29:
40:
combatant commands for the accomplishment of missions assigned to those commands and ensure that the authority of those commanders is fully commensurate with that responsibility, to increase attention to the formulation of strategy and to contingency planning, to provide for more efficient use of defense resources, to improve joint officer management policies, otherwise to enhance the effectiveness of military operations and improve the management and administration of the
Department of Defense, and for other purposes.
399:
based systems acting in concert to attack and defeat an opponent in depth. The structure of the armed forces effectively blocked realization of this ideal. The U.S. invasion of
Grenada in 1983 further exposed the problems with the military command structure. Although the United States forces easily prevailed, its leaders expressed major concerns over different service branches' inability to coordinate and communicate with each other and the consequences of a lack of coordination if faced with a more threatening foe.
2770:
3961:
4103:
2728:
557:(JPME) schools as part of their career development and progression. For example, in order to be competitive for promotion to general or flag officer (admiral) (pay grade O-7 or above/NATO OF-6), active component colonels (pay grade O-6/NATO OF-5) (Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force) or Navy captains must have completed at least one joint duty assignment, as well as having completed (or currently be enrolled in) a JPME school that grants JPME Level II credit.
158:
4113:
573:
quickly, and provided other ancillary benefits (such as improved interoperability of radios and communications between units and members of different services). Joint implementation of new technology allowed for joint development of supporting doctrine. The
Goldwater–Nichols Act could be seen as the
531:
Commands). The combatant commanders then field a force capable of employing AirLand Battle doctrine (or its successors) using all assets available to the integrated unified action plan, including the military, interagency organizations of the US Government such as USAID and the
Department of State,
39:
To reorganize the
Department of Defense and strengthen civilian authority in the Department of Defense, to improve the military advice provided to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense, to place clear responsibility on the commanders of the unified and specified
398:
doctrine in the late 1970s and early 1980s laid bare the difficulty of coordinating efforts among various service branches. AirLand Battle attempted to synthesize all of the capabilities of the service arms of the military into a single doctrine. The system envisioned ground, naval, air, and space
463:
and simplified the chain of command. Additionally, the act states that the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff cannot be representatives from the same service branch. It increased the ability of the chairman to direct overall strategy, but provided greater command authority to
540:(U.S. Central Command), for example, would be assigned air, ground, naval, Marine, and special operations assets to achieve its objectives, not the previously less efficient method of individual services planning, supporting, and fighting the same war. This was successfully demonstrated during
251:(CCDRs, all four-star generals or admirals), bypassing the service chiefs. The service chiefs were assigned to an advisory role to the president and the secretary of defense, and given the responsibility for training and equipping personnel for the
387:, etc.) were tailored for each service in isolation. Additionally, wartime activities of each service were largely planned, executed, and evaluated independently. These practices resulted in division of effort and an inability to profit from
552:
Another major effect of the Act is the way it has dramatically changed the personnel management of military officers. Many officers are assigned to joint duty positions (occasionally more than once), and are educated in
Department of Defense
536:. Individual services changed from relatively autonomous war-fighting entities into organizational and training units, responsible for acquisition, modernization, force-development, and readiness as a component of the integrated force. Thus
491:(CCDRs), and the service chiefs no longer exercise any operational control over their forces. Rather than reporting to a service chief operationally, the service component forces support the commander responsible for a specific function (
532:
and intelligence agencies. The restructuring afforded a combination of effort, integrated planning, shared procurement, and a reduction or elimination of inter-service rivalry. It also provided unity of command, conforming with leading
628:
issued a memorandum directing an internal review with the objective "to make recommendations for updates or adjustments to organizational relationships and authorities" based on 30 years of experience under
Goldwater–Nichols.
