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3564:. This is also sometimes called a "running attack", since it unfolds as one player trying to outrun the other's attack. To capture stones in a ladder, a player uses a constant series of capture threats (atari), giving the opponent only one place to place his stone to keep his group alive. This forces the opponent to move into a zigzag pattern (surrounding the ladder on the outside) as shown in the adjacent diagram to keep the attack coming. Unless the pattern runs into friendly stones along the way, the stones in the ladder cannot avoid capture. However, if the ladder can run into other black stones, thus saving them, then experienced players recognize the futility of continuing the attack. These stones can also be saved if a suitably strong threat can be forced elsewhere on the board, so that two Black stones can be placed here to save the group.
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4840:. This is a move elsewhere on the board that threatens to make a large profit if the opponent does not respond. If the opponent does respond to the ko threat, the situation on the board has changed, and the prohibition on capturing the ko no longer applies. Thus the player who made the ko threat may now recapture the ko. Their opponent is then in the same situation and can either play a ko threat as well or concede the ko by simply playing elsewhere. If a player concedes the ko, either because they do not think it important or because there are no moves left that could function as a ko threat, they have
163:
5624:: After the main time is depleted, a player has a certain number of time periods (typically around thirty seconds). After each move, the number of full-time periods that the player took (often zero) is subtracted. For example, if a player has three thirty-second time periods and takes thirty or more (but less than sixty) seconds to make a move, they lose one time period. With 60–89 seconds, they lose two time periods, and so on. If, however, they take less than thirty seconds, the timer simply resets without subtracting any periods. Using up the last period means that the player has lost on time.
5211:
6191: in) in width. Chinese boards are slightly larger, as a traditional Chinese Go stone is slightly larger to match. The board is not square; there is a 15:14 ratio in length to width, because with a perfectly square board, from the player's viewing angle the perspective creates a foreshortening of the board. The added length compensates for this. There are two main types of boards: a table board similar in most respects to other gameboards like that used for chess, and a floor board, which is its own free-standing table and at which the players sit.
354:
1505:) is a potentially indefinitely repeated stone-capture position. The rules do not allow a board position to be repeated. Therefore, any move which would restore the previous board position would not be allowed, and the next player would be forced to play somewhere else. If the play requires a strategic response by the first player, further changing the board, then the second player could "retake the ko," and the first player would be in the same situation of needing to change the board before trying to take the ko back. And so on. Some of these
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2214:. Any dead stones removed at the end of the game become prisoners. The score is the number of empty points enclosed by a player's stones, plus the number of prisoners captured by that player. Under territory scoring there can be an extra penalty for playing inside ones' territory, so if there is a disagreement extra play to resolve it would, in tournament settings, happen on a separate board, where the player claiming a group is dead would play first, and would demonstrate how to capture those stones. For further information, see
7113:, perhaps the three oldest games that enjoy worldwide popularity. Backgammon is a "man vs. fate" contest, with chance playing a strong role in determining the outcome. Chess, with rows of soldiers marching forward to capture each other, embodies the conflict of "man vs. man". Because the handicap system tells Go players where they stand relative to other players, an honestly ranked player can expect to lose about half of their games; therefore, Go can be seen as embodying the quest for self-improvement, "man vs. self".
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extending along the side of the board. The opening is the most theoretically difficult part of the game and takes a large proportion of professional players' thinking time. The first stone played at a corner of the board is generally placed on the third or fourth line from the edge. Players tend to play on or near the 4–4 star point during the opening. Playing nearer to the edge does not produce enough territory to be efficient, and playing further from the edge does not safely secure the territory.
4176:. This refers to a move that loosely surrounds some stones, preventing their escape in all directions. An example is given in the adjacent diagram. It is often better to capture stones in a net than in a ladder, because a net does not depend on the condition that there are no opposing stones in the way, nor does it allow the opponent to play a strategic ladder breaker. However, the ladder only requires one turn to kill all the opponent's stones, whereas a net requires more turns to do the same.
1403:
enclosing spaces. Stones are never moved on the board, but when "captured" are removed from the board. Stones are linked together into a formation by being adjacent along the black lines, not on diagonals (of which there are none). Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in the expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formations and their enclosed empty spaces (called "eyes"). Another essential component of the game is control of the
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6517:(player turn), its ability to calculate the best plays is sharply reduced when there are a large number of possible moves. Most computer game algorithms, such as those for chess, compute several moves in advance. Given an average of 200 available moves through most of the game, for a computer to calculate its next move by exhaustively anticipating the next four moves of each possible play (two of its own and two of its opponent's), it would have to consider more than 320 billion (3.2
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1526:(increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by a handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rulesets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions and the method of scoring at the end.
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player has more territory, and even beginners can estimate the score within 10 points, given time to count it. The number of stones on the board (material advantage) is only a weak indicator of the strength of a position, and a territorial advantage (more empty points surrounded) for one player might be compensated by the opponent's strong positions and influence all over the board. Normally a 3-dan can easily judge most of these positions.
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6890:. Computer Go research has shown that given the large search tree, knowledge and pattern recognition are more important in Go than in other strategy games, such as chess. A study of the effects of age on Go-playing has shown that mental decline is milder with strong players than with weaker players. According to the review of Gobet and colleagues, the pattern of brain activity observed with techniques such as
2906:). Where different colored groups are adjacent and share liberties, the situation may reach a position when neither player wants to move first because doing so would allow the opponent to capture; in such situations therefore both players' stones remain on the board (in seki). Neither player receives any points for those groups, but at least those groups themselves remain living, as opposed to being captured.
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6960:. Informally that means there are no dice used (and decisions or moves create discrete outcome vectors rather than probability distributions), the underlying math is combinatorial, and all moves (via single vertex analysis) are visible to both players (unlike some card games where some information is hidden). Perfect information also implies sequence—players can theoretically know about all past moves.
6679:, 1886. This popular woodblock print depicts the ancient legend of a husband who suspected his wife was having an affair with the samurai Minamoto no Yoshiie. To prevent his visits, the husband surrounded his house with brambles and placed a Go board on the balcony, hoping he would stumble over it. Instead, the samurai deftly cut the board as he leaped over the balcony railing, avoiding both obstacles.
1395:
1844:), forming a discrete unit that cannot then be divided. Only stones connected to one another by the lines on the board create a chain; stones that are diagonally adjacent are not connected. Chains may be expanded by placing additional stones on adjacent intersections, and they can be connected together by placing a stone on an intersection that is adjacent to two or more chains of the same color.
6606:
He exploited this weakness by slowly encircling the opponent's stones and distracting the AI with moves in other parts of the board. The tactics used by
Pelrine have highlighted a fundamental flaw in the deep learning systems that underpin many of today's advanced AI. Although the AI systems can "understand" specific situations, they lack the ability to generalize in a way that humans find easy.
6290:) usually contains 181 black stones and 180 white ones; a 19×19 grid has 361 points, so there are enough stones to cover the board, and Black gets the extra odd stone because that player goes first. However it may happen, especially in beginners' games, that many back-and-forth captures empty the bowls before the end of the game: in that case an exchange of prisoners allows the game to continue.
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2858:. A group of stones is said to be alive if it cannot be captured, even if the opponent is allowed to move first. Conversely, a group of stones is said to be dead if it cannot avoid capture, even if the owner of the group is allowed the first move. Otherwise, the group is said to be unsettled: the defending player can make it alive or the opponent can
7049:(far from the edge) allows the opponent to invade. Decisions in one part of the board may be influenced by an apparently unrelated situation in a distant part of the board (for example, ladders can be broken by stones at an arbitrary distance away). Plays made early in the game can shape the nature of conflict a hundred moves later.
2874:
removed first. In the "Examples of eyes" diagram, all the circled points are eyes. The two black groups in the upper corners are alive, as both have at least two eyes. The groups in the lower corners are dead, as both have only one eye. The group in the lower left may seem to have two eyes, but the surrounded empty point marked
1720:
their plans, in making or destroying territory, capturing or saving stones. These changing aspects of the game usually occur at much the same time, for strong players. In brief, the middlegame switches into the endgame when the concepts of strategy and influence need reassessment in terms of concrete final results on the board.
4814:. In such problems, players are challenged to find the vital move sequence that kills a group of the opponent or saves a group of their own. Tsumego are considered an excellent way to train a player's ability at reading ahead, and are available for all skill levels, some posing a challenge even to top players.
6549:
It was not until August 2008 that a computer won a game against a professional level player at a handicap of 9 stones, the greatest handicap normally given to a weaker opponent. It was the Mogo program, which scored this first victory in an exhibition game played during the US Go
Congress. By 2013, a
6453:
manual to the game. Apart from the points above it also points to the need to remain calm and honorable, in maintaining posture, and knowing the key specialised terms, such as titles of common formations. Generally speaking, much attention is paid to the etiquette of playing, as much as to winning or
5406:
in eastern martial arts using this system. The difference among each amateur rank is one handicap stone. For example, if a 5k plays a game with a 1k, the 5k would need a handicap of four stones to even the odds. Top-level amateur players sometimes defeat professionals in tournament play. Professional
4809:
As explained in the scoring rules, some stone formations can never be captured and are said to be alive, while other stones may be in a position where they cannot avoid being captured and are said to be dead. Much of the practice material available to players of the game comes in the form of life and
1802:
The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their color on the intersections of the board, one stone at a time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid, but for beginners or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular. The board is empty to begin
1794:
6605:
In
February 2023, Kellin Pelrine, an amateur American Go player, won 14 out of 15 games against a top-ranked AI system in a significant victory over artificial intelligence. Pelrine took advantage of a previously unknown flaw in the Go computer program, which had been identified by another computer.
6445:
It is considered poor manners to run one's fingers through one's bowl of unplayed stones, as the sound, however soothing to the player doing this, can be disturbing to one's opponent. Similarly, clacking a stone against another stone, the board, or the table or floor is also discouraged. However, it
2869:
is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones. If the eye is surrounded by Black stones, White cannot play there unless such a play would take Black's last liberty and capture the Black stones. (Such a move is forbidden according to the suicide rule in most rule sets, but even
2226:
stones, are removed. Given that the number of stones a player has on the board is directly related to the number of prisoners their opponent has taken, the resulting net score, that is, the difference between Black's and White's scores is identical under both rulesets (unless the players have passed
2183:
A simplified game at its end. Black's territory (A) + (C) and prisoners (D) is counted and compared to White's territory (B) only (no prisoners). In this example, both Black and White attempted to invade and live (C and D groups) to reduce the other's total territory. Only Black's invading group (C)
1612:
Mutual life (seki) is better than dying: A situation in which neither player can play on a particular point without then allowing the other player to play at another point to capture. The most common example is that of adjacent groups that share their last few liberties—if either player plays in the
1423:
Initially the board is bare, and players alternate turns to place one stone per turn. As the game proceeds, players try to link their stones together into "living" formations (meaning that they are permanently safe from capture), as well as threaten to capture their opponent's stones and formations.
7075:
Go begins with an empty board. It is focused on building from the ground up (nothing to something) with multiple, simultaneous battles leading to a point-based win. Chess is tactical rather than strategic, as the predetermined strategy is to trap one individual piece (the king). This comparison has
5656:
Alternatively, the game record can also be noted by writing the successive moves on a diagram, where odd numbers mean black stones, even numbers mean white stones (or conversely when playing with a handicap), and a notation like "25=22" in the margin means that the 25th stone was played at the same
4851:
the threat and connect the ko. They thereby win the ko, but at a cost. The choice of when to respond to a threat and when to ignore it is a subtle one, which requires a player to consider many factors, including how much is gained by connecting, how much is lost by not responding, how many possible
4826:
A simplified ko fight on a 9×9 board. The ko is at the point marked with a square—Black has "taken the ko" first. The ko fight determines the life of the A and B groups—only one survives and the other is captured. White may play C as a ko threat, and Black properly answers at D. White can then take
4805:
One of the most important skills required for strong tactical play is the ability to read ahead. Reading ahead includes considering available moves to play, the possible responses to each move, and the subsequent possibilities after each of those responses. Some of the strongest players of the game
2920:
In the "Example of seki (mutual life)" diagram, the two circled points are liberties shared by both a black and a white group. Both of these interior groups are at risk, and neither player wants to play on a circled point, because doing so would allow the opponent to capture their group on the next
2132:
A player may not place a stone such that it or its group immediately has no liberties unless doing so immediately deprives an enemy group of its final liberty. In the second case, the enemy group is captured, leaving the new stone with at least one liberty, so the new stone can be placed. This rule
2127:
Under normal rules, White cannot play at A because that point has no liberties. Under the Ing and New
Zealand rules, White may play A, a suicide stone that kills itself and the two neighboring white stones, leaving an empty three-space eye. Black naturally answers by playing at A, creating two eyes
1831:
The Black stone group has only one liberty (at point A), so it is very vulnerable to capture. If Black plays at A, the chain would then have 3 liberties, and so is much safer. However, if White plays at A first, the Black chain loses its last liberty, and thus it is captured and immediately removed
6628:
An abundance of software is available to support players of the game. This includes programs that can be used to view or edit game records and diagrams, programs that allow the user to search for patterns in the games of strong players, and programs that allow users to play against each other over
6508:
The number of spaces on the board is much larger (over five times the number of spaces on a chess board—361 vs. 64). On most turns there are many more possible moves in Go than in chess. Throughout most of the game, the number of legal moves stays at around 150–250 per turn, and rarely falls below
5970:(today part of the China Qiyuan) was established in 1962, and professional dan grades started being issued in 1982. Western professional Go began in 2012 with the American Go Association's Professional System. In 2014, the European Go Federation followed suit and started their professional system.
1773:
Almost all other information about how the game is played is heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the patterns of the stones on the board function, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rulesets, but the above two rules cover almost
1719:
fights, where before the central area of the board related to all parts of it. No large weak groups are still in serious danger. Moves can reasonably be attributed some definite value, such as 20 points or fewer, rather than simply being necessary to compete. Both players set limited objectives in
1710:
for viability. Such groups may be saved or sacrificed for something more significant on the board. It is possible that one player may succeed in capturing a large weak group of the opponent's, which often proves decisive and ends the game by a resignation. However, matters may be more complex yet,
6994:
In the endgame, it can often happen that the state of the board consists of several subpositions that do not interact with the others. The whole board position can then be considered as a mathematical sum, or composition, of the individual subpositions. It is this property of Go endgames that led
6898:
does not show large differences between Go and chess. On the other hand, a study by
Xiangchuan Chen et al. showed greater activation in the right hemisphere among Go players than among chess players, but the research was inconclusive because strong players from Go were hired while very weak chess
6582:. Leading up to the game, Lee Sedol and other top professionals were confident that he would win; however, AlphaGo defeated Lee in four of the five games. After having already lost the series by the third game, Lee won the fourth game, describing his win as "invaluable". In May 2017, AlphaGo beat
6544:
In capture-based games (such as chess), a position can often be evaluated relatively easily, such as by calculating who has a material advantage or more active pieces. In Go, there is often no easy way to evaluate a position. However a 6-kyu human can evaluate a position at a glance, to see which
5840:
at the start of the 17th century shifted the focus of the Go world to Japan. State sponsorship, allowing players to dedicate themselves full-time to study of the game, and fierce competition between individual houses resulted in a significant increase in the level of play. During this period, the
1689:
In the opening of the game, players usually play and gain territory in the corners of the board first, as the presence of two edges makes it easier for them to surround territory and establish the eyes they need. From a secure position in a corner, it is possible to lay claim to more territory by
5334:
has 75 member countries, with 67 member countries outside East Asia. Chinese cultural centres across the world are promoting Go, and cooperating with local Go associations, for example the seminars held by the
Chinese cultural centre in Tel Aviv, Israel, together with the Israeli Go association.
