3125:
3028:
3396:
3382:
3368:
2843:. Their number was considerably augmented by immigration from North Africa in the wake of the Muslim conquest. Immigrants from North Africa and the Middle East bolstered the Jewish population and made Muslim Spain probably the largest centre of contemporary Jews. Especially after 912, during the reign of
2976:
Other authors criticize the modern notion of Al-Andalus being a tolerant society of equal opportunities for all religious groups as a "myth". Jews were living in an uneasy coexistence with
Muslims and Catholics, and the relationship between the groups was more often than not marked by segregation and
2780:
Generally, the Jewish people were allowed to practice their religion and live according to the laws and scriptures of their community. Furthermore, the restrictions to which they were subject were social and symbolic rather than tangible and practical in character. That is to say, these regulations
3007:
With the death of Al-Hakam II in 976, the caliphate began to dissolve, and the position of the Jews became more precarious under the various smaller kingdoms. The first major persecution was the 1066 Granada massacre, which occurred on 30 December in which a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in
2730:
Having invaded southern Spain and coming to rule in a matter of seven years, Islamic rulers were confronted with many questions relating to the implementation of
Islamic rule of a non-Islamic society. The coexistence of Muslims, Jews, and Christians during this time is revered by many writers.
2703:
2997:
Dear brothers, because of our many sins Hashem has cast us among this nation, the Arabs, who are treating us badly. They pass laws designed to cause us distress and make us despised.... Never has there been a nation that hated, humiliated and loathed us as much as this
2775:
takes issue with this view, calling it ahistorical and exaggerated. He argues that Islam traditionally did not offer equality or even pretend that it did and argues that it would have been both a "theological as well as a logical absurdity." However, he also states:
2855:. Jewish philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, poets and rabbinical scholars composed highly-rich cultural and scientific work. Many devoted themselves to the study of the sciences and philosophy, composing many of the most valuable texts of
4539:
2933:
paid by
Muslims. The jizya has been viewed variously as a head tax, as payment for non-conscription in the military (as non-Muslims were normally prohibited from bearing arms or receiving martial training) or as a tribute. Jews had their own
2816:
Visigoth rulers and placed on equal footing with the other ethnic and religious communities of the region. The Arians may have preferred the Jewish population to the
Catholic one, as they did not fear political enmity from the Jews. The
3894:
an interview between
Banning Eyre (Afropop Worldwide) and Dwight Reynolds, Associate Professor in the Department of Religious Studies, Director of the Center for Middle East Studies, and Chair of Islamic and Near Eastern Studies at the
3023:
and massacred many of the Jewish population of the city. According to one source, "more than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day". It was the first persecution of Jews on the
Peninsula under Islamic rule.
2761:, where in parallel to Christian sects regarded as heretical by Catholic Europe, they were not just tolerated, but where opportunities to practise faith and trades were open without restriction save for the prohibitions on
4509:
2669:
The nature and length of this "Golden Age" has been debated, as there were at least three periods during which non-Muslims were oppressed. A few scholars give the start of the Golden Age as 711–718, the
4220:
3076:
4527:
2863:. Jewish economic expansion was unparallelled. In Toledo, after the Christian reconquest in 1085, Jews were involved in translating Arabic texts to the romance languages in the so-called
2800:
in the 19th century as a rebuke to
Christian countries for their treatment of Jews. This myth was met with the "counter-myth" of the "neo-lachrymose conception of Jewish-Arab history" by
2973:
as well from the 11th century. The
Islamic world classified Jews and Christians as dhimmis and allowed Jews to practice their religion more freely than they could in Christian Europe.
4544:
2757:
living under the
Caliphate were allowed fewer rights than Muslims but were still better off than in the Christian parts of Europe. Jews from other parts of Europe made their way to
3080:
3885:
3170:
3192:
4504:
2867:, as they had been previously in translating Greek and Hebrew texts to Arabic. Jews also contributed to botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy.
1313:
3495:
3258:, also known by the acronym 'Rambam', author of Mishnah Torah, Guide to the Perplexed, and commentator on the Mishnah, rabbi, scholar, physician, and philosopher
3988:
3328:
3084:
1891:
4633:
3088:
1546:
1241:
3176:
1433:
4443:
3164:
2641:
4560:
3891:
405:
4572:
1428:
3933:
1676:
294:
2825:, they placed ever greater economic burdens on the Jewish population, and later persecuted them severely. It is possible that Jews welcomed the
3124:
4067:
1930:
4532:
3098:
During the reign of the Berber dynasties, many Jewish and even Muslim scholars left the Muslim-controlled portion of Iberia for the city of
4343:
3516:
5126:
5033:
4867:
915:
878:
5214:
5055:
4403:
4123:
3465:
1854:
3861:
Joel
Kraemer, "Comparing Crescent and Cross," The Journal of Religion, Vol. 77, No. 3. (Jul., 1997), pp. 449–454. (Book review)
2981:
of much of the Jewish population of the city, the Jewish death toll was higher than in the much-publicized Christian pogroms in the
5111:
4968:
4638:
4605:
1877:
3091:. The Almoravids were ousted from the peninsula in 1148, but the region was again invaded, this time by the even more puritanical
5116:
5106:
4862:
4215:
3966:
3896:
3789:
Avraham Yaakov Finkel (translator): "Rambam: Selected Letters of Maimonides", Yeshivat Beit Moshe, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1994,
1227:
4262:
4111:
2634:
1804:
1739:
1621:
5179:
5016:
4328:
3842:
5038:
4749:
1363:
4701:
4683:
4158:
3926:
1631:
1448:
1438:
678:
287:
5209:
5199:
4721:
4478:
4252:
3109:
The major Jewish presence in Iberia continued until the Jews were forced to leave or to convert to Christianity in the
2027:
1977:
1942:
1636:
1501:
1368:
3739:
3704:
3669:
3270:, also referred to by the acronym Ramban, scholar, rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.
