885:
765:(Kublai's grandson), spent a good deal of his youth in the Yuan capital and saw himself as both the king of Goryeo and as a prince of the empire. He favored adopting the Yuan legal code and implementing reforms to reduce Goryeo's slave population, which elicited opposition from Goryeo elites who feared that such measures would erode Goryeo's sovereignty. They appealed to Kublai's order that Goryeo's "dynastic customs" be retained and argued that aligning with Yuan legal institutions contravened Kublai's will. As a result of such advocacy, fundamental changes to Goryeo's institutions were not made. Chungseon abdicated in 1313 after only five years on the throne and chose to live in the Yuan capital instead because he believed the Yuan court was the true center of power, and power in Goryeo ultimately came from successfully cultivating relations there.
643:
635:. In both efforts, the Mongols directed Korean shipbuilding and militarization towards the amphibious assault of the Japanese coasts and pressed a large proportion of Korean naval and infantry forces into the service of Mongol military objectives. Korea supplied 770 fully manned ships and 5,000 soldiers in 1274 and 900 ships and 10,000 soldiers in 1281. Yuan officials and envoys took concubines and wives in Korea while they were stationed in Korea for the invasion of Japan. For a variety of reasons, both invasions failed. During the periods leading up to and during the invasions, Korea was effectively forced to serve as a Mongol military base. The Yuan dynasty paid for ships and soldiers in Goryeo with
561:. Ch'oe was willing to send tribute but refused to accept overseers, send royal hostages, or return the court to Gaegyeong. Further campaigns against Goryeo by the Mongols were undertaken by Tanggud (1253–1254), Ebügen (1247–1248), Prince Yekü (1253–1254), and Jalairtai (1254–1255). Goryeo did not militarily confront the Mongols but retreated into the mountain fortresses and islands. In 1241, Goryeo sent Wang Sun (1224–1283), a distant relative of the royal family, as hostage to the Mongols. Devastation from the Mongol raids caused the peasants to defect to the Mongols, who established Ssangseong Prefecture with the aid of local officials.
691:) were appointed by the Yuan court. In 1300, Manager Körgüz proposed abolishing Goryeo court ritual and official hierarchy to better fit its status as a province, but this proposal was rejected. The Mongols established several autonomous commands in Korea that remained outside the control of the Goryeo court. However George Qingzhi Zhao states that the kings of Goryeo retained the autonomy to conduct their own government, including setting up bureaucratic structures, selecting officials, exercising laws and taxes, and using those taxes for Goryeo rather than sending them to the Yuan court.
396:
371:
66:
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1790:. "The Mongols made sure the Korean kings knew who was in charge. Mongol emperors deposed Goryeo kings who failed to serve their interests in 1298, 1313, 1321, 1330, 1332, 1343, and 1351. Some kings were held in detention in Khanbaliq (Beijing) to issue decrees in absentia. Insult was added to injury in 1343 when Mongol envoys arrested the Korean king for initiating reforms detrimental to Mongol interests. They kicked him around, tied him up, and exiled him to China, but he died on the way".
1208:, or myriarchy, based on units of 10,000 was introduced to Goryeo. The numerical strength of 10,000 was often nominal in nature and failed to reach that number. They were filled by Goryeo soldiers and led by Goryeo officers, representing a degree of autonomy from the Mongols. However the appointment of officers was effectively controlled by the Mongols throughout the mid-14th century and they reserved the right to call on Goryeo's military forces for their own campaigns.
1814:, p. 54: "Yüan officials not only used the Koryŏ government, to make demands on the people, but even entered the farm villages themselves to exact tribute. ... The Koryŏ royal house and officials were completely subservient to the Yüan; ... At frequent intervals, the Koryŏ king would leave Kaesŏng and live at the Yüan capital, directing the officials of Koryŏ from there. Thus even the most superficial pretense of independent rule of Koryŏ disappeared."
1221:
names, which were bestowed by the Yuan court for contributions rendered to the empire, began appearing in the
Chinese and Korean populations. Korean culture such as clothing also became popular among the elites of Khanbaliq during the 13th and early 14th centuries through the import of Korean women. Probably as a result of imperial patronage and its associated prestige, Korean fashions spread into the
727:
over the
Koreans at the court the Korean King objected. The Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan said that the Uighur king of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last among the three because the Uighurs surrendered to the
703:
homeland, even stoking conflict on purpose to their benefit. In 1302, they proposed combining
Liaoyang and the Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns (Goryeo). Between 1309-1312, the sons of Hong Ta-gu proposed establishing a province in Goryeo instead of having a separate kingdom. This was because
1220:
Mongol domination in both political and military life led to the adoption of Mongol cultural customs throughout
Northeast Asia. Mongolian style clothing and hairstyles were well received among much of Goryeo's court. The Mongolian diet is also said to have had a deep impact on Korean cuisine. Mongol
1186:
Under Mongol rule, the northern defenses of Goryeo were reduced and the standing army was abolished. In their place, Goryeo relied on mobilizing men from the general populace on an ad hoc basis depending on military circumstances, while the Yuan-controlled
Ssangseong Prefecture and Yuan forces north
796:
lobbied
Mongols, Koreans, and Chinese with ties to the Yuan court for support in regaining his throne from his son and promised them posts in the Branch Secretariat. Chungseon also benefited from three rest stop villages established by Kublai in 1279 between Goryeo and Khanbaliq that became his base
536:
In 1216, a host of
Khitans fleeing the Mongols crossed into Goryeo. A Mongol detachment chased after them in 1219 and demanded an alliance with the Goryeo against the Khitans. Goryeo agreed and started paying tribute. In 1224, a Mongol envoy was killed under uncertain circumstances, resulting in the
1211:
When
Chunghye was arrested by Yuan envoys in 1343, two Goryeo military commanders aided the Yuan in delivering the king to the Yuan court. Following the arrest, a number of Goryeo officers raided the homes of several powerful families, but it is uncertain whether this was opportunistic exploitation