1414:
The illustration displays the four "liberties" (adjacent empty points) of a single black stone. Illustrations , , and show White reducing those liberties progressively by one. In , when Black has only one liberty left, that stone is under attack and about to be captured and eliminated (a state
1463:
In the end game players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their
2873:
If a Black group has two eyes, White can never capture it because White cannot remove both liberties simultaneously. If Black has only one eye, White can capture the Black group by playing in the single eye, removing Black's last liberty. Such a move is not suicide because the Black stones are
2203:
in the 15th or 16th century. Beginner-friendly, but takes longer to count. A player's score is the number of stones that the player has on the board, plus the number of empty intersections surrounded by that player's stones. If there is disagreement about which stones are dead, then under area
1402:
Go is an adversarial game between two players with the objective of capturing territory. That is, occupying and surrounding a larger total empty area of the board with one's stones than the opponent. As the game progresses, the players place stones on the board creating stone "formations" and
6441:
The traditional way to place a Go stone is to first take one from the bowl, gripping it between the index and middle fingers, with the middle finger on top, and then placing it directly on the desired intersection. One can also place a stone on the board and then slide it into position under
5252:
Despite its widespread popularity in East Asia, Go has been slow to spread to the rest of the world. Although there are some mentions of the game in western literature from the 16th century forward, Go did not start to become popular in the West until the end of the 19th century, when German
7305:
Typically, players stop the clock, and the player in overtime sets his/her clock for the desired interval, counts out the required number of stones and sets the remaining stones out of reach, so as not to become confused. If twenty moves are made in time, the timer is reset to five minutes
6651:
and games by a particular player. Programs are available that give players pattern searching options, which allow players to research positions by searching for high-level games in which similar situations occur. Such software generally lists common follow-up moves that have been played by
7398:
While chess position evaluation is simpler than Go position evaluation, it is still more complicated than simply calculating material advantage or piece activity; pawn structure and king safety matter, as do the possibilities in further play. The complexity of the algorithm differs per
6346:
can also refer to a single-convex stone made of any material; however, most
English-language Go suppliers specify Yunzi as a material and single-convex as a shape to avoid confusion, as stones made of Yunzi are also available in double-convex while synthetic stones can be either shape.
892:
of lines, containing 361 points. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 and 13×13 boards, and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. Boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard, however, by the time the game reached
1479:(self-viability for a group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start near the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called
6446:
is permissible to emphasize select moves by striking the board more firmly than normal, thus producing a sharp clack. Additionally, hovering one's arm over the board (usually when deciding where to play) is also considered rude as it obstructs the opponent's view of the board.
6222:
take many hundreds of years to grow to the necessary size, and they are now extremely rare, raising the price of such equipment tremendously. As Kaya trees are a protected species in Japan, they cannot be harvested until they have died. Thus, an old-growth, floor-standing Kaya
5873:
1608:
Stay alive: The simplest way to stay alive is to establish a foothold in the corner or along one of the sides. At a minimum, a group must have two eyes (separate open points) to be alive. An opponent cannot fill in either eye, as any such move is suicidal and prohibited in the
6807:, the characters are color-coded as Go stones (black or other dark shades for the Chinese, white for the Japanese invaders), Go boards and stones are used by the characters to keep track of soldiers prior to battle, and the battles themselves are structured like a game of Go.
5630:: After using all of their main time, a player must make a certain number of moves within a certain period of time, such as twenty moves within five minutes. If the time period expires without the required number of stones having been played, then the player has lost on time.
1697:, which are locally balanced exchanges; however, the joseki chosen should also produce a satisfactory result on a global scale. It is generally advisable to keep a balance between territory and influence. Which of these gets precedence is often a matter of individual taste.
7477:
It has been said that the number of board positions is at most 3 (about 10) since each position can be white, black, or vacant. Ignoring (illegal) suicide moves, there are at least 361! games (about 10) since every permutation of the 361 points corresponds to a game. See
6103:
2144:
and New
Zealand rules do not have this rule, and there a player might destroy one of its own groups (commit suicide). This play would only be useful in limited sets of situations involving a small interior space or planning. In the example at right, it may be useful as a
7484:
This estimate, however, is inexact for two reasons: first, both contestants usually agree to end the game long before every point has been played; second, after a capture it may happen that an already played point is played again, even repetitively so in the case of a
2167:, which gives white a 5.5-point compensation under Japanese rules, 6.5-point under Korean rules, and 15/4 stones, or 7.5-point under Chinese rules(number of points varies by rule set). Under handicap play, White receives only a 0.5-point komi, to break a possible tie (
6037:
Historically, more men than women have played Go. Special tournaments for women exist, but until recently, men and women did not compete together at the highest levels; however, the creation of new, open tournaments and the rise of strong female players, most notably
1659:
Strategy deals with global influence, the interaction between distant stones, keeping the whole board in mind during local fights, and other issues that involve the overall game. It is therefore possible to allow a tactical loss when it confers a strategic advantage.
6375:
The bowls for the stones are shaped like a flattened sphere with a level underside. The lid is loose fitting and upturned before play to receive stones captured during the game. Chinese bowls are slightly larger, and a little more rounded, a style known generally as
5081:
2938:
deal with immediate fighting between stones, capturing and saving stones, life, death and other issues localized to a specific part of the board. Larger issues which encompass the territory of the entire board and planning stone-group connections are referred to as
2891:
7040:
The game emphasizes the importance of balance on multiple levels: to secure an area of the board, it is good to play moves close together; however, to cover the largest area, one needs to spread out, perhaps leaving weaknesses that can be exploited. Playing too
1815:. A player may pass their turn, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then
6350:
Traditional stones are made so that black stones are slightly larger in diameter than white; this is to compensate for the optical illusion created by contrasting colors that would make equal-sized white stones appear larger on the board than black stones.
6080:
It is possible to play Go with a simple paper board and coins, plastic tokens, or white beans and coffee beans for the stones; or even by drawing the stones on the board and erasing them when captured. More popular midrange equipment includes cardstock, a
6477:, putting forward "difficult decision-making tasks, an intractable search space, and an optimal solution so complex it appears infeasible to directly approximate using a policy or value function". Prior to 2015, the best Go programs only managed to reach
6442:
appropriate circumstances (where it does not move any other stones). It is considered respectful towards White for Black to place the first stone of the game in the upper right-hand corner. (Because of symmetry, this has no effect on the game's outcome.)
2955:
There are several tactical constructs aimed at capturing stones. These are among the first things a player learns after understanding the rules. Recognizing the possibility that stones can be captured using these techniques is an important step forward.
10437:
6088:, or wood boards with stones of plastic or glass. More expensive traditional materials are still used by many players. The most expensive Go sets have black stones carved from slate and white stones carved from translucent white shells (traditionally
6045:
The level in other countries has traditionally been much lower, except for some players who had preparatory professional training in East Asia. Knowledge of the game has been scant elsewhere up until the 20th century. A famous player of the 1920s was
6537:. At this rate, even given an exceedingly low estimate of 10 operations required to assess the value of one play of a stone, Tianhe-2 would require four hours to assess all possible combinations of the next eight moves in order to make a single play.
1475:) near the corners and around the sides of the board, usually starting on the third or fourth line in from the board edge rather than at the very edge of the board. The edges and corners make it easier to develop groups which have better options for
6632:
Some web servers provide graphical aids like maps, to aid learning during play. These graphical aids may suggest possible next moves, indicate areas of influence, highlight vital stones under attack and mark stones in atari or about to be captured.
1851:
for that stone. Stones in a chain share their liberties. A chain of stones must have at least one liberty to remain on the board. When a chain is surrounded by opposing stones so that it has no liberties, it is captured and removed from the board.
6400:
date tree, which has a lighter color (it is often stained) and slightly more visible grain pattern, is a common substitute for rosewood, and traditional for Go Seigen-style bowls. Other traditional materials used for making
Chinese bowls include
6540:
The placement of a single stone in the initial phase can affect the play of the game a hundred or more moves later. A computer would have to predict this influence, and it would be unworkable to attempt to exhaustively analyze the next hundred
6214:) has been prized for its light color and pale rings as well as its reduced expense and more readily available stock. The natural resources of Japan have been unable to keep up with the enormous demand for the slow-growing Kaya trees; both
5605:
began to be regulated in the 1930s. Go tournaments use a number of different time control systems. All common systems envisage a single main period of time for each player for the game, but they vary on the protocols for continuation (in
5299:
in the U.S., Europe and South
America, and often sending professional teachers on tour to Western nations. Internationally, the game had been commonly known since the start of the twentieth century by its shortened Japanese name, and
1644:
The strategy involved can become very abstract and complex. High-level players spend years improving their understanding of strategy, and a novice may play many hundreds of games against opponents before being able to win regularly.
5517:
Tournament and match rules deal with factors that may influence the game but are not part of the actual rules of play. Such rules may differ between events. Rules that influence the game include: the setting of compensation points
6005:
was the dominant player in international Go competitions for more than a decade spanning much of 1990s and early 2000s; he is also credited with groundbreaking works on the endgame. Cho, Lee and other South Korean players such as
5552:
compensation points, called komi, which compensate the second player for the first move advantage of their opponent; tournaments commonly use a compensation in the range of 5–8 points, generally including a half-point to prevent
5269:
learned the game while in Berlin. When he moved to New York, Lasker founded the New York Go Club together with (amongst others) Arthur Smith, who had learned of the game in Japan while touring the East and had published the book
6659:
allow access to competition with players all over the world, for real-time and turn-based games. Such servers also allow easy access to professional teaching, with both teaching games and interactive game review being possible.
1797:
One black chain and two white chains, with their liberties marked with dots. Liberties are shared among all stones of a chain and can be counted. Here the black group has 5 liberties, while the two white chains have 4 liberties
10243:; Maddison, Chris J.; Guez, Arthur; Sifre, Laurent; Driessche, George van den; Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Panneershelvam, Veda; Lanctot, Marc; Dieleman, Sander; Grewe, Dominik; Nham, John; Kalchbrenner, Nal;
4859:
Frequently, the winner of the ko fight does not connect the ko but instead captures one of the chains that constituted their opponent's side of the ko. In some cases, this leads to another ko fight at a neighboring location.
4835:
applies, a ko fight may occur. If the player who is prohibited from capture is of the opinion that the capture is important because it prevents a large group of stones from being captured for instance, the player may play a
4792:. In a snapback, one player allows a single stone to be captured, then immediately plays on the point formerly occupied by that stone; by so doing, the player captures a larger group of their opponent's stones, in effect
1777:
Although there are some minor differences between rulesets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect the tactics and strategy of the game.
940:, Go has both a larger board with more scope for play and longer games and, on average, many more alternatives to consider per move. The number of legal board positions in Go has been calculated to be approximately
4955:
355:
164:
1705:
The middle phase of the game is the most combative, and usually lasts for more than 100 moves. During the middlegame, the players invade each other's territories, and attack formations that lack the necessary
5942:(born Cho Ch'i-hun, from South Korea). Top Chinese and Korean talents often moved to Japan, because the level of play there was high and funding was more lavish. One of the first Korean players to do so was
4796:
at those stones. An example can be seen on the right. As with the ladder, an experienced player does not play out such a sequence, recognizing the futility of capturing only to be captured back immediately.
7359:. This is a good amateur level but no more than might be found in ordinary East Asian clubs. Published current European ratings would suggest around 100 players stronger than that, with very few European 7
1714:
The end of the middlegame and transition to the endgame is marked by a few features. Near the end of a game, play becomes divided into localized fights that do not affect each other, with the exception of
2084:, White must attack Black somewhere else on the board so forcefully that Black moves elsewhere to counter that, giving White that chance. If White's forcing move is successful, it is termed "gaining the
7236:
Exceptionally, in Japanese and Korean rules, empty points, even those surrounded by stones of a single color, may count as neutral territory if some of them are alive by seki. See the section below on
6983:
because player choices do not increase resources available, the rewards in the game are fixed and if one player wins, the other loses, and the utility function is restricted (in the sense of win/lose);
5236:
4774:
Although Black can capture the white stone by playing at the circled point, the resulting shape for Black has only one liberty (at 1), thus White can then capture the three black stones by playing at
1803:
with. Black plays first unless given a handicap of two or more stones, in which case White plays first. The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on except for those forbidden by the
7773:
7771:
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2133:
is responsible for the all-important difference between one and two eyes: if a group with only one eye is fully surrounded on the outside, it can be killed with a stone placed in its single eye. (An
8812:
8810:
8808:
8806:
1626:
Reduction: Placing a stone far enough into the opponent's area of influence to reduce the amount of territory they eventually get, but not so far that it can be cut off from friendly stones outside.
2210:
counts the number of empty points a player's stones surround, together with the number of stones the player captured. In the course of the game, each player retains the stones they capture, termed
4162:
The chain of three marked Black stones cannot escape in any direction, since each Black stone attempting to extend the chain outward (on the red circles) can be easily blocked by one White stone.
2840:
Examples of eyes (marked). The black groups at the top of the board are alive, as they have at least two eyes. The black groups at the bottom are dead as they only have one eye. The point marked
1460:. In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and the elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go.
6986:
however, ratings, monetary rewards, national and personal pride and other factors can extend utility functions, but generally not to the extent of removing the win/lose restriction, although
1433:
to preserve itself from being captured. A formation having at least two eyes cannot be captured, even after it is surrounded by the opponent on the outside, because each eye constitutes a
6334:
a proprietary and trade-secret mixture of mineral compounds derived from the local stone. This process dates to the Tang dynasty and, after the knowledge was lost in the 1920s during the
5954:(Korea Baduk Association) was formed and caused the level of play in South Korea to rise significantly in the second half of the 20th century. In China, the game declined during the
5649:, except that Go stones do not move and thus require only one coordinate per turn. Coordinate systems include purely numerical (4–4 point), hybrid (K3), and purely alphabetical. The
2921:
move. The outer groups in this example, both black and white, are alive. Seki can result from an attempt by one player to invade and kill a nearly settled group of the other player.
1663:
Novices often start by randomly placing stones on the board, as if it were a game of chance. An understanding of how stones connect for greater power develops, and then a few basic
5210:
1769:
Since without this rule such a pattern of the two players repeating their prior moves (capturing stones in same places) could continue indefinitely, this rule prevents a stalemate.
6570:
with no handicap on a full size 19×19 board. AlphaGo used a fundamentally different paradigm than earlier Go programs; it included very little direct instruction, and mostly used
5013:, to favorably influence him. Other theories suggest that the game was derived from Chinese tribal warlords and generals, who used pieces of stone to map out attacking positions.
2076:
is immediately threatened by the three surrounding White stones. If White were allowed to play again on the red circle, it would return the situation to the original one, but the
5128:
was developed by the 16th century. Sunjang baduk became the main variant played in Korea until the end of the 19th century, when the current version was reintroduced from Japan.
1754:
must be part of a connected group that has at least one such open point (liberty) next to it. Stones or groups of stones which lose their last liberty are removed from the board.
5058:
2068:, prevents unending repetition (a stalemate). As shown in the example pictured: White had a stone where the red circle was, and Black has just captured it by playing a stone at
2124:
1452:
The general strategy is to place stones to fence-off territory, attack the opponent's weak groups (trying to kill them so they will be removed), and always stay mindful of the
6425:
as homage to two 20th-century professional Go players by the same names, of Chinese and Japanese nationality, respectively, who are referred to as the "Fathers of modern Go".
5319:
became the first people to play Go in space. They used a special Go set, which was named Go Space, designed by Wai-Cheung Willson Chow. Both astronauts were awarded honorary
6338:, was rediscovered in the 1960s by the now state-run Yunzi company. The material is praised for its colors, its pleasing sound as compared to glass or to synthetics such as
7056:
of Go is such that describing even elementary strategy fills many introductory books. In fact, numerical estimates show that the number of possible games of Go far exceeds
3554:
Black cannot escape unless the ladder connects to black stones further down the board that will intercept with the ladder or if one of white's pieces has only one liberty.
1623:
Invasion: Set up a new living group inside an area where the opponent has greater influence, means one reduces the opponent's score in proportion to the area one occupies.
6826:, which is rich in references (the opening itself featuring developments on a Go board), and includes Go matches, accurately played, relevant to the plot. Also, in 2024
5903:(Japanese Go Association) was formed. Top players from this period often played newspaper-sponsored matches of 2–10 games. Of special note are the (Chinese-born) player
1483:
and are often studied independently. However, in the mid-game, stone groups must also reach in towards the large central area of the board to capture more territory.
837:'s 75 member nations found that there are over 46 million people worldwide who know how to play Go, and over 20 million current players, the majority of whom live in
11135:
2111:
previous position, they deal in different ways with the relatively uncommon situation in which a player might recreate a past position that is further removed. See
1456:
of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or
5016:
In China, Go had an important status among elites and was associated with ideas of self-cultivation, wisdom, and gentlemanly ideals. It was considered one of the
5574:, etc.—that are not covered by it but would allow the game to cycle indefinitely. To prevent this, the ko rule is sometimes extended to forbid the repetition of
2204:
scoring rules, the players simply resume play to resolve the matter. The score is computed using the position after the next time the players pass consecutively.
