572:
join groups of
Thomson's gazelle to protect themselves from predators. Predators are less likely to attack the Grant's gazelle when associated with these mixed groups, perhaps because the Thomson's gazelle provides an easier target. The larger, older males with thick horns have the best chance of establishing a territory. Conflicts between adult males are usually solved with intimidation displays. The bucks circle each other and swing their necks from side to side, displaying their neck power. Neck strength is important in an actual fight and the male that cannot keep up yields. Gazelles of nearly equal neck strength are more likely to engage in actual combat. Fighting occurs in young males more often than older ones. Dominant males can simply run off subordinates rather than having to display to them.
589:
matter. Grant's gazelles consume a smaller amount of food than domesticated animals, but they are better-suited for extreme environments because they derive protein from forage more quickly. The Grant's gazelle's diet may be responsible for the slow growth rates of browsed plants. They get most of their moisture from the plants they eat, so they do not often have to drink water. Thus they can stay on the plains long after the rains end. In dry seasons, gazelles move deep into dense brush and wait for the next rains. They will eat red oat grass and small, tough plants, which are avoided by the other ungulates. This allows the gazelles to survive in the brush during the dry season. Grant's gazelles eat mainly
576:
607:
her herd and find a well-hidden place to give birth. Afterwards, the female eats the afterbirth and other fluids to keep the fawn clean and scentless. Females that have recently given birth will stay together for protection. The females nurse their fawns four times a day. Fawns are immobile for the first few days, and the mother stays close by. When the fawn can walk, it leaves with its mother to join a herd. Around this time, fawns will associate with one another in peer groups. A gazelle is weaned at six months, but will continue to associate with its mother until adolescence.
226:
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84:
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gazelle, except it is much larger and has lyre-shaped horns which are stout at the base, clearly ringed, and measuring 45–81 cm (18–32 in) long. A useful field mark is the white on the rump that extends over the top of the tail in Grant's but not
Thomson's gazelles. The subspecies are segregated by different morphological characters, such as horn shape and slight differences in coat colour. These differences are not indicative of ecological separation as with some species.
31:
59:
483:
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359:
454:, where they live in small to midsized herds, separated into females with juveniles and bachelor groups; during the mating season, when males become territorial and protective over a harem of females to breed with, bachelor herds briefly married disperse before tensions die-down again. Confrontations between hormonal males rarely end in violence or death, with the 'loser' simply fleeing.
606:
to determine if she is in estrus. If she is, he will continue to follow her. The female will lift her tail, signaling she is ready to mate, and the male will mount her. The gestation period for the gazelle lasts for 198 days. Births in the
Serengeti peak in January and February. A female will leave
571:
The bachelor groups are composed of adolescent males and adult males not currently holding territory. Any potentially new members will perform mock-intimidation displays to enter the group. However, bachelor groups tend to be loose and members can come and go at-will. Grant's gazelle will sometimes
533:
of an apparently lost Grant's gazelle attempting to swim across a river filled with dozens of hippos, all of which responded with hostility. It is unclear if the gazelle made it across or not. Another video showed a Grant's gazelle attempting to flee a pursuing carnivore by retreating to the water,
588:
Grant's gazelles are generally mixed feeders that both browse and graze. In one study, their diet consisted of 66% browse and 34% graze. Rainfall seems to be a determinant of their diets. One way the Grant's gazelle withstands dehydration and heat stress is by being very efficient in digesting dry
417:
The Grant's gazelle stands 75–95 cm (30–37 in) at the shoulder. The females weigh from 35 to 50 kg (77 to 110 lb) and males from 50 to 80 kg (110 to 180 lb). Its coat is a beige orange on the back with a white belly. The Grant's gazelle looks similar to a
Thomson's
327:) with Soemmering's gazelle being the closer relative. Grant's gazelle shows high genetic variation among its populations, although there is no geographic isolation. The differentiation of the species may have evolved during repeated expansion and contraction of arid habitats during the late
615:
The Grant's gazelle is still a common species, despite having been eradicated in certain areas. Major threats have been habitat destruction and poaching. The gazelle's status as an unthreatened species is dependent on protection of the national parks and reserves where it lives, including
529:, while not carnivorous or outwardly predatory, are nonetheless extremely volatile beings with massive mouths and teeth, and are known to aggressively chase any other animal within their territory, including humans, at times resulting in the victim's death; a video was uploaded to
457:
Grant's gazelle prefer living on short, grassy plains where they can graze, but can also be found browsing and foraging in more sparse, arid scrublands; they avoid areas with excessively high, untrimmed grass with compromised visibility of predators. They also occur in
568:, they are strongly guarded by the dominant male, who prevents other males from mating with them. Any female that tries to leave is aggressively herded back. Most of the time, the male's stance in relation to her is enough to keep the female from leaving.
564:, territorial, and sometimes-migratory species. The home ranges of females overlap with those of the males. Only the male gazelles are territorial. Male gazelles will herd all females that cross their territories. When the females are in
601:
Grant's gazelles sexually mature at 18 months. Territory-holding males mate more than those in bachelor groups. The courting ritual begins with a male following a female, waiting for her to urinate. When she does, the male does the
1329:
466:
or shrubby, leafy material during the dry seasons to supplement their intake of water. They are sometimes seasonally migratory, but do not travel along the same routes as most of the other savanna ungulates, such as the
514:, an antelope which frequents the same open forest-grassland areas where leopards can sit in-wait in the trees. African lions could hunt Grant's gazelle, theoretically, though with their larger familial groups (
1398:"Species-specific patterns of urine investigation and flehmen in Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), Thomson's gazelle (G. thomsoni), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Taurotragus oryx)"
1359:
479:, which are all far more susceptible to dehydration. Grant's gazelle can subsist on vegetation in waterless, semiarid areas, where they face considerably less resource competition.
1013:"Prey preferences of the cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive?"
628:
in Kenya. Estimates of the population range from 140,000 to 350,000. While certain areas have stable populations, overall the population trend is going downward.