832:
of the Korean court that continued until the middle of the 14th century. On paper, the official protocol for Korea was that of a subordinate principality, and Korean rulers made lengthy stays at the Mongol Yuan court, both before and after their coronation. In addition, their Mongol wives, and even
748:
and was nominally led by the king of Goryeo, who held the dual titles of
Imperial Son-in-Law King of Goryeo and Minister of the Left of the Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns. However even though it was largely staffed by Goryeo officials, it was directly subordinate to the Yuan throne, which
907:
Yuan envoys regularly visited Goryeo to procure women in the name of the emperor, who distributed them to leading ministers on many occasions. Almost 1,500 Korean women were noted as tribute in Yuan and Goryeo documents but the number was likely greater if including personal maids and servants who
903:
Korean women first entered the Mongol Empire as war booty. Later in the 13th century, Kublai and the Mongol elites started demanding women from elite Goryeo families as wives and consorts. Goryeo refused these demands but created an official government bureau in Goryeo for the organization of and
791:
Although the Branch
Secretariat was used as a means of Mongol political control over Goryeo, Goryeo rulers also used the Branch Secretariat to advance their own claims on the Goryeo throne. The king's position as head of the Branch Secretariat enhanced his station within Goryeo as well as in the
702:
that originated in northwestern Goryeo. They made contact with the Mongols in 1218 and defected to the Mongol Empire in 1231. As a former warlord family in Goryeo, the Hong clan specialized in military matters pertaining to Goryeo and made their name by participating in campaigns against their
588:
in June 1260. Wonjong's government led by Kim Chun was overthrown by Im Yŏn in 1269. In response, the Mongols backed the rebellion of another group of Goryeo officials in the northwest and created the Dongnyeong Prefecture. Another invasion was prepared in 1270. In an event known as the
904:
flow of tribute women to the Mongol Empire. The Mongols also extracted other tributes such as gold, silver, cloth, grain, ginseng, and falcons from Goryeo. As with all parts of the Mongol Empire, Goryeo provided palace women, eunuchs, Buddhist monks, and other personnel to the Mongols.
912:, was instrumental in the popularization of Korean clothing, food, and lifestyle in the capital through her political command and incorporation of Korean females and eunuchs in the court. It became prestigious to marry Korean women among members of the Yuan elite. A native of
715:
of Shenyang was created in 1260 to rule Goryeo people living in Shenyang. While real power resided in the Hong clan and other families, the symbolic power of the post occupied by the Goryeo royal family provided an alternative center of power among the Goryeo elites. In 1308,
524:
launched four devastating invasions in the final successful campaign against Korea, at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean Peninsula. The Mongols annexed the northern areas of Korean Peninsula after the invasions and incorporated them into their empire as
601:, where they remained until 1273 when Goryeo forces arrived and defeated them, after which a part of the island was converted to a breeding ground for the Yuan royal herd. Goryeo regained formal control of Dongnyeong in 1290 and Jeju in 1294. However the military command (
761:. To gain Kublai's acceptance and prevent further demands, Chungnyeol dressed in Mongol clothing, cut his hair in the Mongol fashion, and agreed to change the names of Goryeo's administrative bureaus to reflect their subordination to the Mongols. Chungnyeol's successor,
1133:
attempted a major coup of Northern China and Koryo. Goryeo incurred negative consequences as a result of the eunuch Bak Bulhwa's actions. Empress Gi intervened in Goryeo and her family contended with the Goryeo royal family; her family was purged by
749:
stationed Chinese, Jurchens, and Mongols in many of the Branch Secretariat's key posts. After the end of the Japanese campaigns, the Branch Secretariat continued to function as an institution of Mongol political control in Goryeo, with King
787:
were Mongolian resident commissioners sent to the Goryeo court. These commissioners, while nominally subordinate to the Goryeo king, were routinely supplied with provisions and were actively involved in the affairs of the Goryeo court.
610:
Due to the turmoil caused by the Mongol invasions, a number of Koreans from northern Goryeo entered China either as captives or willingly to seek their fortunes elsewhere, especially in the Yuan capitals of Khanbaliq and
865:, became a Mongol Khan. Furthermore, the kings of Goryeo held an important status within the Mongol imperial hierarchy, much like other important families of conquered or client states of the Mongol Empire (e.g. the
849:). The effects of intermarriage on Mongol-Goryeo relations worked both ways: during the reign of Kublai Khan, King Chungnyeol of Goryeo married one of Kublai's daughters; later, a court lady from Korea called the
655:
After 1270, Goryeo became a "fully integrated client kingdom," however official protocol was that of a subordinate principality. David M. Robinson described Goryeo's status as incorporated within the "Great Yuan
1260:
entered Goryeo's markets as gifts and payments for goods and services rendered. As a result, Yuan inflationary pressure also affected Goryeo through the royal family and the government elite with ties to
720:
granted the post to Chungseon. The emperor rejected the proposal to turn Goryeo into a province in 1312. The Hong clan lost most of its power and the brothers are not mentioned again after 1312.
683:
In 1280, the Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns was created, which lasted until the end of the dynasty. According to Christopher P. Atwood, the Goryeo prince served as the grand councilor (
465:(征東行省; literally "Branch Secretariat for Conquering the East") in Korea as an extension of Mongol supervision and political power. Members of the Goryeo royal family were taken to
1195:) became known less for its martial prowess and more for its numerous profitable posts. By the mid-14th century, the Goryeo king's personal guards were modeled after the Mongol
1423:
664:
described Goryeo as a province in name but a separate state within the Yuan dynasty. It has also been called a "son-in-law kingdom in the Mongol empire" because starting with
916:
named Nasen traveled to Khanbaliq in 1355 and wrote a poem comparing the poor existence of Chinese villagers to the life of luxury a Korean woman experienced in the capital.