2199:
counts the number of points a player's stones occupy and surround. It is associated with contemporary Chinese play and was probably established there during the
7640:
6018:
between them won the majority of international titles in this period. Several Chinese players also rose to the top in international Go from 2000s, most notably
5522:), handicap, and time control parameters. Rules that do not generally influence the game are the tournament system, pairing strategies, and placement criteria.
5285:
World War II put a stop to most Go activity, since it was a popular game in Japan, but after the war, Go continued to spread. For most of the 20th century, the
2163:
Because Black has the advantage of playing the first move, the idea of awarding White some compensation came into being during the 20th century. This is called
2894:
Example of seki (mutual life). Neither Black nor White can play on the marked points without reducing their own liberties for those groups to one (self-atari).
1464:
stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by the opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for handicapping called
6198:
is between 10 and 18 cm (3.9 and 7.1 in) thick and has legs; it sits on the floor (see picture). It is preferably made from the rare golden-tinged
5993:
With the advent of major international titles from 1989 onward, it became possible to compare the level of players from different countries more accurately.
11082:
7175:) for chess has been estimated at anywhere between 10 and 10; in 2016 the number of legal positions for 19x19 Go was calculated by Tromp and Farneback at ~
6640:. Programs used for editing game records allow the user to record not only the moves, but also variations, commentary and further information on the game.
2854:
When a group of stones is mostly surrounded and has no options to connect with friendly stones elsewhere, the status of the group is either alive, dead or
1767:
a stone on the board must never immediately repeat a previous position of a captured stone, thus only a move elsewhere on the board is permitted that turn.
6574:
where AlphaGo played itself in hundreds of millions of games such that it could measure positions more intuitively. In March 2016, Google next challenged
10914:
11932:
6879:
5394:) are considered student grades and decrease as playing level increases, meaning 1st kyu is the strongest available kyu grade. Dan grades (abbreviated
1734:
Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go:
1202:
5042:
2227:
different numbers of times during the course of the game). Thus, the net result given by the two scoring systems rarely differs by more than a point.
2192:
Two general types of scoring procedures are used, and players determine which to use before play. Both procedures almost always give the same winner.
2222:
Both procedures are counted after both players have passed consecutively, the stones that are still on the board but unable to avoid capture, called
9947:
9809:
9059:
5108:
Go was introduced to Korea sometime between the 5th and 7th centuries CE, and was popular among the higher classes. In Korea, the game is called
6744:, released in Japan in 1998, had a large impact in popularizing Go among young players, both in Japan and—as translations were released—abroad.
1781:
Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately.
1711:
with major trade-offs, apparently dead groups reviving, and skillful play to attack in such a way as to construct territories rather than kill.
9782:
7913:
6481:
level. On smaller 9×9 and 13x13 boards, computer programs fared better, and were able to compare to professional players. Many in the field of
7797:
2241:
While not actually mentioned in the rules of Go (at least in simpler rule sets, such as those of New Zealand and the U.S.), the concept of a
2080:
rule forbids that kind of endless repetition. Thus, White is forced to move elsewhere, or pass. If White wants to recapture Black's stone at
6054:
became the first Westerner to receive a professional player's certificate from an East Asian professional Go association. In 2000, American
10989:
6914:, reports on his psychotherapeutic approaches using the game of Go with patients in private practice and in a psychiatric ward. Drawing on
5390:
have been introduced. Such rating systems often provide a mechanism for converting a rating to a kyu or dan grade. Kyu grades (abbreviated
1509:
may be important and decide the life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as
1407:(that is, controlling the offense, so that one's opponent is forced into defensive moves); this usually changes several times during play.
11014:
10180:
9108:
Berge-Becker, Zach (2024). "Groups on the Grid: Weiqi Cultures in Song-Yuan-Ming China". In Guo, Li; Eyman, Douglas; Sun, Hongmei (eds.).
6899:
players were hired in the original study. There is some evidence to suggest a correlation between playing board games and reduced risk of
9263:
9233:
6163:) typically measures between 45 and 48 cm (18 and 19 in) in length (from one player's side to the other) and 42 to 44 cm (
5291:
8530:
11785:
10370:
6934:
are expressed on the goban. He offers some suggestions to therapists for defining ways of playing go that lead to therapeutic effects.
5801:
A Go professional is a professional player of the game of Go. There are six areas with professional go associations, these are: China (
5566:: Although the basic ko rule described above covers more than 95% of all cycles occurring in games, there are some complex situations—
5192:
were founded soon after. These officially recognized and subsidized Go schools greatly developed the level of play and introduced the
508:
7279:
Roughly, one has the time to play the game and then a little time to finish it off. Time-wasting tactics are possible in Go, so that
6683:
Apart from technical literature and study material, Go and its strategies have been the subject of several works of fiction, such as
6526:
1602:
Connection: Keeping one's own stones connected means that fewer groups need to make living shape, and one has fewer groups to defend.
12176:
7283:
systems, in which time runs out at a predetermined point however many plays are in the game, are relatively unpopular (in the West).
5165:
in the 8th century, and among the general public by the 13th century. The game was further formalized in the 15th century. In 1603,
1439:
that must be filled by the opponent as the final step in capture. A formation having two or more eyes is said to be unconditionally
491:
12240:
1489:
are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side.
833:
more than 2,500 years ago and is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day. A 2016 survey by the
7541:
5653:
uses alphabetical coordinates internally, but most editors represent the board with hybrid coordinates as this reduces confusion.
1427:
An essential concept is that a formation of stones must have, or be capable of making, at least two enclosed open points known as
10963:
854:. One player uses the white stones and the other black. The players take turns placing their stones on the vacant intersections (
10544:
11745:
10939:
1195:
12308:
10724:
8917:
6050:. It was not until the 1950s that more than a few Western players took up the game as other than a passing interest. In 1978,
5556:
handicap stones placed on the board before alternate play, allowing players of different strengths to play competitively (see
1667:
may be understood. Learning the ways of life and death helps in a fundamental way to develop one's strategic understanding of
877:
When a game concludes, the winner is determined by counting each player's surrounded territory along with captured stones and
12487:
12434:
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6315:; however, due to a scarcity in the Japanese supply of these clams, the stones are most often made of shells harvested from
5601:. Formal time controls were introduced into the professional game during the 1920s and were controversial. Adjournments and
11739:
9571:
9167:
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Dahl, Fredrik A. (2001). "Honte, a Go-Playing Program Using Neural Nets". In Fürnkranz, Johannes; Kubat, Miroslav (eds.).
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Chinese scholars in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal
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10) possible combinations. To exhaustively calculate the next eight moves, would require computing 512 quintillion (5.12
2104:, two stones of the same color would need to be added to the group, making either a group of 5 Black or 5 White stones.
1605:
Cut: Keeping opposing stones disconnected means that the opponent needs to defend and make living shape for more groups.
949:
13761:
9374:
8758:
7940:
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Go is bounded by a finite number of moves and every game must end with a victor or a tie (although ties are very rare);
5911:, who dominated matches in the early 1930s. These two players are also recognized for their groundbreaking work on new
5907:(Chinese: Wu Qingyuan), who scored 80% in these matches and beat down most of his opponents to inferior handicaps, and
5818:
10801:
9401:
9138:
5822:
2184:
was successful in living, as White's group (D) was killed with a black stone at (E). The points in the middle (F) are
2064:
Players are not allowed to make a move that returns the game to the immediately prior position. This rule, called the
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Other, less expensive woods often used to make quality table boards in both Chinese and Japanese dimensions include
5614:
system. The top professional Go matches have timekeepers so that the players do not have to press their own clocks.
13876:
13871:
12086:
5668:
5169:
re-established Japan's unified national government. In the same year, he assigned the then-best player in Japan, a
5017:
7223:
Whether or not a group is weak or strong refers to the ease with which it can be killed or made to live. See this
4827:
the ko by playing at the square-marked point (capturing the one black stone). E is a possible ko threat for Black.
13901:
13714:
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by Miura Yasuyuki, a manager with Japan Airlines, uses Go to describe the thinking and behavior of business men.
5780:
13395:
10137:
lists the regular price for a Shihomasa Kaya Go Board with legs (20.4 cm or 8.0 in thick) as $ 60,000+
5526:
13881:
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For much of the 20th century, Go continued to be dominated by players trained in Japan. Notable names included
4938:
1561:
698:
636:
394:
222:
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5196:
of ranking players. Players from the four schools (Hon'inbō, Yasui, Inoue and Hayashi) competed in the annual
10819:
9006:
6501:
6478:
5958:(1966–1976) but quickly recovered in the last quarter of the 20th century, bringing Chinese players, such as
5610:) after a player has finished that time allowance. The most widely used time control system is the so-called
5538:
4930:
238:
11938:
1398:
The first 150 moves of a Go game animated. (Click on the board to restart the animation in a larger window.)
885:
of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second). Games may also end by resignation.
829:
for two players in which the aim is to fence off more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in
13385:
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There is an exception to the requirement that a group must have two eyes to be alive, a situation called
834:
12191:
Legends, then and now: Cultural Paradigms in the Game of Go", in Lent, John; Fitzsimmons, Lorna (eds.),
7057:
1811:
rules (see below). Once played, a stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is
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6636:
There are several file formats used to store game records, the most popular of which is SGF, short for
5646:
1557:
11173:, Hong Kong International Film Festival, Hong Kong: Provisional Urban Council of Hong Kong, p. 45
1522:
Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's
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win at the professional level of play was accomplished with a four-stone advantage. In October 2015,
5967:
5802:
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996:
13370:
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10773:
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played a leading role in spreading Go outside East Asia by publishing the English-language magazine
2878:
is not actually an eye. White can play there and take a black stone. Such a point is often called a
1419:). White may capture that stone (remove it from the board) with a play on its last liberty (at D-1).
13746:
13684:
13648:
13365:
13273:
12805:
11858:
10210:
9712:
7224:
6719:
6579:
6278:
is best translated 'faux kaya', because the woods so described are biologically unrelated to Kaya.
5862:
5567:
4994:
Go was originally played on a 17×17 line grid, but a 19×19 grid became standard by the time of the
1640:
Sacrifice: Allowing a group to die in order to carry out a play, or plan, in a more important area.
1176:
1135:
792:
62:
17:
11587:
11206:
7801:
7604:
6586:, who at the time continuously held the world No. 1 ranking for two years, winning each game in a
6449:
Manners and etiquette are extensively discussed in 'The Classic of WeiQi in Thirteen Chapters', a
13886:
13734:
13696:
13656:
13611:
13061:
12662:
11428:
11351:
Masunaga, H; Horn, J. (2001), "Expertise and age-related changes in components of intelligence",
8631:
7095:
6822:
6755:
6482:
5876:
5854:
5814:
5530:
5279:
5162:
5087:
2930:
2072:(so the White stone has been removed). However, it is readily apparent that now Black's stone at
1654:
1550:
1013:
845:
13032:
9880:
9691:
9527:
6525:
10) possible combinations. As of March 2014, the most powerful supercomputer in the world,
6326:
In China, the game is traditionally played with single-convex stones made of a composite called
6206:), with the very best made from Kaya trees up to 700 years old. More recently, the related
6042:, have in recent years highlighted the strength and competitiveness of emerging female players.
4892:
BCE), referring to a historical event of 548 BCE. It is also mentioned in Book XVII of the
4852:
ko threats both players have remaining, what the optimal order of playing them is, and what the
13751:
13691:
13666:
13564:
13425:
13355:
12951:
12920:
12822:
12817:
11853:
11393:
Chen; et al. (2003), "A functional MRI study of high-level cognition II. The game of GO",
11025:
10415:
10190:
9760:
9741:
7944:
7532:
7386:
7172:
7143:
6900:
6699:
6624:
A 9×9 game with graphical aids. Colors and markings show evaluations by the computer assistant.
6567:
6076:
Go portrayed as part of East-Asian culture. (The goblet in the middle is from the Nihon Ki-in.)
5826:
2096:
continues, but this time Black must move elsewhere. A repetition of such exchanges is called a
823:
81:
11916:
9466:
9273:
9243:
7315:
In other words, Canadian byoyomi is essentially a standard chess-style time control, based on
6810:
Go has also been featured as a plot device in a number of television series. Examples include
13891:
13439:
13360:
13044:
11427:
Atherton, Michael; Zhuang, Jiancheng; Bart, William M; Hu, Xiaoping; He, Sheng (March 2003).
8537:
7183:. Alternately, a measure of all the alternatives to be considered at each stage of the game (
6987:
6587:
6396:
is the traditional material for Japanese bowls, but is very expensive; wood from the Chinese
6023:
5982:
5858:
5710:
5006:
4894:
1613:
shared liberties, they can reduce their own group to a single liberty (putting themselves in
712:
650:
555:
148:
11896:
Fairbairn, John (1992). "A Survey of the best in Go Equipment". In Bozulich, Richard (ed.).
11776:
11466:
Verghese; et al. (2003), "Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly",
10376:
5374:
In Go, rank indicates a player's skill in the game. Traditionally, ranks are measured using
5036:. In ancient times the rules of Go were passed on verbally, rather than being written down.
1785:
for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names.
1445:, so it can evade capture indefinitely, and a group that cannot form two eyes is said to be
13906:
13706:
13507:
13301:
12984:
12963:
12939:
12899:
12553:
10874:
10262:
8788:
7184:
7090:
6832:
6563:
5349:
5193:
4879:
The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal
1434:
1125:
13037:
13006:
12996:
12970:
12934:
12927:
12878:
12871:
12857:
10590:
8635:
5181:
1847:
A vacant point adjacent to a stone, along one of the grid lines of the board, is called a
1836:
Vertically and horizontally adjacent stones of the same color form a chain (also called a
1344:, the origin of which is controversial; the more plausible etymologies include the suffix
8:
13606:
13574:
13534:
13495:
13375:
13263:
13027:
13020:
13001:
12977:
12885:
12798:
12163:
11830:
10251:(28 January 2016). "Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search".
7153:
7015:
6957:
6676:
6672:
6591:
6474:
6302:
6207:
5955:
5025:
1113:
1026:
866:
are immediately removed from the board. A single stone (or connected group of stones) is
578:
31:
13049:
13013:
12991:
12956:
12944:
12913:
12892:
12864:
12850:
12830:
12810:
12219:
10878:
10266:
9835:
7693:
1762:
1620:
Death: A group that lacks living shape is eventually removed from the board as captured.
1490:
1486:
1428:
199:
Some professional games exceed 16 hours and are played in sessions spread over two days.
13866:
13845:
13796:
13739:
13621:
13380:
13320:
13258:
13214:
12791:
12655:
12477:
12388:. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Kiseido Publishing Company.
12123:
11989:. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 1 (8th ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company.
11881:. Elementary Go Series. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company.
11140:
10906:
10514:
10350:
10294:
8508:
8398:
7558:
7479:
6996:
6953:
6943:
6704:
6656:
6090:
5892:
5358:
Three Japanese professional Go players observe some younger amateurs as they dissect a
1171:
1156:
430:
422:
12906:
11444:
11406:
11109:
9346:
Pinckard, William (1992). "History and Philosophy of Go". In Bozulich, Richard (ed.).
7267:
7227:
by Benjamin Teuber, amateur 6 dan, for some views on how important this is felt to be.
5257:
wrote a treatise on the game. By the early 20th century, Go had spread throughout the
2107:
While the various rulesets agree on the ko rule prohibiting returning the board to an
1424:
Stones have both offensive and defensive characteristics, depending on the situation.
449:
13616:
13268:
12501:
12483:
12462:
12430:
12426:
12411:
12389:
12373:
12342:
12293:
12273:
12263:
12230:
12198:
12170:
12148:
12109:
12092:
12082:
12075:
12056:
12034:
12012:
11990:
11960:
11901:
11882:
11863:
11834:
11811:
11761:
11735:
11690:
11659:
11631:
11554:
11487:
11448:
11410:
11376:
11368:
11332:
11272:
11233:
10910:
10898:
10890:
10548:
10519:
10286:
10278:
9351:
9163:
9117:
9065:
9038:
8894:
7977:
7885:
7751:
7201:
7099:
6694:
6637:
6514:
6510:
6421:, were introduced in the last quarter of the 20th century by the professional player
6335:
6027:
5912:
5896:
5788:
5667:
In Unicode, Go stones can be represented with black and white circles from the block
5650:
5387:
5222:
1664:
1311:
when used for the game is often capitalized to differentiate it from the common word
1118:
1022:
874:
adjacent points. The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move.