4225:
4099:
3856:
3794:
3749:
3714:
3679:
3652:
3561:
2627:
1719:
1681:
1656:
1576:
1561:
1408:
1348:
1303:
4235:
2882:
and other Jewish scholars and poets. In following centuries, Jewish thought flourished under famous figures such as
5204:
5194:
4179:
3806:
2012:
1994:
1900:
1794:
1646:
1641:
1566:
1531:
1398:
3901:
5189:
5184:
5026:
4973:
4963:
4877:
4658:
4305:
4257:
4245:
4240:
4116:
4072:
4047:
3445:
2530:
2429:
1984:
1967:
1920:
1819:
1729:
1666:
1616:
1596:
1591:
1511:
1485:
1460:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1298:
1293:
31:
4333:
4284:
4201:
4174:
4077:
4062:
3919:
3490:
2966:
2003:
1989:
1957:
1937:
1905:
1849:
1824:
1799:
1779:
1769:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1686:
1601:
1586:
1506:
1465:
1418:
1413:
1333:
1278:
280:
4872:
4428:
4153:
4148:
4138:
3577:
Daniel J. Lasker (1997). "Review of Under Crescent and Cross. The Jews in the Middle Ages by Mark R. Cohen".
3414:
2424:
1962:
1947:
1910:
1872:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1814:
1809:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1734:
1700:
1671:
1571:
1556:
1480:
1470:
1388:
1358:
1283:
1269:
195:
3485:
5043:
4882:
4628:
4598:
4494:
4230:
4184:
4094:
3976:
3450:
2864:
2671:
2032:
1952:
1915:
1839:
1784:
1651:
1626:
1551:
1526:
1516:
1455:
1378:
1373:
1353:
1343:
1323:
1308:
1201:
905:
669:
664:
47:
27:
2821:
were mainly indifferent towards Jews and allowed them to grow and prosper. After the Visigoths joined the
4892:
4887:
4731:
4711:
4209:
3150:
3027:
2796:, calls the idealized interfaith utopia a "myth" that was first promulgated by Jewish historians such as
2666:
during which Jews were accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life flourished.
2022:
2017:
1972:
1925:
1611:
1581:
1541:
1536:
1393:
699:
2969:, and usually faced far less violence from Muslims, but there were some instances of persecution in the
2781:
served to define the relationship between the two communities, and not to oppress the Jewish population.
91:
4673:
4668:
4499:
4460:
3355:, astronomer, historian, and philosopher. He is sometimes known by the abbreviation Rabad I or Ravad I.
3225:, where he is said to have endeavored to win proselytes for Judaism from among the Spanish Christians."
2962:
2496:
2341:
2049:
1443:
639:
629:
365:
153:
3906:
3631:
4815:
4438:
4133:
4106:
3340:
2610:
2303:
2154:
2095:
986:
67:
3480:
2950:
were tolerated but conspicuous displays of faith, such as bells and processions, were discouraged.
2313:
2293:
1403:
883:
424:
72:
4279:
3773:
4983:
4648:
4643:
4591:
4468:
4267:
4168:
2454:
2444:
2409:
2288:
2278:
2061:
1232:
1174:
1008:
687:
644:
359:
116:
2852:
2679:
5009:
4810:
4371:
3520:
3155:
3114:
2573:
2308:
2222:
1288:
840:
459:
429:
2749:, claims that "tolerance was an inherent aspect of Andalusian society". Menocal's 2003 book,
5081:
5060:
4999:
4994:
4820:
4754:
4361:
4338:
4294:
3318:
3196:
2978:
2683:
2464:
2459:
2404:
2192:
1107:
835:
822:
717:
434:
3611:
2742:
4741:
4726:
2789:
2535:
2487:
2227:
2085:
898:
763:
752:
710:
237:
3877:
167:
8:
5086:
4926:
4759:
4082:
3815:
3616:
3455:
3430:
3273:
3217:
3072:
3020:
2982:
2891:
2588:
2283:
961:
828:
731:
724:
654:
542:
417:
204:
125:
62:
5101:
4716:
4696:
3835:
Islamic culture through Jewish eyes : al-Andalus from the tenth to twelfth century
3594:
3346:
3334:
3312:
3295:
2989:(1135–1204) was forced to flee from Al-Andalus to avoid conversion by the Almohads. In
2954:
2947:
2871:
2439:
2389:
2336:
2331:
2245:
2115:
1383:
1212:
971:
891:
745:
311:
217:
158:
20:
4194:
5133:
5004:
4919:
4842:
4805:
4769:
4565:
4450:
4376:
4056:
3864:
3852:
3838:
3790:
3745:
3710:
3675:
3648:
3557:
3261:
3249:
3228:
3186:
3159:
3064:
3052:
2879:
2875:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2736:
2687:
2675:
2583:
2525:
2505:
2322:
1882:
1521:
981:
852:
782:
659:
572:
439:
258:
180:
138:
111:
3222:
3036:
2907:
4914:
4800:
4795:
4774:
4706:
4653:
4353:
3810:
3586:
3460:
3352:
3322:
3300:
3243:
3206:
3201:
2986:
2899:
2553:
2434:
2394:
2358:
2056:
1606:
1117:
873:
777:
692:
582:
374:
2804:
and others, which also "cannot be maintained in the light of historical reality".
