371:
379:
1212:
626:, and a topography that is favorable for agricultural development. Other aspects are challenging for farming: a semiarid to semihumid climate (600–1300 mm annual rainfall) with a six-month dry season and sufficient fresh groundwater restricted to roughly one-third of the region, two-thirds being without groundwater or with groundwater of high salinity. Soils are generally erosion-prone once the forest has been cleared. In the central and northern Paraguay Chaco, occasional dust storms have caused major topsoil loss.
1048:
363:
1228:
678:
355:
106:
710:
1243:
51:
2094:
120:
2098:
850:) with a slightly shorter subcanopy made up of several species from the family Fabaceae, as well as several arboreal cacti species that distinguish this area of the Chaco. There is a scrub-like shrub and herbaceous understory. On sandy soils, the thick woodlands turn into savannas where the aforementioned species prevail, as well as species such as
544:(or Dry Chaco), is very dry and sparsely vegetated. To the east, less arid conditions combined with favorable soil characteristics permit a seasonally dry higher-growth thorn tree forest, and further east still higher rainfall combined with improperly drained lowland soils result in a somewhat swampy plain called the
1058:
The Chaco is one of South
America's last agricultural frontiers. Very sparsely populated and lacking sufficient all-weather roads and basic infrastructure (the Argentinian part is more developed than the Paraguayan or Bolivian part), it has long been too remote for crop planting. The central Chaco's
648:
The Gran Chaco had been a disputed territory since 1810. Officially, it was supposed to be part of
Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, although a bigger land portion west of the Paraguay River had belonged to Paraguay since its independence. Argentina claimed territories north of the Bermejo River
700:
and the
Argentine National Highway Directorate, National Routes 16 and 81, in an effort to encourage access and development. All three highways extend about 700 km (430 mi) from east to west and are now completely paved, as is a network of nine Brazilian highways in Mato Grosso do Sul
669:
mediated a ceasefire and subsequent treaty signed in 1938, which gave
Paraguay three-quarters of the Chaco Boreal and gave Bolivia a corridor to the Paraguay River with the ability to use the Puerto Casado and the right to construct their own port. No oil was found in the region until 2012 when
914:
Faunal diversity in the Gran Chaco is also high. The Gran Chaco has around 3,400 plant, 500 bird, 150 mammal, and 220 reptile and amphibian species. Animals typically associated with tropical and subtropical forests are often found throughout the eastern Humid Chaco, including jaguars, howler
2283:
1909:
de la Sancha, Noé U., Sarah A. Boyle, Nancy E. McIntyre, Daniel M. Brooks, Alberto
Yanosky, Ericka Cuellar Soto, Fatima Mereles, Micaela Camino, and Richard D. Stevens. "The disappearing Dry Chaco, one of the last dry forest systems on earth." Landscape Ecology 36 (2021): 2997-3012.
862:, found throughout the western Semiarid/Arid region becomes very conspicuous in these sandy savannas. Various upland systems of plant associations occur throughout the Gran Chaco. The Highlands of the Argentinian Chaco are made up of, on the dry, sunny side (up to 1800m),
528:
Locals sometimes divide it today by the political borders, giving rise to the terms
Argentinian Chaco, Paraguayan Chaco, and Bolivian Chaco. (Inside Paraguay, people sometimes use the expression Central Chaco for the area roughly in the middle of the Chaco Boreal, where
656:
Over the next few decades, Bolivia began to push the natives out and settle in the Gran Chaco, while
Paraguay ignored it. Bolivia sought the Paraguay River for shipping oil out into the sea (it had become a land-locked country after the loss of its Pacific coast in the
695:
The region is home to over 9 million people, divided about evenly among
Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil, and including around 100,000 in Paraguay. The area remains relatively underdeveloped, In the 1960s, the Paraguayan authorities constructed the
1127:
plantations not only eliminate the forest, but also other types of agriculture. Indigenous communities are losing their land to agribusinesses. Since 2007, a law is supposed to regulate and control the cutting of timber in the Gran Chaco, but
1063:
are a notable exception. Between 2000 and 2019, it was estimated that the Dry Chaco forest cover decreased by 20.2%, including territory in
Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, with the latter showing the most dramatic land cover change.