348:
340:
13460:
12738:
11726:
6990:
can theoretically add non-zero and complex utility aspects even to two player games.
5242:
A Korean couple playing Go in traditional dress. Photographed between 1910 and 1920.
2112:
2088:"; if Black responds elsewhere on the board, then White can retake Black's stone at
1471:
In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish groups of stones (or
871:
13589:
13481:
13390:
13347:
13086:
12783:
12458:
12319:
12026:
11477:
11440:
11402:
11360:
10882:
10865:
10270:
10253:
9199:
8927:
7466:
7389:
in Western typography for similar subtle adjustment to create a uniform appearance.
7250:
6970:
the strategy is associative because every strategy is a function of board position;
6818:
6803:
6685:
6312:
6307:
6199:
5935:
5029:
4999:
2866:
2141:
2134:
1671:. A player who both plays aggressively and can handle adversity is said to display
1272:
1092:
1008:
534:
271:
13119:
13112:
12759:
12290:
Opening Theory Made Easy: Twenty Strategic Principles to Improve Your Opening Game
10298:
7205:
per game). For chess and Go the comparison is very rough, ~35 ≪ ~250, or ~10 ≪ ~10
7045:(close to the edge) secures insufficient territory and influence, yet playing too
5985:, seven-time European Champion and one of the few non-East Asian players to reach
850:
13514:
13500:
13418:
13296:
13246:
13207:
12731:
12726:
12473:
12192:
11954:
11652:
11326:
11298:
10750:
10745:
10700:
10695:
10672:
9577:
9407:
8923:
8642:
7875:
7053:
6911:
6851:
6815:
6709:
6578:, a 9 dan considered the top player in the world in the early 21st century, to a
6551:
6342:, and its lower cost as opposed to other materials such as slate/shell. The term
6263:
5986:
5837:
5792:
5512:
5408:
5312:
5262:
5254:
5166:
5115:
1130:
326:
144:
9924:
8341:
7509:
7442:
742:
680:
618:
245:
229:
13782:
13599:
13549:
13488:
13411:
13226:
13166:
13141:
13098:
13081:
13069:
11900:(2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company (published 2001). pp. 142–155.
11628:
The Protracted Game: A Wei Ch'i Interpretation of Maoist Revolutionary Strategy
11364:
10853:
10248:
10244:
9173:
7000:
6919:
6724:
6717:
centers around the game and uses Go metaphors. Go features prominently in the
6085:
6051:
5833:
5640:
5363:
5359:
5189:
4966:
4180:
3568:
2960:
2249:
2236:
1867:
1493:
are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes.
1457:
1453:
1255:
1087:
1048:
470:
463:
306:
12745:
9999:
8948:
8766:
8735:
7214:
Eyes and other complications may need to be considered when counting liberties
5866:
5713:
includes "Go markers" that were likely meant for mathematical research of Go:
5185:
13860:
13626:
13432:
13199:
12070:
12004:
11372:
10894:
10320:
10282:
10021:
9668:
9350:(2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company (published 2001). pp. 23–25.
8103:
7430:
7348:
7171:
Game complexity can be difficult to estimate. The number of legal positions (
7077:
7026:
7019:
7011:
6882:
shows that relatively little scientific research has been carried out on the
6875:
6773:
6571:
6047:
6011:
5908:
5645:
Go games are recorded with a simple coordinate system. This is comparable to
5534:
5399:
5316:
5282:
was formed. Two years later, in 1937, the German Go Association was founded.
5266:
5258:
5125:
5095:
5065:
4869:
1335:
1072:
991:
13231:
11608:
11169:
Ng Ho (1998), "King Hu and the Aesthetics of Space", in Teo, Stephen (ed.),
10844:; Guez, Arthur; Hubert, Thomas; Baker, Lucas; Lai, Matthew; Bolton, Adrian;
10746:"Artificial intelligence: Go master Lee Se-dol wins against AlphaGo program"
10247:; Lillicrap, Timothy; Leach, Madeleine; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Graepel, Thore;
9380:
8697:
8376:
7948:
7409:
7376:(Florence 2003) in three volumes, up to 1920, 1920–1950, and 1950 and later.
6976:
positions are extensible, and so can be represented by board position trees;
6652:
professionals and gives statistics on win–loss ratio in opening situations.
6433:
2870:
if not forbidden, such a move would be a useless suicide of a White stone.)
1374:, referring to the playing pieces of the game, or a derivation from Chinese
13719:
13674:
13554:
13453:
12718:
12696:
12466:
11491:
11452:
11414:
11380:
10902:
10290:
9632:
9432:
9142:
8663:
6931:
6915:
6761:
6740:
6620:
6599:
6450:
6243:
6067:
6007:
6002:
5978:
5951:
5810:
5588:
5383:
5227:
4995:
4910:
2200:
1318:
1077:
913:
882:
592:
439:
278:
12570:
12505:
12267:
11255:
The Way of Go: 8 Ancient Strategy Secrets for Success in Business and Life
10131:
7534:
The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China
6860:
The Way of Go: 8 Ancient Strategy Secrets for Success in Business and Life
13801:
13724:
13539:
13526:
13221:
13156:
13136:
12708:
12285:
12277:
12251:
12144:
11482:
11302:
10845:
10186:
9978:
9411:
7823:
6949:
6844:
6747:
Similarly, Go has been used as a subject or plot device in film, such as
6690:
6615:
6492:
6463:
6019:
5994:
5963:
5959:
5947:
5943:
5900:
5842:
5806:
5602:
5557:
5324:
5286:
5197:
5049:
5002:
2215:
1729:
1166:
1161:
1082:
986:
484:
12764:
11184:
11060:
10886:
10274:
10077:
6072:
5354:
2245:
group of stones is necessary for a practical understanding of the game.
1743:
every stone remaining on the board must have at least one open point (a
13813:
13594:
13569:
13475:
13306:
13161:
13151:
13091:
12048:
11803:
10411:
9858:
9269:
9239:
7871:
7580:
7110:
6883:
6767:
6422:
6094:), played on boards carved in a single piece from the trunk of a tree.
6039:
5939:
5931:
5923:
5916:
5850:
5784:
5598:
5296:
5217:
5091:
2137:
is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones).
1684:
1564: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1108:
1018:
1003:
898:
889:
826:
373:
366:
86:
76:
11429:"A functional MRI study of high-level cognition. I. The game of chess"
10696:"Artificial intelligence: Google's AlphaGo beats Go master Lee Se-dol"
9010:
8318:
7413:
7263:
5973:
5879:(left), last head of house Hon'inbō, plays against then-up-and-coming
5398:) are considered master grades, and increase from 1st dan to 7th dan.
2913:
each player has a group without eyes and they share two liberties, and
1368:, meaning 'stone'. Less plausible etymologies include a derivation of
746:
13840:
13559:
13241:
13146:
12754:
12701:
10940:"A human has beat an AI in possibly the most complex board game ever"
10841:
10836:
10240:
7454:
7323:, imposed after a main period is used up. It is possible to decrease
7130:
6782:
6749:
6714:
6668:
6643:
Electronic databases can be used to study life and death situations,
6575:
6437:
Go players demonstrating the traditional technique of holding a stone
6331:
6235:
6231:
10,000 with the highest-quality examples costing more than $ 60,000.
6015:
5927:
5904:
5880:
5519:
4881:
2916:
each player has a group with one eye and they share one more liberty.
2164:
2158:
1793:
1312:
918:
909:
878:
838:
387:
13105:
12638:
10642:
10591:"The Mystery of Go, the Ancient Game That Computers Still Can't Win"
10211:"Sensei's Library: Playing the first move in the upper right corner"
8995:
Potter, Donald L. (1985). "Go in the Classics (ii): the Tso-chuan".
7426:
7067:(with Go infinitesimals being a specific example of its use in Go).
6513:
for Go must calculate and compare every possible legal move in each
5278:(1934) helped spread the game throughout the U.S., and in 1935, the
5201:
1539:
1394:
1041:
13631:
13446:
13251:
13128:
11700:
11061:"Novels and Other Books Featuring Go | British Go Association"
8997:
8986:
8197:
7030:
6980:
6923:
6904:
6595:
6530:
6485:
consider Go to require more elements that mimic human thought than
6393:
6339:
6149:
6082:
5846:
5832:
Although the game was developed in China, the establishment of the
5657:
location as the 22nd one, which had been captured in the meantime.
5320:
5301:
5174:
5170:
4998:(618–907 CE). Legends trace the origin of the game to the mythical
1861:
1782:
1630:
1593:
769:
755:
408:
292:
140:
10618:"Google and Facebook Race To Solve the Ancient Game of Go With AI"
7852:
5849:(minister of Go). Of special note are the players who were dubbed
4847:
Instead of responding to a ko threat, a player may also choose to
1513:
when only one side has a lot to lose. In Japanese, it is called a
13544:
13325:
13236:
13187:
13171:
10849:
8461:
8425:
7034:
6827:
6794:
6559:
6555:
6406:
6402:
6385:
6354:
6251:
5998:
5611:
5592:
5367:
4899:
4832:
4811:
2065:
1523:
1054:
475:
446:
12536:
12096:
11186:
Go Filmography - Television Dramas | British Go Association
10151:
10149:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10114:
10112:
10110:
10097:
10095:
8283:
7262:
A full explanation of the eternal life position can be found on
5966:, on par with their Japanese and South Korean counterparts. The
5131:
The game reached Japan in the 7th century CE—where it is called
1693:
In the opening, players often play established sequences called
971:
13584:
13579:
13180:
13074:
12621:
11534:
Mary, arthur (2022). "Sous le plateau de go, ce je qui vague".
10840:; Schrittwieser, Julian; Simonyan, Karen; Antonoglou, Ioannis;
10802:"Google's AlphaGo Continues Dominance With Second Win in China"
8790:
Demonstration of the Relationship of Area and Territory Scoring
7627:
7266:, it also appears in the official text for Japanese Rules, see
7195:
is the game's breadth (number of legal moves per position) and
6973:
the format is non-cooperative (that is, it's not a team sport);
6778:
6648:
6644:
6583:
6410:
6397:
6389:
6316:
6259:
6034:. As of 2016, Japan lags behind in the international Go scene.
6031:
5010:
4946:
1827:
1694:
1515:
1480:
1033:
673:
611:
13311:
12055:. Five volumes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Good Move Press.
11579:
10545:"Supercomputer with innovative software beats Go Professional"
10043:
9901:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8606:
7877:
AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order
7249:
In game theoretical terms, seki positions are an example of a
6509:
100 (in chess, the average number of moves is 37). Because an
5841:
best player of his generation was given the prestigious title
560:
13806:
13636:
12769:
12512:
11975:
11852:. Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 205–223.
11689:(2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company (published 2001).
10852:; Sifre, Laurent; Driessche, George van den; Graepel, Thore;
10161:
10140:
10107:
10092:
9761:"Purpose of and rationale behind Go Markers U+2686 to U+2689"
9742:"Purpose of and rationale behind Go Markers U+2686 to U+2689"
9487:
7331:, as each overtime period expires; but systems with constant
7106:
6887:
6854:
used Go as his main investing metaphor in his investing book
6840:
6811:
6798:
6735:
6731:
6534:
6486:
6363:
6327:
6298:
6106:
A traditional Japanese set, with a solid wooden floor board (
5872:
5853:(Go Sage). The only three players to receive this honor were
5418:
The rank system comprises, from the lowest to highest ranks:
5033:
5021:
4806:
can read up to 40 moves ahead even in complicated positions.
2123:
1832:
from the board, leaving White's stones as shown to the right.
937:
902:
894:
830:
735:
454:
44:
12604:
11728:
Searching for solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence
11136:"A Prodigy's Life Is Played Out In a Japanese Game of Skill"
10787:
10569:
9758:
5386:. More recently, mathematical rating systems similar to the
4856:—points lost or gained—of each of the remaining threats is.
2208:
Territory scoring procedure (including Japanese and Korean):
13818:
11230:
The Dao of Capital: Austrian Investing in a Distorted World
10725:"Google DeepMind AI wins final Go match for 4-1 series win"
9464:
8690:
8603:
8356:
8074:
8072:
7924:. Los Angeles, CA: Kwang Hwa Publishing: 55. Archived from
6963:
Other game theoretical taxonomy elements include the facts
6886:
of Go, compared with other traditional board games such as
6793:
portrays a Chinese foreigner Go player moving to Tokyo. In
6500:
The reasons why computer programs had not played Go at the
6384:
bowls tend to have a shape closer to that of the bowl of a
6320:
6294:
6293:
Traditional Japanese stones are double-convex, and made of
6102:
5899:
period, the Go houses slowly disappeared, and in 1924, the
5661:
5308:
5173:
monk named Nikkai (né Kanō Yosaburo, 1559), to the post of
1747:) directly orthogonally adjacent (up, down, left, or right)
1672:
13835:
9646:
9504:
9481:
9058:
Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Turner, Jessica Anderson (2005),
7339:, for example 20 plays in 5 minutes, are widely used.
7124:
7076:
also been applied to military and political history, with
1617:), allowing their opponent to capture it on the next move.
30:
This article is about the board game. For other uses, see
12309:"One Giant Leap For Go, or Astronauts Find Life In Space"
11519:
Mary, arthur (2020). "Eros et Thanatos autour du goban".
8858:
8846:
8834:
8822:
8591:
8490:
8488:
8154:
8130:
6330:. The material comes from Yunnan Province and is made by
6228:
6058:
became the first Western player to achieve a 9 dan rank.
2890:
1410:
513:
496:
427:
413:
399:
12318:. Vol. 96, no. 2. pp. 7–8. Archived from
11324:
11041:
10964:"Human convincingly beats AI at Go with help from a bot"
10820:"After Win in China, AlphaGo's Designers Explore New AI"
10570:"AGA News: Kim Prevails Again In Man Vs Machine Rematch"
8223:
8178:
8166:
8118:
8069:
8045:
8033:
7724:
5997:
of South Korea won the first edition of the Quadrennial
5090:
playing Go with his brothers. Detail from a painting by
5005:(2337–2258 BCE), who was said to have had his counselor
4909:
BCE). In all of these works, the game is referred to as
4822:
2179:
1637:
has the initiative and can control the flow of the game.
378:
11024:, American Go Association, pp. 5–6, archived from
10738:
10688:
10498:
10235:
8473:
8437:
8413:
8271:
8235:
7701:(7th ed.), New York, NY: American Go Association,
7482:
for more details, which includes much larger estimates.
6301:(black). The classic slate is nachiguro stone mined in
2058:
An example of a situation in which the ko rule applies
11734:, Maastricht: Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Limburg,
11650:
Greene, Robert (1998), "Law 48: Assume Formlessness",
11465:
8712:
8678:
8567:
8555:
8485:
8211:
5545:
use a combination of the league and knockout systems.
1243:
1225:
797:
174:
12647:
12227:
Games of No Chance: Combinatorial Games at MSRI, 1994
12175:, MRSI Publications, vol. 29, pp. 259–272,
12125:
Sufficient but Not Necessary: Two Eyes and Seki in Go
11567:
9446:
9434:
Pro Go Player visits to UK & Ireland (since 1964)
8259:
8142:
8021:
7997:
7800:. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from
7741:
7739:
7712:
4168:
Another technique to capture stones is the so-called
1629:
Sente: A play that forces one's opponent to respond (
1375:
1276:
1258:
345:
331:
311:
297:
283:
49:
Go is played on a grid (usually 19×19). Game pieces (
11426:
10312:
10045:
List of International titles, prizemoney and winners
9110:
Games & Play in Chinese & Sinophone Cultures
7861:, pp. 158–161, 171, 174, §§6.2.4, 6.3.9, 6.3.12
7670:
7658:
7120:
6319:. Historically, the most prized stones were made of
5617:
Two widely used variants of the byoyomi system are:
5578:
previous position. This extension is called superko.
2844:
is a false eye, thus the black group with false eye
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1329:
717:
703:
655:
641:
187:
181:
12292:(6th ed.). Tokyo: Kiseido Publishing Company.
12081:(2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
12033:(3rd ed.). Japan: Kiseido Publishing Company.
11959:(2nd ed.). United States: Dover Publications.