5076:
4906:
4854:
4830:
4825:
4433:
4366:
4087:
3981:
3279:
3146:
3142:
3110:
2939:
2883:
2851:, the Jews prospered culturally, and some notable figures held high posts in the
2822:
2797:
2762:
2746:
2515:
2474:
2469:
2449:
2371:
2365:
2298:
2250:
2090:
2071:
1222:
951:
863:
846:
390:
106:
77:
5096:
4764:
4663:
4614:
4420:
4391:
4381:
4300:
3951:
3942:
3470:
3401:
3387:
3306:
3291:
3051:
Beginning in 1090, the situation deteriorated further with the invasion of the
2887:
2615:
2414:
2269:
2149:
2128:
2105:
2100:
2078:
2066:
1661:
1142:
1076:
1041:
1019:
956:
794:
772:
634:
613:
589:
355:
337:
232:
3867:
by Darío Fernández-Morera – critique of view of Al-Andalus as tolerant society
5173:
5121:
4272:
4189:
4036:
4029:
3735:
3700:
3665:
3285:
3234:
3173:, poet, talmudist and vizier at Taifa of Zaragoza, fell from favor, executed.
3129:
3099:
3060:
3044:
2970:
2785:
2772:
2563:
2558:
1764:
1691:
1217:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1024:
976:
738:
577:
482:
444:
395:
3059:. Even under the Almoravids, some Jews prospered although far more so under
5158:
4779:
4398:
3373:
2935:
2895:
2801:
2593:
2419:
2260:
2255:
2213:
2166:
1260:
1127:
1112:
1071:
1036:
649:
491:
4143:
3911:
3475:
3267:
3212:
3103:
3013:
2958:
2848:
2659:
2578:
2520:
2185:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1051:
268:
263:
242:
4008:
19:
For the period of Spanish cultural flourishing in the 17th century, see
5138:
4691:
4408:
4128:
4022:
3598:
3409:
3255:
3032:
2943:
2911:
2860:
2732:
2715:
2663:
2236:
1250:
1179:
1137:
966:
946:
505:
412:
332:
40:
4931:
4835:
4001:
3180:
2818:
2766:
2723:
2399:
2384:
1474:
1422:
1184:
1132:
1122:
803:
799:
789:
704:
464:
3590:
1152:
5091:
4951:
3994:
3960:
3886:
Excerpt from Farewell Espana: The World of the Sephardim Remembered
3439:
3118:
3092:
2813:
2719:
2711:
2691:
2568:
2178:
2110:
941:
449:
400:
3395:
2812:
Prior to 589, the Jewish population of Spain was tolerated by its
2702:
4946:
4941:
4583:
4386:
4015:
3238:
3056:
3009:
2922:
2833:
2544:
2510:
2379:
2173:
1162:
1157:
1029:
920:
815:
811:
807:
556:
551:
528:
510:
385:
380:
370:
348:
323:
82:
3709:, Princeton University Press, pp. xvii, xix, 22, 163, 169,
3517:"Press Release: The Ornament of the World by María Rosa Menocal"
5048:
4956:
4936:
4540:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
3068:
3040:
3017:
2925:", "protected non-Muslims", Jews in the Islamic world paid the
2915:
2826:
2754:
2707:
2204:
2199:
2159:
2144:
1255:
1147:
567:
533:
519:
454:
4310:
3768:
3766:
3435:
3035:, one of the greatest Jewish scholars of Al Andalus, born in
2930:
2926:
2903:
1167:
596:
500:
469:
4473:
2829:
319:
3763:
2697:
2678:. The end of the age is variously given as 1031, when the
3496:
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
2918:
study, and Córdoba the meeting-place of Jewish savants.
3674:, Princeton University Press, pp. 66–7 & 88,
3849:
Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages
3741:
Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages
3706:
Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages
3671:
Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages
2898:. During 'Abd al-Rahman's term of power, the scholar
2859:. Jews took part in the overall prosperity of Muslim
3363:
2183:
2164:
587:
2870:'Abd al-Rahman's court physician and minister was
3075:" in Almoravid times were the poet and physician
2839:A period of tolerance dawned for the Jews of the
5171:
3576:
3331:, king's minister, son of Samuel ibn Naghrillah
2985:slightly later. The notable Jewish philosopher
3486:Spanish Inquisition and repression of the Jews
2921:It was a time of partial Jewish autonomy. As "
2674:. Others date it from 912, during the rule of
4599:
3927:
3734:
3699:
3664:
2929:, which was administered separately from the
2635:
288:
4344:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
2735:was a key center of Jewish life during the
2690:invaded; or the mid-12th century, when the
879:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4606:
4592:
3941:
3934:
3920:
2807:
2642:
2628:
295:
281:
3195:, scholar and diplomat in the service of
3888:by Howard M. Sachar, at MyJewishLearning
3627:
3625:
3221:, "a convert to Judaism ... ... went to
3167:, poet, father of Abu al-Fadl ibn Hasdai
3123:
3026:
3002:
2745:, a specialist in Iberian literature at
2701:
26:For broader coverage of this topic, see
3897:University of California, Santa Barbara
3547:
3545:
3532:
3530:
2961:, the Jews were far more integrated in
2953:Comparing the treatment of Jews in the
2788:, Professor of Near Eastern Studies at
2698:Historiography and nature of Golden Age
5172:
3783:
4587:
4329:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3915:
3865:"The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise"
3774:"The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise"
3622:
3551:
3466:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)
3067:. Among those who held the title of "
2656:golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
4750:Timeline of the Second Temple period
3542:
3527:
4528:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
13:
4634:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine
4613:
4479:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
3614:, Kaufmann Kohler, Samuel Krauss,
3145:, military commander appointed by
3136:
14:
5226:
5215:Sephardi Jewish culture in Europe
3871:
3519:. August 28, 2005. Archived from
3189:, traveller, probably a merchant.