921:
species, including anteaters and armadillos, are readily seen here, as well. Being home to at least 10 species, the
Argentinian Chaco is the location of the peak diversity for the armadillo, including species such as the
665:(1932–1935) between Paraguay and Bolivia over supposed oil in the Chaco Boreal (the aforementioned region north of the Pilcomayo River and to the west of the Paraguay River). Eventually, Argentine Foreign Minister
1709:
Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
733:
The floral characteristics of the Gran Chaco are varied given the large geographical span of the region. The dominant vegetative structure is xerophytic deciduous forests with multiple layers, including a
1682:
1159:
1182:
1764:
2042:
1186:
980:, is the largest of the three peccary species found in the area. This species was thought to be extinct by scientists until 1975, when it was recorded by Ralph Wetzel.
892:
1513:
2018:
2490:
815:
2067:
72:
991:
in various places throughout the chaco. Rotting logs, debris piles, old housing settlement, wells, and seasonal farm ponds are examples of such refugia. The
791:
697:
692:
in the 1930s and immediately following World War II. These immigrants created some of the largest and most prosperous municipalities in the deep Gran Chaco.
1119:
Deforestation in the Argentinian part of the Chaco amounted to an average of 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) per year between 2001 and 2007. According to
886:
1948:
1816:
What is Gran Chaco vegetation in South America? I. A review. Contribution to the study of flora and vegetation of Chaco. V. Candollea, 48: 145–172, 1993.
1509:
954:), while not found in the eastern Humid Chaco, can be seen in the drier Arid Chaco of the west. Some other notable endemics of the region include the
2113:
1258:
The following Argentine provinces, Bolivian and Paraguayan departments, and Brazilian states lie in the Gran Chaco area, either entirely or in part.
2183:
1086:
1610:
1592:
641:
Prior to national independence of the nations that compose the Chaco, the entire area was a separate colonial region named by the Spaniards as
461:
288:
155:
1039:) are notable of the 409 bird species that are resident or breed in the Gran Chaco; 252 of these Chaco species are endemic to South America.
2132:
1787:
1728:
1108:(dry forests) in the Chaco at an annual rate of 220,000 hectares (540,000 acres) (2008). In mid-2009, a projected law, initiated by the
1081:
as an ethanol plant may prove viable, too, since sorghum is a traditional local crop for domestic and feedstock use. The feasibility of
525:
or Northern Chaco, north of the Pilcomayo up to the Brazilian Pantanal, inside Paraguayan territory and sharing some area with Bolivia.
2485:
2470:
2321:
1802:
The Gran Chaco was one of the last frontiers in South America – but agricultural development, largely driven by soy, is gathering pace.
1596:
1761:
59:
2370:
1624:
1450:
2295:
2455:
1604:
1462:
896:, and several species from the Fabaceae. The Paraguayan uplands have other woodland slope ecosystems, notably, those dominated by
2046:
1201:
1687:
1067:
Two factors may substantially change the Chaco in the near future: low land valuations and the region's suitability to grow
2435:
2390:
765:, mature forests transition from the wet forests of southern Brazil. These woodlands are dominated by canopy trees such as
2465:
568:. The landscape is mostly flat and slopes at a 0.004-degree gradient to the east. This area is also one of the distinct
2475:
2206:; Grondona, VerĂłnica (2012). "Languages of the Chaco and Southern Cone". In Grondona, VerĂłnica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.).
1993:
454:
2249:
2071:
1996:(in Spanish). IncorporaciĂłn del cultivo Jatropha Curcas L en zonas marginales de la provincia de chaco. Archived from
2450:
2239:
2215:
482:, and is mostly an alluvial sedimentary plain shared among Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. It stretches from about
1923:
474:
The Gran Chaco is about 647,500 km (250,000 sq mi) in size, though estimates differ. It is located west of the
2480:
2415:
2395:
2440:
2430:
2410:
1341:
1109:
931:
346:
meaning "hunting land" comes probably from the rich variety of animal life present throughout the entire region.
2263:
1282:
1104:. Paraguay, after having lost more than 90% of its Atlantic rainforest between 1975 and 2005, is now losing its
2460:
2420:
2400:
2268:
Le Polain de Waroux, Yann, et al. "Rents, actors, and the expansion of commodity frontiers in the Gran Chaco."