884:
597:) that served Goryeo's government rebelled against the Im family, overthrew them, and moved the officials back to Gaegyeong from Ganghwa. They fled to Jindo Island and then
1150:
sent the Mongol army to invade Goryeo in 1364, but it failed. However, even after the eventual expulsion of the Yuan dynasty from China in 1368, some Goryeo kings such as
728:
Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting.
457:
and compulsory ally of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years. It has been referred to as a "son-in-law kingdom in the Mongol Empire." The ruling line of Goryeo, the
1562:
Oleg Pirozhenko, 'Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination', International Journal of Korean History, Vol. 9 (2005); available at
694:
The issue of Goryeo's status was raised again in 1302 and between 1309-1312. In both cases, the proposal to change Goryeo's status was raised by the Hong clan of
772:
was dethroned after being arrested by Yuan envoys. Gi Cheol and Hong Bin were appointed to the Branch Secretariat's leadership by the Yuan until Chunghye's son,
3954:
4506:
816:
Once the treaty was concluded and vassaldom established, intermarriage between the Koreans and Mongols was encouraged by the Mongol Empire. After the death of
680:
as that between vassal and lord. Because of royal marriages with princesses of the Mongol Yuan royal family, Goryeo was considered unique among the states.
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selected officials for posts within the Goryeo government. The Mongols and the Kingdom of Goryeo became linked via marriage and Goryeo became a
1248:
and prepared for the Yuan imperial examinations, while Chinese administrators assigned to Goryeo disseminated Neo-Confucian ideology as well.
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1265:. The Goryeo royal family maintained several residences in the Yuan capital where they incurred expenses and took loans from merchants.
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in 1356. By 1356 Goryeo under King Gongmin regained its lost northern territories such as the Ssangseong Prefecture placed under the
1427:
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Lorge, Peter (2010). "Review of Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia under the Mongols. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series".
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from 1231 to 1259. There were six major campaigns: 1231, 1232, 1235, 1238, 1247, 1253; between 1253 and 1258, the Mongols under
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Goryeo was lower ranked than Inner Asians who surrendered to the Mongols earlier. When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the
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1272:. In 1295, a Goryeo official sent 14,000 bolts of linen to Shandong, where the goods were transported to via land to
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Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty
1614:. Jerusalem: Joint Research Conference of the Institute for Advanced Studies and the Israel Science Foundation: 4.
808:. Twenty-three Goryeo men passed the Yuan provincial examination at the Branch Secretariat between 1315 and 1353.
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against Goryeo and after they ravaged the Korean countryside, Goryeo accepted the placement of overseers known as
3896:
3367:
3190:
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185:
881:, a daughter of Kublai Khan, a total of nine princesses of the Yuan court married into the Goryeo royal family.
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473:. As a result, princes who became monarchs of Goryeo during this period were effectively imperial sons in-law (
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660:" but legally distinct from the rest of the empire. Yuan legal codes separated Goryeo from southern China.
845:) state of the Yuan dynasty; monarchs of Goryeo during this period were effectively imperial sons in-law (
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Ed. Morris Rossabi - China among equals: the Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th-14th centuries, p.244
1276:. They were then exchanged for paper currency there for use by the heir apparent of Goryeo in Khanbaliq.
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to escape tax and labor services. Possibly as many as 250,000 Koreans lived in China during this period.
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The Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns was created in 1280 to mobilize Goryeo resources for the
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began to push the Mongolian garrisons of the Yuan back in the 1350s, when the Yuan dynasty faced the
741:
698:, who were Goryeo defectors with a long history of conflict with their homeland. The Hong clan was a
632:
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China: A History: Volume 1: From Neolithic cultures through the Great Qing Empire 10,000 BCE–1799 CE
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accompanied the women and others who were undocumented. One concubine who entered the Yuan court,
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3722:
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were classified along with Northern Chinese, Khitan, Balhae and Jurchen people as "Han people."
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2027:
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615:. Looser control from the Goryeo government resulted in the departure of farming families for
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Scholars from Goryeo traveled in China and to Khanbaliq, where they encountered strains of
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805:
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216:
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region, and even some degree of Korean language competence was heard of among the guards.
8:
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576:, ending Ch'oe family dominance and returning the king to power. The new government sent
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Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Third Edition
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Militarily, following the 1259 peace treaty, Mongol ambitions on Japan resulted in two
252:
240:
65:
1826:, p.437: "... Mongolian resident commissioners who were sent to the Korean court ...".
1608:"The Semu ren 色目人色目人色目人色目人 in the Yuan Empire – who were they? - June 29-July 4, 2014"
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The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
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Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century
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Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles
1451:
Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century
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archives to Goryeo. In Khanbaliq and the Jiangnan region, Korean scholars studied
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Mobility and Transformations: New Directions in the Study of the Mongol Empire
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for expansion into Liaoyang. He was granted lands on the northern bank of the
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China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries
1334:"A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present, by Michael J. Seth", p112
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461:, was permitted to rule Korea as a vassal of the Yuan, which established the
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princesses and Goryeo princes were raised and educated at the Yuan court.
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sent him back after 1259 to assume government. Wang Chŏn was enthroned as
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1995:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
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concubines, exerted great influence over Goryeo politics. For instance,
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became the true defense of Goryeo's northern border. The Palace Guard (
1188:
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Sea routes connected Goryeo to Khanbaliq through the port of Zhigu in
4286:
4265:
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4006:
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1262:
1029:
874:
477:). Yuan overlordship ended in the 1350s when the Yuan dynasty itself
466:
780:, and was appointed king as well as head of the Branch Secretariat.
553:(r. 1219–1249) murdered all the darughachi and moved the court from
469:, and typically married to spouses from the Yuan imperial clan, the
4390:
4248:
4040:
2679:
2622:
1880:
Djun Kil Kim, 《The History of Korea: 2nd edition》, ABC-CLIO, 2014.