3077:Abu Ayyub Solomon ibn al-Mu'allam
670:Historical population comparisons
3892:The Musical Legacy of Al-Andalus
3394:
3380:
3366:
3055:, a puritan Muslim dynasty from
2967:economic life of Islamic society
1314:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1228:Historical population by country
4964:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
4722:Judah's revolts against Babylon
4545:Institute for Sephardic Studies
3800:
3728:
3552:Cohen, Mark R. (October 1995).
3446:History of the Jews in Portugal
3337:, royal physician and statesman
2836:conquerors in the 8th century.
32:History of the Jews in Portugal
4334:Antisemitism in the Arab world
3744:, Princeton University Press,
3693:
3658:
3645:A History of the Islamic World
3637:
3605:
3570:
3556:. Princeton University Press.
3509:
3491:Timeline of Portuguese history
3349:, rabbi, poet and philosopher.
3296:Pedro I "the Cruel" of Castile
3179:fought in the war against the
1:
3827:
3418:
3415:History of the Jews in Poland
3171:Yekutiel ben Isaac ibn Hassan
3106:in 1085 by Christian forces.
2682:ended; 1066, the date of the
885:Christianity and Judaism
196:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
5180:Jewish culture of al-Andalus
5044:Expulsion of Jews from Spain
4495:American Sephardi Federation
4488:Major communal organizations
3451:History of the Jews in Spain
3282:, rabbi and Talmudic scholar
3204:, philosopher and author of
3081:Abraham ibn Meïr ibn Kamnial
2865:Toledo School of Translators
28:History of the Jews in Spain
7:
4210:Western Europe and overseas
3780:, Fall 2006, pp. 23–31
3579:The Jewish Quarterly Review
3359:
3215:-Eleazar; according to the
3193:Amram ben Isaac ibn Shalbib
3151:Muslim conquest of Hispania
2658:, which coincided with the
2184:
2165:
1892:Latin America and Caribbean
588:
10:
5231:
4500:Sephardi Community Council
3778:The Intercollegiate Review
3343:, translator and physician
3237:, astronomer and rabbi at
2497:Jewish political movements
2194:Conversion to Judaism
25:
18:
5210:Medieval history of Spain
5200:Jewish Portuguese history
5149:
5069:
4982:
4905:
4853:
4788:
4740:
4682:
4621:
4553:
4520:
4505:World Sephardi Federation
4487:
4459:
4419:
4352:
4321:
4046:
3950:
3536:Lewis, Bernard W (1984).
3341:Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon
3158:, philosopher, vizier at
3063:, than under his father,
2977:mutual hostility. In the
2753:, argues that the Jewish
2751:The Ornament of the World
2672:Muslim conquest of Iberia
900:Hinduism and Judaism
4974:Revolt against Heraclius
4702:Ancient Israel and Judah
4684:Ancient Israel and Judah
3772:Darío Fernández-Morera:
3554:Under Crescent and Cross
3501:
2794:Under Crescent and Cross
2718:, from the 14th century
726:Temple in Jerusalem
419:Bar and bat mitzvah
92:Umayyad state of Córdoba
16:Aspect of Jewish history
5205:Medieval Jewish history
5195:Jewish political status
4659:Expulsions and exoduses
3989:Expulsion from Portugal
3315:, traveler and explorer
2910:, and as a consequence
2808:Birth of the Golden Age
688:Twelve Tribes of Israel
117:Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
5190:Jewish Spanish history
5185:Golden ages (metaphor)
5010:Invasion of Banu Nadir
4811:First Jewish-Roman War
3902:Medieval Hebrew Poetry
3309:, philosopher and poet
3288:, poet and philosopher
3276:, poet and philosopher
3252:, diplomat for Granada
3156:Abu al-Fadl ibn Hasdai
3133:
3048:
3000:
2955:medieval Islamic world
2783:
2727:
5061:Medieval antisemitism
5000:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
4995:Siege of Banu Qurayza
4969:Revolt against Gallus
4755:Second Temple Judaism
4339:Antisemitism in Islam
4057:Eastern Mediterranean
3809:by Richard Gottheil,
3643:Fred J. Hill et al.,
3481:Sephardim under Islam
3329:Joseph ibn Naghrillah
3321:, king's minister at
3319:Samuel ibn Naghrillah
3197:Alfonso VI of Castile
3127:
3085:Abu Isaac ibn Muhajar
3030:
3003:End of the Golden Age
2995:
2979:1066 Granada massacre
2914:became the center of
2778:
2705:
2664:period of Muslim rule
1434:São Tomé and Príncipe
1429:Republic of the Congo
823:Second Temple Judaism
694:Kingdom of Judah
665:Modern historiography
41:History of Al-Andalus
5022:Sephardic Golden Age
4816:Battle of Beth Horon
4742:Second Temple period
4727:Babylonian captivity
4444:Sephardi chief rabbi
4421:Religion and culture
3977:Expulsion from Spain
3294:, treasurer of king
2993:, Maimonides wrote:
2853:Caliphate of Córdoba
2790:Princeton University
2680:Caliphate of Córdoba
2536:World Agudath Israel
1677:United Arab Emirates
764:Second Temple period
754:Babylonian captivity
238:Battle of the Strait
4760:Hellenistic Judaism
4669:Political movements
3879:Jewish Encyclopedia
3833:Esperanza Alfonso,
3816:Jewish Encyclopedia
3617:Jewish Encyclopedia
3456:History of Portugal
3431:Paradisus Judaeorum
3426: 1700 AD
3274:Solomon ibn Gabirol
3218:Jewish Encyclopedia
3089:Solomon ibn Farusal
3031:Manuscript page by
3021:Joseph ibn Naghrela
2892:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2765:and, sometimes, on
829:Hellenistic Judaism
407:Land of Israel
366:Principles of faith
168:Second Taifa period
63:Battle of Guadalete
4717:Assyrian Captivity
4697:Origins of Judaism
4639:Population history
3634:by Rebecca Weiner.