937:
902:
Lorenzen, E.D.; Arctander, P.; Siegismund, H.R (2008). "Three reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA lineages elucidate the taxonomic status of Grant's gazelles".
6236:
1178:
Stelfox, J. B.; Hudson, R. J.; Groer, N. (1984). "Relationships among physical traits, age and social status in
Thomson's and Grant's gazelles".
407:
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are a threat to nearly any mammal (excluding rhinos, hippos or elephants) that is unaware and comes to drink or cross to the other side.
801:
6223:
6078:
6249:
6104:
545:, Grant's gazelle are seemingly preferred by cheetahs over Thomson's gazelle, making them an important resource for the cheetah.
1529:
973:
Western, D (1975). "Water availability and its influence on the structure and dynamics of a savannah large mammal community".
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are also ever-present. African leopards may hunt Grant's gazelle, if given the opportunity, though they tend to prefer
948:
700:
888:
862:
344:
6161:
6318:
541:, Grant's gazelle is a potential prey item for the cheetah, but the smaller Thomson's gazelle is preferred; in
706:
331:
era in which populations were possibly isolated. Grant's gazelle was formerly considered a member of the genus
1283:"Effects of dehydration and heat stress on food intake and dry matter digestibility in East African ruminants"
6343:
1881:
1330:"Role of small browsing mammals in preventing woodland regeneration in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania"
6328:
6313:
2670:
621:
6323:
6143:
6044:
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366:
based (mainly) on recent genetic analysis. This article currently treats all three as a single species.
6338:
1950:
1522:
1334:
1281:
Maloiy, G.M.O.; Kanui, T.I.; Towett, P.K.; Wambugu, S.N.; Miaron, J.O.; Wanyoike, M.M. (October 2008).
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518:), they generally pursue larger, more substantial ungulates such as buffalo, gnu, and zebra.
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5564:
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2048:
1932:
1515:
542:
198:
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6174:
1096:
Walther, F. R. (1972). "Social grouping in Grant's gazelle in the
Serengeti National park".
753:"Extreme genetic differences among populations of Gazella granti, Grant's gazelle, in Kenya"
575:
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Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
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2607:
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2517:
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1914:
1775:
1494:
1477:
Walther, F. R. (1964). "Verhaltensstudien an der grantgazelle im
Ngorongoro Crater".
1397:
1310:
1302:
1246:
Spinage, A. A.; Ryan, C.; Shedd, M. (1980). "Food selection by the Grant's gazelle".
1221:
1217:
The
Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
1191:
1152:
1133:"Mixed-species grouping in Thomson's and Grant's gazelles: the antipredator benefits"
1113:
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1839:
1830:
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1693:
1684:
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1451:
1442:
Estes, R. D. (1967). "The
Comparative Behavior of Grant's and Thomson's Gazelles".
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Arctander, Peter; Kat, Pieter W; Aman, Rashid A; Siegismund, Hans R (May 1996).
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Humans also hunt gazelle, the meat being fairly popular in some areas. In the
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areas, being relatively well-adapted to drier areas, relying on more arboreal
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Hayward, M. W.; Hofmeyr, M.; O'Brien, J.; Kerley, G. I. H. (December 2006).
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only to be attacked and killed by a hidden submerged hippopotamus.
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2944:
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2030:
1980:
1675:
702:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
530:
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265:
145:
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358:
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3129:
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3032:
2565:
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1220:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 75–80.
1010:
565:
511:
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175:
125:
105:
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288:
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4136:
3793:
3646:
3050:
2917:
2733:
2007:
1968:
901:
637:
4404:
825:"On a supposed new Species of Gazelle from Eastern Africa"
750:
5546:
4145:
4091:
3023:
2405:
490:
The most common predators of the Grant's gazelle are the
1280:
3396:
3939:
421:
1055:. Mangolink Cam. 22 January 2015 – via YouTube.
299:. It was named for a 19th-century British explorer,
593:during the dry season and grass in the wet season.
1380:
1177:
434:Grant's gazelle are found in several countries in
822:
347:granted full species status to Bright's gazelle (
6295:
1245:
1537:
1091:
1089:
1066:Walther, F. R. (1991). "On herding behavior".
408:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1523:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
672:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8971A50186774.en
1396:Hart, Lynette A.; Hart, Benjamin L. (1987).
1086:
695:
1429:Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa
647:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016).
610:
343:was elevated to genus status. In 2021, the
1612:
1530:
1516:
1198:
1130:
387:(Neumann, 1906) – northern Grant's gazelle
311:Grant's gazelle is genetically related to
224:
57:
29:
5847:
3319:
1431:. Sanibel Island, FL: Ralph Curtis Books.
670:
381:(Brooke, 1872) – southern Grant's gazelle
5728:
3118:
1395:
574:
551:
481:
425:
401:
357:
306:
2019:
1590:
1476:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1095:
1065:
972:
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1737:
1426:
1327:
1006:
1004:
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734:
691:
689:
5955:
5954:
5846:
5715:
5714:
5320:
4403:
3938:
3395:
2857:
2003:
1589:
1511:
1441:
1321:
1213:
829:Proceedings of the Zoological Society
796:
794:
233:The distribution of Grant's gazelles
3155:
1234:
6304:IUCN Red List least concern species
2004:
1001:
731:
686:
658:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
521:At rivers, streams and some lakes,
498:; the typical predatory threats of
430:Grant's gazelles in green grassland
422:Ecology, distribution and behaviour
13:
5321:
2858:
1491:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1965.tb01430.x
1381:Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1969).
1356:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1984.tb00701.x
1268:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1980.tb00267.x
1131:Fitzgibbon, Clare D. (June 1990).