10346:"To Test a Powerful Computer, Play an Ancient Game"
8870:
8579:
8449:
7822:Tromp, John; Farnebäck, Gunnar (January 31, 2016).
7372:European Go has been documented by Franco Pratesi,
6602:which beat the previous version by 100 games to 0.
12074:
11651:
10990:"Man beats machine at Go in human victory over AI"
10858:"Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge"
9430:
8919:Whenever a player asks a top professional ...
8374:
8247:
8084:
8057:
8009:
7736:
6862:by Troy Anderson applies Go strategy to business.
6598:announced a significantly stronger version called
6428:
5774:
11585:
11325:Gobet, F; de Voogt, A. J; Retschitzki, J (2004),
11320:
11318:
9180:
9156:Pinckard, William (2010). Akiko, Kitagawa (ed.).
9001:. No. 42. Tokyo: Ishi Press. pp. 19–21.
8990:. No. 37. Tokyo: Ishi Press. pp. 16–18.
8889:Nakayama, Noriyuki (1984), "Memories of Kitani",
8523:
7628:The International Go Federation (February 2016).
6323:, often given to the reigning emperor as a gift.
5541:. Tournaments may combine multiple systems; many
5525:Common tournament systems used in Go include the
1356:to mean 'flat and wide board', or the joining of
13858:
12229:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 273–284,
11506:Le jeu de go, une voie royale vers l'inconscient
11171:Transcending the Times:King Hu & Eileen Chan
8984:Potter, Donald L. (1984). "Go in the Classics".
7581:"A Brief History of Go | British Go Association"
6830:released the historical-fictional Korean series
6727:, being the favourite game of the main villain.
5415:). These ranks are separate from amateur ranks.
870:when surrounded by the opponent's stones on all
597:
583:
11987:In the Beginning: the Opening in the game of Go
10492:A Self-Learning, Pattern-Oriented Chess Program
9903:List of Japanese titles, prizemoney and winners
8368:
8333:
8310:
7695:The Way to Go: How to Play the Asian Game of Go
5634:
5304:are derived from their Japanese pronunciation.
4844:the ko, and their opponent may connect the ko.
2909:Seki can occur in many ways. The simplest are:
1598:Basic strategic aspects include the following:
952:, which is estimated to be on the order of 10.
11315:
10445:, Ser. 7, vol. 41, Philosophical Magazine
7821:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7559:"The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination"
7105:A similar comparison has been drawn among Go,
7058:the number of atoms in the observable universe
6157:
6130:
6119:
6108:
5154:
5139:
5048:Model of a 19×19 Go board, from a tomb of the
1249:
1237:
1231:
774:
760:
740:
12663:
12455:The ABC of Go: The National War Game of Japan
11973:
11199:
11177:
10937:
10794:
10416:"China's Tianhe-2 Caps Top 10 Supercomputers"
9776:
9774:
9759:Beeton, Barbara; Avtalion, Ori (2016-03-15).
9611:
9596:
9521:
9519:
9329:
9313:
9297:
8882:
8765:. Games of Go on Disc (GoGoD). Archived from
8759:"The rules debate as seen from Ancient China"
7070:
6910:Arthur Mary, a French researcher in clinical
6869:
6707:or minor plot device. For example, the novel
6392:. The bowls are usually made of turned wood.
5664:is sometimes used to refer to a game record.
5548:Tournament rules may also set the following:
5506:
4918:
1500:
1381:
1266:
1196:
243:
227:
12217:
11760:(2nd ed.). Kiseido Publishing Company.
11350:
11328:Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games
10668:"Lee Se-dol confident about beating AlphaGo"
9542:
9465:International Go Federation (22 June 2010),
9458:
9369:
9367:
9323:
9107:
9101:
9057:
9009:. Kiseido Publishing Company. Archived from
8362:
6270:is a potentially confusing merchant's term:
6262:, commonly from Alaska, Siberia and China's
6152:(generally referred to by its Japanese name
5119:
5103:
862:. Once placed, stones may not be moved, but
678:
616:
53:) are played on the grid line intersections.
27:Abstract strategy board game for two players
12372:, Yutopian Enterprises, Santa Monica, 2001
12218:Müller, Martin & Gasser, Ralph (1996),
11269:Go, an Asian Paradigm for Business Strategy
10375:, Intelligent Go Foundation, archived from
10231:
10229:
10227:
9872:
9663:
9661:
9626:
9624:
9293:
9291:
9289:
8724:
8342:"Go technique: Induction in the game of Go"
7783:
6864:GO: An Asian Paradigm for Business Strategy
6496:A finished beginner's game on a 13×13 board
6362:bowls. These particular stones are made of
5362:problem in the corner of the board, at the
4976:
4788:A third technique to capture stones is the
2197:Area scoring procedure (including Chinese):
1282:
12670:
12656:
12498:The Game of Go: The National Game of Japan
12250:
11802:
11227:
10588:
10410:
9771:
9516:
9510:
9424:
9256:
9226:
8911:
8909:
8467:
8431:
8289:
8229:
8184:
8172:
8160:
8136:
8124:
8078:
8051:
8039:
7730:
7063:Go also contributed to the development of
6703:by Shan Sa. Other books have used Go as a
6305:and the clamshell from the Hamaguri clam (
5950:1937–1944. After his return to Korea, the
1203:
1189:
970:
950:number of atoms in the observable universe
12258:(1st ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Kiin.
12186:
12103:
11952:
11930:
11914:
11895:
11857:
11676:
11674:
11630:, New York, NY: Oxford University Press,
11481:
11294:The Magic of Go – 33. Go and business (1)
10507:"Modelling Uncertainty in the Game of Go"
10395:
10167:
10155:
10118:
10101:
9605:
9379:, American Go Association, archived from
9364:
9339:
9220:
9083:
8946:
8940:
8756:
8648:
8630:Ing rules of Go, translation archived by
8624:
8573:
8494:
8479:
8443:
7777:
7351:toured Europe around 1970, and reported (
7029:, putting it in the same class as chess,
5064:Painting of a woman playing Go, from the
2862:it, depending on who gets to play first.
1700:
1580:Learn how and when to remove this message
12336:
12306:
12138:
12121:
12106:A Journey In Search of the Origins of Go
12077:Go and Go-Moku: the Oriental Board Games
12047:
12025:
11984:
11755:
11680:
11548:
11266:
11252:
11246:
11047:
11012:
10489:
10439:Programming a Computer for Playing Chess
10224:
10079:Wimmer, Kerwin, Make Professional Shodan
10064:
9658:
9652:
9621:
9576:, British Go Association, archived from
9452:
9345:
9286:
9155:
9136:
9037:. Oxford University Press. p. 228.
8888:
8864:
8852:
8840:
8828:
8816:
8718:
8684:
8618:
8597:
8561:
8419:
8277:
8265:
8241:
8003:
7718:
7530:
6667:
6619:
6491:
6432:
6353:
6101:
6097:
6071:
5972:
5871:
5353:
4821:
2889:
2188:, meaning they belong to neither player.
2178:
2122:
1826:
1822:
1792:
1409:
1393:
12003:
11974:Fairbairn, John; Hall, T. Mark (2007),
11808:Go: A Complete Introduction to the Game
11625:
11609:"Go Infinitesimals at Sensei's Library"
11107:
10435:
10343:
10070:
9785:. Mind Sports WorldWide. Archived from
9783:"MindZine – Go – Feature: Honinbo Jowa"
9689:
8906:
8217:
8148:
8027:
7676:
7664:
7408:Lists of such programs may be found at
7237:
6937:
6366:material, and the bowls of jujube wood.
6358:An example of single-convex stones and
6258:), and Shin Kaya (various varieties of
5247:
4971:
936:, Go is extremely complex. Compared to
14:
13859:
12442:
12069:
11876:
11671:
11649:
11080:
11006:
10173:
9630:
9095:
9030:
8994:
8983:
8949:"Analyzing Ko Struggles Theoretically"
8915:
8876:
8455:
8396:
8301:
8295:
7798:"Warring States Project Chronology #2"
7745:
7441:The British Go Association provides a
6609:
6566:(out of 9 dan possible) professional,
6473:Go long posed a daunting challenge to
5382:grades, a system also adopted by many
429:
347:
12651:
12384:Ogawa, Tomoko; Davies, James (2000).
12361:
12284:
12256:Go: the World's most Fascinating Game
12220:"Experiments in Computer Go Endgames"
12161:
11724:
11573:
11168:
11133:
10987:
10462:
10022:"1st European Pro Qualification 2014"
9878:
9856:
9807:
9780:
9739:
9307:
8893:, Slate & Shell, pp. 16–19,
8253:
7858:
7840:from the original on January 25, 2016
7708:from the original on December 3, 2012
7691:
7094:(1998) exploring the strategy of the
6663:
2885:
2848:can be killed by white in two turns.
1224:is a short form of the Japanese word
12519:
12410:, Efil Yayinevi, Ankara, Feb. 2016,
12122:Matthews, Charles (September 2002),
11847:
11824:
11774:
11533:
11518:
11503:
11392:
11290:
10920:from the original on 2 January 2020.
10615:
10396:Keene, Raymond; Levy, David (1991),
9945:
9399:
9186:
8965:from the original on 31 January 2015
8585:
8506:
8090:
8063:
8015:
7687:
7685:
7465:A list of films can be found at the
5497:1–9p (where 10p is a special title)
5343:
5124:), and a variant of the game called
2950:
1562:adding citations to reliable sources
1533:
1215:
12341:(1st ed.), Tuttle Publishing,
12246:from the original on April 10, 2011
12225:, in Nowakowski, Richard J. (ed.),
12197:, United Kingdom: Lexington Books,
12182:from the original on April 10, 2011
9972:
9554:, Association for Go in Italy (AGI)
9488:China Cultural Centre in Tel Aviv,
9159:Japanese Prints and the World of Go
7911:
7870:
6468:
6457:
5797:List of professional Go tournaments
5483:1–7d (where 8d is a special title)
5338:
5216:Detail from a Japanese illustrated
5032:and playing the musical instrument
4923:). Today, in China, it is known as
4172:, also known by its Japanese name,
1678:
1675:, or fighting spirit, in the game.
1633:). A player who can regularly play
1440:
24:
13762:Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation
12356:
11751:from the original on March 7, 2005
10722:
10466:Learning to Play the Game of Chess
9525:
9403:The Magic of Go – 40. Go in Europe
8786:
7355:) a general standard of amateur 4
5819:Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation
5597:A game of Go may be timed using a
5287:Japan Go Association (Nihon Ki-in)
4874:
1816:
888:The standard Go board has a 19×19
25:
13918:
12031:Lessons in the Fundamentals of Go
11850:Machines That Learn To Play Games
11791:from the original on May 15, 2013
11586:O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F.,
11253:Anderson, Troy (August 3, 2004),
10589:Levinovitz, Alan (May 12, 2014).
10504:
10182:A stylish way to play your stones
8339:
8316:
7969:
7746:Burton, Watson (April 15, 1992).
7682:
7547:from the original on May 16, 2013
7199:is its depth (number of moves or
6562:, the European Go champion and a
5755:BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE DOT RIGHT
2230:
1529:
13834:
12630:
12613:
12596:
12579:
12562:
12545:
12528:
11643:
11619:
11601:
11542:
11527:
11512:
11497:
11459:
11420:
11386:
11344:
11284:
11260:
11221:
11162:
11153:
11127:
11101:
11074:
11053:
10981:
10956:
10931:
10923:
10830:
10812:
10780:
10766:
10716:
10660:
10635:
10609:
10582:
10562:
10537:
10483:
10456:
10429:
10404:
10389:
10363:
10337:
10318:
10304:
10203:
10124:
10036:
10014:
9992:
9966:
9939:
9916:
9894:
9850:
9828:
9801:
9752:
9733:
9729:from the original on 2001-06-03.
9705:
9683:
9601:A quick guide to pro tournaments
9590:
9573:The McMahon system in a nutshell
9564:
9393:
9031:Yang, Lihui; An, Deming (2008).
8947:Tavernier, Karel (Spring 1998).
7941:"EGF Ing Grant Report 2004-2005"
7646:from the original on 17 May 2017
7605:"The Ancient Chinese Game of Go"
7471:
7459:
7453:A list of books can be found at
7447:
7435:
7425:Lists of Go servers are kept at
7419:
7402:
7392:
7379:
7366:
7342:
7309:
7299:
7286:
7273:
7256:
7123:
6413:. The names of the bowl shapes,
5769:BLACK CIRCLE WITH TWO WHITE DOTS
5235:
5209:
5200:, played in the presence of the
5080:
5057:
5041:
4800:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
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4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
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3774:
3767:
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3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3560:The most basic technique is the
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
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3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
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3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
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2599:
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2578:
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2555:
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2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
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2455:
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2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
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2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2174:
2146:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1538:
1386:), meaning 'to arrange pieces'.
948:, which is far greater than the
43:
13715:All Japan Student Go Federation
12406:, 6th article of the main book
12307:Peng, Mike; Hall, Mark (1996).
11756:Bozulich, Richard, ed. (2001).
11469:New England Journal of Medicine
11108:Scanlon, Charles (2002-08-01).
10988:Times, Financial (2023-02-19).
10616:Metz, Cade (December 7, 2015).
10398:How to beat your chess computer
9926:KBA Founder Cho Nam Chul passes
9922:
9740:Dürst, Martin J. (2016-03-10).
9192:
9130:
9051:
9024:
8977:
8780:
8750:
8500:
8390:
8198:"Hanami Ko at Sensei's Library"
8190:
8096:
7963:
7932:
7905:
7864:
7815:
7243:
7230:
7217:
7208:
7165:
7149:List of top title holders in Go
6874:A 2004 review of literature by
6429:Playing technique and etiquette
5781:List of top title holders in Go
5775:Top players and professional Go
5582:
1549:needs additional citations for
514:
497:
476:
455:
428:
414:
400:
379:
121:Professional: 1–6 hours or more
13792:Games played with Go equipment
11685:. In Bozulich, Richard (ed.).
11658:, New York, NY: Viking Press,
11553:. Cambridge University Press.
11331:, Hove, UK: Psychology Press,
11271:, Kiseido Publishing Company,
10344:Johnson, George (1997-07-29),
10321:"Human-Computer Go Challenges"
9532:, European Go Federation (EGF)
9265:History of Go in Japan: part 3
9235:History of Go in Japan: part 2
9162:. Kiseido Publishing Company.
9114:University of Washington Press
7621:
7597:
7573:
7551:
7524:
7502:
7139:Games played with Go equipment
6930:approach, he demonstrates how
5330:As of December 2015, the
5120:
5009:design it for his unruly son,
4951:
4942:
4934:
4919:
4817:
4810:death problems, also known as
1788:
1242:), which derives from earlier
798:
718:
704:
656:
642:
598:
561:
346:
332:
312:
298:
284:
244:
228:
13:
1:
12479:The Theory and Practice of Go
12451:De Havilland, Walter Augustus
12104:Masayoshi, Shirakawa (2005),
11980:, Games of Go on Disc (GoGoD)
11810:. Tokyo: Kiseido Publishers.
11536:Une praxis de la psychanalyse
11445:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00207-0
11407:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00206-9
10213:. Senseis.xmp.net. 2011-09-19
9064:, ABC-CLIO Ltd, p. 228,
9061:Handbook of Chinese mythology
9034:Handbook of Chinese Mythology
8757:Fairbairn, John (June 2006).
8698:"Comparison of Some Go Rules"
8200:. Senseis.xmp.net. 2013-01-09
7750:. Columbia University Press.
7491:
6504:level prior to 2016 include:
6227:can easily cost in excess of
5981:plays against Russian player
5069:
4903:
4886:
2113:Rules of Go § Repetition
1317:. In events sponsored by the
923:
908:Go was considered one of the
12187:Moskowitz, Marc L. (2013), "
11725:Allis, Louis Victor (1994),
11207:"The Rise and Fall of Atari"
11020:, in Shotwell, Peter (ed.),
10938:Joshua Wolens (2023-02-20).
10494:, vol. 12, ICCA Journal
10400:, Batsford Books, p. 85
9670:EGF General Tournament Rules
8306:, Kiseido Publishing Company
7496:
6061:
5827:European Professional System
5635:Notation and recording games
5302:terms for common Go concepts
4898:and in two books written by
2100:. To stop the potential for
1812:
1808:
1804:
7:
13757:Singapore Weiqi Association
13702:International Go Federation
11784:, American Go Association,
11159:(film; 2013) Tokyo Newcomer
10788:"World's Go Player Ratings"
8378:Comparison of some go rules
8104:"KGS Go Tutorial: Game End"
7540:, American Go Association,
7467:EGF Internet Go Filmography
7296:means 'reading of seconds'.