3347:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
3335:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
3313:Benjamin of Tudela
3177:Abu Ruiz ibn Dahri
3134:
3049:
2948:People of the Book
2872:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
2743:María Rosa Menocal
2728:
2390:Jewish Koine Greek
1932:Dominican Republic
1213:Judaism by country
892:Jews and Christmas
747:Assyrian captivity
218:Emirate of Granada
205:Third Taifa period
159:Battle of Sagrajas
126:First Taifa period
73:Battle of Toulouse
21:Spanish Golden Age
5167:
5166:
5159:WP:Jewish history
5017:Under Muslim rule
5005:Battle of Khaybar
4920:Synagogal Judaism
4901:
4900:
4843:Bar Kokhba revolt
4806:Jewish-Roman Wars
4770:Hasmonean kingdom
4712:Kingdom of Israel
4581:
4580:
4377:Judaeo-Portuguese
3843:978-0-415-43732-5
3538:The Jews of Islam
3262:Menahem ben Saruq
3250:Joseph ibn Migash
3229:Dunash ben Labrat
3187:Ibrahim ibn Yaqub
3165:Joseph ibn Hasdai
3160:Taifa of Zaragoza
3102:, which had been
3065:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
2946:religions of the
2880:Dunash ben Labrat
2876:Menahem ben Saruq
2857:Jewish philosophy
2845:Abd al-Rahman III
2841:Iberian Peninsula
2737:early Middle Ages
2686:; 1090, when the
2676:Abd al-Rahman III
2662:in Europe, was a
2652:
2651:
2601:
2600:
2349:
2348:
2096:Reconstructionist
2040:
2039:
1192:
1191:
999:
998:
836:Jewish–Roman wars
784:Hasmonean dynasty
700:Kingdom of Israel
604:
603:
305:
304:
259:Iberian Peninsula
112:Abd al-Rahman III
5222:
5155:
4991:Mohammedan Wars
4915:Rabbinic Judaism
4868:Byzantine Empire
4821:Galilee campaign
4801:Judean Civil War
4796:Maccabean Revolt
4789:Wars and revolts
4786:
4785:
4775:Herodian kingdom
4732:Babylonian Yehud
4707:Kingdom of Judah
4644:Military history
4608:
4601:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4569:
4536:
4513:
4439:Rite and customs
4412:
4295:Crypto-Sephardim
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3881:article on Spain
3820:
3811:Meyer Kayserling
3804:
3798:
3787:
3781:
3770:
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3760:
3759:
3758:
3732:
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3609:
3603:
3602:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3549:
3540:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3461:History of Spain
3427:
3423:
3420:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3353:Abraham ibn Daud
3323:Taifa of Granada
3303:, rabbi and poet
3301:Abraham ibn Ezra
3244:Jehiel ben Asher
3207:Chovot HaLevavot
3202:Bahya ibn Paquda
2987:Moses Maimonides
2959:Christian Europe
2900:Moses ben Hanoch
2874:, the patron of
2684:Granada massacre
2644:
2637:
2630:
2493:
2492:
2374:
2195:
2189:
2170:
2134:
2133:
2081:
2028:New Zealand
1980:
1943:El Salvador
1933:
1865:Northern America
1857:
1451:
1207:
1206:
1118:Crimean Karaites
1014:
1013:
992:
990:
911:
909:
901:
895:
886:
874:Rabbinic Judaism
855:
849:
843:
831:
819:
785:
778:Maccabean Revolt
755:
748:
742:
734:
727:
721:
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68:Siege of Córdoba
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5145:
5134:Israeli history
5077:Jewish question
5065:
4978:
4907:Rabbinic period
4897:
4849:
4831:Diaspora revolt
4826:Siege of Masada
4784:
4736:
4678:
4649:Genetic history
4617:
4612:
4582:
4577:
4563:
4561:Philosephardism
4549:
4530:
4516:
4507:
4483:
4455:
4415:
4406:
4367:Sephardi Hebrew
4348:
4317:
4042:
3982:Alhambra Decree
3946:
3943:Sephardi Jewish
3940:
3874:
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3591:10.2307/1455066
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3365:
3362:
3280:Moses ben Enoch
3231:(920–990), poet
3147:Tariq ibn Ziyad
3143:Kaula al Yahudi
3139:
3137:Notable figures
3128:Jewish Street (
3111:Alhambra Decree
3005:
2991:Letter to Yemen
2940:social services
2884:Samuel Ha-Nagid
2823:Catholic Church
2810:
2798:Heinrich Graetz
2763:proselytisation
2747:Yale University
2700:
2648:
2603:
2602:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2470:Judeo-Malayalam
2450:Judaeo-Georgian
2370:
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2251:Yiddish theatre
2193:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2079:
2052:
2042:
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1978:
1931:
1855:
1449:
1233:Genetic studies
1204:
1194:
1193:
1011:
1001:
1000:
988:
987:
907:
906:
899:
889:
884:
866:and Middle Ages
864:Rabbinic period
851:
845:
838:
826:
797:
783:
753:
746:
737:
729:
725:
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711:in Judaism
708:
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5097:Reform Judaism
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4767:
4765:Yehud Medinata
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4629:Historiography
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4615:Jewish history
4611:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4588:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4573:Sephardization
4570:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
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4524:
4522:
4518:
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4489:
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4469:Black Panthers
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4431:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
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4396:
4395:
4394:
4392:Tetuani Ladino
4389:
4382:Judaeo-Spanish
4379:
4374:
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4364:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
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4322:Modern history
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3872:External links
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3585:(1/2): 76–78.
