7639:
7630:
7626:
7613:
7609:
7603:Wayback Machine
7594:
7590:
7581:
7577:
7540:
7536:
7529:
7525:
7509:
7508:
7501:
7499:
7484:
7468:
7464:
7453:
7449:
7437:
7435:
7426:
7425:
7418:
7416:
7401:
7397:
7387:
7385:
7372:
7368:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7341:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7319:
7298:
7294:
7277:
7273:
7266:
7250:
7246:
7236:
7234:
7217:
7213:
7203:
7201:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7151:
7147:
7127:
7118:
7094:
7090:
7081:
7077:
7060:
7056:
7047:
7040:
7015:
7011:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6970:
6943:
6934:
6917:
6908:
6883:
6876:
6835:
6831:
6814:
6810:
6800:Wayback Machine
6790:
6786:
6780:Wayback Machine
6767:
6763:
6732:
6728:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6630:"Bank Failures"
6628:
6627:
6618:
6608:
6606:
6591:
6587:
6564:10.2307/1907327
6548:
6539:
6532:
6509:
6507:
6498:
6497:
6490:
6486:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6441:
6437:
6427:
6425:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6381:
6365:
6361:
6355:Wayback Machine
6345:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6322:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6290:
6283:
6267:
6263:
6249:Wayback Machine
6237:
6233:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6174:10.1.1.482.4975
6156:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6134:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6083:
6048:
6044:
6034:
6032:
6028:
5997:10.1.1.482.4975
5979:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5957:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5883:Lioudis, Nick.
5881:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5855:Wayback Machine
5845:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5815:
5808:
5802:Wayback Machine
5793:
5789:
5782:Wayback Machine
5771:
5767:
5761:Wayback Machine
5752:
5748:
5709:
5705:
5676:
5672:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5612:
5608:
5577:
5573:
5564:
5560:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5514:
5510:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5451:
5447:
5438:
5434:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5329:
5313:
5309:
5300:
5296:
5287:
5283:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5253:10.2307/2077848
5236:
5230:
5226:
5221:Wayback Machine
5207:
5203:
5186:
5182:
5171:
5138:
5132:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5064:
5060:
5054:Wayback Machine
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5006:
5002:
4997:Wayback Machine
4983:
4979:
4974:Wayback Machine
4960:
4956:
4947:
4943:
4938:Wayback Machine
4928:
4921:
4912:
4905:
4896:
4892:
4877:10.2307/2592922
4861:
4854:
4845:
4838:
4829:
4822:
4813:
4806:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4695:Maddison, Angus
4691:
4687:
4670:
4666:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4598:
4592:
4581:
4571:
4569:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4482:
4473:
4467:Wayback Machine
4456:
4452:
4435:Wayback Machine
4426:
4422:
4377:Whaples, Robert
4374:
4370:
4364:
4350:
4346:
4313:
4309:
4282:
4278:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4142:
4138:
4123:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4061:drought.unl.edu
4055:
4054:
4050:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3950:Wayback Machine
3941:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3836:
3829:
3823:Wayback Machine
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3729:Interwar France
3704:
3699:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3570:Federal Reserve
3555:
3549:
3535:and the former
3521:
3513:Long Depression
3498:Calvin Coolidge
3474:Long Depression
3450:
3444:
3357:Of Mice and Men
3329:
3322:
3313:
3280:Milton Friedman
3204:Social Security
3200:Second New Deal
2984:
2976:Main articles:
2974:
2923:First World War
2911:
2903:Main articles:
2901:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2865:needs expansion
2850:
2834:Kingdom of Siam
2830:
2810:interventionist
2789:
2783:
2768:
2762:
2740:socialist state
2736:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2671:
2632:
2626:
2590:
2574:6 March 1930),
2567:
2505:Józef Piłsudski
2496:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2454:needs expansion
2439:
2415:
2409:
2384:
2378:
2346:
2340:
2319:chilling effect
2288:
2245:
2239:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2173:Ioannis Metaxas
2160:
2154:
2091:Communist Party
2048:Weimar Republic
2003:
2001:Weimar Republic
1997:
1953:
1947:
1918:
1901:Silver standard
1897:
1891:
1839:
1833:
1825:national income
1801:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1740:needs expansion
1725:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1665:
1653:
1642:
1626:mass production
1622:electrification
1617:
1614:M. King Hubbert
1612:
1604:
1584:Marriner Eccles
1545:
1533:. According to
1524:
1475:Bank of England
1471:Federal Reserve
1428:Federal Reserve
1418:Murray Rothbard
1414:Friedrich Hayek
1410:Austrian School
1406:
1404:Austrian School
1401:
1351:Austrian School
1320:
1318:Common position
1300:Christina Romer
1288:
1178:
1147:economic crisis
1124:
1097:New York branch
1075:
1073:Ben S. Bernanke
1072:
1038:Milton Friedman
1002:
1000:Monetarist view
972:Passage of the
940:
917:Milton Friedman
911:theory and the
882:
879:M2 money supply
874:
872:
865:
863:
856:
829:
801:Weimar Republic
789:
783:
778:
772:
725:
682:
657:Milton Friedman
643:Christina Romer
609:Roosevelt years
592:
555:
543:silver standard
534:Bank of England
503:
475:
437:
433:
432:
379:
373:
328:
308:
225:United Kingdom
212:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
146:
138:
137:
134:
123:
99:personal income
91:Great Recession
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17836:
17826:
17825:
17820:
17815:
17810:
17805:
17788:
17787:
17785:
17784:
17779:
17774:
17769:
17764:
17759:
17754:
17749:
17743:
17742:
17733:
17730:
17729:
17727:
17726:
17721:
17716:
17711:
17706:
17704:Sunday scaries
17701:
17696:
17691:
17686:
17681:
17676:
17671:
17666:
17661:
17656:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17635:
17633:
17629:
17628:
17621:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17590:
17585:
17580:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17560:
17554:
17552:
17548:
17547:
17545:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17533:
17532:
17527:
17517:
17512:
17507:
17502:
17497:
17492:
17487:
17482:
17481:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17455:
17453:Phillips curve
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17424:
17423:
17418:
17408:
17403:
17397:
17395:
17389:
17388:
17386:
17385:
17380:
17379:
17378:
17373:
17363:
17362:
17361:
17356:
17354:Retirement age
17351:
17341:
17336:
17335:
17334:
17324:
17319:
17314:
17309:
17307:Exit interview
17304:
17299:
17298:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17277:
17271:
17269:
17263:
17262:
17260:
17259:
17254:
17253:
17252:
17247:
17237:
17232:
17231:
17230:
17225:
17220:
17215:
17210:
17205:
17200:
17195:
17185:
17180:
17175:
17170:
17165:
17160:
17155:
17150:
17145:
17140:
17134:
17132:
17128:
17127:
17125:
17124:
17119:
17114:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17074:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17057:Discrimination
17054:
17053:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17026:
17024:
17020:
17019:
17017:
17016:
17011:
17009:Gender pay gap
17006:
17001:
16995:
16993:
16987:
16986:
16984:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16957:
16956:
16946:
16941:
16940:
16939:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16899:
16894:
16889:
16884:
16879:
16874:
16869:
16864:
16858:
16856:
16850:
16849:
16847:
16846:
16841:
16840:
16839:
16829:
16824:
16822:Parental leave
16819:
16817:Marriage leave
16814:
16812:Life insurance
16809:
16804:
16799:
16794:
16789:
16783:
16781:
16775:
16774:
16772:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16756:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16740:
16739:
16729:
16728:
16727:
16722:
16717:
16712:
16702:
16701:
16700:
16695:
16685:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16668:Income bracket
16664:
16662:
16652:
16651:
16649:
16648:
16643:
16638:
16633:
16628:
16623:
16618:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16598:
16596:Eight-hour day
16593:
16588:
16582:
16580:
16574:
16573:
16571:
16570:
16565:
16560:
16555:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16520:
16514:
16512:
16508:
16507:
16505:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16493:
16492:
16487:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16461:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16440:
16435:
16430:
16425:
16420:
16415:
16410:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16355:
16353:Creative class
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16324:
16323:
16313:
16311:Apprenticeship
16307:
16305:
16295:
16294:
16292:
16291:
16286:
16281:
16279:Scarlet-collar
16276:
16271:
16266:
16261:
16256:
16251:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16231:
16225:
16223:
16217:
16216:
16214:
16213:
16208:
16203:
16198:
16193:
16188:
16183:
16178:
16173:
16167:
16165:
16161:
16160:
16158:
16157:
16152:
16147:
16142:
16137:
16132:
16127:
16122:
16117:
16112:
16107:
16102:
16097:
16092:
16087:
16082:
16077:
16072:
16071:
16070:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16019:
16017:
16011:
16010:
16008:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15995:Temporary work
15992:
15987:
15982:
15981:
15980:
15975:
15970:
15963:Skilled worker
15960:
15955:
15950:
15945:
15940:
15935:
15930:
15925:
15920:
15914:
15912:
15908:
15907:
15900:
15899:
15892:
15885:
15877:
15868:
15867:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15832:
15831:
15827:
15826:
15821:
15811:
15806:
15800:
15799:
15798:
15796:
15790:
15789:
15787:
15786:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15749:
15744:
15739:
15734:
15729:
15724:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15689:
15684:
15679:
15674:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15654:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15449:
15443:
15441:
15435:
15432:
15431:
15429:
15428:
15423:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15397:
15396:
15386:
15385:
15384:
15374:
15369:
15364:
15363:
15362:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15341:
15340:
15339:
15338:
15328:
15323:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15266:Disequilibrium
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15242:
15241:
15231:
15226:
15221:
15216:
15215:
15214:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15183:
15181:
15169:
15166:
15165:
15161:
15160:
15155:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15079:Organizational
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14925:
14924:
14923:
14921:
14915:
14914:
14912:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14900:
14899:
14888:
14886:
14880:
14879:
14877:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14865:
14864:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14842:Macroeconomics
14839:
14838:
14837:
14832:
14827:
14822:
14817:
14810:Microeconomics
14806:
14804:
14798:
14797:
14790:
14789:
14782:
14775:
14767:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14754:
14749:
14742:
14741:
14734:
14726:
14725:
14722:
14721:
14718:
14717:
14714:
14713:
14711:
14710:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14694:
14693:
14683:
14682:
14681:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14654:Mass shootings
14651:
14646:
14645:
14644:
14642:Climate change
14639:
14629:
14624:
14623:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14580:Discrimination
14577:
14572:
14571:
14570:
14560:
14554:
14552:
14548:
14547:
14545:
14544:
14539:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14514:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14493:
14492:
14487:
14482:
14472:
14471:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14435:
14429:
14427:
14421:
14420:
14418:
14417:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14372:
14370:American Dream
14367:
14361:
14359:
14353:
14352:
14350:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14337:Transportation
14334:
14329:
14324:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14304:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14283:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14270:Mount Rushmore
14267:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14241:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14210:
14205:
14204:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14167:
14166:
14156:
14151:
14150:
14149:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14128:
14127:
14122:
14112:
14111:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14014:
14012:
13999:
13993:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13986:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13949:
13947:
13941:
13940:
13938:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13890:Federal budget
13887:
13882:
13877:
13876:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13828:Communications
13825:
13820:
13809:
13803:
13797:
13796:
13793:
13792:
13789:
13788:
13786:
13785:
13780:
13779:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13758:
13757:
13756:
13751:
13749:exceptionalism
13746:
13736:
13731:
13730:
13729:
13727:foreign policy
13719:
13718:
13717:
13712:
13702:
13696:
13693:
13692:
13689:
13688:
13686:
13685:
13684:
13683:
13672:
13670:
13664:
13663:
13661:
13660:
13655:
13649:
13647:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13586:
13584:
13580:
13579:
13577:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13555:
13553:
13544:
13538:
13537:
13535:
13534:
13529:
13528:
13527:
13517:
13516:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13495:
13489:
13487:
13481:
13480:
13477:
13476:
13474:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13452:
13450:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13440:
13439:
13438:
13428:
13427:
13426:
13424:Chief justices
13419:Supreme courts
13415:
13413:
13407:
13406:
13404:
13403:
13398:
13392:
13390:
13384:
13383:
13381:
13380:
13379:
13378:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13332:
13331:
13321:
13320:
13319:
13308:
13306:
13297:
13280:
13279:
13276:
13275:
13273:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13261:
13260:
13258:National Guard
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13219:
13217:
13211:
13210:
13208:
13207:
13202:
13201:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13175:
13170:
13169:
13168:
13161:Bill of Rights
13157:
13155:
13149:
13148:
13146:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13134:
13133:
13131:list of judges
13128:
13126:list of courts
13114:
13113:
13112:
13110:list of judges
13102:
13101:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13079:
13077:
13071:
13070:
13068:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13045:Capitol Police
13042:
13041:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13020:
13019:
13018:
13013:
13002:
13000:
12994:
12993:
12991:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12974:
12973:
12968:
12966:Secret Service
12963:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12923:
12922:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12879:Vice President
12876:
12875:
12874:
12869:
12858:
12856:
12849:
12836:
12830:
12829:
12826:
12825:
12823:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12806:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12759:
12758:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12667:
12666:
12665:
12663:National Parks
12655:
12654:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12623:
12618:
12616:Extreme points
12613:
12608:
12607:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12555:
12549:
12543:
12542:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12494:
12492:
12488:
12487:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12473:
12472:
12467:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12411:
12410:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12374:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12303:Federalist Era
12300:
12299:
12298:
12296:Bill of Rights
12293:
12283:
12278:
12277:
12276:
12271:
12261:
12260:
12259:
12254:
12244:
12239:
12237:Lee Resolution
12234:
12229:
12228:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12187:
12181:
12179:
12175:
12174:
12172:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12115:
12113:
12106:
12100:
12099:
12097: articles
12091:
12090:
12083:
12076:
12068:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12055:
12054:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12041:United Kingdom
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11982:
11981:
11980:
11975:
11973:United Kingdom
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11918:
11916:
11915:(2007–present)
11908:
11907:
11905:
11904:
11898:
11893:
11892:
11891:
11886:
11884:United Kingdom
11881:
11876:
11865:
11859:
11857:
11844:
11843:
11841:
11840:
11839:
11838:
11833:
11831:United Kingdom
11828:
11817:
11816:
11815:
11810:
11808:United Kingdom
11799:
11797:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11769:
11763:
11757:
11753:
11751:
11743:
11742:
11740:
11739:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11727:
11725:United Kingdom
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11691:
11688:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11668:
11666:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11654:
11648:
11642:
11636:
11630:
11627:
11621:
11615:
11612:
11607:
11606:
11605:
11600:
11598:United Kingdom
11588:
11586:
11573:
11572:
11570:
11569:
11563:
11557:
11554:
11548:
11545:
11539:
11535:
11533:
11520:
11519:
11517:
11516:
11510:
11507:
11504:
11498:
11495:
11489:
11486:
11483:
11480:
11474:
11464:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11437:
11435:
11427:
11426:
11424:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11406:
11404:
11396:
11395:
11393:
11392:
11391:
11390:
11380:
11379:
11378:
11373:
11363:
11362:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11316:
11315:
11314:
11305:
11300:
11290:
11289:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11213:
11211:Business cycle
11208:
11207:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11189:Overproduction
11186:
11181:
11176:
11161:
11158:
11157:
11142:
11141:
11134:
11127:
11119:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11106:
11101:
11095:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11076:Herbert Hoover
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11042:
11040:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10966:
10964:
10960:
10959:
10957:
10956:
10951:
10949:Securities Act
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10840:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10804:
10802:
10798:
10797:
10790:
10789:
10782:
10775:
10767:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10749:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10736:
10731:
10725:
10723:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10715:
10710:
10708:United Kingdom
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10634:
10632:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10588:
10586:
10582:
10581:
10574:
10573:
10566:
10559:
10551:
10544:
10543:
10531:
10519:
10507:
10487:
10486:
10468:
10457:
10455:online version
10447:
10437:
10427:
10417:
10410:
10401:
10388:
10378:
10371:
10364:
10357:
10347:
10335:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10320:
10313:
10303:
10294:
10291:
10290:
10289:
10279:
10269:
10259:
10249:
10239:
10228:
10221:
10208:
10198:
10186:
10183:
10182:
10181:
10172:
10147:
10131:
10124:
10114:
10107:
10100:
10093:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10073:
10066:
10056:Rees, Goronwy.
10053:
10043:
10036:
10026:
10019:
10012:
10005:
9993:
9986:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9946:
9922:
9889:
9853:
9828:
9795:
9793:(2018), p. 41.
9782:
9767:
9741:
9715:
9703:
9668:
9655:
9620:
9601:
9581:
9562:
9542:
9523:
9503:
9474:
9461:
9448:
9435:
9429:David Taylor,
9422:
9418:John Steinbeck
9404:
9388:
9356:
9347:
9335:
9323:
9310:
9284:
9265:
9248:Joyce Bryant,
9241:
9214:
9199:
9172:
9153:
9140:
9118:
9095:
9072:
9048:
9025:
9006:
8986:
8967:
8954:
8943:
8928:
8920:Göran Therborn
8912:
8899:
8886:
8856:
8827:
8814:
8787:
8768:
8755:
8718:
8677:
8658:
8638:
8608:
8593:
8579:. pp. 361–394
8560:
8530:
8513:WielkaHistoria
8500:
8467:
8437:
8411:
8387:
8374:
8361:
8348:
8335:
8322:
8309:
8303:Vera Zamagni,
8296:
8277:
8264:
8251:
8242:
8215:(3): 585–623.
8199:
8186:
8171:
8151:
8138:
8122:
8106:
8099:
8079:
8049:
8042:
8019:
7997:
7978:
7951:
7938:
7919:(2): 202–224.
7903:
7890:(3): 775–803.
7870:
7851:(2): 245–281.
7835:
7822:
7795:(4): 207–232.
7779:
7760:
7758:, pp. 104–226.
7735:
7716:(4): 445–461.
7700:
7669:
7656:
7637:
7624:
7607:
7588:
7575:
7534:
7523:
7482:
7462:
7447:
7438:|journal=
7395:
7366:
7329:
7292:
7271:
7264:
7244:
7211:
7178:
7145:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7104:
7103:
7098:Diego Pizano,
7088:
7075:
7054:
7038:
7009:
6980:
6957:(4): 751–768.
6932:
6906:
6874:
6845:(4). p. 1480.
6829:
6808:
6784:
6761:
6742:(4): 918–937.
6726:
6677:
6656:
6647:
6616:
6585:
6537:
6530:
6510:|journal=
6484:
6466:
6459:
6435:
6398:
6380:978-0691137940
6379:
6359:
6339:
6320:
6300:
6282:978-0691137940
6281:
6261:
6231:
6219:
6144:
6113:(2): 429–490.
6093:
6042:
5967:
5936:
5906:
5875:
5863:
5839:
5806:
5787:
5765:
5746:
5703:
5689:(4): 757–784.
5670:
5641:
5622:(2): 162–184.
5616:German History
5606:
5587:(2): 315–352.
5571:
5558:
5539:
5508:
5491:
5464:(3): 593–621.
5445:
5432:
5415:
5408:
5382:
5375:
5355:Susan K. Foley
5346:
5327:
5307:
5294:
5281:
5224:
5214:Stlouisfed.org
5201:
5187:Ben Bernanke.
5180:
5156:10.1.1.207.844
5126:
5113:
5058:
5035:
5020:(3): 197–204.
5000:
4977:
4954:
4941:
4919:
4903:
4901:, pp. 386–412.
4897:Mowat (1955),
4890:
4871:(3): 513–528.
4852:
4836:
4820:
4804:
4788:
4757:
4750:
4727:
4720:
4685:
4664:
4643:
4609:(4): 871–897.
4579:
4549:
4519:
4492:(1): 139–154.