4142:
2826:
2058:
1531:
598:" but as "combatant commanders" when applied to "unified" regional organizations (e.g., USCENTCOM), or "commander" when talking about "specified" units such as the U.S. Strategic Command (
3479:
2091:
2053:
2048:
2043:
602:). Rumsfeld said the term "CINC" was inappropriate, notwithstanding its employment for many decades, because under the United States Constitution, the president is the Nation's only
3022:
1526:
1516:
2613:
2073:
3214:
1536:
2984:
2487:
1988:
3831:
3447:
2068:
2580:
2504:
1603:
1667:
3579:
2037:
1553:
407:
The
Goldwater–Nichols Act brought sweeping changes to the way the U.S. military forces were organized. The first successful test of Goldwater–Nichols was the 1989
2440:
2063:
3664:
1912:
471:
Section 162(b) of the act prescribes that "unless otherwise directed by the president, the chain of command to a unified or specified combatant command runs—
2853:
1145:
929:
Locher, James R. "Transformative
Leadership on Capitol Hill: The Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reorganization Act," in Bradley Lynn Coleman, Kyle Longley, eds.
2478:
1299:
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1012:
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3572:
3389:
3343:
2963:
2592:
2473:
2409:
1102:
3743:
3456:
3087:
2457:
2430:
1981:
1942:
1863:
2919:
2623:
2435:
2388:
1839:
3780:
3722:
3715:
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2209:
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1128:
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1976:
1971:
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1133:
124:
748:
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2199:
1521:
637:
694:
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2230:
2159:
1917:
1907:
1763:
1654:
1541:
1279:
1238:
704:
353:
738:
Goldwater–Nicholls DOD Reorganization Act, 10 USC 162, Combatant
Commands; Assigned Forces; Chain of Command, Section (b), Chain of Command.
2949:
2942:
2532:
2383:
2373:
2357:
1743:
1269:
1245:
1097:
345:
3586:
2447:
2417:
2293:
2282:
1966:
1768:
1733:
869:
785:
325:
Such problems existed as well in World War II, during which two independent lines of command flowed from the president, one through the
3987:
3521:
3265:
2970:
2378:
2308:
2275:
2015:
2004:
1947:
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1118:
981:
923:
460:
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3648:
2846:
2627:
2537:
2393:
2194:
2184:
2030:
1624:
1225:
1092:
344:
However, the United States military was still organized along the lines of command that reported to their respective service chiefs (
3997:
3759:
3528:
3154:
2905:
2880:
2871:
2702:
2367:
2303:
2245:
2189:
2154:
2149:
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2101:
1897:
1887:
1723:
1644:
1639:
1598:
1446:
1264:
1230:
1005:
948:
492:
487:
Goldwater–Nichols changed the way the services interact. The services themselves "organize, train and equip" forces for use by the
349:
3945:
3657:
3607:
3600:
3410:
2633:
2512:
2204:
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2121:
2116:
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1693:
668:
187:
3382:
3373:
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2731:
2644:
2542:
2315:
1713:
1634:
1593:
283:
176:
844:
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3563:
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2664:
2659:
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1892:
1875:
1703:
1683:
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1113:
554:
444:
365:
228:
3928:
3685:
3396:
2898:
2839:
2821:
2707:
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2085:
2078:
1778:
1698:
1583:
1508:
1456:
1213:
1201:
500:
3992:
3431:
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2741:
2654:
2597:
2352:
2298:
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1882:
1801:
1738:
1718:
1708:
1688:
1388:
1218:
1206:
1186:
998:
372:, the civilian head of the military. Both the chairman of the Joint Chiefs and the secretary of defense reported to the
216:
2912:
383:
This system led to counter-productive inter-service rivalry. Peacetime activities (such as procurement and creation of
333:
to land and air forces. In 1947, the military restructuring placed all military forces, including the newly independent
4083:
2796:
2761:
2756:
2552:
2319:
2250:
2133:
2020:
2010:
1773:
1662:
1588:
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1481:
1421:
1315:
1193:
1087:
456:
369:
338:
244:
3933:
3773:
3186:
2362:
2338:
1961:
1922:
1870:
1629:
1619:
1330:
945:
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4054:
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3627:
3472:
3237:
3222:
2956:
2791:
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2527:
2517:
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2106:
2096:
1935:
1851:
1150:
607:
408:
275:
263:
183:
168:
110:
3870:
3634:
3072:
3065:
3058:
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3044:
3037:
3030:
2781:
2176:
1929:
1858:
1828:
1451:
1368:
618:
496:
452:
79:
71:
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3706:
2801:
2649:
2639:
1834:
1796:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1337:
1082:
958:
912:
575:
524:
516:
508:
448:
373:
330:
819:
4137:
3898:
3801:
3787:
3671:
3641:
3493:
3403:
2686:
1788:
1411:
1378:
1289:
1155:
793:
520:
512:
220:
3845:
3699:
3302:
3207:
2559:
1406:
1373:
528:
3514:
3366:
3359:
2862:
2746:
2736:
2669:
1846:
1441:
1436:
625:
504:
49:
3861:
3507:
2328:
1320:
1310:
1042:
1021:
447:
as opposed to the service chiefs. The chairman was designated as the principal military adviser to the
420:
377:
199:
64:
4152:
4045:
3692:
3417:
3332:
2674:
1398:
1325:
1284:
1274:
1066:
1060:
357:
252:
4147:
4106:
3891:
3535:
3463:
3147:
3117:
3110:
2421:
2323:
698:
870:"Breaking New Ground: Preparing DoD for the Future with Secretary Ash Carter [Transcript]"
708:
3542:
3295:
3179:
3170:
2786:
2776:
1054:
579:
428:
334:
364:. The Joint Chiefs of Staff elected a chairman to communicate with the civilian government. The
3794:
3352:
3193:
2679:
2343:
541:
224:
102:
4067:
3729:
3424:
3258:
1107:
965:
767:"10 U.S. Code § 2155 - Joint professional military education Phase II program of instruction"
361:
326:
307:
271:
179:
106:
978:
797:
28:
3163:
3133:
3014:
909:
Goldwater-Nichols and the Evolution of Officer Joint Professional Military Education (JPME)
466:
may not exercise military command over the Joint Chiefs of Staff or any of the armed forces
416:
412:
315:
287:
161:
2831:
8:
4088:
4028:
3939:
2891:
2260:
1343:
488:
319:
248:
3140:
897:
621:, the beginning of a new effort to "reconsider, and possibly update" Goldwater–Nichols.
565:
Shared procurement allowed the various branches to share technological advances such as
3006:
2255:
1476:
1348:
1048:
1036:
657:
603:
595:
566:
432:
424:
388:
232:
3251:
2270:
2265:
941:
415:), where it functioned exactly as planned, allowing the U.S. commander, Army General
3486:
2618:
1952:
1383:
533:
384:
295:
240:
208:
766:
3914:
3766:
3593:
3096:
985:
591:
259:
164:
464:"unified" and "specified" field commanders. According to the act, the chairman
4073:
4060:
395:
4131:
2816:
990:
291:
212:
196:
Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of October 4, 1986
145:
954:
1503:
908:
594:
ordered that the functional and regional commanders be referred to not as "
16:
1986 U.S. law strengthening civilian authority in the Department of Defense
478:"from the secretary of defense to the commander of the combatant command".
3618:
1360:
920:
Reorganizing the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986
614:
311:
239:
in 1985. Among other changes, Goldwater–Nichols streamlined the military
606:. His decision was described as intending to clarify and strengthen the
443:
Under the Goldwater–Nichols Act, military advice was centralized in the
83:
966:"Navy and Marine Corps Opposition to the Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986"
633:
599:
570:
938:
Victory on the Potomac: The Goldwater–Nichols Act Unifies the Pentagon
820:"Hearing to Receive Testimony on 30 Years of Goldwater-Nichols Reform"
3549:
3286:
3279:
904:(Spring 1998) 99–108. Argues it gives too much power to the chairman.
537:
3480:
Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988
3272:
3103:
306:
The Goldwater–Nichols Act was an attempt to fix problems caused by
157:
3883:
22:
Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986
2347:
435:
assets without having to negotiate with the individual services.
279:
267:
172:
114:
4143:
United States federal defense and national security legislation
955:
Goldwater-Nichols at 30: Defense Reform and Issues for Congress
875:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. April 5, 2016
236:
3808:
3832:
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
3448:
Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program
845:"Review of the Organization and Responsibilities of the DoD"
391:, and inhibited the development of modern warfare doctrine.