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3523:on 2005-08-28.
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3473:
3471:La Convivencia
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3402:Society portal
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3388:Judaism portal
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3292:Samuel ha-Levi
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3115:similar decree
3113:of 1492 and a
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2888:Moses ibn Ezra
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2769:construction.
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674:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Land of Israel
632:
624:
623:
617:
612:
611:
608:
607:
602:
601:
600:
599:
594:
590:Shulchan Aruch
585:
580:
575:
570:
562:
561:
560:
559:
554:
546:
545:
539:
538:
537:
536:
531:
523:
522:
516:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
495:
494:
486:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
415:
410:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
368:
363:
356:God in Judaism
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
327:
326:
316:
315:
303:
302:
300:
299:
292:
285:
277:
274:
273:
272:
271:
266:
261:
253:
252:
248:
247:
246:
245:
240:
235:
233:Nasrid dynasty
227:
226:
214:
213:
201:
200:
199:
198:
190:
189:
177:
176:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
148:
147:
139:Almoravid rule
135:
134:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
101:
100:
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5227:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:The Holocaust
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:United States
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Enlightenment
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4597:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Belmonte Jews
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4273:Paradesi Jews
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4246:New Amsterdam
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4037:New Christian
4034:
4032:
4031:
4030:Maghrebi Jews
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3907:The Sephardim
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:0-691-01082-X
3854:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3795:0-9626226-3-X
3792:
3786:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3753:
3751:0-691-01082-X
3747:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3736:Mark R. Cohen
3731:
3718:
3716:0-691-01082-X
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3701:Mark R. Cohen
3696:
3683:
3681:0-691-01082-X
3677:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3666:Mark R. Cohen
3661:
3654:
3653:0-7818-1015-9
3650:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3563:0-691-01082-X
3559:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:of the Jews")
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3378:
3375:
3364:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:Yehuda Halevi
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3264:, philologist
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3235:Isaac Albalia
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3045:Hebrew script
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2971:Islamic world
2968:
2964:
2963:the political
2960:
2957:and medieval
2956:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:and his son,
2846:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:Mark R. Cohen
2782:
2777:
2774:
2773:Bernard Lewis
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Judeo-Aramaic
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Judeo-Italian
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Ghardaïa Sign
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:Denominations
2046:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:United States
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Guinea-Bissau
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Lists of Jews
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1004:
993:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:The Holocaust
975:
973:
970:
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621:
620:
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592:
591:
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:Mishneh Torah
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
563:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:
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379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
353:
350:
345:
344:
339:
338:Who is a Jew?
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
328:
325:
321:
318:
317:
313:
309:
308:
298:
293:
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66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
49:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
29:
22:
5117:World War II
5107:Soviet Union
5087:Emancipation
5082:Disabilities
5021:
4863:Roman Empire
4780:Roman Judaea
4399:Judeo-Gascon
4372:Judeo-Arabic
4362:Judeo-Berber
4293:
4208:
4180:Gibraltarian
4169:North Africa
4167:
4159:Thessalonian
4055:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3971:
3967:Roman Empire
3959:
3878:
3848:
3847:Mark Cohen,
3834:
3814:
3802:
3797:, p. 58
3785:
3777:
3755:, retrieved
3740:
3730:
3720:, retrieved
3705:
3695:
3685:, retrieved
3670:
3660:
3644:
3639:
3615:
3607:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3553:
3537:
3521:the original
3511:
3429:
3374:Spain portal
3216:
3205:
3108:
3097:
3050:
3006:
2996:
2990:
2975:
2952:
2936:legal system
2920:
2896:Judah Halevi
2869:
2838:
2811:
2793:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2729:
2710:reading the
2668:
2655:
2653:
2594:Post-Zionism
2465:Judeo-Berber
2460:Judeo-Arabic
2420:Judeo-Gascon
2167:Pidyon haben
2086:Conservative
1632:Saudi Arabia
1450:South Africa
1439:Sierra Leone
1261:Israeli Jews
1175:Mosaic Arabs
1128:Kaifeng Jews
989:Arab–Israeli
962:Emancipation
925:
841:Great Revolt
650:Anti-Judaism
645:Antisemitism
640:Name "Judea"
435:Baal teshuva
181:Almohad rule
4984:Middle Ages
4893:Mesopotamia
4564: [
4531: [
4508: [
4407: [
4129:Palestinian
3476:Reconquista
3422: 1025
3268:Nachmanides
3213:Bishop Bodo
3149:during the
3104:reconquered
3016:the Jewish
2849:Al-Hakam II
2832:and mainly-
2706:Image of a
2660:Middle Ages
2589:Revisionist
2579:Neo-Zionism
2186:Zeved habat
1979:Puerto Rico
1805:Netherlands
1637:South Korea
1622:Philippines
1502:Afghanistan
1369:Ivory Coast
1143:Crypto-Jews
1108:Bnei Anusim
1087:Bene Israel
1052:Beta Israel
1009:Communities
916:Middle Ages
655:Persecution
430:Bereavement
269:Convivencia
264:Reconquista
243:Granada War
223:(1232–1492)
210:(1232–1287)
186:(1147–1238)
173:(1140–1203)
144:(1085–1145)
131:(1009–1110)
5174:Categories
5139:New Yishuv
5127:Resistance
4692:Israelites
4112:Macedonian
4100:Alexandria
4048:Dispersion
4023:Megorashim
4002:Degredados
3972:Golden Age
3828:References
3819:. 1906 ed.