4471:
4450:
4444:New York Times
4420:
4368:
4362:
4344:
4330:10.3386/w13597
4307:
4276:
4258:
4245:Economic Times
4229:
4217:Financial Post
4203:
4173:
4160:
4136:
4121:
4103:
4096:
4078:
4048:
4013:
3983:
3972:on 17 May 2008
3957:
3928:
3916:
3899:
3881:
3855:
3848:
3827:
3803:
3764:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3655:
3641:
3638:Economy portal
3625:
3622:
3596:liquidity trap
3583:
3551:Main article:
3548:
3545:
3520:
3517:
3454:Lionel Robbins
3443:
3440:
3420:, part of the
3344:Pulitzer Prize
3340:John Steinbeck
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:United Kingdom
3188:First New Deal
2973:
2970:
2951:hunger marches
2900:
2899:United Kingdom
2897:
2883:
2882:
2862:
2860:
2849:
2846:
2829:
2826:
2818:Prime Minister
2785:Main article:
2782:
2779:
2764:Main article:
2761:
2758:
2735:
2732:
2724:National Party
2708:Main article:
2705:
2702:
2694:Main article:
2691:
2688:
2676:Carlos Chardon
2670:
2667:
2659:budget balance
2628:Main article:
2625:
2622:
2602:interest rates
2580:Lesko uprising
2492:Main article:
2489:
2486:
2472:
2471:
2451:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2411:Main article:
2408:
2405:
2380:Main article:
2377:
2374:
2365:Latin American
2342:Main article:
2339:
2336:
2332:light industry
2287:
2284:
2241:Main article:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2217:Main article:
2214:
2211:
2202:Main article:
2199:
2196:
2183:Main article:
2180:
2177:
2164:Bank of Greece
2156:Main article:
2153:
2150:
2111:rule by decree
2103:People's Party
2044:hyperinflation
2027:Credit Anstalt
1999:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1949:Main article:
1946:
1943:
1917:
1914:
1895:Nanjing Decade
1893:Main article:
1890:
1887:
1869:government of
1835:Main article:
1832:
1829:
1797:Main article:
1794:
1791:
1778:Main article:
1775:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1735:
1724:
1721:
1698:
1697:
1656:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1572:Herbert Hoover
1544:
1541:
1523:
1520:
1485:boom and busts
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1370:Herbert Hoover
1347:liquidationism
1319:
1316:
1287:
1284:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1177:
1176:Debt deflation
1174:
1166:farm subsidies
1123:
1122:Keynesian view
1120:
1070:
1001:
998:
990:
989:
970:
963:private sector
959:
939:
936:
909:debt deflation
873:
864:
855:
828:
825:
782:
779:
774:Main article:
771:
768:
724:
721:
681:
678:
591:
588:
559:Credit Anstalt
554:
551:
528:and depleting
502:
499:
474:
471:
470:
469:
462:
461:protectionism.
454:
375:Main article:
372:
369:
342:Black Thursday
327:
324:
307:
304:
301:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:Foreign trade
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:United States
220:
211:
208:
174:severe drought
147:
140:
139:
135:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
122:
119:
107:heavy industry
66:prices in the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17835:
17824:
17823:World economy
17821:
17819:
17816:
17814:
17811:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17800:
17798:
17783:
17780:
17778:
17775:
17773:
17770:
17768:
17765:
17763:
17760:
17758:
17755:
17753:
17750:
17748:
17745:
17744:
17735:
17734:
17731:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17679:Make-work job
17677:
17675:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17636:
17634:
17630:
17626:
17625:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17598:Right to work
17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17583:Job guarantee
17581:
17579:
17576:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17568:Make-work job
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17555:
17553:
17549:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17523:
17522:
17521:
17518:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17498:
17496:
17493:
17491:
17488:
17486:
17483:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17460:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17422:
17419:
17417:
17414:
17413:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17402:
17399:
17398:
17396:
17394:
17390:
17384:
17381:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17368:
17367:
17364:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17346:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17339:Restructuring
17337:
17333:
17330:
17329:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17318:
17317:Notice period
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17282:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17272:
17270:
17268:
17264:
17258:
17255:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17242:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17229:
17226:
17224:
17223:Unfree labour
17221:
17219:
17216:
17214:
17211:
17209:
17206:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17193:Bonded labour
17191:
17190:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17176:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17135:
17133:
17129:
17123:
17120:
17118:
17115:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17107:Whistleblower
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17040:Control fraud
17038:
17036:
17033:
17032:
17031:
17028:
17027:
17025:
17021:
17015:
17014:Glass ceiling
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16996:
16994:
16992:
16988:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16955:
16952:
16951:
16950:
16949:Work accident
16947:
16945:
16942:
16938:
16937:United States
16935:
16934:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16880:
16878:
16875:
16873:
16870:
16868:
16865:
16863:
16860:
16859:
16857:
16855:
16851:
16845:
16842:
16838:
16837:United States
16835:
16834:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16803:
16800:
16798:
16795:
16793:
16792:Casual Friday
16790:
16788:
16785:
16784:
16782:
16780:
16776:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16749:Paid time off
16747:
16745:
16744:Overtime rate
16742:
16738:
16735:
16734:
16733:
16730:
16726:
16725:United States
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16713:
16711:
16708:
16707:
16706:
16703:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16690:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16665:
16663:
16661:
16657:
16653:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16634:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16604:
16602:
16599:
16597:
16594:
16592:
16591:Four-day week
16589:
16587:
16584:
16583:
16581:
16579:
16575:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16515:
16513:
16509:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16482:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16475:Practice firm
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16436:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16426:
16424:
16421:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16411:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16373:Employability
16371:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16360:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16322:
16319:
16318:
16317:
16314:
16312:
16309:
16308:
16306:
16304:
16300:
16296:
16290:
16287:
16285:
16282:
16280:
16277:
16275:
16274:Orange-collar
16272:
16270:
16267:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16224:
16222:
16221:Working class
16218:
16212:
16209:
16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16187:
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16168:
16166:
16162:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16146:
16143:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16111:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16096:
16095:Job interview
16093:
16091:
16088:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16069:
16066:
16065:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16020:
16018:
16016:
16012:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15965:
15964:
15961:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15948:Part-time job
15946:
15944:
15941:
15939:
15936:
15934:
15933:Full-time job
15931:
15929:
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15915:
15913:
15909:
15905:
15898:
15893:
15891:
15886:
15884:
15879:
15878:
15875:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15833:
15825:
15822:
15819:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15801:
15797:
15795:
15791:
15785:
15784:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15447:de Mandeville
15445:
15444:
15442:
15438:
15433:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15395:
15392:
15391:
15390:
15389:New classical
15387:
15383:
15380:
15379:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15361:
15358:
15357:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15345:Malthusianism
15343:
15337:
15334:
15333:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15321:
15317:
15314:
15313:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15306:Institutional
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15240:
15237:
15236:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15213:
15210:
15209:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15184:
15182:
15177:
15172:
15167:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15110:
15109:Public choice
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15084:Participation
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15044:Institutional
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14994:Expeditionary
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14984:Environmental
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14926:
14922:
14920:
14916:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14898:
14895:
14894:
14893:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14885:
14881:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14863:
14860:
14859:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14836:
14833:
14831:
14828:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14812:
14811:
14808:
14807:
14805:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14788:
14783:
14781:
14776:
14774:
14769:
14768:
14765:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14744:
14739:
14735:
14732:
14728:
14727:
14723:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14692:
14689:
14688:
14687:
14684:
14680:
14677:
14676:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14634:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14627:Energy policy
14625:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14582:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14569:
14568:incarceration
14566:
14565:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14555:
14553:
14549:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14477:
14476:
14473:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14453:Prenatal care
14451:
14449:
14448:Birth control
14446:
14444:
14441:
14440:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14430:
14428:
14426:
14422:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14385:Homeownership
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14362:
14360:
14358:
14354:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14262:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14215:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14188:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14148:
14145:
14144:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14117:
14116:
14113:
14109:
14108:working class
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14068:homeownership
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14055:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14015:
14013:
14011:
14007:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13994:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13950:
13948:
13946:
13942:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13848:Manufacturing
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13815:
13814:
13811:
13810:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13798:
13784:
13781:
13777:
13776:Third parties
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13763:
13762:
13759:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13741:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13728:
13725:
13724:
13723:
13720:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13697:
13694:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13677:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13669:
13665:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13648:
13646:
13642:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13587:
13585:
13581:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13556:
13554:
13552:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13539:
13533:
13530:
13526:
13523:
13522:
13521:
13518:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13500:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13490:
13488:
13486:
13482:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13453:
13451:
13449:
13445:
13437:
13434:
13433:
13432:
13429:
13425:
13422:
13421:
13420:
13417:
13416:
13414:
13412:
13408:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13385:
13377:
13374:
13373:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13330:
13327:
13326:
13325:
13322:
13318:
13315:
13314:
13313:
13310:
13309:
13307:
13305:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13290:
13285:
13281:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13224:
13221:
13220:
13218:
13216:
13212:
13206:
13203:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13180:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13167:
13164:
13163:
13162:
13159:
13158:
13156:
13154:
13150:
13144:
13143:U.S. attorney
13141:
13139:
13136:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13123:
13122:
13118:
13115:
13111:
13108:
13107:
13106:
13103:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13088:Chief Justice
13086:
13085:
13084:
13083:Supreme Court
13081:
13080:
13078:
13076:
13072:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13025:
13024:
13021:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13008:
13007:
13004:
13003:
13001:
12999:
12995:
12989:
12988:Public policy
12986:
12984:
12983:Civil service
12981:
12979:
12976:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12927:
12924:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12864:
12863:
12860:
12859:
12857:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12831:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12765:
12764:
12760:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12672:
12671:
12668:
12664:
12661:
12660:
12659:
12656:
12652:
12651:Sierra Nevada
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12589:insular zones
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12561:
12560:
12557:
12556:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12544:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12495:
12493:
12489:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12462:
12461:
12460:War on Terror
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12440:LGBT Movement
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12409:
12406:
12405:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12358:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12288:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12266:
12265:
12262:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12249:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12192:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12182:
12180:
12176:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12116:
12114:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12101:
12096:
12095:United States
12089:
12084:
12082:
12077:
12075:
12070:
12069:
12066:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12046:United States
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11988:
11987:
11986:
11983:
11979:
11978:United States
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11925:
11924:
11923:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11913:
11909:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11890:
11889:United States
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11871:
11870:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11860:
11858:
11854:
11849:
11845:
11837:
11836:United States
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11823:
11822:
11821:
11818:
11814:
11813:United States
11811:
11809:
11806:
11805:
11804:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11794:
11790:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11773:
11770:
11767:
11764:
11761:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11752:
11748:
11744:
11738:
11735:
11731:
11730:United States
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11697:
11696:
11695:
11692:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11673:
11670:
11669:
11667:
11663:
11659:
11652:
11649:
11646:
11643:
11640:
11639:Panic of 1907
11637:
11634:
11633:Panic of 1901
11631:
11628:
11625:
11624:Panic of 1893
11622:
11619:
11618:Baring crisis
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11604:
11603:United States
11601:
11599:
11595:
11594:
11593:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11583:
11578:
11574:
11567:
11564:
11561:
11560:Panic of 1866
11558:
11555:
11552:
11551:Panic of 1857
11549:
11546:
11543:
11542:Panic of 1847
11540:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11530:
11525:
11521:
11514:
11513:Panic of 1837
11511:
11508:
11505:
11502:
11501:Panic of 1825
11499:
11496:
11493:
11490:
11487:
11484:
11481:
11478:
11475:
11472:
11471:Panic of 1792
11468:
11465:
11462:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11444:
11443:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11432:
11428:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11416:Slump of 1706
11414:
11411:
11408:
11407:
11405:
11401:
11397:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11384:
11381:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11364:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11324:Balance sheet
11322:
11321:
11320:
11317:
11313:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11294:
11293:Interest rate
11291:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11273:
11272:
11269:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11221:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11171:
11170:
11166:
11163:
11162:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11147:
11140:
11135:
11133:
11128:
11126:
11121:
11120:
11117:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11093:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11061:Harry Hopkins
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11037:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11005:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10961:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10835:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10788:
10783:
10781:
10776:
10774:
10769:
10768:
10765:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10741:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10726:
10724:
10722:United States
10720:
10714:
10713:United States
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10688:Latin America
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10629:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10572:
10567:
10565:
10560:
10558:
10553:
10552:
10549:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10530:
10520:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10506:
10505:United States
10496:
10495:
10492:
10484:
10480:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10445:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10415:
10411:
10408:
10405:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10393:
10392:Korotayev, A.