1955:
1116:
in the Paraguayan Chaco altogether, "Deforestacion Zero en el Chaco" did not get a majority in the parliament.
1096:
While advancements in agriculture can bring some improvements in infrastructure and employment for the region,
789:
content and dense wood. The understory comprises bromeliad and cactus species, as well as hardy shrubs such as
638:, who resisted Spanish control of the Chaco, often with success, from the 16th until the early 20th centuries.
2445:
2425:
2405:
2375:
1665:
1223:(Argentina); the torrential rains that follow the region's long dry season make flood-control works critical.
1194:
988:
840:
447:
2385:
1310:
2380:
2180:
1379:
1162:
was established in an area of the Chaco in Bolivia. It is administered and was established solely by the
902:
on moist slopes. Both of these upland systems, as well as numerous other Gran Chaco areas, are rich with
370:
2025:
767:
650:
17:
719:, white carob tree, in the Gran Chaco area of Argentina. This prized shade tree is common to the area.
1871:
Ecological Notes on the Paraguayan Chaco Herpetofauna, 12(3), 433-435, Journal of Herpetology, 1978.
2273:
1972:
1362:
1032:
358:
A bulldozer clearing native forest in the Chaco Boreal and environmentalists campaigning against it
730:, containing around 3,400 plant species, 500 birds, 150 mammals, and 220 reptiles and amphibians.
2365:
898:
64:
2278:
Mendoza, Marcela. "The Bolivian Toba (Guaicuruan) Expansion in Northern Gran Chaco, 1550–1850."
1735:
1144:
1060:
688:
immigrated into the Paraguayan part of the region from Canada in the 1920s; more came from the
408:
208:
188:
1837:
Conservation ecology of armadillos in the Chaco region of Argentina, 1: 16-17, Edentata, 1994.
1372:
1155:
A 2017 assessment found that 176,715 km, or 22%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.
1348:
1334:
1000:
923:
852:
666:
378:
1458:
992:
939:
864:
846:
838:
To the west, in the Semiarid/Arid Chaco, medium-sized forests consists of white quebracho (
561:
434:
389:
1216:
1135:
Among the aggressive investors in the Paraguayan Gran Chaco are U.S.-based agribusinesses
779:. This declines to seasonally flooded forests, at lower elevations, that are dominated by
8:
2360:
1503:
600:
487:
483:
398:
138:
125:
31:
2019:"Aprovechamiento de recursos vegetales y animales para la produccion de biocombustibles"
1317:
2045:(in Spanish). RIEDEX / Ministerio de Industria y Comercio (de Paraguay). Archived from
1872:
1386:
1220:
1190:
1163:
955:
880:
821:
662:
658:
495:
491:
423:
335:
315:
2246:
Reimagining the Gran Chaco: Identities, Politics, and the Environment in South America
2210:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 625–668.
1954:(in Spanish). Consejo de Educacion Secundaria de Uruguay. 26 June 2008. Archived from
1924:"Impenetrable olvido (..tan bajo el valor de la tierra que con dos campañas, sobra..)"
1120:
295:
2211:
1403:
1355:
1303:
1008:
173:
143:
2253:
1497:
1474:
634:
The Chaco was occupied by nomadic peoples, notably the various groups making up the
1892:
1856:
1711:
1531:
1289:
1251:
1235:
1024:
870:
858:
743:
635:
619:
413:
39:
2301:
1887:"A Zoogeographic Analysis Of The South American Chaco Avifauna", 154(3), 165–352,
1562:
1551:
1410:
962:). This small rodent is only found in the Argentinian Chaco. All of 60 species of
2187:
2095:"Deforestation and fragmentation of Chaco dry forest in NW Argentina (1972–2007)"
1860:
1855:
Catagonous, an "extinct" peccary, alive in Paraguay, 189:379-381, Science, 1975.