7116:
7084:(1969) and, more recently,
6952:terms, Go is a non-chance,
6511:exhaustive computer program
6409:, stone and woven straw or
5727:WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOT RIGHT
5543:professional Go tournaments
5332:International Go Federation
5295:in the 1960s, establishing
5161:. It became popular at the
4911:
1648:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1277:
1259:
1244:
1226:
859:
835:International Go Federation
188:
182:
175:
10:
13923:
13469:Long Ode to Watching Weiqi
12139:Matthews, Charles (2004).
12051:; Jeong, Soo-hyun (1997).
11717:
11681:Pinckard, William (n.d.).
11626:Boorman, Scott A. (1969),
11549:Maschler, Michael (2013).
11365:10.1037/0882-7974.16.2.293
11134:Scott, A.O. (2007-03-14),
11110:"Young Japanese go for Go"
11087:, Asiaweek, archived from
10597:. The Electric Sage Battle
9882:Kubomatsu's central thesis
9318:Articles on Famous Players
9204:, Korean Baduk Association
9139:"The Four Accomplishments"
9137:Pinckard, William (1989).
8304:Dictionary of Basic Joseki
7071:Comparisons to other games
6941:
6870:Psychological perspectives
6839:The corporation and brand
6734:(Japanese comic book) and
6613:
6461:
6065:
5778:
5741:WHITE CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS
5638:
5586:
5560:for more information); and
5510:
5507:Tournament and match rules
5347:
4867:
4863:
2928:
2924:
2234:
2156:
2118:
1859:
1855:
1727:
1682:
1652:
1591:
1321:Foundation, it is spelled
933:
29:
13829:
13770:
13680:Chinese Weiqi Association
13662:Australian Go Association
13647:
13525:
13404:
13346:
13289:
13198:
13060:
12782:
12717:
12687:
12272:Vol. 2: Basic techniques
12128:, University of Cambridge
11538:(in French). L'Harmattan.
11232:. John Wiley & Sons.
11228:Spitznagel, Mark (2013).
11013:McDonald, Brian (2002) ,
10490:Levinson, Robert (1989),
10463:Thurn, Sebastian (1995),
10000:"AGA Professional System"
9929:, American Go Association
9612:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
9597:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
9330:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
9314:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
9298:Fairbairn & Hall 2007
8891:The Treasure Chest Enigma
8793:, American Go Association
8645:, retrieved 5 August 2012
8513:, University of Cambridge
8403:, University of Cambridge
7970:조, 항범 (October 8, 2005).
7882:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
7512:. American Go Association
7443:list of teaching services
7065:combinatorial game theory
7008:combinatorial game theory
6918:research and employing a
6286:A full set of Go stones (
6281:
6194:The traditional Japanese
6158:
6143:
6131:
6120:
6109:
5968:Chinese Weiqi Association
5845:(master) and the post of
5803:Chinese Weiqi Association
5472:Intermediate/club player
5155:
5140:
5104:Spread to Korea and Japan
5022:Chinese scholar gentleman
2115:for further information.
1501:
1465:
1382:
1302:board game of surrounding
1267:
1250:
1238:
1232:
1149:Computers and mathematics
1101:Players and organizations
809:
791:
786:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
741:
734:
729:
711:
697:
692:
688:
679:
672:
667:
649:
635:
630:
626:
617:
610:
605:
591:
577:
572:
554:
549:
545:
539:
533:
528:
507:
490:
483:
469:
462:
445:
438:
421:
407:
393:
386:
372:
365:
339:
325:
305:
291:
277:
270:
265:
261:
257:'encirclement board game'
253:
237:
221:
216:
212:
207:
198:
154:
136:
128:
111:
103:
95:
69:
58:
42:
13747:Mind Sports Organisation
13685:Hong Kong Go Association
13396:Lee's broken ladder game
13274:Nihon Ki-in Hall of Fame
12337:Shotwell, Peter (2003),
12108:, Yutopian Enterprises,
11985:Ishigure, Ikuro (2006).
11953:Fairbairn, John (2004).
11931:Fairbairn, John (2000),
11915:Fairbairn, John (1995),
11683:"Go and the Three Games"
11433:Cognitive Brain Research
11395:Cognitive Brain Research
11267:Yasuyuki, Miura (1998),
11189:, Britgo.org, 2007-03-14
11063:. Britgo.org. 2015-12-16
11022:Go in Western Literature
10774:"柯洁迎19岁生日 雄踞人类世界排名第一已两年"
10436:Shannon, Claude (1950),
10082:, British Go Association
9949:Weiqi in Chinese Culture
9673:, European Go Federation
9431:British Go Association,
9376:AGA 1995 Historical Book
9336:"Castle Games 1626–1863"
8700:. British Go Association
8375:British Go Association,
8363:Müller & Gasser 1996
7531:Shotwell, Peter (2008),
7187:) can be estimated with
7159:
7102:through the lens of Go.
6370:
6248:Cercidiphyllum japonicum
5647:algebraic chess notation
1774:all of any played game.
1723:
1665:common opening sequences
1307:). In English, the name
1177:AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol
223:Traditional Chinese
63:Spring and Autumn period
13877:Abstract strategy games
13872:Traditional board games
13735:Korea Baduk Association
13697:French Federation of Go
13657:American Go Association
13612:Monte Carlo tree search
13386:The Game of the Century
12496:Smith, Arthur (1956) ,
11977:The GoGoD Encyclopaedia
11898:The Go Player's Almanac
11778:The History of Go Rules
11758:The Go Player's Almanac
11687:The Go Player's Almanac
10776:(in Chinese). May 2017.
10643:"History of Go Ratings"
10372:Overview of Computer Go
9837:Go Seigen: Match Player
9811:History of Newspaper Go
9631:Jasiek, Robert (2001),
9551:EGF Tournament Database
9348:The Go Player's Almanac
9201:History of Korean baduk
8660:American Go Association
8641:12 January 2013 at the
8632:American Go Association
8302:Ishida, Yoshio (1977),
7510:"A Brief History of Go"
7319:moves in a time period
7096:Chinese Communist Party
6483:artificial intelligence
6454:actual game technique.
5823:AGA Professional System
5815:Korea Baduk Association
5315:and Japanese astronaut
5280:American Go Association
5274:in 1908. Lasker's book
5163:Japanese imperial court
4986:encirclement board game
4831:In situations when the
2943:and are covered in the
2931:Go strategy and tactics
2152:
1655:Go strategy and tactics
1499:(Chinese and Japanese:
1362:, meaning 'field', and
1292:encirclement board game
1045:(corner-based openings)
932:Despite its relatively
905:in the 7th century CE.
239:Simplified Chinese
13902:Partially solved games
13752:New Zealand Go Society
13692:European Go Federation
13667:British Go Association
13427:The Girl Who Played Go
13281:Professional handicaps
12677:
12011:. New York: Pantheon.
11934:History of Go in Korea
11877:Davies, James (1995).
11825:Cobb, William (2002).
10848:; Lillicrap, Timothy;
10133:Kiseido clearance sale
8510:Behind the Rules of Go
8470:, p. 23 (Vol. 1).
8434:, p. 22 (Vol. 1).
7945:European Go Federation
7914:"Getting the Go-ahead"
7874:(September 25, 2018).
7630:"Go Population Survey"
7292:Literally in Japanese
7173:state-space complexity
7144:List of books about Go
6988:Affine transformations
6700:The Girl Who Played Go
6680:
6625:
6568:five times out of five
6497:
6438:
6367:
6274:means 'new', and thus
6140:
6077:
6001:in 1989. His disciple
5990:
5888:
5821:), the United States (
5409:professional dan ranks
5371:
4828:
2895:
2189:
2129:
1833:
1799:
1701:Middlegame and endgame
1449:and can be captured.
1420:
1399:
1334:(바둑) derives from the
1037:(whole-board openings)
584:
82:Abstract strategy game
13882:Chinese ancient games
13366:AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol
12262:Vol. 1: Introduction
12194:Asian Popular Culture
12162:Moews, David (1996),
11775:Chen, Zuyuan (2011),
11521:Revue française de go
11504:Mary, Arthur (2024),
9616:History and Timelines
9334:History and Timelines
9302:History and Timelines
8292:, p. 7 (Vol. 2).
7824:"Combinatorics of Go"
7692:Baker, Karl (2008) ,
6671:
6623:
6533:", can sustain 33.86
6495:
6436:
6357:
6105:
6098:Traditional equipment
6075:
5983:Alexandre Dinerchtein
5976:
5946:, who studied in the
5891:After the end of the
5875:
5711:Miscellaneous Symbols
5357:
5180:Nikkai took the name
4895:Analects of Confucius
4825:
2893:
2182:
2126:
1830:
1823:Liberties and capture
1796:
1413:
1397:
881:(points added to the
149:elementary arithmetic
118:Casual: 20–90 minutes
13707:Irish Go Association
13509:The Surrounding Game
13062:Strategy and tactics
12423:Go! More than a Game
12339:Go! More Than a Game
12164:"Loopy Games and Go"
11654:The 48 Laws of Power
11483:10.1056/NEJMoa022252
11353:Psychology and Aging
9973:朱宝训 (22 July 2016).
9765:The Unicode Archives
9746:The Unicode Archives
9720:The Unicode Standard
9529:EGF Official Ratings
9453:Peng & Hall 1996
9304:"Timeline 1600–1867"
9007:"Go in the Classics"
8865:Kim & Jeong 1997
8853:Kim & Jeong 1997
8841:Kim & Jeong 1997
8829:Kim & Jeong 1997
8719:Kim & Jeong 1997
8685:Kim & Jeong 1997
8619:Kim & Jeong 1997
8598:Kim & Jeong 1997
8562:Kim & Jeong 1997
8420:Kim & Jeong 1997
8319:"Thinking big in Go"
7185:game-tree complexity
7091:The 48 Laws of Power
6999:to the discovery of
6938:Analyses of the game
6843:was named after the
6833:Captivating the King
6787:Tôkyô ni kita bakari
6723:series of novels by
6475:computer programmers
5977:South Korean player
5350:Go ranks and ratings
5248:Internationalization
5194:dan/kyu style system
5018:four cultivated arts
1558:improve this article
1014:Strategy and tactics
699:Revised Romanization
637:Revised Romanization
492:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
13607:Future of Go Summit
13535:Computer Go UEC Cup
13376:Blood-vomiting game
13356:AlphaGo vs. Fan Hui
12443:Historical interest
12368:Bradley, Milton N.
11918:Go in Ancient China
11831:Sterling Publishers
11291:Bozulich, Richard,
10887:10.1038/nature24270
10879:2017Natur.550..354S
10856:(19 October 2017).
10275:10.1038/nature16961
10267:2016Natur.529..484S
10170:, pp. 153–155.
10158:, pp. 150–153.
10121:, pp. 143–149.
10104:, pp. 142–143.
9946:Matthews, Charles,
9414:on November 9, 2001
9400:Bozulich, Richard,
8738:on 29 December 2022
8621:, pp. 144–147.
8531:"Go The Board Game"
8507:Matthews, Charles,
7082:The Protracted Game
7016:perfect-information
6958:perfect information
6901:Alzheimer's disease
6850:Hedge fund manager
6781:of Go professional
6677:Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
6673:Minamoto no Yoshiie
6610:Software assistance
6594:. In October 2017,
6592:Future of Go Summit
6388:glass, such as for
6303:Wakayama Prefecture
6240:Thujopsis dolabrata
6212:Torreya californica
5956:Cultural Revolution
5885:game of the century
5865:, all of the house
5188:Go school. Several
4939:traditional Chinese
1172:Internet Go servers
1065:History and culture
958:Part of a series on
910:four essential arts
897:in the 5th century
579:Vietnamese alphabet
39:
32:Go (disambiguation)
13797:Go and mathematics
13778:Benson's algorithm
13740:Myongji University
13381:Ear-reddening game
13361:AlphaGo vs. Ke Jie
13216:Dunhuang Go Manual
12500:, C.E. Tuttle Co,
12482:, C.E. Tuttle Co,
12404:Chinese Go Players
12402:Seckiner, Sancar.
12362:Introductory books
12172:Games of No Chance
11523:(in French) (151).
11141:The New York Times
11081:Shimatsuka, Yoko,
10970:. 20 February 2023
10515:Cornell University
10351:The New York Times
8956:British Go Journal
8732:"A change in Komi"
7951:on 28 October 2017
7480:Go and mathematics
6997:John Horton Conway
6954:combinatorial game
6944:Go and mathematics
6856:The Dao of Capital
6681:
6664:In popular culture
6626:
6498:
6439:
6368:
6208:California Torreya
6141:
6128:) and 361 stones (
6091:Meretrix lamarckii
6078:
5991:
5930:(born in Taiwan),
5893:Tokugawa shogunate
5889:
5660:The Japanese word
5372:
5265:empires. In 1905,
5230:, 12th century CE.
5177:(Minister of Go).
5094:(fl. 942–961 CE),
4931:simplified Chinese
4907: 3rd century
4890: 4th century
4829:
2896:
2886:Seki (mutual life)
2190:
2130:
1834:
1800:
1421:
1400:
1157:Go and mathematics
927: 4th century
37:
13897:Individual sports
13854:
13853:
13617:Smart Game Format
13348:Games and matches
13302:Ranks and ratings
12489:978-0-8048-0572-8
12459:Kelly & Walsh
12435:978-0-8048-3475-9
12427:Tuttle Publishing
12421:Shotwell, Peter.
12416:978-605-4160-62-4
12378:978-1-889554-74-7
12348:978-0-8048-3475-9
12316:Svenks Go Tidning
12299:978-4-906574-36-0
12204:978-0-7391-7961-1
12154:978-0-07-142977-1
12141:Teach Yourself Go
12115:978-1-889554-98-3
12062:978-0-9644796-1-6
12040:978-4-906574-28-5
12027:Kageyama, Toshiro
12018:978-0-394-73331-9
11907:978-4-906574-40-7
11840:978-0-8069-2729-9
11817:978-4-906574-50-6
11767:978-4-906574-40-7
11696:978-4-906574-40-7
11665:978-0-670-88146-8
11637:978-0-19-500490-8
11560:978-1-107-00548-8
11338:978-1-84169-336-1
11278:978-4-906574-99-5
11239:978-1-118-34703-4
10873:(7676): 354–359.
10723:Lawler, Richard.
10261:(7587): 484–489.
9879:Fairbairn, John,
9857:Fairbairn, John,
9808:Fairbairn, John,
9781:Fairbairn, John.
9655:, pp. 92–93.
9618:"History of Komi"
9357:978-4-906574-40-7
9071:978-1-57607-806-8
9044:978-0-19-533263-6
8916:van Zeijst, Rob,
8900:978-1-932001-27-3
8867:, pp. 93–94.
8855:, pp. 91–92.
8843:, pp. 88–90.
8831:, pp. 80–98.
8656:"The Rules of Go"
8600:, pp. 48–49.
7912:Gao, Pat (2007).
7757:978-0-231-06715-7
7100:Chinese Civil War
6695:Yasunari Kawabata
6638:Smart Game Format
6336:Chinese Civil War
5897:Meiji Restoration
5789:Female Go players
5651:Smart Game Format
5504:
5503:
5388:Elo rating system
5344:Ranks and ratings
5223:The Tale of Genji
5190:competing schools
4768:
4767:
4156:
4155:
3548:
3547:
2951:Capturing tactics
2837:
2836:
2055:
2054:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1468:) wins the game.