1110:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1972.tb01775.x
995:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1975.tb00139.x
791:
14:
6360:
1402:Journal of Comparative Psychology
579:Female and young Grant's gazelles
486:Grant's gazelles in dry grassland
406:A skull of male exhibited at the
393:(Thomas, 1903) – Roberts' gazelle
1180:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1068:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1029:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x
889:American Society of Mammalogists
863:American Society of Mammalogists
345:American Society of Mammalogists
82:
1882:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
1479:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
1470:
1435:
1420:
1389:
1374:
1274:
1171:
1124:
1098:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
1059:
1043:
966:
596:
2671:Central American red brocket (
1383:The zoology of tropical Africa
930:
895:
869:
843:
816:
707:Johns Hopkins University Press
699:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
549:are major predators of fawns.
397:
1:
1149:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80784-5
975:East African Wildlife Journal
885:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
859:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
631:
369:
3378:Large subfamily listed below
3366:Large subfamily listed below
3354:Large subfamily listed below
1192:10.1016/0168-1591(85)90014-0
1080:10.1016/0168-1591(91)90235-P
622:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
475:, Thomson's gazelle and the
351:) and the Peters's gazelle (
275:, distributed from northern
7:
1873:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
1864:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1414:10.1037/0735-7036.101.4.299
626:Lake Turkana National Parks
10:
6365:
1335:African Journal of Ecology
1299:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.06.019
1248:African Journal of Ecology
823:Sir Victor Brooke (1872).
6349:Mammals described in 1872
6185:
5963:
5921:
5893:
5869:
5860:
5856:
5842:
5809:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
5800:Domestic Bactrian camel (
5788:
5737:
5724:
5710:
5674:
5650:
5626:
5617:
5499:
5466:
5442:
5409:
5385:
5364:North Sulawesi babirusa (
5343:
5334:
5330:
5316:
5280:
5238:
5061:
5052:
5006:
4982:
4958:
4916:
4865:
4841:
4832:
4804:
4780:
4773:
4727:
4667:
4643:
4556:
4505:
4481:
4457:
4433:
4424:
4420:
4399:
4354:
4255:
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4218:
4194:
4089:
4029:
4020:
3992:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3934:
3893:
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3791:
3767:
3743:
3719:
3668:
3644:
3593:
3488:
3464:
3440:
3416:
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3391:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3310:
3273:
3249:
3216:
3192:
3183:
3146:
3109:
3063:
3003:
2994:
2966:
2915:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2853:
2799:
2765:
2731:
2707:
2683:
2653:Amazonian brown brocket (
2587:
2554:
2530:
2497:
2473:
2449:
2440:
2376:
2325:
2301:
2268:
2217:
2184:
2160:
2028:
2015:
1999:
1986:Large family listed below
1979:
1974:Large family listed below
1967:
1951:Williamson's mouse-deer (
1894:
1852:
1828:
1819:
1728:
1673:
1649:
1640:
1603:
1599:
1585:
1547:
1385:. New York: W. W. Norton.
924:10.1007/s10592-007-9375-2
560:The Grant's gazelle is a
244:
237:
232:
223:
204:
197:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
4050:Domestic water buffalo (
2415:Central Asian red deer (
2040:Bornean yellow muntjac (
611:Threats and conservation
264:) is a relatively large
4928:Bates' pygmy antelope (
4715:Soemmerring's gazelle (
2820:Yucatan brown brocket (
2049:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
1933:Philippine mouse-deer (
618:Serengeti National Park
583:
374:Listed alphabetically.
6319:Mammals of South Sudan
5638:White-lipped peccary (
5574:Philippine warty pig (
5199:Yellow-backed duiker (
5163:Black-fronted duiker (
5136:White-bellied duiker (
4757:Przewalski's gazelle (
3980:Four-horned antelope (
2778:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
2337:Visayan spotted deer (
2196:European fallow deer (
2139:Northern red muntjac (
2085:Southern red muntjac (
1328:Belsky, A. J. (1984).
580:
557:
487:
431:
414:
363:
295:. Its Swahili name is
6276:Paleobiology Database
5818:Wild Bactrian camel (
5520:Bornean bearded pig (
5511:Palawan bearded pig (
5100:White-legged duiker (
4526:Red-fronted gazelle (
2205:Persian fallow deer (
2121:Roosevelt's muntjac (
1794:Himalayan musk deer (
1703:Reticulated giraffe (
904:Conservation Genetics
578:
555:
543:Nairobi National Park
485:
429:
405:
361:
313:Soemmerring's gazelle
307:Taxonomy and genetics
6344:Fauna of East Africa
5905:Pygmy hippopotamus (
5565:Oliver's warty pig (
5190:Red-flanked duiker (
4595:Erlanger's gazelle (
4315:Harnessed bushbuck (
4041:Wild water buffalo (
3518:East Caucasian tur (
3509:West Caucasian tur (
2662:Little red brocket (
2130:Truong Son muntjac (
1942:Vietnam mouse-deer (
1924:Greater mouse-deer (
1803:Siberian musk deer (
1444:Journal of Mammalogy
1052:Hippos crush gazelle
665:: e.T8971A50186774.
547:Black-backed jackals
335:within the subgenus
6329:Mammals of Ethiopia
6314:Mammals of Tanzania
5538:Celebes warty pig (
5529:Visayan warty pig (
5145:Red forest duiker (
4877:Günther's dik-dik (
4739:Mongolian gazelle (
4544:Heuglin's gazelle (
4535:Thomson's gazelle (
3689:Long-tailed goral (
3084:Mountain reedbuck (
3075:Southern reedbuck (
2927:East African oryx (
2829:White-tailed deer (
2608:Small red brocket (
2575:South Andean deer (
2518:Siberian roe deer (
2509:European roe deer (
2346:Philippine sambar (
2313:Père David's deer (
1915:Lesser mouse-deer (
1776:Kashmir musk deer (
1427:Stuart, C. (1998).
1348:1984AfJEc..22..271B
1260:1980AfJEc..18...19S
987:1975AfJEc..13..265W
954:on 30 December 2013
916:2008ConG....9..593L
812:on 6 February 2006.