10389:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10376:
10372:
10369:
10365:
10362:
10358:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10337:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10318:
10314:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10297:
10296:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10237:
10233:
10229:
10226:
10222:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10209:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10188:
10179:
10178:
10173:
10171:
10167:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10140:
10137:
10132:
10129:
10125:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10112:
10108:
10105:
10101:
10098:
10094:
10092:
10088:
10087:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10067:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10041:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10028:Hodson, H.V.
10027:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10013:
10010:
10006:
10004:
10000:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9987:
9984:
9980:
9979:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9950:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9932:
9926:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9900:
9893:
9877:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9863:
9862:Krugman, Paul
9857:
9849:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9832:
9816:
9812:
9811:
9806:
9799:
9792:
9786:
9779:
9774:
9772:
9765:
9761:
9760:archive.today
9757:
9754:
9753:Worldbank.org
9751:
9745:
9730:. 2 July 2020
9729:
9725:
9719:
9712:
9707:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9672:
9665:
9659:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9608:
9604:
9598:
9594:
9593:
9585:
9569:
9565:
9559:
9555:
9554:
9546:
9530:
9526:
9520:
9516:
9515:
9507:
9491:
9487:
9486:
9478:
9471:
9465:
9458:
9452:
9445:
9439:
9432:
9426:
9419:
9415:
9414:
9408:
9401:
9397:
9392:
9386:
9385:0-618-34087-4
9382:
9378:
9374:
9373:0-618-34086-6
9370:
9366:
9360:
9351:
9344:
9339:
9332:
9327:
9320:
9314:
9298:
9294:
9288:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9273:The Dust Bowl
9269:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9245:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9218:
9211:
9206:
9204:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9157:
9150:
9144:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9122:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9104:
9099:
9093:
9089:
9086:
9085:online review
9082:
9076:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9055:
9053:
9046:
9045:0-416-36010-6
9042:
9038:
9034:
9029:
9022:
9018:
9015:
9010:
9004:
9003:1-85728-533-6
9000:
8996:
8990:
8983:
8979:
8976:
8971:
8964:
8958:
8952:
8947:
8939:
8932:
8925:
8921:
8916:
8909:
8903:
8896:
8890:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8853:0-19-532487-0
8850:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8831:
8824:
8818:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8791:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8772:
8765:
8762:Dan O'Meara,
8759:
8740:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8688:
8681:
8665:
8661:
8659:0-691-02248-8
8655:
8651:
8650:
8642:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8612:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8548:
8545:(in Polish).
8544:
8540:
8534:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8504:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8474:
8472:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8441:
8426:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8391:
8384:
8378:
8371:
8365:
8358:
8352:
8345:
8339:
8332:
8326:
8319:
8313:
8306:
8300:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8281:
8274:
8268:
8261:
8255:
8246:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8190:
8182:
8175:
8167:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8148:
8145:Kershaw, Ian
8142:
8135:
8131:
8126:
8119:
8115:
8110:
8102:
8096:
8092:
8091:
8083:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8045:
8039:
8035:
8034:
8029:
8028:Bullock, Alan
8023:
8016:
8012:
8009:
8004:
8002:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7982:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7955:
7948:
7942:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7907:
7898:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7874:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7826:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7783:
7775:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7660:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7641:
7634:
7628:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7592:
7585:
7579:
7571:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7538:
7532:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7466:
7458:
7451:
7443:
7430:
7414:
7410:
7408:
7399:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7370:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7296:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7275:
7267:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7248:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7215:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7189:
7182:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7085:
7079:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7058:
7051:
7045:
7043:
7033:
7032:10.3386/w3546
7028:
7024:
7020:
7013:
7004:
7003:10.3386/w3546
6999:
6995:
6991:
6984:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6901:
6900:10.3386/w3546
6896:
6892:
6888:
6881:
6879:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6833:
6827:, pp. 87–101.
6826:
6822:
6818:
6815:Peter Temin,
6812:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6788:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6730:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6651:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6533:
6531:0-8078-2315-5
6527:
6523:
6515:
6502:
6494:
6488:
6481:
6480:
6473:
6471:
6462:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6439:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6402:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6363:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6343:
6327:
6323:
6321:0-691-01698-4
6317:
6313:
6312:
6304:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6265:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6167:(1). p. 143.
6166:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6062:(1): 82–114.
6061:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5990:(1). p. 150.
5989:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5944:Hayes, Adam.
5940:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5867:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5843:
5828:on 3 May 2016
5827:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5791:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5655:Daniel Yergin
5651:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5565:Baillargeon,
5562:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5527:
5523:
5522:trc-leiden.nl
5519:
5512:
5505:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5442:
5436:
5429:
5419:
5411:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5304:
5298:
5292:(1953) p. 148
5291:
5285:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5149:(4): 757–84.
5148:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4900:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4751:0-19-506431-3
4747:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4721:0-19-506431-3
4717:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4170:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4148:Rondo Cameron
4145:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4029:(2): 145–69.
4028:
4024:
4017:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3912:
3911:
3903:
3896:. p. 15.
3895:
3891:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3807:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3656:
3653:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:Panic of 1907
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3486:Panic of 1819
3483:
3475:
3471:
3470:Panic of 1873
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:Kit Kittredge
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3400:Valerie Tripp
3397:
3396:
3395:American Girl
3391:
3390:Kit Kittredge
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3326:
3319:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3297:Ronald Reagan
3293:
3289:
3288:neoliberalism
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:Marshall Plan
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:durable goods
3228:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:working class
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:bank deposits
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2972:United States
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2927:gold standard
2924:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2879:
2870:
2866:
2863:This section
2861:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:welfare state
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2793:Life magazine
2788:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2746:Burns wrote:
2743:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:authoritarian
2649:
2646:to found the
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2509:gold standard
2506:
2502:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2452:This section
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2338:Latin America
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2317:. This had a
2316:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:Popular Front
1972:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:Belgian Congo
1926:
1923:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1883:protectionism
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Popular Front
1864:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1738:This section
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1691:
1683:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1657:This section
1655:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1552:Power farming
1549:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:Hans Sennholz
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:, after 1970
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:capital goods
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1374:Andrew Mellon
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:central banks
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1280:credit crunch
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:vicious cycle
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:Irving Fisher
1182:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:gold standard
1100:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
997:
995:
994:Irving Fisher
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:
953:
952:
951:
944:
935:
933:
929:
924:
922:
921:Anna Schwartz
918:
914:
910:
904:
902:
897:
893:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
846:
842:
838:
837:Black Tuesday
833:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:gold standard
794:
788:
777:
767:
765:
764:national debt
759:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
734:
729:
720:
716:
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
690:
686:
677:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
648:
644:
641:According to
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
614:
610:
605:
596:
587:
585:
584:gold standard
581:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
550:
548:
544:
538:
535:
531:
530:gold reserves
527:
523:
518:
516:
515:gold standard
507:
501:Gold standard
498:
496:
491:
489:
485:
480:
479:gold standard
467:
466:gold standard
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
447:
446:
442:
430:
429:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
391:
387:
383:
378:
368:
366:
362:
354:
349:
345:
343:
338:
334:
321:
317:
312:
298:
295:
292:
289:
287:Unemployment
286:
285:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
218:
207:
204:
200:
199:protectionist
195:
190:
187:
182:
177:
175:
172:mid-1930s, a
169:
166:
162:
151:
144:
132:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:United States
65:
61:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
17714:Toxic leader
17694:Presenteeism
17674:Labor rights
17664:Going postal
17639:Bullshit job
17622:
17607:
17602:
17415:
17393:Unemployment
17245:Downshifting
17228:Wage slavery
17208:Penal labour
17163:Dead-end job
17153:Conscription
16932:Right to sit
16787:Annual leave
16769:Working poor
16705:Minimum wage
16683:Maximum wage
16641:Working time
16631:Six-hour day
16528:Career break
16490:Professional
16284:Black-collar
16254:White-collar
16234:Green-collar
16211:Volunteering
16048:Drug testing
16038:Cover letter
15978:Tradesperson
15858:Publications
15814:Publications
15781:
15377:Neoclassical
15367:Mercantilism
15276:Evolutionary
15138:Sociological
15111: /
15009:Geographical
14989:Evolutionary
14964:Digitization
14929:Agricultural
14892:Econometrics
14820:Price theory
14669:Human rights
14649:Gun politics
14600:Islamophobia
14590:antisemitism
14458:Hospice care
14400:Middle class
14380:Homelessness
14357:Social class
14317:Social class
14181:Human rights
14171:Homelessness
14083:middle class
14048:Demographics
14023:Architecture
13930:Unemployment
13910:Labor unions
13658:Town meeting
13635:City council
13630:City manager
13371:State police
13233:Marine Corps
13223:Armed Forces
13198:civil rights
13178:Constitution
12750:Southwestern
12745:Southeastern
12735:Northwestern
12730:Northeastern
12695:Mid-Atlantic
12685:Great Plains
12403:World War II
12397:
12286:Constitution
12190:Colonial era
12169:2008–present
11963:South Africa
11720:South Africa
11693:
11566:Black Friday
11383:Unemployment
11240:Money supply
11235:Disinflation
11179:General glut
10807:
10703:South Africa
10577:
10471:
10460:
10450:
10443:
10430:
10420:
10413:
10406:
10395:
10390:Grinin, L.,
10381:
10374:
10367:
10360:
10350:
10340:
10323:
10316:
10306:
10299:
10298:Brown, Ian.