298:
was the first chairman to serve under this new legislation.
2861:
376:
who holds the position of Commander-in-Chief (CINC) of all
695:"Chapter 12: Rebuilding the Army Vietnam to Desert Storm"
3580:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
190:), the co-sponsors of the Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986.
940:. Texas A & M University Press, 2002. 524 pp.
438:
3665:
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
931:
Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security
898:"Unintended Consequences of the Goldwater–Nichols Act"
658:"Grenada, Panama, and Haiti: Joint Operational Reform"
475:"from the president to the secretary of defense," and
3550:
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
3573:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
547:
3744:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers
3457:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
2814:
692:
200:
314:, contributed to the catastrophic failure of the
231:and implemented some of the suggestions from the
4129:
3781:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
3723:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983
243:, which now runs from the president through the
3839:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988
3557:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
825:. Alderson Reporting Company. November 10, 2015
608:military's subordination to civilian government
125:United States House Committee on Armed Services
1020:
638:Center for Strategic and International Studies
3899:
3231:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
2847:
1280:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
1006:
705:United States Army Center of Military History
318:in 1980, and which were still evident in the
3716:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
360:). These service chiefs in turn made up the
219:since the department was established in the
459:. The act also established the position of
329:to naval forces, and the other through the
3906:
3892:
3543:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986
3522:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
3266:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
2854:
2840:
1013:
999:
590:On October 24, 2002, Secretary of Defense
482:
461:vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
223:by reworking the command structure of the
3818:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act
3753:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
3737:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
3649:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation
3317:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement
3310:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
3998:1964 United States presidential election
3760:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983
3529:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984
2825:) is being considered for deletion. See
1265:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
783:
215:) made the most sweeping changes to the
156:
3946:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
3658:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
3608:Water Resources Development Act of 1988
3601:Water Resources Development Act of 1986
3411:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
2996:
507:) or a geographic region of the globe (
4130:
3383:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
3374:Office of National Drug Control Policy
574:initial step of the currently ongoing
3887:
3825:Surface Transportation Assistance Act
3564:The Emergency Food Assistance Program
3441:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
3326:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
2835:
1103:Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
994:
667:(20 (Autumn/Winter 1998-99)): 57–74.
585:
560:
555:Joint Professional Military Education
445:chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
229:chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
4112:
3929:Electoral history of Barry Goldwater
3686:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
3397:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
1779:Air Force Historical Research Agency
700:American Military History, Volume II
655:
636:outlined reforms in a speech at the
632:On April 5, 2016, Defense Secretary
439:Chain of command and military advice
3993:1964 Republican National Convention
3913:
3432:United States Sentencing Commission
1904:Officer candidate/training school:
674:from the original on March 27, 2020
217:United States Department of Defense
13:
4084:Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range
3959:
1774:Naval History and Heritage Command
784:Garamone, Jim (October 25, 2002).
290:, 95–0. It was signed into law by
205:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
132:on November 20, 1985 (383–27)
14:
4164:
3934:Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act
3774:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
2829:to help reach a consensus. ›
972:
850:. Inside Defense. January 4, 2016
771:LII / Legal Information Institute
227:. It increased the powers of the
4111:
4102:
4101:
4055:The Conscience of a Conservative
3679:Expedited Funds Availability Act
3628:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
3473:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
3238:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
3223:We begin bombing in five minutes
2769:
2768:
2727:
2726:
2334:Uniform Code of Military Justice
1151:United States military seniority
749:"U.S.C. Title 10 - ARMED FORCES"
693:Richard W. Stewart, ed. (2005).