769:10.1038/hdy.1996.69
49:Conservation status
6324:Mammals of Somalia
5686:Collared peccary (
5556:Flores warty pig (
5397:Giant forest hog (
5259:Maxwell's duiker (
5181:Ruwenzori duiker (
5127:Jentink's duiker (
5036:Sharpe's grysbok (
4792:Tibetan antelope (
4697:Bright's gazelle (
4631:Goitered gazelle (
4604:Mountain gazelle (
4577:Cuvier's gazelle (
4517:Mongalla gazelle (
3905:Pyrenean chamois (
3331:Tibetan antelope (
3285:Black wildebeest (
2112:Reeves's muntjac (
2076:Sumatran muntjac (
2067:Gongshan muntjac (
1840:Water chevrotain (
1767:Alpine musk deer (
1694:Southern giraffe (
1685:Northern giraffe (
1362:on 5 February 2009
1214:Estes, R. (1991).
1017:Journal of Zoology
938:"Grant's Gazelle,
855:(O. Thomas, 1897)"
581:
558:
488:
432:
415:
364:
325:Eudorcas thomsonii
6339:Mammals of Uganda
6291:
6290:
6263:Open Tree of Life
6170:Open Tree of Life
5957:Taxon identifiers
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5917:
5916:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5662:Chacoan peccary (
5613:
5612:
5601:Javan warty pig (
5592:Timor warty pig (
5399:H. meinertzhageni
5373:Togian babirusa (
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5268:Walter's duiker (
5208:Abbott's duiker (
5172:Ogilby's duiker (
5118:Harvey's duiker (
5082:Brooke's duiker (
5048:
5047:
4828:
4827:
4769:
4768:
4706:Peter's gazelle (
4688:Grant's gazelle (
4622:Speke's gazelle (
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4272:
4242:
4241:
4230:African buffalo (
4061:B. depressicornis
4016:
4015:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3698:Himalayan goral (
3520:C. cylindricornis
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3343:
3342:
3306:
3305:
3294:Blue wildebeest (
3228:Common tsessebe (
3179:
3178:
3142:
3141:
3105:
3104:
3017:K. ellipsiprymnus
2990:
2989:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2789:P. mephistophiles
2745:P. mephistophiles
2436:
2435:
2132:M. truongsonensis
2094:Pu Hoat muntjac (
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1963:
1962:
1906:Java mouse-deer (
1815:
1814:
1785:Black musk deer (
1758:Dwarf musk deer (
1749:Anhui musk deer (
1724:
1723:
1687:G. camelopardalis
1636:
1635:
1227:978-0-520-08085-0
802:"Grant's Gazelle"
716:978-0-8018-8221-0
624:in Tanzania, and
477:white-bearded gnu
321:Thomson's gazelle
253:
252:
72:
40:Ngorongoro Crater
16:Species of mammal
6356:
6334:Mammals of Kenya
6284:
6283:
6271:
6270:
6258:
6257:
6245:
6244:
6232:
6231:
6219:
6218:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6178:
6177:
6165:
6164:
6152:
6151:
6139:
6138:
6126:
6125:
6113:
6112:
6100:
6099:
6087:
6086:
6074:
6073:
6061:
6060:
6048:
6047:
6035:
6034:
6025:
6024:
6012:
6011:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5952:
5951:
5867:
5866:
5858:
5857:
5844:
5843:
5735:
5734:
5726:
5725:
5712:
5711:
5624:
5623:
5430:Common warthog (
5421:Desert warthog (
5341:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5318:
5317:
5217:Weyns's duiker (
5091:Peters' duiker (
5073:Aders's duiker (
5059:
5058:
4946:Royal antelope (
4904:Salt's dik-dik (
4895:Silver dik-dik (
4886:Kirk's dik-dik (
4839:
4838:
4816:Saiga antelope (
4778:
4777:
4717:N. soemmerringii
4586:Dorcas gazelle (
4431:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4401:
4400:
4288:Mountain nyala (
4271:
4270:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4208:P. nghetinhensis
4110:European bison (
4101:American bison (
4027:
4026:
3966:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3936:
3935:
3812:Domestic sheep (
3656:Himalayan tahr (
3623:Mainland serow (
3605:Japanese serow (
3414:
3413:
3407:
3393:
3392:
3317:
3316:
3190:
3189:
3153:
3152:
3116:
3115:
3093:Bohor reedbuck (
3001:
3000:
2980:A. nasomaculatus
2903:Sable antelope (
2880:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2617:Merida brocket (
2447:
2446:
2388:Thorold's deer (
2240:A. calamianensis
2123:M. rooseveltorum
2069:M. gongshanensis
2026:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1826:
1825:
1735:
1734:
1714:G. tippelskirchi
1647:
1646:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1358:. Archived from
1325:
1319:
1318:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1196:
1195:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1143:(6): 1116–1126.
1137:Animal Behaviour
1128:
1122:
1121:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1008:
999:
998:
981:(3–4): 265–286.
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
953:
947:. Archived from
946:
934:
928:
927:
899:
893:
892:
881:(Günther, 1884)"
873:
867:
866:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
820:
814:
813:
808:. Archived from
798:
789:
788:
748:
729:
728:
705:(3rd ed.).