1768:
1677:
1483:
1324:
1129:
1097:
1090:
1047:
969:
947:
827:
810:
747:
671:
584:
536:
The Chaco Boreal may be divided in two: closer to the mountains in the west, the
518:
183:
178:
2312:
1656:
1537:
1438:
1211:
1123:, a local NGO, on average, 1,130 ha (2,800 acres) are cleared per day. The
2234:
Gordillo, GastĂłn. "Places and academic disputes: the Argentine Gran Chaco." in
2068:"Deforestation in Paraguay: Over 1500 football pitches lost a day in the Chaco"
1927:
1543:
1489:
1296:
1272:
1167:
735:
576:
475:
362:
291:
35:
1618:
2354:
2336:
2323:
2203:
1911:
1650:
1582:
1227:
1113:
1078:
1052:
795:. These lower areas lack lianas, but have abundant epiphytic species such as
677:
604:
580:
569:
506:
354:
2043:"Varias iniciativas están en marcha con vistas a la producción de biodiesel"
1997:
1715:
599:
tree. Special tannin factories have been constructed there. The wood of the
1683:
Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area
1468:
1231:
1160:
Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area
1136:
1016:
984:
825:. Other seasonally flooded ecosystems of this area include palm-dominated (
802:
727:
661:), and Paraguay claimed ownership of the land. This became the backdrop to
2258:
Krebs, Edgardo, and José Braunstein. "The renewal of Gran Chaco studies."
1771:
1568:
1082:
1068:
875:
832:
762:
739:
553:
311:
198:
1644:
105:
1876:
1634:
1444:
1175:
1140:
806:
797:
781:
623:
612:
193:
1638:
1630:
1557:
723:
The Gran Chaco has some of the highest temperatures on the continent.
1428:
1105:
776:
685:
530:
428:
307:
247:
1897:
1750:
alluvial sandy soils have P (phosphorus) levels of up to 200–300 ppm
382:
Deforestation for cattle farming in the Paraguayan part of the Chaco
1517:
1171:
1073:
964:
917:
903:
755:
751:
714:
319:
303:
237:
203:
2296:
The National Museum of Natural History's description of Gran Chaco
1762:"Paraguay encontrĂł petrĂłleo cerca de la frontera con la Argentina"
1576:
501:
Historically, the Chaco has been divided in three main parts: the
1454:
1416:
1101:
557:
299:
285:
242:
1242:
709:
674:
announced the discovery of oil in the area of the Pirity river.
50:
1849:
1600:
1432:
1422:
1247:
786:
772:
592:
588:
565:
418:
252:
1586:
1523:
1206:
510:
479:
339:
150:
119:
890:) as the predominant species. Other notable species include
801:. The river systems that flow through the area, such as the
689:
608:
1100:
and virgin forest is substantial and will likely increase
1124:
930:), whose range extends north to the southern US, and the
785:
spp., a common plains tree genus often harvested for its
681:
Road construction in the deep Gran Chaco during the 1960s
618:
Large tracts of the central and northern Chaco have high
521:
to the north, also now in Argentinian territory; and the
653:
in 1870 established its current border with Argentina.
575:
The areas more hospitable to development are along the
1828:
Napamalo: The Giant Anteater of the Gran Chaco, 2003.
2070:. World Land Trust. 30 November 2009. Archived from
509:
and inside Argentinian territory, blending into the
1051:Sorghum harvest 2008, Linea 14, Agua Dulce Region,
2093:H. Ricardo Grau, Ignacio Gasparri (27 June 2008).
1889:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1831:
1571:(Qom, Frentones), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
564:, and tropical high-grass areas, with a wealth of
2270:Annals of the American Association of Geographers
1824:
1822:
572:provinces of the Parana-Paraguay Plain division.