548:Personnel management of officers
419:, to exercise full control over
409:United States invasion of Panama
27:
3635:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
2316:Military Occupational Specialty
1764:Army Center of Military History
1369:Military Auxiliary Radio System
1239:Department of Homeland Security
1146:Active duty three-star officers
862:
619:Senate Armed Services Committee
310:, which had emerged during the
4079:Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship
3707:Dairy Export Incentive Program
2339:Judge Advocate General's Corps
1270:Commandant of the Marine Corps
1141:Active duty four-star officers
1098:Secretary of Homeland Security
1083:President of the United States
959:Congressional Research Service
913:Congressional Research Service
837:
812:
777:
759:
741:
732:
723:
686:
649:
617:announced at a hearing of the
613:On November 10, 2015, Senator
576:Revolution in Military Affairs
449:president of the United States
374:president of the United States
346:Commandant of the Marine Corps
316:Iranian hostage rescue mission
1:
3802:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
3788:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver
3730:Internal Revenue Code of 1986
3672:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
3642:Agriculture Mediation Program
3494:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
3404:Coastal Barrier Resources Act
1769:Marine Corps History Division
1290:Commandant of the Coast Guard
1156:National Security Act of 1947
1125:Committees on Armed Services
979:Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986
794:American Forces Press Service
643:
221:National Security Act of 1947
3846:Video Privacy Protection Act
3700:Conservation Reserve Program
3303:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
3208:Strategic Defense Initiative
1374:Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary
918:Lederman, Gordon Nathaniel;
366:chairman of the Joint Chiefs
294:on October 1, 1986. Admiral
272:William Flynt "Bill" Nichols
235:, commissioned by President
7:
3515:Minerals Management Service
3367:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
3360:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
2863:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
2822:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1958:Enlisted recruit training:
1226:Department of the Air Force
1093:Deputy Secretary of Defense
626:deputy secretary of defense
50:99th United States Congress
10:
4169:
3988:1964 presidential campaign
3508:Medical Waste Tracking Act
3501:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2985:Presidential proclamations
1258:Service branches and heads
1022:United States Armed Forces
890:
578:(RMA) with its concept of
402:
337:, under a single civilian
301:
253:unified combatant commands
138:on May 5, 1986 (95–0)
4097:
4038:
4021:
3970:
3957:
3921:
3855:
3693:Food Security Act of 1985
3617:
3594:Water Quality Act of 1987
3418:Armed Career Criminal Act
3342:
3086:
3023:Joint session of Congress
2870:
2722:
2606:
2568:
2497:
2466:
2408:
2220:
2132:
1997:
1821:
1814:
1787:
1756:
1676:
1653:
1612:
1579:
1567:
1469:
1399:Unified combatant command
1397:
1359:
1298:
1285:Chief of Space Operations
1275:Chief of Naval Operations
1257:
1178:
1169:
1075:
1028:
453:National Security Council
358:Chief of Naval Operations
348:, Chiefs of Staff of the
94:
89:
70:
60:
55:
44:
35:
26:
3536:Nuclear Waste Policy Act
3464:Toxics Release Inventory
2827:templates for discussion
2324:Air Force Specialty Code
2038:Awards & decorations
984:January 2, 2013, at the
922:(Greenwood Press, 1999)
729:Section 152c of the Act.
656:Cole, Ronald H. (1999).
624:On January 4, 2016, the
368:in turn reported to the
284:House of Representatives
3862:← Carter administration
3296:American Homecoming Act
3180:Constructive engagement
2943:Administration scandals
968:, Ohio University, 2012
949:excerpt and text search
580:Network Centric Warfare
483:Interaction of services
394:The formulation of the
282:), the bill passed the
121:Committee consideration
3964:
3795:Tax Reform Act of 1986
3015:"Tear down this wall!"
2344:Military Health System
1214:Department of the Navy
1202:Department of the Army
542:Operation Desert Storm
211:; signed by President
191:
4068:Goldwater v. Ginzburg
3963:
3951:Goldwater–Nichols Act
3871:Bush administration →
3425:Sentencing Reform Act
3333:Exon–Florio Amendment
3259:Executive Order 12333
3245:Goldwater–Nichols Act
2920:Judicial appointments
2906:Assassination attempt
1802:Air Force Art Program
1389:Coast Guard Auxiliary
1187:Department of Defense
1161:Goldwater–Nichols Act
1108:Joint Chiefs of Staff
953:McInnis, Kathleen J.