10282:
10262:
10252:
10242:
10231:
10224:
10214:
10191:
10175:
10150:
10134:
10127:
10117:
10110:
10103:
10096:
10076:
10069:
10058:
10046:
10039:
10029:
10022:
10015:
10008:
9998:
9989:
9982:
9958:
9949:
9925:
9913:. Retrieved
9902:
9892:
9880:. Retrieved
9869:
9856:
9848:the original
9841:
9831:
9819:. Retrieved
9808:
9798:
9790:
9789:Adam Tooze,
9785:
9749:
9744:
9734:16 September
9732:. Retrieved
9727:
9718:
9706:
9681:
9677:
9671:
9663:
9658:
9646:. Retrieved
9637:
9611:. Retrieved
9591:
9584:
9572:. Retrieved
9552:
9545:
9533:. Retrieved
9513:
9506:
9494:. Retrieved
9484:
9477:
9469:
9464:
9456:
9451:
9443:
9438:
9430:
9425:
9411:
9407:
9399:
9391:
9376:
9364:
9359:
9350:
9342:
9338:
9330:
9326:
9318:
9313:
9301:. Retrieved
9297:the original
9287:
9268:
9260:
9244:
9232:
9217:
9209:
9188:(1): 53–73.
9185:
9181:
9175:
9156:
9148:
9143:
9135:the original
9130:
9121:
9113:
9098:
9080:
9075:
9059:
9036:
9028:
9009:
8994:
8989:
8970:
8962:
8957:
8946:
8937:
8931:
8923:
8915:
8907:
8902:
8894:
8889:
8879:19 September
8877:. Retrieved
8873:the original
8868:
8859:
8836:
8830:
8822:
8817:
8803:(1): 45–85.
8800:
8796:
8790:
8771:
8763:
8758:
8746:. Retrieved
8734:
8721:
8709:. Retrieved
8693:
8680:
8668:. Retrieved
8648:
8641:
8629:. Retrieved
8620:
8611:
8602:
8596:
8568:
8563:
8551:. Retrieved
8542:
8533:
8521:. Retrieved
8512:
8503:
8491:. Retrieved
8482:
8458:. Retrieved
8449:
8440:
8428:. Retrieved
8424:
8414:
8390:
8382:
8377:
8369:
8364:
8351:
8343:
8338:
8330:
8325:
8317:
8312:
8304:
8299:
8280:
8272:
8267:
8259:
8254:
8245:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8194:
8189:
8180:
8174:
8165:
8146:
8141:
8133:
8125:
8117:
8109:
8089:
8082:
8070:. Retrieved
8061:
8052:
8032:
8022:
7981:
7967:(1): 73–99.
7964:
7960:
7954:
7949:(2004) p. 31
7946:
7941:
7916:
7912:
7906:
7887:
7883:
7873:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7830:
7825:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7743:
7738:
7713:
7709:
7703:
7678:
7672:
7664:
7659:
7640:
7632:
7627:
7610:
7591:
7583:
7578:
7551:
7547:
7537:
7526:
7500:. Retrieved
7472:
7465:
7456:
7450:
7429:cite journal
7417:. Retrieved
7406:
7398:
7386:. Retrieved
7376:
7369:
7357:. Retrieved
7345:
7332:
7320:. Retrieved
7302:
7295:
7284:
7274:
7254:
7247:
7235:. Retrieved
7224:
7214:
7202:. Retrieved
7191:
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7158:
7148:
7132:
7109:
7099:
7091:
7086:, pp. 19–21.
7083:
7078:
7062:
7057:
7049:
7022:
7012:
6993:
6983:
6971:. Retrieved
6954:
6950:
6919:
6890:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6816:
6811:
6803:
6787:
6770:
6764:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6717:. Retrieved
6710:the original
6697:
6693:
6680:
6664:
6659:
6650:
6638:. Retrieved
6634:the original
6607:. Retrieved
6603:the original
6598:
6588:
6555:
6552:Econometrica
6551:
6521:
6501:cite journal
6487:
6478:
6445:
6438:
6426:. Retrieved
6422:the original
6417:
6411:
6401:
6389:. Retrieved
6369:
6362:
6342:
6330:. Retrieved
6310:
6303:
6291:. Retrieved
6271:
6264:
6240:
6234:
6226:
6222:
6210:. Retrieved
6164:
6160:
6147:
6135:. Retrieved
6110:
6106:
6096:
6084:. Retrieved
6059:
6055:
6045:
6033:. Retrieved
5987:
5983:
5970:
5958:. Retrieved
5950:Investopedia
5949:
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5918:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5889:Investopedia
5888:
5878:
5866:
5858:
5842:
5830:. Retrieved
5826:the original
5818:Hyman, Louis
5790:
5773:
5768:
5749:
5719:(1): 41–60.
5716:
5712:
5706:
5698:
5686:
5682:
5673:
5659:
5644:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5566:
5561:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5530:. Retrieved
5521:
5511:
5503:
5494:
5461:
5457:
5448:
5440:
5435:
5427:
5418:
5393:
5385:
5360:
5349:
5337:. Retrieved
5317:
5310:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5284:
5272:. Retrieved
5244:
5240:
5227:
5209:
5204:
5188:
5183:
5175:
5169:the original
5146:
5142:
5129:
5121:
5116:
5078:(1): 63–86.
5075:
5071:
5061:
5043:
5038:
5026:. Retrieved
5017:
5013:
5003:
4985:
4980:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4917:, pp. 67–73.
4914:
4898:
4893:
4868:
4864:
4847:
4831:
4815:
4799:
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4770:
4760:
4740:
4730:
4710:
4688:
4672:
4667:
4651:
4646:
4634:. Retrieved
4606:
4602:
4570:. Retrieved
4566:the original
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4531:
4522:
4489:
4485:
4453:
4442:
4439:Paul Krugman
4423:
4386:
4380:
4371:
4353:
4347:
4320:
4310:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4244:
4220:. Retrieved
4216:
4206:
4196:30 September
4194:. Retrieved
4190:the original
4176:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4139:
4112:
4106:
4087:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4060:
4051:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3960:
3953:
3924:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3858:
3839:
3815:Jan 14, 2015
3812:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3777:
3767:
3759:
3754:
3666:1930s portal
3652:1920s portal
3614:
3592:Bengal tiger
3584:
3574:Ben Bernanke
3563:
3556:
3537:Eastern Bloc
3522:
3502:
3490:James Monroe
3479:
3457:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3428:Indianapolis
3423:Dear America
3421:
3417:
3411:
3393:
3387:
3378:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3276:Keynesianism
3257:
3249:
3224:
3185:
3150:deflationary
3139:
3104:
3084:
3075:South Dakota
3048:public works
3036:Hoovervilles
3032:shanty towns
3028:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2982:The New Deal
2966:middle class
2955:
2939:
2931:
2920:
2886:
2873:
2869:adding to it
2864:
2831:
2798:Ivar Kreuger
2792:
2790:
2772:
2769:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2734:Soviet Union
2713:
2704:South Africa
2699:
2672:
2633:
2614:public works
2599:
2576:Lesko county
2550:
2531:
2497:
2475:
2462:
2458:adding to it
2453:
2416:
2393:
2370:
2362:
2347:
2324:
2312:
2308:
2304:the currency
2289:
2272:
2225:Mary E. Daly
2222:
2207:
2188:
2169:
2161:
2138:
2133:Adolf Hitler
2076:
2040:
2012:
1990:
1986:World War II
1968:
1965:
1962:
1939:
1927:
1919:
1898:
1860:
1852:
1840:
1818:
1787:civil unrest
1783:
1761:
1748:
1744:adding to it
1739:
1709:
1686:
1677:
1666:Please help
1661:verification
1658:
1633:
1630:productivity
1619:
1606:
1592:
1580:Paul Douglas
1561:
1534:
1525:
1513:
1479:
1459:
1440:
1436:money supply
1421:
1420:, who wrote
1407:
1392:
1359:
1340:
1328:money supply
1321:
1309:
1289:
1271:Ben Bernanke
1268:
1264:
1260:
1243:
1225:
1186:
1170:World War II
1162:public works
1155:
1143:
1131:
1125:
1101:
1093:
1077:
1066:
1061:Ben Bernanke
1035:
1018:money supply
991:
949:
925:
905:
901:money supply
885:
790:
760:
755:World War II
752:
748:mobilization
745:
741:World War II
738:
717:
713:
708:Sunday roast
704:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:Ben Bernanke
671:(2006–2014)
650:
640:
606:
602:
576:
556:
539:
519:
512:
492:
476:
443:
426:
423:
395:
358:
329:
194:U.S. economy
191:
178:
170:
163:, where the
158:
115:
95:World War II
84:
59:
57:
48:soup kitchen
36:
17603:Historical:
17327:Resignation
17267:Termination
17250:Slow living
17218:Truck wages
17203:Labour camp
17131:Willingness
17023:Infractions
16678:Living wage
16621:Remote work
16289:Gold-collar
16244:Pink-collar
16239:Grey-collar
16229:Blue-collar
16196:Labour hire
16171:Cooperative
16135:Recruitment
16090:Job hunting
16023:Application
16005:Wage labour
15990:Labour hire
15943:Job sharing
15652:von Neumann
15421:Supply-side
15406:Physiocracy
15350:Marginalism
15039:Information
14979:Engineering
14959:Development
14954:Demographic
14825:Game theory
14802:Theoretical
14674:Immigration
14605:LGBT rights
14507:Food safety
14342:Video games
13935:Wall Street
13915:Public debt
13818:Agriculture
13754:nationalism
13466:Uniform act
13388:Legislative
13295:Territorial
13253:Coast Guard
13248:Space Force
12998:Legislative
12793:Red (South)
12783:Mississippi
12705:New England
12641:Appalachian
12611:Earthquakes
12508:Discoveries
12503:Demographic
12445:Vietnam War
12388:World War I
12383:Imperialism
12333:Indian Wars
12308:War of 1812
12031:New Zealand
11989:2020–2022;
11953:New Zealand
11926:2007–2009;
11872:1990–1991;
11856:(1982–2007)
11824:1980–1982;
11796:(1973–1982)
11774:(1957–1958)
11768:(1953–1954)
11762:(1948–1949)
11750:(1945–1973)
11715:New Zealand
11698:1929–1939;
11674:(1918–1919)
11665:(1918–1939)
11647:(1910–1912)
11641:(1907–1908)
11635:(1902–1904)
11626:(1893–1897)
11620:(1890–1891)
11596:1873–1879;
11585:(1870–1914)
11568:(1869–1870)
11562:(1865–1867)
11553:(1857–1858)
11544:(1847–1848)
11532:(1840–1870)
11503:(1825–1826)
11494:(1815–1821)
11479:(1796–1799)
11473:(1789–1793)
11445:1772–1774;
11434:(1760–1840)
11412:(1430–1490)
11410:Great Slump
11403:(1000–1760)
11349:Stagflation
11308:Yield curve
11254:Price level
11039:Individuals
10849:Economy Act
10818:Brain Trust
10693:Netherlands
10293:Other areas
9944:. Benzinga.