693:
684:
683:
681:
679:
674:
644:
604:Flehmen response
556:Grant's gazelles
496:African wild dog
317:N. soemmerringii
228:
210:
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
33:
24:Grant's gazelle
21:
20:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6279:
6274:
6266:
6261:
6253:
6248:
6240:
6235:
6227:
6222:
6214:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6181:
6173:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6147:
6142:
6134:
6129:
6121:
6116:
6108:
6103:
6095:
6090:
6082:
6077:
6069:
6064:
6056:
6051:
6043:
6038:
6030:
6028:
6020:
6015:
6007:
6002:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5959:
5949:
5936:
5913:
5889:
5852:
5826:
5784:
5720:
5694:
5670:
5646:
5609:
5576:S. philippensis
5513:S. ahoenobarbus
5495:
5487:Red river hog (
5462:
5438:
5405:
5381:
5355:Buru babirusa (
5326:
5300:
5292:Common duiker (
5276:
5234:
5044:
5002:
4978:
4954:
4912:
4861:
4824:
4800:
4765:
4750:P. picticaudata
4723:
4663:
4639:
4633:G. subgutturosa
4552:
4501:
4477:
4453:
4416:
4405:
4383:
4350:
4342:Cape bushbuck (
4335:T. strepsiceros
4264:
4263:
4261:
4238:
4214:
4190:
4085:
4077:Mountain anoa (
4012:
4006:B. tragocamelus
3988:
3982:T. quadricornis
3951:
3940:
3922:
3889:
3865:
3821:Bighorn sheep (
3787:
3763:
3739:
3731:Mountain goat (
3715:
3707:Chinese goral (
3664:
3640:
3625:C. sumatraensis
3589:
3572:Siberian ibex (
3536:Domestic goat (
3484:
3460:
3436:
3428:Barbary sheep (
3408:
3397:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3339:
3302:
3269:
3245:
3212:
3175:
3138:
3101:
3059:
2986:
2962:
2936:Scimitar oryx (
2911:
2894:Roan antelope (
2865:
2859:
2837:
2795:
2787:Northern pudu (
2761:
2753:Southern pudu (
2743:Northern pudu (
2727:
2703:
2679:
2644:Pygmy brocket (
2626:Dwarf brocket (
2583:
2550:
2526:
2493:
2469:
2432:
2372:
2321:
2297:
2264:
2238:Calamian deer (
2213:
2207:D. mesopotamica
2180:
2156:
2150:M. vuquangensis
2148:Giant muntjac (
2058:Fea's muntjac (
2011:
2005:
1987:
1975:
1959:
1890:
1848:
1811:
1769:M. chrysogaster
1720:
1712:Masai giraffe (
1669:
1632:
1595:
1581:
1543:
1536:
1506:
1475:
1471:
1456:10.2307/1378022
1440:
1436:
1425:
1421:
1394:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1326:
1322:
1279:
1275:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1212:
1199:
1176:
1172:
1129:
1125:
1094:
1087:
1064:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1009:
1002:
971:
967:
957:
955:
951:
944:
936:
935:
931:
900:
896:
879:Nanger petersii
875:
874:
870:
849:
848:
844:
834:
832:
821:
817:
800:
799:
792:
749:
732:
717:
694:
687:
677:
675:
645:
638:
634:
613:
599:
586:
523:Nile crocodiles
424:
412:Washington D.C.
400:
372:
362:Grant's gazelle
353:Nanger petersii
309:
287:, and from the
256:Grant's gazelle
219:
212:
206:
193:
81:
73:
62:
58:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6362:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6272:
6259:
6246:
6233:
6220:
6207:
6191:
6189:
6187:Gazella granti
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6166:
6153:
6140:
6127:
6114:
6101:
6088:
6075:
6062:
6049:
6036:
6026:
6013:
6009:Gazella_granti
6000:
5985:
5969:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5907:C. liberiensis
5901:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5881:Hippopotamus (
5877:
5875:
5864:
5862:Hippopotamidae
5854:
5853:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5815:
5811:C. dromedarius
5806:
5796:
5794:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5773:
5764:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5680:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5598:
5594:S. timoriensis
5589:
5580:
5571:
5562:
5553:
5547:Domestic pig (
5544:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5427:
5423:P. aethiopicus
5417:
5415:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:B. togeanensis
5370:
5361:
5351:
5349:
5338:
5328:
5327:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5286:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5265:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5226:Zebra duiker (
5223:
5214:
5205:
5201:C. silvicultor
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5154:Black duiker (
5151:
5142:
5138:C. leucogaster
5133:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5033:
5027:Cape grysbok (
5024:
5014:
5012:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4970:Klipspringer (
4966:
4964:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4924:
4922:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4901:
4897:M. piacentinii
4892:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:P. przewalskii
4754:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4694:
4685:
4679:Dama gazelle (
4675:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4613:Rhim gazelle (
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:A. marsupialis
4465:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4428:
4418:
4417:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4375:Common eland (
4372:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4339:
4333:Greater kudu (
4330:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4146:Domestic yak (
4143:
4134:
4125:
4116:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4070:B. mindorensis
4065:
4059:Lowland anoa (
4056:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3779:Nilgiri tahr (
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3632:Taiwan serow (
3629:
3620:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3563:Iberian ibex (
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3452:Arabian tahr (
3448:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3410:
3409:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3090:
3086:R. fulvorufula
3081:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2954:Arabian oryx (
2951:
2942:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:O. virginianus
2826:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2750:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:O. bezoarticus
2691:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2637:M. gouazoubira
2635:Gray brocket (
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2390:C. albirostris
2384:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:E. cephalophus
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2103:Leaf muntjac (
2100:
2096:M. puhoatensis
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2023:
2013:
2012:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:T. williamsoni
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:M. moschiferus
1800:
1796:M. leucogaster
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1760:M. berezovskii
1755:
1745:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1607:
1605:Antilocapridae
1597:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1577:Laurasiatheria
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1485:(2): 167–208.
1469:
1450:(2): 189–209.
1434:
1419:
1388:
1373:
1342:(4): 271–279.
1320:
1293:(2): 185–190.
1273:
1233:
1226:
1197:
1186:(4): 347–357.
1170:
1123:
1104:(4): 348–403.
1085:
1058:
1042:
1023:(4): 615–627.
1000:
965:
940:Gazella granti
929:
910:(3): 593–601.
894:
868:
853:Nanger notatus
842:
815:
790:
763:(5): 465–475.