342:and highlands of South America. The Quechua word
2352:
2202:
2024:(in Spanish). INTA. 26 June 2008. Archived from
1949:"Cada vez más Uruguayos compran campos Guaranés"
1926:(in Spanish). AMBIENTE-ARGENTINA. Archived from
868:woodlands. The cooler side of the uplands hosts
761:At higher elevations of the eastern zone of the
2092:
1840:
622:, sandy alluvial soils with elevated levels of
2491:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
2196:
2124:
1819:
1425:(Morotoco, Moro, Zamuco), Bolivia and Paraguay
156:tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
1664:Many of these peoples speak or used to speak
1641:, Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina, and Paraguay
1087:Instituto Nacional de TecnologĂa Agropecuaria
809:, allow for seasonally flooded semievergreen
517:or Central Chaco between the Bermejo and the
455:
1705:
1703:
1534:, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
1477:, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
946:), is found nowhere else in the world. The
310:, and a portion of the Brazilian states of
2236:A Companion to Latin American Anthropology
1912:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01291-x
1207:Administrative divisions in the Gran Chaco
1085:is currently being studied by Argentina's
462:
448:
322:region. This land is sometimes called the
284:is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid
2208:The Indigenous Languages of South America
2130:
2112:Bernio, Julio CĂ©sar (24 September 2013).
1700:
226:786,791 km (303,782 sq mi)
1846:Guiá de los Mamiferos Argentinos, 19840.
1241:
1226:
1210:
1046:
708:
676:
603:from the Central Chaco is the source of
377:
369:
361:
353:
75:of all important aspects of the article.
27:Region of south-central Southern America
2191:National Museum of the American Indian.
2176:
2174:
2172:
2133:"The Tragic Deforestation of the Chaco"
1812:
1810:
1447:(Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia
366:Alto Chaco, virgin forest in dry season
14:
2353:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2111:
1865:
1042:
983:Due to the climate of the Gran Chaco,
915:monkeys, peccaries, deer, and tapirs.
71:Please consider expanding the lead to
1881:
1726:
1397:
1202:National Parks in the Chaco, Paraguay
1071:. Suitability for the cultivation of
560:vegetation consisting of palm trees,
374:Bajo Chaco, extensive cattle ranching
2248:(University Press of Florida, 2021)
1807:
513:region in its southernmost end; the
498:longitude, though estimates differ.
334:The name Chaco comes from a word in
44:
2149:
2131:MacDonald, Christine (2014-07-28).
1729:"A postcard from the central Chaco"
1465:), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
968:are endemic to South America. The
813:that hold riparian species such as
595:, which is derived from the native
24:
2260:History of Anthropology Newsletter
2228:
1780:
1688:Tributaries of the RĂo de la Plata
1183:Defensores del Chaco National Park
1150:
548:(Lower Chaco), sometimes known as
540:(Upper Chaco), sometimes known as
338:, an indigenous language from the
38:. For the region of Paraguay, see
34:. For the Argentine province, see
25:
2502:
2486:Neotropical dry broadleaf forests
2471:Environment of Mato Grosso do Sul
2289:
318:, where it is connected with the
2371:Natural regions of South America
1975:(in Spanish). Diario ABC Digital
615:in the lower part of the Chaco.
505:or Southern Chaco, south of the
118:
104:
49:
2456:Geography of Mato Grosso do Sul
2105:
2086:
2060:
2035:
2011:
1986:
1965:
1941:
1916:
1903:
1659:(Mataco), Argentina and Bolivia
1419:(Angate), northwestern Paraguay
932:southern three-banded armadillo
649:until Paraguay's defeat in the
63:may be too short to adequately
30:For the Bolivian province, see
1755:
1720:
1254:Wildlife Rehabilitation Center
1181:Other protected areas include
771:and characterized by frequent
758:, and cactus stands, as well.
124:Dry Chaco as delimited by the
73:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
1693:
1195:El Impenetrable National Park
841:Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco
835:-dominated herbaceous layer.
298:basin, divided among eastern
289:tropical dry broadleaf forest
1861:10.1126/science.189.4200.379
1506:(Pai, Montese, Ava), Bolivia
1311:Santiago del Estero Province
611:). Paraguay also cultivates
349:
110:Landscape in the Gran Chaco,
7:
2436:Grasslands of South America
2391:Ecoregions of South America
2244:Hirsch, Silvia et al. eds.
1671:
1621:(Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina
1413:, Argentina, historic group
1387:State of Mato Grosso do Sul
1380:Presidente Hayes Department
1112:, that would have outlawed
533:colonies are established.)
329:
10:
2507:
2466:Environment of Mato Grosso
1401:
1199:
768:Handroanthus impetiginosus
651:War of the Triple Alliance
629:
587:. It is a great source of
29:
2476:Quechua words and phrases
1666:Mataco–Guaicuru languages
1366:
1328:
1276:
1093:in the Paraguayan Chaco.