1216:Names of the game
1213:
1212:
1126:Ranks and ratings
824:abstract strategy
813:
812:
805:
804:
725:
724:
713:McCune–Reischauer
668:South Korean name
663:
662:
651:McCune–Reischauer
606:North Korean name
568:
567:
524:
523:
395:Yale Romanization
272:Standard Mandarin
203:
202:
16:(Redirected from
13914:
13839:
13838:
13496:Sensei's Library
13483:The Master of Go
13391:Kamakura jubango
13371:Atomic bomb game
13264:European players
12672:
12665:
12658:
12649:
12648:
12643:
12635:
12634:
12633:
12626:
12618:
12617:
12616:
12609:
12601:
12600:
12599:
12592:
12584:
12583:
12582:
12575:
12567:
12566:
12565:
12558:
12550:
12549:
12548:
12541:
12533:
12532:
12531:
12521:
12508:
12492:
12474:Korschelt, Oscar
12469:
12429:, 4th ed. 2014,
12399:
12351:
12333:
12331:
12330:
12324:
12313:
12303:
12259:
12247:
12245:
12224:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12183:
12181:
12168:
12158:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12118:
12100:
12080:
12066:
12053:Learn to Play Go
12044:
12022:
12009:Go for Beginners
12000:
11981:
11970:
11956:Invitation to Go
11949:
11948:
11946:
11937:, archived from
11927:
11926:
11925:
11911:
11892:
11873:
11861:
11844:
11821:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11790:
11783:
11771:
11752:
11750:
11741:978-90-9007488-7
11733:
11712:
11711:
11709:
11708:
11699:. Archived from
11678:
11669:
11668:
11657:
11647:
11641:
11640:
11623:
11617:
11616:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11589:Conway Biography
11583:
11577:
11571:
11565:
11564:
11546:
11540:
11539:
11531:
11525:
11524:
11516:
11510:
11509:
11501:
11495:
11494:
11485:
11463:
11457:
11456:
11424:
11418:
11417:
11390:
11384:
11383:
11348:
11342:
11341:
11322:
11313:
11312:
11311:
11310:
11301:, archived from
11288:
11282:
11281:
11264:
11258:
11257:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11225:
11219:
11218:
11216:
11214:
11203:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11194:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11166:
11160:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11149:
11148:
11131:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11121:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11097:
11096:
11078:
11072:
11071:
11069:
11068:
11057:
11051:
11045:
11039:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11030:
11019:
11010:
11004:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10985:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10975:
10960:
10954:
10953:
10951:
10950:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10927:
10921:
10919:
10862:
10834:
10828:
10827:
10816:
10810:
10809:
10798:
10792:
10791:
10784:
10778:
10777:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10720:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10709:
10692:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10664:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10639:
10633:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10613:
10607:
10606:
10604:
10602:
10586:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10576:
10566:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10556:
10547:. Archived from
10541:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10524:
10518:. Archived from
10511:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10487:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10477:
10471:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10444:
10433:
10427:
10426:
10424:
10423:
10408:
10402:
10401:
10393:
10387:
10386:
10385:
10384:
10367:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10341:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10325:computer-go.info
10316:
10310:
10309:
10308:
10302:
10233:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10218:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10199:
10198:
10189:, archived from
10177:
10171:
10165:
10159:
10153:
10138:
10136:
10128:
10122:
10116:
10105:
10099:
10090:
10089:
10088:
10087:
10074:
10068:
10062:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10053:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10029:
10018:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10007:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9987:
9985:
9970:
9964:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9952:, archived from
9943:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9876:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9854:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9814:, archived from
9805:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9778:
9769:
9768:
9756:
9750:
9749:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9717:
9709:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9678:
9665:
9656:
9650:
9644:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9628:
9619:
9609:
9603:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9568:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9559:
9546:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9523:
9514:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9485:
9479:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9428:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9410:, archived from
9397:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9388:
9371:
9362:
9361:
9343:
9337:
9327:
9321:
9320:"Honinbo Dosaku"
9311:
9305:
9295:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9272:, archived from
9260:
9254:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9242:, archived from
9230:
9224:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9196:
9190:
9184:
9178:
9177:
9172:. Archived from
9169:978-4-90657430-8
9153:
9151:
9150:
9141:. Archived from
9134:
9128:
9127:
9105:
9099:
9093:
9087:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9028:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9018:
9002:
8991:
8981:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8964:
8953:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8935:
8926:, archived from
8913:
8904:
8903:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8850:
8844:
8838:
8832:
8826:
8820:
8814:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8734:. Archived from
8728:
8722:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8662:. Archived from
8652:
8646:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8601:
8595:
8589:
8583:
8577:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8542:
8536:. Archived from
8535:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8504:
8498:
8492:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8465:
8459:
8453:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8372:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8349:
8340:David, Ormerod.
8337:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8317:David, Ormerod.
8314:
8308:
8307:
8299:
8293:
8287:
8281:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8233:
8227:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8205:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8176:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8152:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8128:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7947:. Archived from
7936:
7930:
7929:
7909:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7839:
7828:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7794:
7781:
7775:
7762:
7761:
7743:
7734:
7728:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7700:
7689:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7645:
7634:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7609:www.china.org.cn
7601:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7539:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7506:
7486:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7455:Sensei's Library
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7427:Sensei's Library
7423:
7417:
7410:Sensei's Library
7406:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7383:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7346:
7340:
7313:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7290:
7284:
7277:
7271:
7264:Sensei's Library
7260:
7254:
7251:Nash equilibrium
7247:
7241:
7234:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7212:
7206:
7182:
7180:
7169:
7154:Sensei's Library
7133:
7128:
7127:
7033:(checkers), and
6928:phenomenological
6880:Jean Retschitzki
6804:The Valiant Ones
6756:A Beautiful Mind
6693:-winning author
6686:The Master of Go
6588:three-game match
6524:
6520:
6502:professional dan
6469:Software players
6458:Computers and Go
6313:Korean hard clam
6308:Meretrix lusoria
6204:Torreya nucifera
6190:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6113:
6112:
6111:
5936:Koichi Kobayashi
5813:), South Korea (
5770:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5669:Geometric Shapes
5628:Canadian byoyomi
5622:Standard byoyomi
5486:Advanced player
5421:
5420:
5339:Competitive play
5263:Austro-Hungarian
5239:
5213:
5184:and founded the
5160:
5158:
5157:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5123:
5122:
5084:
5074:
5071:
5068:. Tang dynasty,
5061:
5045:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4944:
4936:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4908:
4905:
4891:
4888:
4764:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1679:Opening strategy
1585:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1542:
1534:
1504:
1503:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1333:
1328:The Korean name
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1254:), in turn from
1253:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1205:
1198:
1191:
974:
955:
954:
947:
945:
928:
925:
912:of the cultured
801:
800:
784:
783:
778:
777:
764:
763:
750:
749:
721:
720:
707:
706:
690:
689:
684:
683:
659:
658:
645:
644:
628:
627:
622:
621:
601:
600:
587:
564:
563:
547:
546:
541:
520:
519:
518:
503:
502:
501:
479:
478:
458:
457:
434:
433:
432:
417:
416:
403:
402:
382:
381:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
350:
335:
334:
321:
320:
319:
315:
301:
300:
287:
286:
263:
262:
249:
248:
233:
232:
205:
204:
191:
185:
178:
171:
170:
169:
167:
47:
40:
36:
21:
13922:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13915:
13913:
13912:
13911:
13857:
13856:
13855:
13850:
13833:
13825:
13766:
13643:
13521:
13516:The Weiqi Devil
13420:The Divine Move
13400:
13342:
13321:Honorary titles
13297:Go professional
13285:
13247:Oskar Korschelt
13209:Classic of Arts
13194:
13056:
12806:Board positions
12778:
12713:
12683:
12676:
12646:
12636:
12631:
12629:
12625:from Wikivoyage
12619:
12614:
12612:
12602:
12597:
12595:
12591:from Wikisource
12585:
12580:
12578:
12568:
12563:
12561:
12551:
12546:
12544:
12540:from Wiktionary
12534:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12520:sister projects
12517:at Knowledge's
12511:
12495:
12490:
12472:
12449:
12445:
12440:
12396:
12383:
12364:
12359:
12357:Further reading
12354:
12349:
12328:
12326:
12322:
12311:
12300:
12243:
12237:
12222:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12179:
12166:
12155:
12131:
12129:
12116:
12089:
12063:
12041:
12019:
11997:
11967:
11944:
11942:
11923:
11921:
11908:
11889:
11870:
11841:
11818:
11794:
11792:
11788:
11781:
11768:
11748:
11742:
11731:
11720:
11715:
11706:
11704:
11697:
11679:
11672:
11666:
11648:
11644:
11638:
11624:
11620:
11613:senseis.xmp.net
11607:
11606:
11602:
11594:
11592:
11584:
11580:
11572:
11568:
11561:
11547:
11543:
11532:
11528:
11517:
11513:
11502:
11498:
11476:(25): 2508–16,
11464:
11460:
11425:
11421:
11391:
11387:
11349:
11345:
11339:
11323:
11316:
11308:
11306:
11299:Yomiuri Shimbun
11289:
11285:
11279:
11265:
11261:
11251:
11247:
11240:
11226:
11222:
11212:
11210:
11205:
11204:
11200:
11192:
11190:
11183:
11182:
11178:
11167:
11163:
11158:
11154:
11146:
11144:
11132:
11128:
11119:
11117:
11106:
11102:
11094:
11092:
11079:
11075:
11066:
11064:
11059:
11058:
11054:
11046:
11042:
11034:
11032:
11028:
11017:
11011:
11007:
10998:
10996:
10986:
10982:
10973:
10971:
10962:
10961:
10957:
10948:
10946:
10936:
10932:
10922:
10917:
10860:
10854:Hassabis, Demis
10835:
10831:
10818:
10817:
10813:
10800:
10799:
10795:
10786:
10785:
10781:
10772:
10771:
10767:
10757:
10755:
10754:. 13 March 2016
10751:BBC News Online
10744:
10743:
10739:
10729:
10727:
10721:
10717:
10707:
10705:
10704:. 12 March 2016
10701:BBC News Online
10694:
10693:
10689:
10679:
10677:
10673:The Korea Times
10666:
10665:
10661:
10651:
10649:
10641:
10640:
10636:
10626:
10624:
10614:
10610:
10600:
10598:
10587:
10583:
10574:
10572:
10568:
10567:
10563:
10554:
10552:
10543:
10542:
10538:
10528:
10526:
10522:
10509:
10503:
10499:
10488:
10484:
10475:
10473:
10469:
10461:
10457:
10448:
10446:
10442:
10434:
10430:
10421:
10419:
10418:. IEEE Spectrum
10409:
10405:
10394:
10390:
10382:
10380:
10369:
10368:
10364:
10356:
10354:
10342:
10338:
10329:
10327:
10317:
10313:
10303:
10249:Hassabis, Demis
10245:Sutskever, Ilya
10234:
10225:
10216:
10214:
10209:
10208:
10204:
10196:
10194:
10179:
10178:
10174:
10166:
10162:
10154:
10141:
10130:
10129:
10125:
10117:
10108:
10100:
10093:
10085:
10083:
10076:
10075:
10071:
10063:
10059:
10051:
10049:
10042:
10041:
10037:
10027:
10025:
10020:
10019:
10015:
10005:
10003:
9998:
9997:
9993:
9983:
9981:
9971:
9967:
9959:
9957:
9944:
9940:
9932:
9930:
9921:
9917:
9909:
9907:
9900:
9899:
9895:
9887:
9885:
9877:
9873:
9865:
9863:
9860:Kitani's Streak
9855:
9851:
9843:
9841:
9834:
9833:
9829:
9821:
9819:
9806:
9802:
9792:
9790:
9779:
9772:
9757:
9753:
9738:
9734:
9726:
9715:
9711:
9710:
9706:
9697:
9695:
9688:
9684:
9676:
9674:
9667:
9666:
9659:
9651:
9647:
9639:
9637:
9629:
9622:
9610:
9606:
9595:
9591:
9583:
9581:
9570:
9569:
9565:
9557:
9555:
9548:
9547:
9543:
9535:
9533:
9524:
9517:
9511:Nihon Kiin 1973
9509:
9505:
9496:
9494:
9486:
9482:
9473:
9471:
9463:
9459:
9451:
9447:
9439:
9437:
9429:
9425:
9417:
9415:
9408:Yomiuri Shimbun
9398:
9394:
9386:
9384:
9373:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9344:
9340:
9328:
9324:
9312:
9308:
9296:
9287:
9279:
9277:
9262:
9261:
9257:
9249:
9247:
9232:
9231:
9227:
9219:
9215:
9207:
9205:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9185:
9181:
9170:
9148:
9146:
9135:
9131:
9124:
9112:. Seattle, WA:
9106:
9102:
9094:
9090:
9082:
9078:
9072:
9056:
9052:
9045:
9029:
9025:
9016:
9014:
9005:
9003:
8992:
8982:
8978:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8951:
8945:
8941:
8933:
8931:
8924:Yomiuri Shimbun
8914:
8907:
8901:
8887:
8883:
8875:
8871:
8863:
8859:
8851:
8847:
8839:
8835:
8827:
8823:
8815:
8804:
8796:
8794:
8785:
8781:
8772:
8770:
8755:
8751:
8741:
8739:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8717:
8713:
8703:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8669:
8667:
8666:on 11 July 2012
8654:
8653:
8649:
8643:Wayback Machine
8629:
8625:
8617:
8604:
8596:
8592:
8584:
8580:
8572:
8568:
8560:
8556:
8546:
8544:
8543:on 25 July 2013
8540:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8516:
8514:
8505:
8501:
8493:
8486:
8478:
8474:
8468:Nihon Kiin 1973
8466:
8462:
8454:
8450:
8442:
8438:
8432:Nihon Kiin 1973
8430:
8426:
8422:, pp. 3–4.
8418:
8414:
8406:
8404:
8395:
8391:
8383:
8381:
8373:
8369:
8361:
8357:
8347:
8345:
8338:
8334:
8324:
8322:
8315:
8311:
8300:
8296:
8290:Nihon Kiin 1973
8288:
8284:
8276:
8272:
8264:
8260:
8252:
8248:
8244:, pp. 7–8.
8240:
8236:
8230:Cho Chikun 1997
8228:
8224:
8216:
8212:
8203:
8201:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8185:Cho Chikun 1997
8183:
8179:
8173:Cho Chikun 1997
8171:
8167:
8161:Cho Chikun 1997
8159:
8155:
8147:
8143:
8137:Cho Chikun 1997
8135:
8131:
8125:Cho Chikun 1997
8123:
8119:
8109:
8107:
8102:
8101:
8097:
8089:
8085:
8079:Cho Chikun 1997
8077:
8070:
8062:
8058:
8052:Cho Chikun 1997
8050:
8046:
8040:Cho Chikun 1997
8038:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8002:
7998:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7968:
7964:
7954:
7952:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7910:
7906:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7869:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7831:tromp.github.io
7826:
7820:
7816:
7807:
7805:
7796:
7795:
7784:
7776:
7765:
7758:
7744:
7737:
7731:Cho Chikun 1997
7729:
7725:
7717:
7713:
7705:
7698:
7690:
7683:
7675:
7671:
7663:
7659:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7632:
7626:
7622:
7613:
7611:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7589:
7587:
7579:
7578:
7574:
7564:
7562:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7544:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7483:
7476:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7452:
7448:
7440:
7436:
7431:the AGA website
7424:
7420:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7384:
7380:
7371:
7367:
7347:
7343:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7300:
7291:
7287:
7278:
7274:
7261:
7257:
7248:
7244:
7235:
7231:
7222:
7218:
7213:
7209:
7178:
7176:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7129:
7122:
7119:
7073:
7054:game complexity
7010:terms, Go is a
7001:surreal numbers
6946:
6940:
6912:psychopathology
6878:, de Voogt and
6872:
6852:Mark Spitznagel
6816:science fiction
6666:
6655:Internet-based
6618:
6612:
6580:five-game match
6552:Google DeepMind
6522:
6518:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6431:
6373:
6284:
6264:Yunnan Province
6187:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6156:
6146:
6129:
6118:
6107:
6100:
6070:
6064:
6056:Michael Redmond
5877:Hon'inbō Shūsai
5838:Tokugawa Ieyasu
5799:
5793:Go professional
5777:
5768:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5723:
5718:
5717:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5643:
5637:
5595:
5585:
5539:knockout system
5515:
5513:Go competitions
5509:
5352:
5346:
5341:
5255:Oskar Korschelt
5250:
5243:
5240:
5231:
5214:
5167:Tokugawa Ieyasu
5152:
5137:
5106:
5099:
5085:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5053:
5046:
5000:Chinese emperor
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4906:
4889:
4877:
4875:Origin in China
4872:
4866:
4820:
4803:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
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4654:
4647:
4640:
4631:
4624:
4617:
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4603:
4596:
4589:
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4559:
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4531:
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4487:
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4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
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4387:
4380:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
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4315:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
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4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4166:
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4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
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3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
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3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
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3775:
3768:
3759:
3752:
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3703:
3694:
3687:
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3594:
3587:
3580:
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3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
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3427:
3420:
3411:
3404:
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3390:
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3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2953:
2947:section above.