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105:
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Hatada, Takashi; Smith Jr, Warren W.; Hazard, Benjamin H. (1969),
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http://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/9-08_oleg%20pirozhenko.pdf
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in 1288 with the expectation that he would contribute to the
442:
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thought, which they took with them back to Goryeo. In 1314,
1212:
of the situation or if it was done on the emperor's orders.
4212:
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1850:
798:
735:
1793:
923:
Princesses of the Yuan Court Married into the Goryeo Court
676:(r. 1351-1374) referred to Goryeo's relationship with the
2485:
Rossabi, Morris (1994). "The reign of Khubilai Khan". In
2314:
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1963:
1961:
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The Branch Secretariat was responsible for administering
1401:
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still favored the Yuan, still a formidable power in the
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Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections
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1366:
1364:
1170:. This changed with the overthrow of Goryeo in 1392 by
668:(r. 1274-1308), kings of Goryeo were married to Mongol
2350:
2338:
2326:
2302:
2290:
2234:
2087:
1958:
1862:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1500:
2112:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 200.
1973:
453:
in the 13th century, Goryeo became a semi-autonomous
2401:
1811:
1564:
http://ijkh.khistory.org/journal/view.php?number=469
1361:
1349:
1343:
2548:
2451:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
2192:
2133:
1678:
1651:
1512:
801:and gained significant influence over the region.
607:) on Jeju remained outside of their jurisdiction.
1624:
1585:. University of California Press. pp. 247–.
1199:with some prestigious posts given Mongol titles.
1113:The Goryeo dynasty survived under the Yuan until
877:). Beginning with the marriage of Chungnyeol and
4493:
2383:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2014),
3455:International adoption of South Korean children
2767:United States Army Military Government in Korea
2755:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
2376:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
2066:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–29.
1578:
1418:
1416:
4507:States and territories disestablished in 1356
4302:
3767:
2534:
2382:
1778:
1658:. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 257–.
707:held both the position of king of Goryeo and
30:
3982:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
2427:, Macmillan International Higher Education,
2220:. Columbia University Press. pp. 681–.
2213:
1911:] (in Simplified Chinese). Vol. 36.
1094:Grand and Senior Princess of the State of Lu
853:became an empress through her marriage with
626:
36:
3186:South Korea and weapons of mass destruction
3096:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2952:List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea
2387:, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning,
1897:
1631:. Harvard University Press. pp. 490–.
1572:
1413:
828:as a wife, and his reign began a wholesale
4502:States and territories established in 1270
4309:
4295:
3774:
3760:
2541:
2527:
2209:
2207:
1672:
1645:
1454:. Columbia University Press. p. 361.
1178:, who cut off relations with the Mongols.
64:
2032:. Harvard University Press. p. 157.
1998:. Indiana University Press. p. 172.
1447:
3179:List of political parties in South Korea
2475:
2454:. Harvard University Press. p. 49.
2447:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2186:
2093:
1967:
1868:
1856:
1835:
1799:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1618:
1547:
1535:
1506:
1407:
1386:
1202:The Mongol military system known as the
883:
776:, had an audience with the Yuan emperor
736:Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns
641:
463:Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns
3781:
3084:State Affairs Commission of North Korea
2932:Administrative divisions of South Korea
2899:Administrative divisions of North Korea
2484:
2478:Korea and the Fall of the Mongol Empire
2204:
2105:
1823:
1558:
1556:
895:assisted in the peaceful succession of
485:began to push the Yuan garrisons back.
4494:
4316:
3977:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2816:
2373:
2059:
1374:
1355:
1022:Senior Princess of the State of Cao Ji
4290:
3755:
3500:
3413:
3378:Science and technology in South Korea
3228:
3169:Presidential elections in South Korea
2972:
2947:List of special cities of South Korea
2815:
2576:
2522:
2420:
2240:
2151:
2139:
1685:. Hackett Publishing. pp. 257–.
1679:Harold Miles Tanner (13 March 2009).
1652:Harold Miles Tanner (12 March 2010).
646:Ssangseong and Dongnyeong prefectures
3501:
3174:Legislative elections in South Korea
2577:
2198:
1979:
1930:
1805:
1553:
1523:
1487:National Institute of Korean History
78:within the Yuan Dynasty, circa 1294.
2025:
2019:
1991:
1985:
968:Princess-Supreme of the State of Ji
580:as hostage to the Mongol court and
493:
449:and the capitulation of the Korean
445:from about 1270 to 1356. After the
13:
3325:Economic inequality in South Korea
3320:Automotive industry in South Korea
3249:Automotive industry in North Korea
1812:Hatada, Smith Jr & Hazard 1969
1344:Hatada, Smith Jr & Hazard 1969
1142:by the Yuan. He also repulsed the
1004:Senior Princess of the State of Ji
537:cessation of tribute from Goryeo.
16:1270–1356 Goryeo vassalage to Yuan
14:
4543:
3363:Financial services in South Korea
3335:Telecommunications in South Korea
3259:Telecommunications in North Korea
2109:Eurasian Influences on Yuan China
4317:
4172:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
4035:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
3445:Gender inequality in South Korea
3414:
3122:Foreign relations of South Korea
2996:Foreign relations of North Korea
1012:Esian-Temur (grandson of Kublai
687:) but the secretariat managers (
394:
369:
4360:Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
3897:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
3368:Fishing industry in South Korea
3191:National Assembly (South Korea)
2549:Index of Korea-related articles
2406:, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio,
2374:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004),
2252:
2246:
2214:Peter H. Lee (13 August 2013).
2145:
2099:
2053:
1924:
1915:
1891:
1874:
1829:
1817:
1772:
1699:
1605:
1599:
1474:
948:Princess-Supreme of State of Qi
835:Bayankhutag, Princess Gyeonghwa
753:being appointed as its head by
510:several invasions against Korea
3922:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
3154:Republic of Korea Armed Forces
2260:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1468:
1441:
1380:
1337:
1328:
1144:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
988:Uibi (Good Imperial Concubine)
744:. Its offices were located in
31:
1:
4517:Provinces of the Yuan dynasty
4205:The Story of the Western Wing
4076:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
3800:Division of the Mongol Empire
3450:Low birth rate in South Korea
3206:Constitutional Court of Korea
3142:Prime Minister of South Korea
3016:Heads of state of North Korea
3011:Supreme Leader of North Korea
2942:List of cities in South Korea
2909:Special cities of North Korea
2904:List of cities in North Korea
2647:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea
1931:Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008).