266:
261:
230:
222:
217:
161:
149:
137:
132:
117:
103:
94:
2451:Geography of Mato Grosso
1363:Alto Paraguay Department
1037:Saltaitricula multicolor
1033:many-colored Chaco finch
1029:Phacellodomus sibilatrix
987:are restricted to moist
909:
884:(locally referred to as
874:(locally referred to as
704:
2481:Physiographic provinces
2416:Grasslands of Argentina
2396:Ecoregions of Argentina
2272:108.1 (2018): 204–225.
2193:(retrieved 18 Feb 2011)
1500:(Tsiripá, Ava), Bolivia
1492:(East Bolivian Guarani)
1441:, Argentina and Bolivia
1187:Tinfunqué National Park
1158:In September 1995, the
899:Anadenanthera colubrina
893:Bougainvillea stipitata
2441:Geography of Argentina
2431:Grasslands of Paraguay
2411:Ecoregions of Paraguay
2308:. World Wildlife Fund.
2306:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2282:66.2 (2019): 275–300.
2114:"Conquest by chainsaw"
1973:"Jatropha en el Chaco"
1579:, Argentina and Brazil
1255:
1239:
1224:
1145:Archer Daniels Midland
1055:
944:Chlamyphrous truncatus
720:
682:
556:). It has a more open
383:
375:
367:
359:
209:Southern Andean Yungas
189:Chiquitano dry forests
112:Chaco Boreal, Paraguay
2461:Geography of Paraguay
2421:Grasslands of Bolivia
2401:Ecoregions of Bolivia
2315:of the Paraguay Chaco
2181:"Cultural Thesaurus."
2031:on 26 September 2010.
1716:10.1093/biosci/bix014
1647:(Quiativis), Paraguay
1486:(Chiriguano), Bolivia
1349:Cochabamba Department
1342:Santa Cruz Department
1335:Chuquisaca Department
1245:
1230:
1214:
1050:
1005:Aratinga acuticadauta
1001:blue-crowned parakeet
924:nine-banded armadillo
853:Jacaranda mimosifolia
844:) and red quebracho (
816:Tessaria integrifolia
746:. Ecosystems include
712:
680:
670:Paraguayan President
667:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
490:latitude and between
381:
373:
365:
357:
2446:Geography of Bolivia
2426:Grasslands of Brazil
2406:Ecoregions of Brazil
2376:Regions of Argentina
1961:on 25 February 2009.
1540:(Caduveo), historic
993:black-legged seriema
976:), locally known as
940:pink fairy armadillo
928:Dasypus novemcinctus
865:Schinopsis haenkeana
847:Schinopsis lorentzii
390:Regions of Argentina
2386:Regions of Paraguay
2337:19.1622°S 61.4702°W
2333: /
2262:28.1 (2011): 9–19.
2101:on 1 February 2013.
1774:, 26 November 2012
1627:(Towolhi), Paraguay
1554:(MocobĂ), Argentina
1471:(Kaskihá), Paraguay
1373:BoquerĂłn Department
1091:Karanda’y palm tree
1043:Conservation issues
792:Schinus fasciculata
698:Trans-Chaco Highway
435:Antártida Argentina
399:Argentine Northwest
126:World Wildlife Fund
32:Gran Chaco Province
2381:Regions of Bolivia
2342:-19.1622; -61.4702
2186:2011-04-29 at the
1767:2019-03-02 at the
1520:), eastern Bolivia
1398:Indigenous peoples
1256:
1240:
1225:
1221:Resistencia, Chaco
1191:Copo National Park
1164:indigenous peoples
1061:Mennonite colonies
1056:
997:Chunga burmeisteri
956:San Luis tuco-tuco
952:Priodontes maximus
936:Tolypeutes matacus
887:Lithrea molleoides
881:Schinus molleoides
831:) savannas with a
822:Salix humboldtiana
721:
683:
663:the Gran Chaco War
659:War of the Pacific
384:
376:
368:
360:
316:Mato Grosso do Sul
2238:(2008): 447–465.