9648:18 February
9303:4 September
9023:, BBC News.
8748:18 February
8483:histmag.org
8130:R. J. Overy
7829:R. Anstey,
7502:13 February
7419:9 September
7388:28 December
7359:18 February
7322:18 February
6860:10419/60661
6719:22 February
6675:, pp. 14–15
6609:18 February
6391:18 February
6293:18 February
6259:, pp. 11–12
6212:18 February
6137:18 February
6086:18 February
6035:18 February
5555:(2): 17–47.
5028:18 February
4781:18 February
4636:18 February
4251:16 February
4144:Jerome Blum
3874:30 November
3796:25 December
3404:Walter Rane
3348:Nobel Prize
2943:Glaswegians
2669:Puerto Rico
2655:corporatist
2648:Estado Novo
2591: [
2568: [
2418:New Zealand
2407:New Zealand
2396:Netherlands
2376:Netherlands
2232:depression.
2146:Ian Kershaw
1432:Monetarists
1296:Peter Temin
1136:that lower
1088:open market
1014:price index
982:Monetarists
956:Monetarists
793:World War I
411:Monetarists
388:(left) and
333:World War I
316:Wall Street
152:, 1928–1930
17797:Categories
17537:Wage curve
17344:Retirement
17257:Workaholic
17235:Work ethic
17102:Wage theft
17087:Labour law
17082:Evaluation
17067:Dress code
16832:Sick leave
16797:Child care
16759:Salary cap
16673:Income tax
16636:Shift work
16568:Time clock
16563:Sick leave
16558:Sabbatical
16523:Break room
16511:Attendance
16480:Profession
16465:Mentorship
16443:Retraining
16368:E-learning
16264:New-collar
16259:Red-collar
16206:Supervisor
16186:Internship
16105:Onboarding
15973:Technician
15968:Journeyman
15938:Gig worker
15904:Employment
15809:Economists
15682:Schumacher
15587:Schumpeter
15557:von Wieser
15477:von Thünen
15437:Economists
15336:Circuitism
15301:Humanistic
15296:Historical
15271:Ecological
15261:Democratic
15234:Chartalism
15224:Behavioral
15187:Mainstream
15148:Statistics
15143:Solidarity
15064:Managerial
15029:Humanistic
15024:Historical
14969:Ecological
14934:Behavioral
14708:Xenophobia
14497:Disability
14438:Healthcare
14347:Visual art
14292:Philosophy
14238:television
14228:newspapers
14218:journalism
14208:Literature
14120:attainment
13771:Republican
13766:Democratic
13739:Ideologies
13700:Corruption
13265:NOAA Corps
13188:preemption
13183:federalism
12798:Rio Grande
12700:Midwestern
12680:West Coast
12675:East Coast
12518:Inventions
12430:Space Race
12425:Korean War
12408:home front
12343:Gilded Age
11996:Bangladesh
11933:Bangladesh
11577:Gilded Age
11329:Depression
11281:Stagnation
10729:Bonus Army
10631:By country
10065:, Marxist.
9882:7 February
8670:4 February
8114:Adam Tooze
8072:23 October
7776:: 106–121.
7237:24 October
7204:24 October
7171:23 October
7082:Rothbard,
6973:7 November
5274:16 October
4302:2160290916
3923:Mitchell,
3746:References
3617:wealth gap
3482:depression
3480:The term "
3408:Cincinnati
3392:series of
3311:Literature
3284:neoliberal
3282:and other
3164:. The NRA
3133:, and the
3034:– dubbed "
3019:Bonus Army
2876:April 2024
2720:Afrikaners
2608:to keep a
2465:April 2024
2431:Wellington
2083:Nazi Party
2023:Young Plan
2019:Dawes Plan
1751:April 2024
1543:Inequality
1130:argued in
986:Keynesians
967:Keynesians
892:Monetarist
785:See also:
599:1920–1970.
458:depreciate
428:ad valorem
407:Keynesians
403:economists
390:Reed Smoot
320:1929 crash
159:After the
44:Unemployed
17724:Workhouse
17644:Busy work
17458:Recession
17322:Pink slip
17280:Dismissal
17143:Careerism
16737:Singapore
16715:Hong Kong
16578:Schedules
16497:Tradesman
16398:Licensure
16358:Education
16328:Avocation
16269:No-collar
16249:Precariat
16130:Probation
16085:Job fraud
15727:Greenspan
15692:Samuelson
15672:Galbraith
15642:Tinbergen
15582:von Mises
15577:Heckscher
15537:Edgeworth
15416:Stockholm
15411:Socialist
15311:Keynesian
15291:Happiness
15251:Classical
15212:Mutualism
15207:Anarchist
15192:Heterodox
15089:Personnel
15049:Knowledge
15014:Happiness
15004:Financial
14974:Education
14949:Democracy
14884:Empirical
14794:Economics
14691:Terrorism
14468:Rationing
14365:Affluence
14312:Sexuality
14280:Uncle Sam
14186:Languages
14115:Education
14058:affluence
14018:Americana
13945:Transport
13843:Insurance
13833:Companies
13813:By sector
13705:Elections
13346:Treasurer
13304:Executive
13243:Air Force
13215:Uniformed
13038:President
12855:Executive
12626:Mountains
12559:Territory
12547:Geography
12371:1954–1968
12366:1896–1954
12361:1865–1896
12323:Civil War
12164:1991–2008
12159:1980–1991
12154:1964–1980
12149:1945–1964
12144:1917–1945
12139:1865–1917
12134:1849–1865
12129:1815–1849
12124:1789–1815
12119:1776–1789
12112:By period
12036:Singapore
11991:Australia
11968:Sri Lanka
11928:Australia
11874:Australia
11700:Australia
11690:1926–1927
11687:1923–1924
11653:(1913–14)
11629:1899–1900
11485:1807–1810
11482:1802–1804
11463:1785–1788
11388:Sahm rule
11319:Recession
11220:Inflation
11216:Deflation
11071:Huey Long
10828:Criticism
10643:Australia
10638:Argentina
10607:Dust Bowl
10517:Economics
9942:MSN Money
9535:22 August
9147:Clemens,
9070:, p. 114.
8543:dzieje.pl
8450:forsal.pl
8237:145538790
8030:(1991) .
7865:142695035
7817:149538992
7730:161203218
7570:2196-436X
7554:(1): 16.
7512:cite book
7492:945376555
7143:, p. 115.
6756:155049545
6199:145691938
6169:CiteSeerX
6127:0304-405X
6076:0022-1996
6022:145691938
5992:CiteSeerX
5832:25 August
5741:154484756
5733:1471-6372
5601:146273711
5151:CiteSeerX
5108:153490746
5092:0577-5132
5072:Challenge
4990:Boj.or.jp
4514:145691938
4415:145691938
4339:154123748
4296:(6): 58.
4131:854609153
4043:0304-3932
3786:0362-4331
3476:followed.
3260:socialist
3208:Fair Deal
3172:in 1935.
3091:Dust Bowl
3079:Dust Bowl
3056:bank runs
2929:in 1931.
2606:austerity
2584:Zawiercie
2537:hard coal
2296:Keynesian
2115:Reichstag
2065:, obverse
2035:communist
1982:Léon Blum
1977:, led by
1821:Dust Bowl
1815:, Canada.
1774:Australia
1723:Argentina
1715:in 1933.
1505:1893–1897
1501:1873–1878
1497:1857–1860
1493:1839–1843
1457:markets.
1343:Say's law
1239:bank runs
1214:Pessimism
1191:follows:
1145:times of
1054:deflation
978:recession
888:Keynesian
870:Deflation
861:Inflation
845:bank runs
809:deflation
618:reflation
488:deflation
181:deflation
17632:See also
17558:Workfare
17383:Turnover
16779:Benefits
16660:salaries
16616:Overtime
16606:Flextime
16538:Gap year
16533:Furlough
16502:Vocation
16485:Operator
16348:Coaching
16303:training
16181:Employer
16176:Employee
16080:Job fair
15958:Side job
15838:Category
15818:journals
15804:Glossary
15757:Stiglitz
15722:Rothbard
15702:Buchanan
15687:Friedman
15677:Koopmans
15667:Leontief
15647:Robinson
15532:Marshall
15382:Lausanne
15286:Georgism
15281:Feminist
15229:Buddhist
15219:Austrian
15118:Regional
15094:Planning
15069:Monetary
14999:Feminist
14944:Cultural
14939:Business
14747:Category
14443:Abortion
14307:Religion
14265:Columbia
14223:internet
14159:Holidays
14154:Folklore
14125:literacy
14063:eviction
13953:Aviation
13925:Taxation
13880:Currency
13873:by state
13783:Scandals
13653:Township
13411:Judicial
13312:Governor
13075:Judicial
12961:Marshals
12834:Politics
12788:Missouri
12778:Columbia
12773:Colorado
12768:Arkansas
12761:Longest
12740:Southern
12725:Northern
12569:counties
12523:Military
12513:Economic
12491:By topic
12470:Iraq War
12420:Cold War
12178:By event
12021:Malaysia
12006:Botswana
11958:Pakistan
11948:Malaysia
11452:Scotland
11312:Inverted
11276:Recovery
11099:Category
10837:New Deal
10794:New Deal
10747:Category
10734:New Deal
10622:Timeline
10479:Archived
10476:in JSTOR
10166:Archived
10139:Archived
9934:Archived
9915:3 August
9909:Archived
9876:Archived
9815:Archived
9756:Archived
9642:Archived
9607:Archived
9568:Archived
9529:Archived
9490:Archived
9277:Archived
9253:Archived
9237:Archived
9225:Archived
9165:Archived
9106:Archived
9088:Archived
9035:(1983),
9017:Archived
8978:Archived
8841:Archived
8779:Archived
8739:Archived
8711:21 March
8702:Archived
8700:: 1–34.