3757:2010-04-10
3722:2010-04-10
3687:2010-04-10
3424: – c.
3417:- Between
3410:Al-Andalus
3256:Maimonides
3053:Almoravids
3033:Maimonides
2944:Monotheist
2912:al-Andalus
2861:Al-Andalus
2759:al-Andalus
2733:Al-Andalus
2716:Al-Andalus
2688:Almoravids
2574:Maximalism
2526:Secularism
2506:Autonomism
2323:Literature
2116:Humanistic
1720:Azerbaijan
1682:Uzbekistan
1657:Tajikistan
1577:Kyrgyzstan
1562:Kazakhstan
1409:Mozambique
1384:Madagascar
1304:Cape Verde
1256:New Yishuv
1251:Old Yishuv
1202:Population
1180:Subbotniks
1138:Samaritans
1077:Romanyotim
1020:Ashkenazim
967:Old Yishuv
947:Sabbateans
934:Modern era
926:Golden Age
853:Bar Kokhba
573:Beit Yosef
440:Philosophy
97:(756–1031)
5034:Byzantium
4932:Sanhedrin
4836:Kitos War
4654:Languages
4622:Overviews
4354:Languages
4301:Amazonian
4285:Livornese
4263:Hamburger
4107:Hungarian
4073:Bulgarian
3995:Conversos
3632:Sephardim
3428:, called
3181:Almohades
3121:in 1496.
3014:crucified
2983:Rhineland
2819:Visigoths
2802:Bat Ye'or
2792:, in his
2767:synagogue
2724:Barcelona
2714:story in
2694:invaded.
2584:Religious
2440:Zarphatic
2430:Bukharian
2400:Judeo-Tat
2385:Yeshivish
2359:Languages
2314:Sephardic
2304:Israelite
2294:Ethiopian
2284:Ashkenazi
2223:Religious
2013:Australia
1995:Venezuela
1901:Argentina
1883:Greenland
1795:Lithuania
1647:Sri Lanka
1642:Singapore
1567:Kurdistan
1532:Indonesia
1522:Hong Kong
1475:Abayudaya
1399:Mauritius
1133:Igbo Jews
1123:Krymchaks
1042:Sephardim
910:relations
804:Sadducees
800:Pharisees
790:Sanhedrin
705:Jerusalem
465:Synagogue
333:Etymology
53:(711–732)
5154:See also
5039:Crusades
5027:Kairouan
4952:Savoraim
4878:Carthage
4855:Diaspora
4674:Timeline
4461:Politics
4241:Suriname
4216:American
4202:Tunisian
4190:Moroccan
4175:Algerian
4134:Romanian
4117:Monastir
4095:Egyptian
4088:Splicani
4078:Croatian
4063:Albanian
4016:Marranos
4009:Lançados
3961:Sepharad
3738:(1995),
3703:(1995),
3668:(1995),
3612:Arianism
3440:Paradise
3360:See also
3325:and poet
3132:, Spain)
3119:Portugal
3093:Almohads
2916:Talmudic
2720:Haggadah
2712:Passover
2692:Almohads
2611:Category
2569:Kahanism
2516:Feminism
2488:Politics
2372:Biblical
2342:American
2289:Bukharan
2279:American
2179:Shidduch
2155:Clothing
2111:Haymanot
2057:Orthodox
1985:Suriname
1968:Paraguay
1921:Colombia
1820:Portugal
1730:Bulgaria
1667:Thailand
1617:Pakistan
1597:Mongolia
1592:Malaysia
1512:Cambodia
1486:Zimbabwe
1461:Tanzania
1339:Eswatini
1329:Ethiopia
1319:Djibouti
1299:Cameroon
1294:Botswana
1223:Diaspora
1185:Noahides
1158:Marranos
1082:Cochinim
1067:Bukharim
1057:Gruzinim
1047:Teimanim
1037:Mizrahim
1025:Galician
991:conflict
952:Hasidism
942:Haskalah
847:Diaspora
718:timeline
630:Timeline
543:Rabbinic
450:Kabbalah
425:Marriage
401:Tzedakah
391:Holidays
349:Religion
312:a series
310:Part of
154:Conquest
5102:Zionism
4947:Amoraim
4942:Tannaim
4664:Schisms
4521:Studies
4451:Haredim
4429:Cuisine
4404:Bagitto
4387:Haketia
4280:Italian
4253:English
4236:Curaçao
4221:Antwerp
4195:Tetuani
4154:Rhodian
4139:Serbian
4124:Ottoman
4083:Ragusan
4068:Bosnian
3952:Origins
3837:, 2007
3807:Granada
3599:1455066
3239:Granada
3223:Córdoba
3061:Ali III
3057:Morocco
3043:in the
3037:Córdoba
3010:Granada
2923:dhimmis
2908:Córdoba
2755:dhimmis
2554:General
2545:Zionism
2521:Leftism
2511:Bundism
2435:Knaanic
2395:Yevanic
2380:Yiddish
2337:Yiddish