2074:on 23 August 2010
1480:Bolivian Guarani
1459:Iyojwa'ja Chorote
1404:Gran Chaco people
1395:
1394:
1356:Tarija Department
1304:Santa Fe Province
1238:, Argentina, 1892
1189:in Paraguay, and
1106:xerophytic forest
1077:has been proven.
1009:Picui ground dove
974:Catagonus wagneri
960:Ctenomys pontifex
607:(a fragrance for
472:
471:
274:
273:
174:Argentine Espinal
99:
90:
89:
16:(Redirected from
2498:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2309:
2222:
2221:
2200:
2194:
2178:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2097:. Archived from
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1994:"Jatropha Chaco"
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1869:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1788:"The Gran Chaco"
1784:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1734:. Archived from
1733:
1724:
1718:
1707:
1532:Guaycuru peoples
1318:Tucumán Province
1290:Formosa Province
1283:CĂłrdoba Province
1261:
1260:
1252:Formosa Province
1236:Formosa Province
1166:, including the
1025:little thornbird
871:Zanthoxylum coco
859:Stetsonia coryne
748:riverine forests
744:herbaceous layer
585:Pilcomayo Rivers
478:and east of the
464:
457:
450:
386:
385:
270:176,715 km (22%)
122:
108:
97:
92:
91:
85:
82:
76:
53:
45:
40:Chaco (Paraguay)
21:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2300:
2292:
2231:
2229:Further reading
2226:
2225:
2218:
2201:
2197:
2188:Wayback Machine
2179:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2125:
2110:
2106:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1769:Wayback Machine
1760:
1756:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1678:Campo del Cielo
1674:
1662:
1514:Guaranà Ñandéva
1484:Eastern Guarani
1406:
1400:
1325:Beni Department
1250:at rest in the
1209:
1204:
1168:Izoceño GuaranĂ
1153:
1151:Protected areas
1130:illegal logging
1121:FundaciĂłn Avina
1098:loss of habitat
1045:
1013:Columbina picui
970:Chacoan peccary
948:giant armadillo
912:
828:Copernicia alba
811:gallery forests
707:
672:Federico Franco
632:
562:quebracho trees
519:Pilcomayo River
468:
352:
332:
296:RĂo de la Plata
257:
213:
184:Bolivian Yungas
179:Argentine Monte
170:
169:
128:
113:
111:
96:
86:
80:
77:
70:
58:This article's
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2504:
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2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:La Plata basin
2363:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2298:
2291:
2290:External links
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2242:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2204:Campbell, Lyle
2195:
2148:
2123:
2104:
2085:
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2034:
2010:
1985:
1964:
1940:
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1902:
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1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:(Bia), Bolivia
1521:
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1495:
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1493:
1487:
1472:
1466:
1448:
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1414:
1407:
1402:Main article:
1399:
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1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:Salta Province
1293:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1273:Chaco Province
1269:
1268:
1265:
1208:
1205:
1197:in Argentina.
1152:
1149:
1044:
1041:
911:
908:
736:canopy (trees)
706:
703:
631:
628:
620:soil fertility
476:Paraguay River
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
452:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
431:
426:
421:
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292:natural region
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135:
134:
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123:
115:
114:
109:
101:
100:
88:
87:
67:the key points
57:
55:
48:
36:Chaco Province
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2503:
2492:
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2487:
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2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:online review
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2219:
2217:9783110255133
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2137:Rolling Stone
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2049:on 2009-03-08
2048:
2044:
2038:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2000:on 2008-10-11
1999:
1995:
1989:
1974:
1968:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1930:on 2012-07-09
1929:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1890:
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1878:
1874:
1868:
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1813:
1811:
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1793:
1789:
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1770:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1741:on 2009-02-26
1737:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
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1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:Lengua people
1581:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1565:(Pilage Toba)
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1541:
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1536:
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1237:
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1177:
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1169:
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1161:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1114:deforestation
1111:
1110:Liberal Party
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:Sweet sorghum
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1054:
1053:Alto Paraguay
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
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979:
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966:
961:
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953:
949:
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854:
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834:
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829:
824:
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793:
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784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:, subcanopy,
737:
731:
729:
724:
718:
717:
711:
702:
699:
693:
691:
687:
679:
675:
673:
668:
664:
660:
654:
652:
646:
644:
639:
637:
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
605:oil of guaiac
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
570:physiographic
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:Chaco Central
512:
508:
507:Bermejo River
504:
503:Chaco Austral
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
446:
445:
443:
442:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
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388:
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372:
364:
356:
347:
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309:
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269:
265:
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244:
241:
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236:
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225:
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216:
210:
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205:
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200:
197:
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192:
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182:
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177:
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171:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
131:
127:
121:
116:
107:
102:
93:
84:
74:
68:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2318:
2305:
2280:Ethnohistory
2279:
2269:
2259:
2245:
2235:
2207:
2198:
2190:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:
2126:
2118:www.dandc.eu
2117:
2107:
2099:the original
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2037:
2026:the original
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:the original
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1967:
1956:the original
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1918:
1905:
1888:
1883:
1867:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1801:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1776:(in Spanish)
1757:
1749:
1743:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1722:
1663:
1611:South Lengua
1593:North Lengua
1589:), Paraguay
1504:Pai Tavytera
1257:
1180:
1157:
1154:
1137:Cargill Inc.