8664:Archived
8631:19 April
8625:Archived
8585:Archived
8547:Archived
8517:Archived
8487:Archived
8454:Archived
8430:17 April
8399:Archived
8289:Archived
8066:Archived
8011:Archived
7989:Archived
7752:Archived
7648:Archived
7599:Archived
7496:Archived
7413:Archived
7382:Archived
7350:Archived
7316:Archived
7312:71400420
7231:Archived
7198:Archived
7165:Archived
6967:Archived
6869:29730131
6796:Archived
6776:Archived
6580:35564016
6385:Archived
6351:Archived
6326:Archived
6287:Archived
6245:Archived
6203:Archived
6131:Archived
6080:Archived
6026:Archived
5954:Archived
5923:Archived
5893:Archived
5851:Archived
5798:Archived
5778:Archived
5757:Archived
5636:19610237
5532:21 March
5526:Archived
5486:20333294
5478:18198513
5357:(2004).
5333:Archived
5265:Archived
5217:Archived
5100:40722622
5050:Archived
5022:Archived
4993:Archived
4970:Archived
4934:Archived
4775:Archived
4738:(1992).
4708:(1992).
4683:, p. 22.
4662:, p. 106
4627:Archived
4623:18906612
4536:Archived
4463:Archived
4431:Archived
4298:ProQuest
4071:29 March
4065:Archived
4000:Archived
3946:Archived
3892:(1958).
3868:Archived
3819:Archived
3790:Archived
3624:See also
3430:; while
3202:" added
3111:Treasury
2958:Midlands
2828:Thailand
2686:(PRRA).
2624:Portugal
2545:iron ore
2520:and the
2423:Auckland
2267:Lingotto
2101:and the
2089:and the
2021:and the
1845:labeled
1680:May 2016
1636:(1940).
1611:—
1527:Marxists
1473:and the
1462:Rothbard
1234:en masse
1071:—
1030:bank run
839:and the
613:New Deal
361:bank run
231:Germany
121:Overview
17608:U.S.A.:
17213:Peonage
17188:Slavery
17138:Boreout
16877:Karoshi
16827:Pension
16611:On-call
16316:Artisan
16000:Laborer
15853:Outline
15824:Schools
15816: (
15777:Piketty
15772:Krugman
15637:Kuznets
15627:Kalecki
15602:Polanyi
15492:Cournot
15487:Bastiat
15472:Ricardo
15462:Malthus
15452:Quesnay
15355:Marxian
15246:Chicago
15176:history
15171:Schools
15158:Welfare
15128:Service
14919:Applied
14731:Outline
14679:illegal
14664:Smoking
14527:Obesity
14410:Poverty
14332:Theater
14322:Society
14176:Housing
14137:Fashion
14093:poverty
14038:Cuisine
14010:Culture
13997:Society
13958:Driving
13885:Exports
13863:Tourism
13823:Banking
13801:Economy
13761:Parties
13605:Charter
13569:Sheriff
13016:Speaker
12884:Cabinet
12847:Federal
12755:Western
12720:Eastern
12715:Central
12710:Pacific
12670:Regions
12621:Islands
12104:History
12026:Namibia
11614:1887–88
11556:1860–61
11547:1853–54
11538:1845–46
11509:1833–34
11506:1828–29
11497:1822–23
11447:England
11339:Rolling
11225:Chronic
11104:Commons
10752:Commons
10698:Romania
10668:Germany
10491:Portals
10400:(2016).
10386:Excerpt
10326:(2008)
10319:(1981).
10311:excerpt
10309:(2014)
10285:(2007)
10265:(2009)
10194:(2009)
10120:(1986)
10061:(1970)
10049:(1936)
10001:(1986)
9821:9 March
9698:2599512
9613:10 July
9574:10 July
9496:10 July
9433:(2009).
9402:(2007).
8553:29 July
8523:29 July
8493:29 July
8460:29 July
8385:(1978).
8149:, Ch. 5
7933:2601740
7809:2717416
7746:(1973)
7695:3601244
7667:(1981).
6706:1808111
6572:1907327
6191:2123771
6014:2123771
5960:12 July
5929:12 July
5899:12 July
5443:(1989).
5339:27 June
5261:2077848
4885:2592922
4506:2123771
4407:2123771
4393:: 144.
4222:22 July
4171:(1947).
4006:5 April
3762:(1986).
3702:General
3303:in the
3168:by the
3160:of the
2889:Ottoman
2840:in the
2690:Romania
2663:autarky
2518:Russian
2501:Sanacja
2427:Dunedin
2354:Bolivia
2213:Ireland
2179:Iceland
2141:autarky
1995:Germany
1934:Katanga
1813:Ontario
1809:Toronto
1558:, 1938.
1522:Marxist
1509:1920–21
1489:1819–20
1086:on the
1016:(red),
815:signed
805:Austria
791:During
568:Romania
524:on the
436:⁄
363:on the
326:Origins
228:France
52:Chicago
17312:Layoff
16862:Crunch
16720:Europe
16710:Canada
16698:Europe
16299:Career
16140:Résumé
16015:Hiring
15923:Casual
15762:Thaler
15742:Ostrom
15737:Becker
15732:Sowell
15712:Baumol
15617:Myrdal
15612:Sraffa
15607:Frisch
15597:Knight
15592:Keynes
15567:Fisher
15562:Veblen
15547:Pareto
15527:Menger
15522:George
15517:Jevons
15512:Walras
15502:Gossen
15426:Thermo
15104:Public
15099:Policy
15054:Labour
15019:Health
14752:Portal
14659:Hunger
14610:racism
14551:Issues
14425:Health
14327:Sports
14287:People
14132:Family
14103:wealth
14028:Cinema
13853:Mining
13838:Energy
13583:Cities
13551:County
13485:Tribal
13023:Senate
12867:powers
12763:rivers
12636:ranges
12604:states
12528:Postal
12051:Zambia
12011:Canada
12001:Belize
11938:Canada
11903:(2001)
11879:Canada
11826:Canada
11705:Canada
11376:Supply
11371:Demand
11344:Shapes
11334:Global
11244:demand
11169:Supply
10663:France
10653:Canada
10648:Brazil
10592:Causes
10585:Topics
10465:online
10425:online
10409:(1976)
10370:(1997)
10355:online
10345:online
10328:online
10302:(1989)
10287:online
10267:online
10257:online
10247:online
10236:online
10227:(1968)
10219:online
10196:online
10180:(1987)
10157:
10130:(1980)
10122:online
10113:(1997)
10099:(1989)
10091:online
10084:Europe
10072:(1996)
10063:online
10051:online
10042:(2007)
10034:online
10025:(1998)
10003:online
9992:(1974)
9976:Global
9764:K-A.kg
9696:
9638:hnn.us
9599:
9560:
9521:
9459:(2006)
9446:(1996)
9383:
9371:
9066:
9043:
9001:
8851:
8656:
8581:Online
8575:
8286:Online
8235:
8229:312643
8227:
8120:(2007)
8097:
8040:
7931:
7863:
7815:
7807:
7748:online
7728:
7693:
7618:
7568:
7490:
7480:
7310:
7286:Forbes
7262:
7139:
7069:
6930:, p. 9
6926:
6867:
6823:
6754:
6704:
6671:
6640:22 May
6578:
6570:
6528:
6457:
6428:22 May
6377:
6332:24 May
6318:
6279:
6255:
6197:
6189:
6171:
6125:
6074:
6020:
6012:
5994:
5739:
5731:
5634:
5599:
5484:
5476:
5406:
5373:
5325:
5259:
5199:. p. 7
5195:
5153:
5106:
5098:
5090:
4883:
4748:
4718:
4679:
4658:
4621:
4572:22 May
4512:
4504:
4469:. VOX.
4413:
4405:
4360:
4337:
4300:
4129:
4119:
4094:
4041:
3976:22 May
3846:
3784:
3442:Naming
3100:demand
3025:, 1932
2893:grapes
2848:Turkey
2804:under
2781:Sweden
2514:German
2488:Poland
2437:Persia
2429:, and
2328:Toyota
2152:Greece
2097:, the
2081:. The
1945:France
1865:, the
1793:Canada
1582:, and
1536:Forbes
1507:, and
1455:credit
1160:tried
1068:again.
980:(both
877:
875:
868:
866:
859:
857:
770:Causes
335:, the
306:Course
299:+232%
296:+214%
293:+129%
290:+607%
74:. The
17173:McJob
16693:World
16656:Wages
16518:Break
16164:Roles
15848:Lists
15843:Index
15794:Lists
15767:Hoppe
15752:Lucas
15717:Solow
15707:Arrow
15697:Simon
15662:Lange
15657:Hicks
15632:Röpke
15622:Hayek
15572:Pigou
15542:Clark
15457:Smith
15372:Mixed
15331:Post-
15153:Urban
15133:Socio
15123:Rural
14738:Index
14563:Crime
14433:Aging
14250:Names
14245:Music
14233:radio
14213:Media
14043:Dance
14033:Crime
13868:Trade
13625:Mayor
13574:Clerk
13542:Local
13284:State
12803:Yukon
12646:Rocky
12631:peaks
12016:India
11943:India
11710:India
11366:Shock
11184:Model
10683:Japan
10678:Italy
10673:India
10658:Chile
10541:World
10529:1920s
10363:1992.
9694:JSTOR
9416:, by
8797:Kleio
8742:(PDF)
8731:(PDF)
8705:(PDF)
8696:(8).
8690:(PDF)
8233:S2CID
8225:JSTOR
7929:JSTOR
7861:S2CID
7813:S2CID
7805:JSTOR
7726:S2CID
7691:JSTOR
7353:(PDF)
7342:(PDF)
6865:JSTOR
6752:S2CID
6713:(PDF)
6702:JSTOR
6690:(PDF)
6576:S2CID
6568:JSTOR
6206:(PDF)
6195:S2CID
6187:JSTOR
6157:(PDF)
6029:(PDF)
6018:S2CID
6010:JSTOR
5980:(PDF)
5737:S2CID
5597:S2CID
5482:S2CID
5369:–90.
5268:(PDF)
5257:JSTOR
5237:(PDF)
5172:(PDF)
5139:(PDF)
5104:S2CID
5096:JSTOR
4881:JSTOR
4630:(PDF)
4619:S2CID
4599:(PDF)
4542:3 May
4510:S2CID
4502:JSTOR
4411:S2CID
4403:JSTOR
4389:(1).
4335:S2CID
3913:: 43.