2332:Israeli
2309:Mizrahi
2299:Israeli
2270:Cuisine
2246:Ancient
2228:Secular
2174:Kashrut
2150:Wedding
2137:Customs
2129:Culture
2106:Science
2101:Renewal
2091:Karaite
2072:Hasidic
2004:Oceania
1990:Uruguay
1958:Jamaica
1938:Ecuador
1906:Bolivia
1850:Ukraine
1825:Romania
1800:Moldova
1780:Hungary
1770:Germany
1765:Georgia
1755:Finland
1750:Estonia
1745:Denmark
1740:Czechia
1725:Belarus
1715:Austria
1710:Armenia
1687:Vietnam
1602:Myanmar
1587:Lebanon
1507:Bahrain
1466:Tunisia
1444:Somalia
1419:Nigeria
1414:Namibia
1404:Morocco
1334:Eritrea
1279:Algeria
1163:Neofiti
1072:Italkim
1062:Juhurim
972:Zionism
921:Khazars
816:Sicarii
812:Zealots
808:Essenes
795:Schisms
660:Leaders
622:General
614:History
557:Tosefta
552:Midrash
529:Mishnah
511:Ketuvim
506:Nevi'im
455:Customs
386:Shabbat
381:Halakha
373: (
371:Mitzvot
358: (
324:Judaism
83:Fihrids
5070:Modern
5049:Anusim
4957:Geonim
4937:Chazal
4888:Persia
4873:Greece
4311:Xuetas
4268:Indian
4258:French
4185:Libyan
4144:Syrian
3945:topics
3855:
3841:
3793:
3748:
3713:
3678:
3655:, p.73
3651:
3597:
3560:
3246:, poet
3130:Toledo
3100:Toledo
3071:" or "
3069:vizier
3041:Arabic
3018:Vizier
2834:Berber
2827:Muslim
2708:cantor
2616:Portal
2475:Domari
2405:Shassi
2366:Hebrew
2261:Humour
2205:Hiloni
2200:Aliyah
2160:Niddah
2145:Minyan
2080:Reform
2067:Haredi
2062:Modern
1963:Mexico
1948:Guyana
1911:Brazil
1873:Canada
1845:Sweden
1835:Serbia
1830:Russia
1815:Poland
1810:Norway
1790:Latvia
1775:Greece
1760:France
1735:Cyprus
1701:Europe
1672:Turkey
1662:Taiwan
1572:Kuwait
1557:Jordan
1547:Israel
1481:Zambia
1471:Uganda
1389:Malawi
1359:Guinea
1349:Gambia
1284:Angola
1270:Africa
1153:Dönmeh
1148:Anusim
1092:Berber
1030:Litvak
982:Israel
888:
825:
739:Second
707:
568:Targum
534:Gemara
520:Talmud
492:Tanakh
445:Ethics
396:Prayer
4883:Egypt
4568:]
4554:Other
4535:]
4512:]
4434:Music
4411:]
4231:Aruba
4226:Dutch
4149:Greek
3851:1995
3647:2003
3595:JSTOR
3502:Notes
3438:for "
3436:Latin
3039:, in
2931:zakat
2927:jizya
2904:rabbi
2814:Arian
2564:Labor
2559:Green
2256:Dance
2214:Music
2033:Palau
1953:Haiti
1916:Chile
1840:Spain
1785:Italy
1692:Yemen
1652:Syria
1627:Qatar
1607:Nepal
1552:Japan
1527:India
1517:China
1456:Sudan
1379:Libya
1374:Kenya
1354:Ghana
1344:Gabon
1324:Egypt
1309:Benin
1168:Xueta
1113:Lemba
732:First
597:Zohar
501:Torah
483:Texts
470:Rabbi
460:Rites
360:names
4927:Nasi
4474:Shas
3853:ISBN
3839:ISBN
3791:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3711:ISBN
3676:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3558:ISBN
3087:and
3073:nasi
2998:one.
2965:and
2938:and
2894:and
2830:Arab
2654:The
2023:Guam
2018:Fiji
1973:Peru
1926:Cuba
1612:Oman
1582:Laos
1542:Iraq
1537:Iran
1494:Asia
1423:Igbo
1394:Mali
413:Brit
322:and
320:Jews
30:and
3587:doi
3117:by
2906:of
2722:of
2237:Art
583:Tur
375:613
5176::
4566:es
4533:es
4510:he
4409:it
3813:,
3776:,
3765:^
3624:^
3593:.
3583:88
3581:.
3544:^
3529:^
3419:c.
3095:.
3083:,
3079:,
3012:,
2942:.
2890:,
2886:,
2878:,
2739:.
850:,
844:,
814:,
810:,
806:,
802:,
314:on
4607:e
4600:t
4593:v
3935:e
3928:t
3921:v
3601:.
3589::
3566:.
3434:(
3183:.
3047:.
2726:.
2643:e
2636:t
2629:v
1477:)
1473:(
1425:)
1421:(
894:)
890:(
856:)
839:(
832:)
827:(
818:)
798:(
741:)
730:(
720:)
709:(
377:)
362:)
296:e
289:t
282:v
34:.
23:.
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