1134:
1118:
1095:
1089:, as is the
1072:
1066:
1057:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1017:guira cuckoo
1012:
1004:
996:
985:herpetofauna
982:
977:
973:
963:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
916:
913:
897:
891:
885:
879:
869:
863:
857:
856:. The giant
851:
845:
839:
837:
826:
820:
814:
803:Rio Paraguay
796:
790:
780:
766:
760:
732:
728:biodiversity
726:It has high
725:
722:
715:
694:
684:
655:
647:
642:
640:
633:
617:
596:
574:
550:Chaco HĂşmedo
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
527:
523:Chaco Boreal
522:
514:
502:
500:
473:
433:
403:
343:
333:
323:
281:
277:
275:
262:Conservation
78:
62:
60:lead section
2340: /
1727:Don Nicol.
1653:, Argentina
1607:), Paraguay
1435:), Paraguay
1215:Dam on the
1132:continues.
1083:switchgrass
1021:Guira guira
876:Fagara coco
833:bunch grass
763:Humid Chaco
740:shrub layer
554:Humid Chaco
409:Mesopotamia
324:Chaco Plain
312:Mato Grosso
306:, northern
199:Humid Chaco
144:Neotropical
2361:Gran Chaco
2355:Categories
2328:61°28′13″W
2325:19°09′44″S
2142:2017-07-06
2078:14 January
2053:2008-09-09
2004:2008-09-09
1979:2008-09-09
1934:2008-09-09
1797:2017-07-06
1745:2009-01-23
1694:References
1635:Ashlushlay
1613:, Paraguay
1445:Chiquitano
1277:Argentina
1200:See also:
1176:Chiquitano
1174:, and the
1141:Bunge Ltd.
1069:fuel crops
807:Rio Parana
798:Tillandsia
782:Schinopsis
686:Mennonites
624:phosphorus
601:palo santo
546:Bajo Chaco
542:Chaco Seco
538:Alto Chaco
404:Gran Chaco
302:, western
278:Gran Chaco
194:High Monte
95:Gran Chaco
18:Gran chaco
2252:also see
1772:La NaciĂłn
1429:Chamacoco
1367:Paraguay
1217:RĂo Negro
777:epiphytes
716:Algarrobo
643:Chiquitos
597:quebracho
531:Mennonite
429:Patagonia
350:Geography
308:Argentina
282:Dry Chaco
267:Protected
248:Argentina
231:Countries
218:Geography
98:Dry Chaco
65:summarize
2184:Archived
1898:2246/608
1891:, 1975.
1765:Archived
1672:See also
1645:Sanapaná
1597:Eenthlit
1546:, Brazil
1518:Yanaigua
1329:Bolivia
1234:family,
1172:Ayoreode
1074:Jatropha
965:Ctenomys
918:Edentate
904:endemism
756:savannas
752:wetlands
636:Guaycuru
577:Paraguay
424:Littoral
330:Toponymy
320:Pantanal
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238:Paraguay
204:Pantanal
81:May 2020
2302:"Chaco"
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1391:Brazil
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