730:
715:
685:
635:
633:
630:
612:
609:
598:
595:
585:
582:
423:
420:
399:
396:
395:
394:
391:N. g. robertsi
388:
382:
371:
368:
349:Nanger notatus
308:
305:
251:
250:
247:Gazella granti
242:
241:
235:
234:
230:
229:
221:
220:
213:
202:
201:
195:
194:
190:N. granti
187:
185:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
56:
53:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:A male at the
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6361:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6022:nanger-granti
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5995:Nanger granti
5990:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5965:Nanger granti
5962:
5958:
5953:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5910:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5841:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5802:C. bactrianus
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5709:
5691:
5689:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5603:S. verrucosus
5599:
5597:
5595:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5549:S. domesticus
5545:
5543:
5541:
5540:S. celebensis
5536:
5534:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5469:Potamochoerus
5465:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5366:B. celebensis
5362:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5250:Blue duiker (
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5165:C. nigrifrons
5161:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5147:C. natalensis
5143:
5141:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5093:C. callipygus
5089:
5087:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5020:R. campestris
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4972:O. oreotragus
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4615:G. leptoceros
4611:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4519:E. albonotata
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4495:A. cervicapra
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4398:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4366:Giant eland (
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4344:T. sylvaticus
4340:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4306:Lesser kudu (
4304:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4121:B. domesticus
4119:Bali cattle (
4117:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3933:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3823:O. canadensis
3819:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3770:Nilgiritragus
3766:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3733:O. americanus
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3658:H. jemlahicus
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3554:Nubian ibex (
3552:
3550:
3548:
3545:Alpine ibex (
3543:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Pantholopinae
3309:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3263:A. buselaphus
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3167:Grey rhebok (
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Aepycerotinae
3108:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3042:Nile lechwe (
3040:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Hippotraginae
2872:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2721:B. dichotomus
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2695:Pampas deer (
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2655:M. nemorivaga
2651:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2599:Red brocket (
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2568:H. antisensis
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:C. canadensis
2404:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2357:R. timorensis
2353:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2315:E. davidianus
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2282:R. duvaucelii
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2247:Bawean deer (
2245:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2172:Tufted deer (
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2105:M. putaoensis
2101:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2051:M. crinifrons
2047:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1944:T. versicolor
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1751:M. anhuiensis
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1705:G. reticulata
1701:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1074:(1–4): 5–13.
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
950:
943:
941:
933:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
890:
886:
882:
880:
872:
864:
860:
856:
854:
846:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
806:Out of Africa
803:
797:
795:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
726:
722:
718:
712:
708:
704:
703:
698:
697:Wilson, D. E.
692:
690:
673:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
652:
651:Nanger granti
643:
641:
636:
629:
627:
623:
619:
608:
605:
594:
592:
577:
573:
569:
567:
563:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
428:
419:
413:
409:
404:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
375:
367:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:Lake Victoria
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
262:
261:Nanger granti
257:
249:
248:
243:
240:
236:
231:
227:
222:
217:
211:
209:
208:Nanger granti
203:
200:
199:Binomial name
196:
192:
191:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
64:Least Concern
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6186:
5964:
5906:
5894:
5883:H. amphibius
5882:
5872:Hippopotamus
5870:
5850:Whippomorpha
5819:
5810:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5738:
5687:
5675:
5663:
5651:
5639:
5627:
5602:
5593:
5584:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5531:S. cebifrons
5530:
5521:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5443:
5432:P. africanus
5431:
5422:
5412:Phacochoerus
5410:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5365:
5357:B. babyrussa
5356:
5344:
5293:
5281:
5269:
5261:P. maxwellii
5260:
5252:P. monticola
5251:
5239:
5227:
5218:
5209:
5200:
5192:C. rufilatus
5191:
5182:
5173:
5164:
5155:
5146:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5109:Bay duiker (
5102:C. crusalbum
5101:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5062:
5054:Cephalophini
5037:
5029:R. melanotis
5028:
5019:
5007:
4995:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4939:N. moschatus
4938:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4879:M. guentheri
4878:
4866:
4855:D. megalotis
4854:
4842:
4817:
4805:
4794:P. hodgsonii
4793:
4781:
4758:
4749:
4741:P. gutturosa
4740:
4728:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4689:
4687:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4597:G. erlangeri
4596:
4587:
4578:
4570:G. bennettii
4569:
4557:
4545:
4537:E. thomsonii
4536:
4528:E. rufifrons
4527:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4376:
4368:T. derbianus
4367:
4355:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4299:T. eurycerus
4298:
4289:
4280:
4256:
4248:Tragelaphini
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4174:
4166:B. javanicus
4165:
4156:
4148:B. grunniens
4147:
4138:
4130:B. frontalis
4129:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4030:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3916:R. rupicapra
3915:
3907:R. pyrenaica
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3849:
3848:Snow sheep (
3840:
3831:
3830:Dall sheep (
3822:
3813:
3804:
3792:
3781:N. hylocrius
3780:
3768:
3757:O. moschatus
3756:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3581:Walia ibex (
3573:
3565:C. pyrenaica
3564:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3529:C. falconeri
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3489:
3478:B. taxicolor
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3333:P. hodgsonii
3332:
3320:
3295:
3286:
3276:Connochaetes
3274:
3262:
3261:Hartebeest (
3250:
3238:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3185:Alcelaphinae
3169:P. capreolus
3168:
3156:
3131:
3119:
3094:
3085:
3077:R. arundinum
3076:
3064:
3052:
3044:K. megaceros
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3004:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2895:
2883:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2779:
2766:
2754:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2719:Marsh deer (
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2601:M. americana
2600:
2588:
2576:
2567:
2557:Hippocamelus
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2511:C. capreolus
2510:
2498:
2486:
2485:Water deer (
2474:
2462:
2450:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2356:
2348:R. mariannus
2347:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2289:Eld's deer (
2281:
2280:Barasingha (
2269:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2141:M. vaginalis
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2042:M. atherodes
2041:
2029:
1952:
1943:
1935:T. nigricans
1934:
1925:
1916:
1908:T. javanicus
1907:
1895:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1853:
1842:H. aquaticus
1841:
1829:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1738:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1674:
1663:O. johnstoni
1662:
1650:
1626:A. americana
1625:
1613:
1575:Superorder:
1569:Infraclass:
1540:Artiodactyla
1482:
1478:
1472:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:the original
1339:
1333:
1323:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1254:(1): 19–25.