665:Joint Force Quarterly
362:Joint Chiefs of Staff
327:secretary of the Navy
308:inter-service rivalry
270:) and Representative
180:William Flynt Nichols
160:
117:) on October 24, 1985
107:William Flynt Nichols
4138:1986 in American law
3353:AIDS crisis response
3127:Soviet Union summits
2593:Aircraft designation
2242:Creeds & Codes:
1361:Civilian auxiliaries
1179:Military departments
1088:Secretary of Defense
896:Bourne, Chistopher.
489:combatant commanders
457:Secretary of Defense
417:Maxwell Reid Thurman
413:Operation Just Cause
370:secretary of defense
339:secretary of defense
258:Named after Senator
249:combatant commanders
245:secretary of defense
4089:Goldwater Institute
4029:Barry Goldwater Jr.
3940:Goldwater v. Carter
3587:1982 VRA Amendments
3215:International trips
3187:Invasion of Grenada
2957:Impeachment efforts
2899:Second inauguration
2892:Release of hostages
2479:Crew-served weapons
2368:Chiefs of Chaplains
1589:Current deployments
907:Kamarck, Kristy N.
320:invasion of Grenada
90:Legislative history
23:
3965:
3194:Iran–Contra affair
2888:First inauguration
2474:Individual weapons
1714:Hispanic Americans
1694:Buddhist Americans
1477:United States Code
1447:Special Operations
1300:Reserve components
936:Locher, James R.;
604:Commander-in-Chief
586:Changes since 1986
561:Shared procurement
493:special operations
389:economies of scale
286:, 383–27, and the
233:Packard Commission
192:
148:on October 1, 1986
21:
4125:
4124:
3881:
3880:
3252:Montreal Protocol
3082:
3081:
3073:1988 SOTU Address
3066:1987 SOTU Address
3059:1986 SOTU Address
3052:1985 SOTU Address
3045:1984 SOTU Address
3038:1983 SOTU Address
3031:1982 SOTU Address
2971:Executive actions
2812:
2811:
2718:
2717:
2404:
2403:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1829:Service academies
1810:
1809:
1684:African Americans
1465:
1464:
964:Wills, Steven T.
800:on August 7, 2020
378:U.S. Armed Forces
155:
154:
136:Passed the Senate
73:Statutes at Large
4160:
4153:Military reforms
4115:
4114:
4105:
4104:
3962:
3922:Political career
3908:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3865:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3487:Grace Commission
3482:
3475:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3173:
3171:Governors Island
3166:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3010:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2978:Executive orders
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2883:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2772:
2771:
2730:
2729:
2619:Nuclear football
2464:
2463:
2358:Veterans Affairs
2177:Warrant officers
1953:The Basic School
1861:
1849:
1837:
1819:
1818:
1797:Army Art Program
1704:Muslim Americans
1699:Jewish Americans
1577:
1576:
1384:Civil Air Patrol
1176:
1175:
1015:
1008:
1001:
992:
991:
885:
884:
882:
880:
874:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
849:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
824:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
796:. Archived from
786:"'CINC' Is Sunk"
781:
775:
774:
763:
757:
756:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
707:. Archived from
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
673:
662:
653:
534:military science
331:secretary of war
296:William J. Crowe
292:President Reagan
241:chain of command
206:
202:
130:Passed the House
101:in the House as
74:
31:
24:
20:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4148:Barry Goldwater
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4093:
4063:(musical group)
4047:Barry Goldwater
4034:
4017:
3966:
3960:
3955:
3917:
3915:Barry Goldwater
3912:
3882:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3767:Reagan tax cuts
3765:
3758:
3751:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:Economic policy
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3462:
3455:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3390:Cannabis policy
3388:
3381:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:Domestic policy
3338:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3097:Reagan Doctrine
3095:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2964:Opinion polling
2962:
2955:
2950:Bush transition
2948:
2941:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2886:
2879:
2866:
2860:
2830:
2813:
2808:
2714:
2602:
2598:Helicopter arms
2564:
2493:
2462:
2400:
2283:Service numbers
2246:Code of Conduct
2216:
2128:
1993:
1989:Other education
1930:Warrant officer
1876:Merchant Marine
1806:
1783:
1757:History centers
1752:
1689:Asian Americans
1672:
1649:
1608:
1569:
1563:
1461:
1393:
1379:Merchant Marine
1355:
1294:
1253:
1165:
1071:
1024:
1019:
986:Wayback Machine
975:
893:
888:
878:
876:
872:
868:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
817:
813:
803:
801:
790:defenselink.mil
782:
778:
765:
764:
760:
747:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
724:
714:
712:
711:on May 18, 2015
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
660:
654:
650:
646:
592:Donald Rumsfeld
588:
563:
550:
485:
441:
405:
304:
260:Barry Goldwater
204:
165:Barry Goldwater
151:
142:Signed into law
72:
45:Enacted by
17:
12:
11:
5:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Goldwater rule
4071:
4064:
4061:The Goldwaters
4058:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3866:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3144:
3137:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3088:Foreign policy
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2614:WWII equipment
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2505:All watercraft
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Identification
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1709:Sikh Americans
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1457:Transportation
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1338:National Guard
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
989:
988:
974:
973:External links
971:
970:
969:
962:
951:
934:
927:
916:
905:
892:
889:
887:
886:
861:
836:
811:
776:
758:
740:
731:
722:
685:
647:
645:
642:
587:
584:
562:
559:
549:
546:
501:transportation
484:
481:
480:
479:
476:
440:
437:
404:
401:
396:AirLand Battle
303:
300:
153:
152:
150:
149:
139:
133:
127:
118:
103:H.R. 3622
95:
92:
91:
87:
86:
76:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
46:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4165:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
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2074:International
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2044:Inter-service
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2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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2002:
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1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
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1604:Civil affairs
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1509:Installations
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1119:Vice Chairman
1117:
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946:1-58544-187-2
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571:smart weapons
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502:
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269:
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261:
256:
254:
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246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:U.S. military
222:
218:
214:
213:Ronald Reagan
210:
203:
197:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
147:
146:Ronald Reagan
144:by President
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
96:
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30:
25:
19:
4066:
4053:
4046:
3950:
3938:
3869:
3860:
3244:
2820:
2628:designations
2422:Designations
2363:Conscription
1734:Marine Corps
1668:World War II
1559:Unit mottoes
1504:The Pentagon
1422:Indo-Pacific
1244:
1237:
1192:
1185:
1160:
1043:Marine Corps
937:
933:(2017) ch 4.
930:
919:
901:
879:November 24,
877:. Retrieved
864:
852:. Retrieved
839:
827:. Retrieved
814:
804:November 20,
802:. Retrieved
798:the original
789:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
713:. Retrieved
709:the original
699:
688:
676:. Retrieved
664:
651:
631:
623:
612:
589:
564:
551:
486:
470:
465:
442:
421:Marine Corps
411:(code-named
406:
393:
382:
343:
324:
305:
257:
247:directly to
195:
193:
141:
135:
129:
120:
98:
18:
2865:(1981–1989)
2815:‹ The
2624:Electronics
2581:World War I
1789:War artists
1729:Coast Guard
1677:By ancestry
1067:Coast Guard
1061:Space Force
854:January 12,
829:January 12,
753:www.gpo.gov
715:December 1,
678:October 20,
615:John McCain
312:Vietnam War
4132:Categories
3155:INF Treaty
3148:Washington
2881:Transition
2703:Biological
2353:Separation
2231:Enlistment
2181:Enlisted:
1568:Operations
1307:Reserves:
1171:Components
1076:Leadership
644:References
634:Ash Carter
600:USSTRATCOM
99:Introduced
61:Public law
36:Long title
3971:Elections
3287:H-2B visa
3280:H-2A visa
3141:Reykjavík
2773:Navboxes
2549:Weapons:
2410:Equipment
2141:Officer:
1815:Personnel
1724:Air Force
1719:Civil War
1594:Conflicts
1549:Logistics
1470:Structure
1452:Strategic
1246:Secretary
1231:Secretary
1219:Secretary
1207:Secretary
1194:Secretary
1055:Air Force
544:in 1991.
538:USCENTCOM
497:strategic
429:Air Force
354:Air Force
335:Air Force
322:in 1983.