3154:wages
2760:Spain
2650:, an
2595:]
2572:]
2561:Sanok
2556:wages
2541:steel
2350:Chile
2286:Japan
2275:Italy
2237:Italy
2198:India
2063:medal
2059:devil
1922:sisal
1889:China
1875:CORFO
1847:Chile
1831:Chile
1466:Hayek
1451:stock
1447:Hayek
697:made
526:pound
282:−61%
279:−54%
276:−60%
273:−70%
265:−29%
262:−34%
259:−33%
256:−32%
248:−41%
245:−24%
242:−23%
239:−46%
64:stock
16658:and
16301:and
16068:list
15783:more
15507:Marx
15497:Mill
15482:List
15360:Neo-
15316:Neo-
14302:Race
14147:list
14142:Flag
13681:list
13525:list
13436:list
13376:list
13329:list
13317:list
13293:and
13238:Navy
13228:Army
13098:list
12810:Time
12690:Gulf
11756:1945
11488:1812
11152:and
11148:and
10155:ISBN
9917:2017
9884:2017
9843:Time
9823:2017
9736:2024
9650:2022
9615:2017
9597:ISBN
9576:2017
9558:ISBN
9537:2017
9519:ISBN
9498:2017
9381:ISBN
9369:ISBN
9305:2010
9064:ISBN
9041:ISBN
8999:ISBN
8881:2016
8849:ISBN
8750:2022
8713:2021
8672:2018
8654:ISBN
8633:2017
8573:ISBN
8555:2021
8525:2021
8495:2021
8462:2021
8432:2024
8095:ISBN
8074:2016
8038:ISBN
7616:ISBN
7566:ISSN
7518:link
7504:2022
7488:OCLC
7478:ISBN
7442:help
7421:2017
7390:2021
7361:2022
7324:2022
7308:OCLC
7260:ISBN
7239:2016
7206:2016
7173:2016
7137:ISBN
7067:ISBN
6975:2019
6924:ISBN
6821:ISBN
6721:2021
6669:ISBN
6642:2008
6611:2022
6526:ISBN
6514:help
6455:ISBN
6430:2008
6393:2022
6375:ISBN
6334:2021
6316:ISBN
6295:2022
6277:ISBN
6253:ISBN
6214:2022
6139:2022
6123:ISSN
6088:2022
6072:ISSN
6037:2022
5962:2021
5931:2021
5901:2021
5834:2015
5729:ISSN
5632:PMID
5534:2020
5474:PMID
5404:ISBN
5371:ISBN
5341:2015
5323:ISBN
5276:2014
5193:ISBN
5088:ISSN
5030:2022
4783:2022
4746:ISBN
4716:ISBN
4677:ISBN
4656:ISBN
4638:2022
4574:2008
4544:2020
4358:ISBN
4253:2019
4224:2020
4198:2008
4127:OCLC
4117:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4073:2018
4039:ISSN
4008:2009
3978:2008
3876:2008
3844:ISBN
3798:2021
3782:ISSN
3603:DJIA
3564:The
3557:The
3523:The
3472:and
3266:and
3242:The
3140:The
3131:FDIC
2980:and
2960:and
2907:and
2812:and
2678:and
2661:and
2527:USSR
2358:Peru
2356:and
2264:Fiat
2057:The
2033:and
1841:The
1566:and
1453:and
1381:and
1364:and
1326:and
1310:The
1040:and
984:and
919:and
659:and
629:and
477:The
413:and
396:The
148:The
58:The
16191:Job
15747:Sen
15467:Say
15326:New
15059:Law
14201:ASL
13448:Law
13153:Law
12971:TSA
12956:ICE
12951:FBI
12946:DEA
12936:CBP
12931:ATF
12252:War
11004:Act
9686:doi
9190:doi
8805:doi
8405:",
8217:doi
7969:doi
7921:doi
7892:doi
7853:doi
7797:doi
7718:doi
7683:doi
7556:doi
7027:doi
6998:doi
6959:doi
6895:doi
6855:hdl
6847:doi
6744:doi
6560:doi
6451:503
6179:doi
6115:doi
6064:doi
6002:doi
5721:doi
5691:doi
5665:PBS
5624:doi
5589:doi
5466:doi
5400:135
5367:186
5249:doi
5161:doi
5080:doi
4873:doi
4611:doi
4494:doi
4395:doi
4325:doi
4294:110
4186:PBS
4031:doi
3381:by
3274:).
3244:WPA
3220:GDP
3180:CCC
2871:.
2460:.
2401:NSB
1746:.
1670:by
813:FDR
490:).
50:in
17799::
10442:.
10213:,
9957:.
9907:.
9901:.
9874:.
9868:.
9840:.
9813:.
9807:.
9770:^
9762:,
9726:.
9692:.
9682:13
9680:.
9640:.
9636:.
9623:^
9605:.
9566:.
9527:.
9398:,
9259:,
9235:.
9231:,
9202:^
9186:10
9184:.
9129:.
9112:,
9051:^
9039:,
8867:.
8801:26
8799:.
8733:.
8692:.
8662:.
8623:.
8619:.
8583:.
8541:.
8511:.
8485:.
8481:.
8470:^
8448:.
8423:.
8359:.)
8231:.
8223:.
8213:21
8211:.
8154:^
8116:,
8064:.
8060:.
8000:^
7963:.
7927:.
7917:15
7915:.
7888:49
7886:.
7882:.
7859:.
7849:43
7847:.
7811:.
7803:.
7793:78
7791:.
7772:.
7750:.
7724:.
7714:25
7712:.
7689:.
7564:.
7552:28
7550:.
7546:.
7514:}}
7510:{{
7494:.
7486:.
7433::
7431:}}
7427:{{
7411:.
7348:.
7344:.
7314:.
7283:.
7229:.
7223:.
7196:.
7190:.
7163:.
7157:.
7119:^
7041:^
7021:.
6992:.
6965:.
6955:40
6953:.
6949:.
6935:^
6909:^
6889:.
6877:^
6863:.
6853:.
6843:98
6841:.
6802:,
6774:,
6750:.
6740:38
6738:.
6698:73
6696:.
6692:.
6619:^
6597:.
6574:.
6566:.
6554:.
6540:^
6518:;
6505::
6503:}}
6499:{{
6469:^
6453:.
6418:54
6416:.
6410:.
6383:.
6324:.
6285:.
6201:.
6193:.
6185:.
6177:.
6165:55
6163:.
6159:.
6129:.
6121:.
6111:75
6109:.
6105:.
6078:.
6070:.
6060:70
6058:.
6054:.
6024:.
6016:.
6008:.
6000:.
5988:55
5986:.
5982:.
5952:.
5948:.
5921:.
5917:.
5891:.
5887:.
5873:.
5857:.
5809:^
5735:.
5727:.
5717:52
5715:.
5697:.
5687:52
5685:.
5630:.
5620:19
5618:.
5595:.
5585:30
5583:.
5553:34
5551:.
5524:.
5520:.
5480:.
5472:.
5462:13
5460:.
5402:.
5331:.
5263:.
5255:.
5245:27
5243:.
5239:.
5159:.
5147:52
5145:.
5141:.
5102:.
5094:.
5086:.
5076:53
5074:.
5070:.
5016:.
5012:.
4922:^
4906:^
4879:.
4869:15
4867:.
4855:^
4839:^
4823:^
4807:^
4798:,
4773:.
4769:.
4697:.
4625:.
4617:.
4607:70
4605:.
4601:.
4582:^
4560:.
4534:.
4530:.
4508:.
4500:.
4490:55
4488:.
4474:^
4461:.
4441:,
4437:,
4409:.
4401:.
4387:55
4385:.
4333:.
4319:.
4292:.
4288:.
4270:,
4243:.
4232:^
4215:.
4184:.
4154:,
4150:,
4146:,
4125:.
4063:.
4059:.
4037:.
4027:19
4025:.
3998:.
3994:.
3952:,
3931:^
3830:^
3817:.
3788:.
3780:.
3776:.
3580:.
3572:,
3515:.
3500:.
3307:.
3137:.
3066:.
2844:.
2593:pl
2570:pl
2516:,
2484:.
2425:,
2352:,
1988:.
1811:,
1624:,
1578:,
1574:,
1503:,
1499:,
1495:,
1491:,
1338:.
1172:.
1164:,
1099:.
988:).
969:).
823:.
803:,
667:.
655:,
409:,
15896:e
15889:t
15882:v
15820:)
15322:)
15318:(
15178:)
15174:(
14786:e
14779:t
14772:v
13291:,
13286:,
13119:/
12087:e
12080:t
12073:v
11850:/
11579:/
11526:/
11469:/
11310:/
11242:/
11218:/
11167:/
11138:e
11131:t
11124:v
11006:)
11002:(
10786:e
10779:t
10772:v
10570:e
10563:t
10556:v
10493::
10278:.
10207:.
9919:.
9886:.
9825:.
9738:.
9700:.
9688::
9666:.
9652:.
9617:.
9578:.
9539:.
9500:.
9307:.
9263:.
9196:.
9192::
9116:.
8883:.
8811:.
8807::
8752:.
8715:.
8674:.
8635:.
8591:.
8557:.
8527:.
8497:.
8464:.
8434:.
8409:.
8394:"
8239:.
8219::
8183:.
8103:.
8076:.
8046:.
7975:.
7971::
7965:5
7935:.
7923::
7900:.
7894::
7867:.
7855::
7819:.
7799::
7774:2
7732:.
7720::
7697:.
7685::
7622:.
7572:.
7558::
7520:)
7506:.
7459:.
7444:)
7440:(
7423:.
7392:.
7363:.
7326:.
7289:.
7268:.
7241:.
7208:.
7175:.
7073:.
7035:.
7029::
7006:.
7000::
6977:.
6961::
6903:.
6897::
6871:.
6857::
6849::
6758:.
6746::
6723:.
6644:.
6613:.
6582:.
6562::
6556:1
6534:.
6516:)
6512:(
6463:.
6432:.
6395:.
6336:.
6297:.
6216:.
6181::
6141:.
6117::
6090:.
6066::
6039:.
6004::
5964:.
5933:.
5903:.
5836:.
5743:.
5723::
5693::
5667:.
5638:.
5626::
5603:.
5591::
5536:.
5500:"
5488:.
5468::
5424:"
5412:.
5379:.
5343:.
5278:.
5251::
5163::
5110:.
5082::
5056:.
5032:.
5018:7
4887:.
4875::
4785:.
4754:.
4724:.
4701:.
4640:.
4613::
4576:.
4546:.
4516:.
4496::
4446:,
4417:.
4397::
4341:.
4327::
4304:.
4274:.
4255:.
4226:.
4200:.
4133:.
4100:.
4075:.
4045:.
4033::
4010:.
3980:.
3878:.
3852:.
3825:.
3800:.
2878:)
2874:(
2586:(
2578:(
2563:(
2467:)
2463:(
1753:)
1749:(
1693:)
1687:(
1682:)
1678:(
1664:.
438:3
434:1
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.