1836:Henthorn, William E. (1963).
1424:"Korea and the Mongol Empire"
1387:Henthorn, William E. (1963).
1321:
4081:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
3832:conquest of the Song dynasty
3622:Korean pottery and porcelain
3531:Globalization in South Korea
2973:
2480:, Cambridge University Press
1566:; English translation here:
1108:
549:within its borders. However
248:• 1330–1332; 1339–1344
236:• 1313–1330; 1332–1339
7:
4101:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
3435:Demographics of South Korea
3430:Demographics of North Korea
3393:1997 Asian financial crisis
3388:Trade unions in South Korea
3302:Rason Special Economic Zone
3229:
3149:Human rights in South Korea
3117:Constitution of South Korea
3028:Human rights in North Korea
2991:Constitution of North Korea
2771:Soviet Civil Administration
2476:Robinson, David M. (2022),
2448:Robinson, David M. (2009).
1937:. Peter Lang. p. 204.
1839:Korea: the Mongol invasions
1390:Korea: the Mongol invasions
1279:
1181:
824:received Kublai's daughter
811:
10:
4548:
3987:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
3866:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
3612:Traditional music of Korea
3282:Agriculture in North Korea
3127:Relations with North Korea
3089:President of State Affairs
3001:Relations with South Korea
2937:Environment of South Korea
2856:List of mountains in Korea
2791:COVID-19 pandemic in North
2607:Timeline of Korean history
2501:Cambridge University Press
2421:Hwang, Kyung Moon (2016),
2366:
2154:China Review International
2060:Allsen, Thomas T. (1997).
1625:Frederick W. Mote (2003).
1311:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
1251:
1215:
593:, the Three Patrols army (
497:
488:
429:refers to the rule of the
4461:
4445:
4400:
4330:
4231:
4109:
4068:
4024:
3942:
3902:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
3790:
3680:
3672:Propaganda in North Korea
3630:
3582:
3513:
3509:
3496:
3420:
3409:
3310:
3239:
3235:
3224:
3132:Government of South Korea
3109:
3101:Supreme People's Assembly
3006:Government of North Korea
2983:
2979:
2968:
2922:
2889:
2828:
2824:
2811:
2750:Korea under Japanese rule
2699:North–South States Period
2615:
2602:List of monarchs of Korea
2597:Military history of Korea
2589:
2585:
2572:
2554:
2265:Academy of Korean Studies
1779:Ebrey & Walthall 2014
1316:Mongolians in South Korea
1296:Manchuria under Yuan rule
1291:Mongol invasions of Japan
921:
742:Mongol invasions of Japan
650:
627:Mongol invasions of Japan
500:Mongol invasions of Korea
447:Mongol invasions of Korea
410:
348:
344:
340:
336:
326:
317:Mongol invasions of Japan
313:
303:
294:Mongol invasions of Korea
290:
286:
278:
274:
270:
258:
246:
234:
222:
210:
198:
194:
184:
180:
168:
156:
144:
132:
128:
118:
99:
92:
82:
63:
58:
46:
37:
21:
4016:Goryeo under Mongol rule
3822:Mongol conquest of China
3733:Sexuality in South Korea
3690:Education in South Korea
3640:Education in North Korea
3574:Tattooing in South Korea
3383:Squatting in South Korea
3373:Miracle on the Han River
3345:Transport in South Korea
3269:Transport in North Korea
3196:Judiciary of South Korea
3164:Elections in South Korea
3137:President of South Korea
3043:Elections in North Korea
2924:Geography of South Korea
2891:Geography of North Korea
2846:List of islands of Korea
2668:Four Commanderies of Han
2106:Rossabi, Morris (2013).
1903:
1477:
1301:Mongolia under Yuan rule
1234:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
427:Goryeo under Mongol rule
22:Goryeo under Mongol rule
4091:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
3912:1344 Yellow River flood
3907:War of the Two Capitals
3817:Kublai Khan's campaigns
3723:Marriage in South Korea
3695:Religion in South Korea
3645:Religion in North Korea
3159:Politics of South Korea
3055:Workers' Party of Korea
3038:Politics of North Korea
2861:List of rivers of Korea
2675:Three Kingdoms of Korea
1842:. E.J. Brill. pp.
1707:"輟耕錄/卷01 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆"
1628:Imperial China 900-1800
1579:Morris Rossabi (1983).
1448:Peter Lee, ed. (2010).
1393:. E.J. Brill. pp.
820:in 1274, his successor
557:to the more defensible
4191:The Injustice to Dou E
4096:Temple of Azure Clouds
4026:Science and technology
3883:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
3827:anti-Mongol fortresses
3700:Smoking in South Korea
3682:Culture of South Korea
3650:Smoking in North Korea
3632:Culture of North Korea
3340:Tourism in South Korea
3312:Economy of South Korea
3264:Tourism in North Korea
3241:Economy of North Korea
3201:Supreme Court of Korea
3021:Premier of North Korea
2914:Geology of North Korea
2876:Geology of South Korea
2851:List of lakes of Korea
2786:History of North Korea
2782:History of South Korea
2029:A New History of Korea
900:
662:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
647:
570:Goryeo military regime
483:King Gongmin of Goryeo
328:• Disestablished
4532:14th century in Korea
4527:13th century in Korea
4380:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
3927:Battle of Lake Poyang
3917:Red Turban Rebellions
3330:Energy in South Korea
3297:Mining in North Korea
3254:Energy in North Korea
2026:Lee, Ki-Baik (1984).