1251:
1247:
1216:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1101:
1097:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1020:
1016:
978:
974:
968:
956:. Retrieved
949:the original
939:
932:
907:
903:
897:
884:
878:
871:
858:
852:
845:
833:. Retrieved
828:
818:
810:the original
805:
760:
756:
701:
676:. Retrieved
662:
656:
650:
614:
600:
597:Reproduction
591:dicotyledons
587:
570:
559:
536:
527:Hippopotamus
520:
489:
473:plains zebra
469:Cape buffalo
456:
438:, including
433:
416:
390:
385:N. g. lacuum
384:
379:N. g. granti
378:
373:
365:
352:
348:
340:
336:
332:
324:
316:
310:
297:swala granti
296:
260:
259:
255:
254:
246:
245:
207:
205:
189:
188:
176:
136:Artiodactyla
18:
6092:iNaturalist
5989:Wikispecies
5760:L. guanicoe
5619:Tayassuidae
5583:Wild boar (
5522:S. barbatus
5480:P. larvatus
5456:P. salvania
5454:Pygmy hog (
5388:Hylochoerus
5241:Philantomba
5129:C. jentinki
5111:C. dorsalis
5064:Cephalophus
4948:N. pygmaeus
4906:M. saltiana
4844:Dorcatragus
4818:S. tatarica
4708:N. petersii
4646:Litocranius
4546:E. tilonura
4493:Blackbuck (
4469:Springbok (
4412:Antilopinae
4410:(subfamily
4357:Taurotragus
4324:Sitatunga (
4317:T. scriptus
4308:T. imberbis
4265:(including
4258:Tragelaphus
4079:B. quarlesi
3961:Boselaphini
3945:(subfamily
3850:O. nivicola
3691:N. caudatus
3680:Red goral (
3671:Naemorhedus
3634:C. swinhoei
3614:Red serow (
3596:Capricornis
3574:C. sibirica
3511:C. caucasia
3502:C. aegagrus
3500:Wild goat (
3454:A. jayakari
3443:Arabitragus
3402:(subfamily
3373:Antilopinae
3296:C. taurinus
3239:D. pygargus
3132:A. melampus
3053:K. vardonii
3015:Waterbuck (
2956:O. leucoryx
2885:Hippotragus
2813:O. hemionus
2811:Mule deer (
2710:Blastocerus
2619:M. bricenii
2577:H. bisulcus
2544:R. tarandus
2520:C. pygargus
2442:Capreolinae
2424:Sika deer (
2366:R. unicolor
2355:Rusa deer (
2258:A. porcinus
2078:M. montanus
1875:M. kathygre
1624:Pronghorn (
1615:Antilocapra
678:19 November
448:South Sudan
436:East Africa
398:Description
329:Pleistocene
301:James Grant
281:South Sudan
156:Antilopinae
152:Subfamily:
42:, Tanzania
6298:Categories
5896:Choeropsis
5778:L. vicugna
5664:C. wagneri
5567:S. oliveri
5558:S. heureni
5294:S. grimmia
5283:Sylvicapra
5270:P. walteri
5183:C. rubidis
5174:C. ogilbyi
5120:C. harveyi
5084:C. brookei
5038:R. sharpei
5018:Steenbok (
5009:Raphicerus
4961:Oreotragus
4834:Neotragini
4783:Pantholops
4699:N. notatus
4657:L. walleri
4606:G. gazella
4579:G. cuvieri
4568:Chinkara (
4460:Antidorcas
4447:A. clarkei
4436:Ammodorcas
4426:Antilopini
4326:T. spekeii
4290:T. buxtoni
4281:T. angasii
4173:Wild yak (
4157:B. indicus
4112:B. bonasus
4052:B. bubalis
3995:Boselaphus
3971:Tetracerus
3841:O. gmelini
3709:N. griseus
3682:N. baileyi
3647:Hemitragus
3616:C. rubidus
3607:C. crispus
3556:C. nubiana
3419:Ammotragus
3322:Pantholops
3252:Alcelaphus
3237:Bontebok (
3230:D. lunatus
3219:Damaliscus
3206:B. hunteri
3095:R. redunca
2996:Reduncinae
2947:O. gazella
2896:H. equinus
2822:O. pandora
2802:Odocoileus
2686:Ozotoceros
2542:Reindeer (
2487:H. inermis
2476:Hydropotes
2399:C. elaphus
2397:Red deer (
2339:R. alfredi
2256:Hog deer (
2114:M. reevesi
2087:M. muntjak
1917:T. kanchil
1884:M. meminna
1831:Hyemoschus
1821:Tragulidae
1778:M. cupreus
1696:G. giraffa
1642:Giraffidae
1593:Ruminantia
1408:(4): 299.