78:100
56:Citations
4107:Category
3273:Form I-9
3118:2nd term
3111:1st term
3104:Cold War
2998:Speeches
2872:Timeline
2817:template
2732:Category
2708:Chemical
2576:Aircraft
2560:Reactors
2484:Vehicles
2431:vehicles
2005:Uniforms
1998:Uniforms
1822:Training
1663:Colonial
1655:Timeline
1497:Title 50
1492:Title 32
1487:Title 14
1482:Title 10
1432:Southern
1427:Northern
1417:European
1114:Chairman
982:Archived
669:Archived
525:Southern
517:European
509:Northern
385:doctrine
4117:Commons
2913:Cabinet
2819:below (
2698:Nuclear
2680:Guidons
2509:Ships:
2436:weapons
2348:Tricare
2236:Officer
2079:Devices
2069:Foreign
1744:Academy
1613:History
1572:history
1513:Units:
1412:Central
961:. 2016.
915:. 2016.
891:Sources
582:(NCW).
567:stealth
521:Pacific
513:Central
403:Effects
302:History
280:Alabama
268:Arizona
201:Pub. L.
4049:statue
4022:Family
3164:Moscow
3134:Geneva
3025:(1981)
3017:(1987)
3009:(1983)
2670:Ensign
2586:active
2528:future
2523:active
2488:active
2320:Rating
2227:Oath:
2086:Badges
1584:Budget
1407:Africa
1129:Senate
1032:Legend
944:
924:online
529:Africa
527:, and
356:, and
288:Senate
237:Reagan
209:99–433
207:
175:) and
82:
65:99-433
4039:Other
4031:(son)
3809:MACRS
2634:Flags
2607:Other
2441:other
2221:Other
2134:Ranks
2059:AF/SF
1977:AF/SF
1948:ASVAB
1923:AF/SF
1898:AF/SF
1859:AF/SF
1554:Media
1442:Cyber
1437:Space
1134:House
1065:CG =
1059:SF =
1053:AF =
1041:MC =
873:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
672:(PDF)
661:(PDF)
596:CINCs
505:cyber
80:Stat.
4013:1980
4008:1974
4003:1968
3983:1958
3978:1952
2890:and
2692:WMDs
2687:Food
2675:Jack
2467:Land
2427:MC:
2054:MC/N
1955:(MC)
1943:MEPS
1893:MC/N
1883:ROTC
1864:prep
1852:prep
1847:MC/N
1840:prep
1739:Navy
1599:Wars
1570:and
1049:Navy
1047:N =
1037:Army
1035:A =
942:ISBN
881:2019
856:2016
831:2016
806:2016
717:2008
680:2017
569:and
455:and
433:Navy
431:and
425:Army
352:and
350:Army
194:The
188:AL-4
177:Rep.
162:Sen.
48:the
2569:Air
2543:MSC
2498:Sea
2329:Pay
2251:NCO
902:JFQ
123:by
105:by
84:992
4134::
2802:CG
2797:SF
2792:AF
2782:MC
2762:CG
2757:SF
2752:AF
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2645:MC
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2370::
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2122:CG
2117:SF
2112:AF
2102:MC
2088::
2064:CG
2040::
2031:SF
2026:AF
2016:MC
2007::
1982:CG
1967:MC
1932::
1913:MC
1871:CG
1831::
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1625:MC
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1532:AF
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1349:AF
1340::
1331:CG
1326:AF
1316:MC
1110::
957:.
911:.
900:.
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788:.
769:.
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173:AZ
115:AL
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2626:(
2553:N
2518:N
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2490:)
2486:(
2448:N
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2420:(
2418:A
2384:N
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2322:/
2318:/
2299:N
2289:A
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2256:A
2195:N
2185:A
2155:N
2145:A
2107:N
2097:A
2049:A
2021:N
2011:A
1972:N
1962:A
1936:A
1918:N
1908:A
1888:A
1866:)
1862:(
1854:)
1850:(
1842:)
1838:(
1835:A
1630:N
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1321:N
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1000:v
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111:D
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