1992:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
1733:, pp. 24, 35–36.
1306:Tibet under Yuan rule
887:
863:Northern Yuan dynasty
645:
591:Sambyeolcho Rebellion
531:Dongnyeong Prefecture
527:Ssangseong Prefecture
27:for Eastern Campaigns
3728:Media of South Korea
3705:Sport in South Korea
3655:Sport in North Korea
3440:Aging of South Korea
3033:Korean People's Army
2715:Later Three Kingdoms
2503:. pp. 414–489.
1119:Red Turban Rebellion
822:Chungnyeol of Goryeo
751:Chungnyeol of Goryeo
572:was assassinated by
4462:Society and culture
4110:Society and culture
3837:Battle of Xiangyang
3592:Korean architecture
3569:Korean tea ceremony
3536:Korean martial arts
3287:North Korean famine
763:Chungseon of Goryeo
705:Chungseon of Goryeo
305:• Established
112:branch secretariat,
4476:Buddhist paintings
4425:Military of Goryeo
4198:The Orphan of Zhao
3967:Imperial Preceptor
3597:Korean calligraphy
2866:Provinces of Korea
2818:Geography of Korea
2640:Jin (Korean state)
2424:A History of Korea
2404:A History of Korea
1859:, p. 47, 108.
1478:고려시대 은화·지폐의 제한적 유통
1056:Princess of ?
944:Khudulugh Khaimish
901:
879:Khudulugh Khaimish
794:Chungsuk of Goryeo
770:Chunghye of Goryeo
648:
633:invasions of Japan
479:started to crumble
25:Branch Secretariat
4489:
4488:
4470:Tripitaka Koreana
4338:Goryeo–Khitan War
4284:
4283:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3607:Korean literature
3551:Religion in Korea
3546:Korean philosophy
3492:
3491:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3060:General Secretary
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2762:Division of Korea
2510:978-0-521-24331-5
2487:Twitchett, Dennis
2394:978-1-133-60651-2
2243:, pp. 48–49.
2227:978-0-231-51529-0
1909:History of Goryeo
1802:, p. 77, 80.
1711:zh.wikisource.org
1692:978-0-87220-915-2
1665:978-1-60384-564-9
1638:978-0-674-01212-7
1592:978-0-520-04562-0
1156:Mongolian Plateau
1140:Liaoyang province
1136:Gongmin of Goryeo
1106:
1105:
843:marriage alliance
711:of Shenyang. The
674:Gongmin of Goryeo
586:Wonjong of Goryeo
471:House of Borjigin
424:
423:
406:
405:
402:
401:
382:
381:
260:• 1351–1356
224:• 1308–1313
212:• 1274–1308
200:• 1270–1274
170:• 1333–1356
158:• 1311–1320
146:• 1294–1307
134:• 1270–1294
101: • Type
70:The client state
4539:
4418:Founding legends
4370:Mongol invasions
4321:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4254:ʼPhags-pa script
4184:The Chalk Circle
4165:Zhongyuan Yinyun
4052:Shiyi Dexiaofang
3810:Kaidu–Kublai war
3805:Toluid Civil War
3776:
3769:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3660:Arirang Festival
3560:
3541:Korean mythology
3511:
3510:
3503:Culture of Korea
3498:
3497:
3411:
3410:
3354:
3350:South Korean won
3278:
3274:North Korean won
3237:
3236:
3226:
3225:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2871:Regions of Korea
2841:Korean Peninsula
2826:
2825:
2813:
2812:
2692:Gaya confederacy
2587:
2586:
2579:History of Korea
2574:
2573:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2416:
2397:
2379:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2323:, p. 51-53.
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2287:, p. 57-58.
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2189:, p. 53-54.
2184:
2178:
2177:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1989:
1983:
1982:, p. 24-25.
1977:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1895:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1682:China: A History
1676:
1670:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1606:Haw, Stephen G.
1603:
1597:
1596:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1475:Lee, Hun-Chang.
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1426:. Archived from
1420:
1411:
1410:, p. 49-50.
1405:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1286:History of Korea
1240:from the former
1042:Princess Qinghua
976:Ganmala (son of
919:
918:
891:(1330–1374) and
759:Mongol Civil War
725:Kingdom of Qocho
522:Jalairtai Qorchi
494:Mongol invasions
443:Korean Peninsula
398:
397:
386:
385:
373:
372:
366:
365:
350:
349:
102:
68:
41:
40:
39:
34:
33:
19:
18:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4457:
4441:
4396:
4385:Wihwado Retreat
4365:Military regime
4348:Second conflict
4326:
4315:
4285:
4280:
4260:History of Yuan
4227:
4158:Wenxian Tongkao
4123:History of Liao
4105:
4086:Miaoying Temple
4064:
4020:
3938:
3934:Ispah rebellion
3786:
3780:
3750:
3737:
3676:
3626:
3617:Korean painting
3578:
3558:
3521:Cinema of Korea
3505:
3488:
3467:Korean language
3416:
3397:
3352:
3306:
3276:
3231:
3212:
3105:
2975:
2956:
2918:
2885:
2881:Floods in Korea
2820:
2799:
2611:
2581:
2568:
2550:
2547:
2517:
2511:
2491:Franke, Herbert
2466:
2464:
2462:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2414:
2395:
2378:, Facts On File
2369:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1282:
1254:
1236:donated 17,000
1218:
1184:
1166:established by
1129:and her eunuch
1111:
1076:Princess Dening
857:, and her son,
826:Qutlugh-Kelmish
814:
738:
666:King Chungnyeol
653:
629:
564:In March 1258,
502:
496:
491:
417:
395:
370:
329:
319:
306:
296:
261:
249:
237:
225:
213:
201:
171:
159:
147:
135:
113:
111:
110:client kingdom,
109:
100:
69:
42:
35:
29:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4353:Third conflict
4350:
4345:
4343:First conflict
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4144:Shilin Guangji
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:Zhongshu Sheng
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:Cultural icons
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:Korean cuisine
3523:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2482:
2473:
2460:
2445:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2399:
2393:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2245:
2233:
2226:
2203:
2201:, p. 204.