632:References
562:gregarious
370:Subspecies
166:Antilopini
6202:Q45090483
5848:Suborder
5758:Guanaco (
5730:Camelidae
5716:Suborder
5688:D. tajacu
5677:Dicotyles
5653:Catagonus
5640:T. pecari
5585:S. scrofa
5489:P. porcus
5478:Bushpig (
5346:Babyrousa
5322:Suborder
5219:C. weynsi
5210:C. spadix
5075:C. adersi
4996:O. ourebi
4930:N. batesi
4919:Neotragus
4888:M. kirkii
4690:N. granti
4655:Gerenuk (
4624:G. spekei
4588:G. dorcas
4445:Dibatag (
4232:S. caffer
4197:Pseudoryx
4184:B. taurus
4164:Banteng (
4139:B. gaurus
4068:Tamaraw (
3914:Chamois (
3896:Rupicapra
3883:P. nayaur
3859:O. vignei
3839:Mouflon (
3538:C. hircus
3527:Markhor (
3430:A. lervia
3195:Beatragus
3121:Aepyceros
2945:Gemsbok (
2938:O. dammah
2780:P. carlae
2673:M. temama
2664:M. rufina
2628:M. chunyi
2610:M. bororo
2500:Capreolus
2426:C. nippon
2417:C. hanglu
2304:Elaphurus
2249:A. kuhlii
2163:Elaphodus
2031:Muntiacus
1866:M. indica
1855:Moschiola
1787:M. fuscus
1730:Moschidae
1591:Suborder
1551:Kingdom:
1307:1095-6433
1157:0003-3472
1037:0952-8369
831:: 601–602
777:0018-067X
539:Serengeti
291:coast to
184:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
6242:11416426
6196:Wikidata
6149:14200613
6029:BioLib:
5974:Wikidata
5820:C. ferus
5776:Vicuña (
5769:L. pacos
5767:Alpaca (
5751:L. glama
5718:Tylopoda
5228:C. zebra
5156:C. niger
4730:Procapra
4508:Eudorcas
4484:Antilope
4221:Syncerus
4182:Cattle (
4175:B. mutus
4103:B. bison
4043:B. arnee
4004:Nilgai (
3881:Bharal (
3872:Pseudois
3832:O. dalli
3814:O. aries
3805:O. ammon
3803:Argali (
3755:Muskox (
3722:Oreamnos
3700:N. goral
3583:C. walie
3467:Budorcas
3404:Caprinae
3349:Caprinae
3204:Hirola (
3148:Peleinae
3130:Impala (
3035:K. leche
3033:Lechwe (
2929:O. beisa
2905:H. niger
2566:Taruca (
2533:Rangifer
2463:A. alces
2364:Sambar (
2291:R. eldii
2271:Rucervus
2229:Chital (
2021:Cervinae
2008:Cervidae
1969:Cervidae
1897:Tragulus
1571:Eutheria
1565:Mammalia
1559:Chordata
1557:Phylum:
1553:Animalia
1315:18644247
1165:53171705
958:20 April
757:Heredity
725:62265494
504:leopards
460:semiarid
452:Tanzania
440:Ethiopia
285:Ethiopia
277:Tanzania
273:antelope
239:Synonyms
142:Family:
126:Mammalia
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
6229:5220144
6136:1006165
6084:7261447
5980:Q735222
5932:Cetacea
5923:Cetacea
5791:Camelus
5749:Llama (
5629:Tayassu
5445:Porcula
4994:Oribi (
4985:Ourebia
4868:Madoqua
4853:Beira (
4774:Saigini
4681:N. dama
4559:Gazella
4408:Bovidae
4406:Family
4377:T. oryx
4297:Bongo (
4279:Nyala (
4206:Saola (
4128:Gayal (
4032:Bubalus
3947:Bovinae
3943:Bovidae
3941:Family
3857:Urial (
3547:C. ibex
3476:Takin (
3400:Bovidae
3398:Family
3361:Bovinae
3287:C. gnou
3066:Redunca
2978:Addax (
2862:Bovidae
2860:Family
2768:Pudella
2755:P. pudu
2646:M. nana
2461:Moose (
2231:A. axis
2198:D. dama
2060:M. feae
2006:Family
1981:Bovidae
1926:T. napu
1740:Moschus
1676:Giraffa
1661:Okapi (
1563:Class:
1542:species
1538:Extant
1499:5890863
1464:1378022
1366:19 June
1344:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1118:4650796
983:Bibcode
912:Bibcode
785:8666544
531:YouTube
492:cheetah
339:before
333:Gazella
270:gazelle
266:species
218:, 1872)
172:Genus:
162:Tribe:
146:Bovidae
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
6309:Nanger
6281:149573
6268:346068
6255:625094
6175:346068
6110:898226
6071:129513
6045:463662
6017:ARKive
5336:Suidae
4937:Suni (
4670:Nanger
4155:Zebu (
4137:Gaur (
4022:Bovini
3746:Ovibos
3051:Puku (
3026:K. kob
2590:Mazama
2379:Cervus
1652:Okapia
1497:
1462:
1313:
1305:
1224:
1163:
1155:
1116:
1035:
835:20 May
783:
775:
723:
713:
566:estrus
516:prides
512:impala
506:, and
500:hyenas
464:browse
341:Nanger
337:Nanger
319:) and
289:Kenyan
216:Brooke
177:Nanger
6237:IRMNG
6216:3FG3F
6162:27591
6097:74724
6058:45LTT
6032:33717
5324:Suina
4807:Saiga
4748:Goa (
4267:kudus
3491:Capra
3158:Pelea
3024:Kob (
3006:Kobus
2969:Addax
2452:Alces
2406:Elk (
1460:JSTOR
1161:S2CID
952:(PDF)
945:(PDF)
508:lions
444:Kenya
6250:ITIS
6224:GBIF
6157:NCBI
6123:8971
6118:IUCN
6105:ITIS
6079:GBIF
6040:BOLD
5930:see
5740:Lama
3794:Ovis
2918:Oryx
2734:Pudu
2328:Rusa
2220:Axis
2187:Dama
1495:PMID
1368:2008
1311:PMID
1303:ISSN
1222:ISBN
1153:ISSN
1114:PMID
1033:ISSN
960:2012
837:2015
781:PMID
773:ISSN
721:OCLC
711:ISBN
680:2021
663:2016
620:and
584:Diet
494:and
450:and
283:and
6211:CoL
6144:MSW
6131:MDD
6066:EoL
6053:CoL
6004:ADW
5502:Sus
4092:Bos
1487:doi
1452:doi
1410:doi
1406:101
1352:doi
1295:doi
1291:151
1264:doi
1188:doi
1145:doi
1106:doi
1076:doi
1025:doi
1021:270
991:doi
920:doi
765:doi
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279:to
268:of
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