2191:
2179:
2160:(3): 377–379.
2144:
2132:
2118:
2098:
2086:
2072:
2052:
2038:
2018:
2004:
1984:
1972:
1957:
1943:
1923:
1914:
1890:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1698:
1691:
1671:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1617:
1598:
1591:
1571:
1552:
1550:, p. 158.
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 178.
1511:
1499:
1467:
1461:978-0231515290
1460:
1440:
1412:
1400:
1379:
1377:, p. 320.
1360:
1358:, p. 319.
1348:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1258:paper currency
1253:
1250:
1217:
1214:
1183:
1180:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1028:Amuge (son of
1026:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
974:
969:
966:
960:
959:
954:
949:
946:
940:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
925:
893:Princess Noguk
813:
810:
806:imperial exams
768:In 1343, King
737:
734:
700:warlord family
652:
649:
628:
625:
559:Ganghwa Island
498:Main article:
495:
492:
490:
487:
451:Goryeo dynasty
422:
421:
412:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
392:
383:
380:
379:
374:
362:
361:
356:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
327:
324:
323:
320:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
300:
297:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
259:
256:
255:
250:
247:
244:
243:
238:
235:
232:
231:
226:
223:
220:
219:
214:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
169:
166:
165:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
116:
115:
103:
97:
96:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
61:
60:
56:
55:
47:Vassal of the
44:
43:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4544:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4277:
4276:Northern Yuan
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Mongol Empire
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Java invasion
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Korean Empire
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:Dangun Joseon
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2499:. Cambridge:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2463:
2461:9780674036086
2457:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2436:
2434:9781137573599
2430:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2413:0-87436-064-1
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2359:, p. 51.
2358:
2357:Robinson 2009
2353:
2347:, p. 49.
2346:
2345:Robinson 2009
2341:
2335:, p. 56.
2334:
2333:Robinson 2009
2329:
2322:
2321:Robinson 2009
2317:
2311:, p. 77.
2310:
2309:Robinson 2022
2305:
2299:, p. 58.
2298:
2297:Robinson 2009
2293:
2286:
2285:Robinson 2009
2281:
2266:
2263:(in Korean).
2262:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2187:Robinson 2009
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2142:, p. 49.
2141:
2136:
2121:
2119:9789814459723
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2110:
2102:
2096:, p. 48.
2095:
2094:Robinson 2009
2090:
2075:
2073:9780521583015
2069:
2065:
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2056:
2041:
2039:9780674615762
2035:
2031:
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2022:
2007:
2005:9780253000248
2001:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1970:, p. 52.
1969:
1968:Robinson 2009
1964:
1962:
1946:
1944:9781433102752
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1906:
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1871:, p. 23.
1870:
1869:Robinson 2022
1865:
1858:
1857:Robinson 2009
1853:
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1800:Robinson 2022
1796:
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1786:, p. 179, at
1785:
1784:
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1775:
1769:, p. 21.
1768:
1767:Robinson 2022
1763:
1757:, p. 59.
1756:
1755:Robinson 2009
1751:
1745:, p. 47.
1744:
1743:Robinson 2009
1739:
1732:
1731:Robinson 2022
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1548:Robinson 2022
1544:
1538:, p. 68.
1537:
1536:Robinson 2022
1532:
1525:
1520:
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1516:
1509:, p. 60.
1508:
1507:Robinson 2009
1503:
1488:
1485:(in Korean).
1484:
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1430:on 2016-03-04
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855:Ukhaantu Khan
852:
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836:
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830:Mongolization
827:
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459:House of Wang
456:
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49:Mongol Empire
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4232:Other topics
4203:
4196:
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4151:Menggu Ziyun
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4069:Architecture
4057:
4050:
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4015:
3783:Yuan dynasty
3664:
3602:Korean drama
3564:Korean sword
3415:Demographics
3076:
2784: /
2773: /
2769: /
2726: /
2724:Later Baekje
2722: /
2706: /
2690: /
2686: /
2682: /
2666: /
2662: /
2658: /
2654: /
2638: /
2636:Wiman Joseon
2634: /
2630: /
2495:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2450:
2438:, retrieved
2423:
2403:
2384:
2375:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2258:
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2216:
2194:
2182:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2108:
2101:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2062:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2028:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
1994:
1987:
1975:
1948:. Retrieved
1933:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1893:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1838:
1831:
1824:Rossabi 1994
1819:
1807:
1795:
1788:Google Books
1782:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1713:(in Chinese)
1710:
1701:
1681:
1674:
1654:
1647:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1601:
1581:
1574:
1543:
1531:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1482:
1470:
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1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1403:
1389:
1382:
1351:
1339:
1330:
1267:
1255:
1237:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1172:Yi Seong-gye
1164:Ming dynasty
1115:King Gongmin
1112:
922:
906:
902:
889:King Gongmin
859:Biligtü Khan
846:
838:
815:
803:
790:
782:
778:Toghon Temür
767:
739:
722:
712:
708:
693:
688:
684:
682:
657:
654:
636:
630:
609:
602:
594:
563:
535:
503:
474:
462:
455:vassal state
439:Yuan dynasty
426:
425:
359:Succeeded by
358:
353:
53:Yuan dynasty
4435:Sambyeolcho
4413:Family tree
4375:Mongol rule
4117:Yuan poetry
3955:family tree
3713:Korean Wave
3559:(wrestling)
3484:Korean name
3110:South Korea
3070:Secretariat
2984:North Korea
2795:South Korea
2704:Later Silla
2632:Gija Joseon
2564:South Korea
2559:North Korea
1899:Jeong In-ji
1483:History Net
1375:Atwood 2004
1356:Atwood 2004
1162:, over the
1064:Möngke Khan
1000:Irinjinbala
957:Kublai Khan
897:Gegeen Khan
755:Kublai Khan
599:Jeju Island
595:sambyeolcho
582:Kublai Khan
541:dispatched
539:Ögedei Khan
520:'s general
518:Möngke Khan
419:South Korea
415:North Korea
354:Preceded by
4496:Categories
4430:Byeolmuban
4401:Government
3943:Government
3584:Korean art
3353:(currency)
3292:Jangmadang
3277:(currency)
2775:Korean War
2616:Chronology
2255:"기황후(奇皇后)"
2241:Hwang 2016
2140:Hwang 2016
1886:1610695828
1717:2022-09-18
1492:4 November
1434:2015-08-13
1322:References
1189:Yalu River
1168:Han people
1148:Empress Gi
1131:Bak Bulhwa
1127:Empress Gi
1072:Irinjinbal
1062:Songshan (
964:Botashirin
952:Chungnyeol
910:Empress Gi
851:Empress Gi
785:darughachi
718:Külüg Khan
696:Hong Ta-gu
685:chengxiang
678:Genghisids
547:darughachi
322:1274, 1281
217:Chungnyeol
93:Government
74:in modern
4266:Khanbaliq
4007:Dpon-chen
3997:Manchuria
3962:Empresses
3462:Koreatown
3065:Politburo
2199:Zhao 2008
2166:1069-5834
1980:Zhao 2008
1524:Zhao 2008
1263:Khanbaliq
1146:in 1360.
1109:Aftermath
1090:Botasirin
1059:Chungseon
1038:Bayanhudu
1030:Darmabala
991:Chungseon
972:Chungseon
875:Khongirad
774:Wang Heun
689:pingzhang
578:Wang Chŏn
555:Gaegyeong
508:launched
467:Khanbaliq
441:over the
299:1231–1259
229:Chungseon
151:Chengzong
87:Gaegyeong
59:1270–1356
4408:Monarchs
4391:Goryeosa
4249:Borjigin
4059:Nong Shu
4041:Jiaochao
3992:Mongolia
3950:Emperors
3851:Sakhalin
2974:Politics
2680:Goguryeo
2623:Gojoseon
2493:(eds.).
2174:23733178
1901:(1451).
1280:See also
1270:Shandong
1223:Jiangnan
1193:Sukwigun
1182:Military
1080:Chunghye
1066:'s son)
1045:Chungsuk
1025:Chungsuk
1008:Chungsuk
914:Qingyuan
847:khuregen
812:Marriage
792:empire.
746:Gaegyong
670:Borjigid
621:Shenyang
617:Liaoyang
574:Kim Chun
566:Ch'oe Ui
475:khuregen
433:and the
253:Chunghye
241:Chungsuk
114:province
106:Monarchy
51:and the
38:정동등처행중서성
32:征東等處行中書省
4453:Coinage
4446:Economy
4331:History
4271:Shangdu
4239:Mongols
4223:Fashion
4046:Coinage
3861:Vietnam
3792:History
3556:Ssireum
3514:General
3425:Koreans
3358:Chaebol
3230:Economy
2836:Borders
2829:General
2720:Taebong
2590:General
2440:18 June
2367:Sources
2270:18 June
1950:18 June
1346:, p.53.
1252:Economy
1216:Culture
1197:Kheshig
1187:of the
1158:as the
1098:Gongmin
1084:Jiaoba
1018:Jintong
985:Yesujin
978:Zhenjin
938:Father
935:Husband
867:Uyghurs
861:of the
818:Wonjong
730:Koreans
637:baochao
613:Shangdu
568:of the
551:Ch'oe U
489:History
315:•
292:•
279:History
265:Gongmin
205:Wonjong
175:Huizong
163:Renzong
120:Emperor
83:Capital
4522:Goryeo
4325:topics
4323:Goryeo
3785:topics
3472:Hangul
2740:Joseon
2735:Goryeo
2708:Balhae
2684:Baekje
2664:Samhan
2660:Dongye
2507:
2467:8 June
2458:
2431:
2410:
2391:
2224:
2172:
2164:
2125:8 June
2116:
2079:8 June
2070:
2045:8 June
2036:
2011:8 June
2002:
1941:
1888:, p.78
1884:
1689:
1662:
1635:
1589:
1458:
1246:Zhu Xi
1176:Joseon
1102:Amuge
1048:Amuge
873:, and
871:Oirats
869:, the
651:Status
543:Sartaq
514:Goryeo
512:under
435:Mongol
390:Goryeo
377:Goryeo
282:
190:
124:
72:Goryeo
4218:Islam
4002:Tibet
3888:Pagan
3878:Burma
3856:Japan
3842:Yamen
3718:K-pop
3666:Juche
3477:Hanja
3078:Juche
2728:Silla
2688:Silla
2656:Okjeo
2652:Buyeo
2253:이용범.
2170:JSTOR
1907:[
1256:Yuan
1205:tumen
1123:China
1053:Nolun
932:Title
604:Tumen
437:-led
139:Shizu
76:Korea
4481:Ware
4213:Semu
4178:Zaju
4137:Song
2793:and
2505:ISBN
2469:2019
2456:ISBN
2442:2019
2429:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2272:2019
2222:ISBN
2162:ISSN
2127:2019
2114:ISBN
2081:2019
2068:ISBN
2047:2019
2034:ISBN
2013:2019
2000:ISBN
1952:2019
1939:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1494:2019
1456:ISBN
1274:Yidu
1238:juan
929:Name
839:quda
799:Yalu
783:The
713:Wang
709:Wang
658:ulus
619:and
529:and
504:The
481:and
332:1356
309:1270
186:King
4130:Jin
1904:高麗史
1844:127
1395:190
1121:in
4498::
2489:;
2257:.
2206:^
2168:.
2158:17
2156:.
1960:^
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2398:.
2274:.
2230:.
2176:.
2129:.
2083:.
2049:.
2015:.
1954:.
1846:.
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