2933:
2927:
2888:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
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2709:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
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2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
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2463:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
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2368:
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2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
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2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2177:
2161:
2155:
2121:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1825:
1791:
1759:Repetition Rule
1732:
1726:
1703:
1687:
1681:
1657:
1651:
1596:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1543:
1532:
1392:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1218:
1209:
943:
941:
926:
864:captured stones
573:Vietnamese name
353:
352:
327:Tongyong Pinyin
317:
313:
254:Literal meaning
194:
165:
162:
161:
124:
91:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13920:
13910:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13887:Japanese games
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13852:
13851:
13849:
13848:
13843:
13830:
13827:
13826:
13824:
13823:
13822:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13780:
13774:
13772:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13743:
13742:
13737:
13729:
13728:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13688:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13653:
13651:
13645:
13644:
13642:
13641:
13640:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13603:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13552:
13550:AlphaGo Master
13547:
13537:
13531:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13520:
13519:
13512:
13505:
13498:
13493:
13486:
13479:
13472:
13465:
13462:Igo Hatsuyōron
13458:
13451:
13444:
13437:
13430:
13423:
13416:
13408:
13406:
13402:
13401:
13399:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13352:
13350:
13344:
13343:
13341:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13323:
13318:
13317:
13316:
13309:
13299:
13293:
13291:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13283:
13278:
13277:
13276:
13271:
13269:Female players
13266:
13256:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13227:Four Go houses
13224:
13219:
13212:
13204:
13202:
13196:
13195:
13193:
13192:
13185:
13178:
13177:
13176:
13169:
13167:Empty triangle
13159:
13154:
13152:Opening theory
13149:
13144:
13142:Life and death
13139:
13134:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13117:
13103:
13102:
13101:
13096:
13089:
13084:
13072:
13070:Capturing race
13066:
13064:
13058:
13057:
13055:
13054:
13047:
13042:
13035:
13030:
13025:
13018:
13011:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12982:
12975:
12968:
12961:
12954:
12949:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12925:
12918:
12911:
12904:
12897:
12890:
12883:
12876:
12869:
12862:
12855:
12848:
12833:
12828:
12820:
12815:
12808:
12803:
12796:
12788:
12786:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12776:
12775:
12774:
12767:
12762:
12752:
12751:
12750:
12743:
12729:
12723:
12721:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12711:
12706:
12699:
12693:
12691:
12685:
12684:
12675:
12674:
12667:
12660:
12652:
12645:
12644:
12627:
12610:
12608:from Wikibooks
12593:
12576:
12574:from Wikiquote
12559:
12542:
12513:
12510:
12509:
12493:
12488:
12470:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12438:
12419:
12400:
12394:
12381:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12352:
12347:
12334:
12304:
12298:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12270:
12248:
12235:
12215:
12203:
12184:
12159:
12153:
12136:
12119:
12114:
12101:
12087:
12071:Lasker, Edward
12067:
12061:
12045:
12039:
12023:
12017:
12005:Iwamoto, Kaoru
12001:
11995:
11982:
11971:
11965:
11950:
11941:on 8 June 2011
11928:
11912:
11906:
11893:
11887:
11874:
11868:
11859:10.1.1.50.2676
11845:
11839:
11827:The Book of Go
11822:
11816:
11800:
11772:
11766:
11753:
11740:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11713:
11695:
11670:
11664:
11642:
11636:
11618:
11600:
11578:
11576:, p. 259.
11566:
11559:
11541:
11526:
11511:
11496:
11458:
11419:
11385:
11359:(2): 293–311,
11343:
11337:
11314:
11283:
11277:
11259:
11245:
11238:
11220:
11198:
11176:
11161:
11152:
11126:
11100:
11084:Do Not Pass Go
11073:
11052:
11050:, p. 176.
11040:
11005:
10980:
10955:
10930:
10829:
10811:
10793:
10790:. 24 May 2017.
10779:
10765:
10737:
10715:
10687:
10676:. 8 March 2016
10659:
10634:
10608:
10581:
10561:
10536:
10525:on 25 May 2013
10505:Stern, David.
10497:
10482:
10455:
10428:
10414:(2014-06-17).
10403:
10388:
10362:
10336:
10311:
10223:
10202:
10172:
10168:Fairbairn 1992
10160:
10156:Fairbairn 1992
10139:
10123:
10119:Fairbairn 1992
10106:
10102:Fairbairn 1992
10091:
10069:
10057:
10035:
10013:
9991:
9977:(in Chinese).
9975:"中国围棋职业段位制的历史"
9965:
9938:
9915:
9893:
9871:
9849:
9827:
9800:
9789:on 8 June 2011
9770:
9751:
9732:
9704:
9682:
9657:
9645:
9620:
9604:
9589:
9563:
9541:
9526:Cieply, Ales,
9515:
9513:, p. 188.
9503:
9491:Go in Tel Aviv
9480:
9457:
9445:
9423:
9392:
9363:
9356:
9338:
9322:
9306:
9285:
9255:
9225:
9221:Fairbairn 2000
9213:
9191:
9179:
9176:on 2008-03-16.
9168:
9129:
9122:
9100:
9088:
9084:Masayoshi 2005
9076:
9070:
9050:
9043:
9023:
8976:
8939:
8905:
8899:
8881:
8869:
8857:
8845:
8833:
8821:
8802:
8787:Hansen, Fred,
8779:
8749:
8723:
8711:
8689:
8677:
8647:
8623:
8602:
8590:
8588:, p. 206.
8578:
8574:Fairbairn 2004
8566:
8554:
8522:
8499:
8495:Fairbairn 2004
8484:
8480:Fairbairn 2004
8472:
8460:
8448:
8444:Moskowitz 2013
8436:
8424:
8412:
8389:
8367:
8365:, p. 273.
8355:
8332:
8309:
8294:
8282:
8280:, p. 153.
8270:
8258:
8246:
8234:
8222:
8220:, p. 109.
8210:
8189:
8177:
8165:
8163:, p. 119.
8153:
8141:
8139:, p. 107.
8129:
8117:
8095:
8083:
8068:
8056:
8044:
8032:
8020:
8008:
7996:
7982:
7962:
7931:
7928:on 2012-01-22.
7904:
7890:
7863:
7851:
7814:
7782:
7778:Fairbairn 1995
7763:
7756:
7735:
7723:
7711:
7681:
7669:
7657:
7637:intergofed.org
7620:
7596:
7585:www.britgo.org
7572:
7550:
7523:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7487:
7470:
7458:
7446:
7434:
7418:
7401:
7391:
7378:
7365:
7341:
7327:, or increase
7308:
7298:
7285:
7272:
7255:
7242:
7229:
7216:
7207:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7118:
7115:
7072:
7069:
6992:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6939:
6936:
6920:psychoanalytic
6871:
6868:
6791:Tokyo Newcomer
6725:David Wingrove
6665:
6662:
6629:the Internet.
6614:Main article:
6611:
6608:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6470:
6467:
6462:Main article:
6459:
6456:
6430:
6427:
6372:
6369:
6283:
6280:
6220:T. californica
6145:
6142:
6099:
6096:
6086:particle board
6066:Main article:
6063:
6060:
6052:Manfred Wimmer
5913:opening theory
5834:Four Go houses
5825:) and Europe (
5776:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5757:
5743:
5729:
5707:
5706:
5692:
5641:Go game record
5639:Main article:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5625:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5561:
5554:
5535:league systems
5527:McMahon system
5508:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:Professionals
5498:
5495:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5460:
5459:
5458:Casual player
5456:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5370:, Texas, 2003.
5364:US Go Congress
5360:life and death
5348:Main article:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5276:Go and Go-moku
5272:The Game of Go
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5234:
5232:
5215:
5208:
5182:Hon'inbō Sansa
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5086:
5079:
5077:
5063:
5056:
5054:
5047:
5040:
4876:
4873:
4868:Main article:
4865:
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3329:
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3206:
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3141:
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3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2929:Main article:
2926:
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2887:
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2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2237:Life and death
2232:
2231:Life and death
2229:
2220:
2219:
2205:
2176:
2173:
2157:Main article:
2154:
2151:
2120:
2117:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1860:Main article:
1857:
1854:
1824:
1821:
1790:
1787:
1771:
1770:
1765:) states that
1756:
1728:Main article:
1725:
1722:
1702:
1699:
1683:Main article:
1680:
1677:
1653:Main article:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1592:Main article:
1588:
1587:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1530:Basic concepts
1528:
1391:
1388:
1256:Middle Chinese
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:Four go houses
1085:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1049:Life and death
1046:
1038:
1030:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
989:
981:
980:
979:Game specifics
976:
975:
967:
966:
960:
959:
846:playing pieces
817:
816:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
795:
789:
788:
787:Transcriptions
780:
779:
772:
766:
765:
758:
752:
751:
738:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
722:
715:
709:
708:
701:
695:
694:
693:Transcriptions
686:
685:
676:
670:
669:
665:
664:
661:
660:
653:
647:
646:
639:
633:
632:
631:Transcriptions
624:
623:
614:
608:
607:
603:
602:
595:
589:
588:
581:
575:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:
558:
552:
551:
550:Transcriptions
543:
542:
537:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
521:
511:
505:
504:
494:
488:
487:
481:
480:
473:
471:Middle Chinese
467:
466:
464:Middle Chinese
460:
459:
452:
443:
442:
436:
435:
425:
419:
418:
411:
405:
404:
397:
391:
390:
388:Yue: Cantonese
384:
383:
376:
370:
369:
363:
362:
343:
337:
336:
329:
323:
322:
309:
303:
302:
295:
289:
288:
281:
275:
274:
268:
267:
266:Transcriptions
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
241:
235:
234:
225:
219:
218:
214:
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210:
209:
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158:
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138:
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133:
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109:
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100:
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93:
92:
90:
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84:
79:
73:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13919:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13864:
13862:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13841:Go portal
13837:
13832:
13831:
13828:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13809:
13805:
13804:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13786:
13783:Game record (
13781:
13779:
13776:
13775:
13773:
13769:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
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13695:
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13690:
13686:
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13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13654:
13652:
13650:
13649:Organizations
13646:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13627:KGS Go Server
13625:
13624:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
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13586:
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13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
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13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
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13510:
13506:
13504:
13503:
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13492:
13491:
13487:
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13484:
13480:
13478:
13477:
13473:
13471:
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13466:
13464:
13463:
13459:
13457:
13456:
13452:
13450:
13449:
13445:
13443:
13442:
13441:The Go Player
13438:
13436:
13435:
13434:The Go Master
13431:
13429:
13428:
13424:
13422:
13421:
13417:
13415:
13414:
13410:
13409:
13407:
13405:Art and media
13403:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
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13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13351:
13349:
13345:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13333:Title holders
13331:
13329:
13328:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13315:
13314:
13310:
13308:
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12650:
12642:from Wikidata
12641:
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12624:
12623:
12622:Travel guides
12611:
12607:
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12395:4-906574-15-7
12391:
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12340:
12335:
12325:on 2012-03-04
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11992:
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11888:4-906574-12-2
11884:
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11869:1-59033-021-8
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11703:on 2019-09-05
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11508:, L'Harmattan
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11340:
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11319:
11305:on 2004-12-09
11304:
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11143:
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11137:
11130:
11115:
11111:
11104:
11091:on 2007-06-10
11090:
11086:
11085:
11077:
11062:
11056:
11049:
11048:Shotwell 2003
11044:
11031:on 2006-09-21
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10839:
10838:Silver, David
10833:
10826:. 2017-05-27.
10825:
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10815:
10808:. 2017-05-25.
10807:
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10648:
10647:goratings.org
10644:
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10596:
10592:
10585:
10571:
10565:
10551:on 2009-01-01
10550:
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10486:
10468:
10467:
10459:
10441:
10440:
10432:
10417:
10413:
10407:
10399:
10392:
10379:on 2008-05-31
10378:
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10237:Silver, David
10232:
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10228:
10212:
10206:
10193:on 2007-05-13
10192:
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10065:Shotwell 2003
10061:
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10046:
10039:
10023:
10017:
10001:
9995:
9980:
9976:
9969:
9956:on 2007-11-30
9955:
9951:
9950:
9942:
9928:
9927:
9923:Kim, Janice,
9919:
9905:
9904:
9897:
9884:
9883:
9875:
9862:
9861:
9853:
9839:
9838:
9831:
9818:on 2011-06-08
9817:
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9777:
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9766:
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9755:
9747:
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9714:
9708:
9693:
9690:Stas Bekman.
9686:
9672:
9671:
9664:
9662:
9654:
9653:Bozulich 2001
9649:
9636:
9635:
9627:
9625:
9617:
9613:
9608:
9602:
9598:
9593:
9580:on 2008-05-18
9579:
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9512:
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9469:
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9454:
9449:
9436:
9435:
9427:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9404:
9396:
9383:on 2011-08-06
9382:
9378:
9377:
9370:
9368:
9359:
9353:
9349:
9342:
9335:
9331:
9326:
9319:
9315:
9310:
9303:
9299:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9276:on 2007-11-14
9275:
9271:
9267:
9266:
9259:
9246:on 2007-11-14
9245:
9241:
9237:
9236:
9229:
9222:
9217:
9203:
9202:
9195:
9188:
9183:
9175:
9171:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9145:on 2008-06-25
9144:
9140:
9133:
9125:
9123:9780295752402
9119:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9097:
9092:
9085:
9080:
9073:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9054:
9046:
9040:
9036:
9035:
9027:
9013:on 2010-12-18
9012:
9008:
9000:
8999:
8989:
8988:
8980:
8961:
8957:
8950:
8943:
8930:on 2008-05-11
8929:
8925:
8921:
8920:
8912:
8910:
8902:
8896:
8892:
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8878:
8873:
8866:
8861:
8854:
8849:
8842:
8837:
8830:
8825:
8818:
8817:Matthews 2002
8813:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8792:
8791:
8783:
8769:on 2013-01-12
8768:
8764:
8760:
8753:
8737:
8733:
8727:
8721:, p. 28.
8720:
8715:
8699:
8693:
8687:, p. 30.
8686:
8681:
8665:
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8657:
8651:
8644:
8640:
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8620:
8615:
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8611:
8609:
8607:
8599:
8594:
8587:
8582:
8575:
8570:
8564:, p. 12.
8563:
8558:
8539:
8532:
8526:
8512:
8511:
8503:
8496:
8491:
8489:
8482:, p. 12.
8481:
8476:
8469:
8464:
8457:
8452:
8446:, p. 14.
8445:
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8421:
8416:
8402:
8401:
8393:
8380:
8379:
8371:
8364:
8359:
8343:
8336:
8320:
8313:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8286:
8279:
8278:Kageyama 2007
8274:
8267:
8266:Ishigure 2006
8262:
8255:
8250:
8243:
8242:Ishigure 2006
8238:
8232:, p. 91.
8231:
8226:
8219:
8214:
8199:
8193:
8187:, p. 37.
8186:
8181:
8175:, p. 33.
8174:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8151:, p. 93.
8150:
8145:
8138:
8133:
8127:, p. 35.
8126:
8121:
8105:
8099:
8093:, p. 20.
8092:
8087:
8081:, p. 69.
8080:
8075:
8073:
8066:, p. 21.
8065:
8060:
8054:, p. 28.
8053:
8048:
8042:, p. 21.
8041:
8036:
8030:, p. 77.
8029:
8024:
8018:, p. 12.
8017:
8012:
8005:
8004:Matthews 2004
8000:
7985:
7983:9788959660148
7979:
7975:
7974:
7966:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7918:Taiwan Review
7915:
7908:
7893:
7891:9781328546395
7887:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7860:
7855:
7836:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7804:on 2007-12-19
7803:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7779:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7759:
7753:
7749:
7748:The Tso Chuan
7742:
7740:
7733:, p. 18.
7732:
7727:
7720:
7719:Matthews 2004
7715:
7704:
7697:
7696:
7688:
7686:
7679:, p. 18.
7678:
7673:
7667:, p. 22.
7666:
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7642:
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7606:
7600:
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7405:
7395:
7388:
7382:
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7369:
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7354:
7350:
7349:Kaku Takagawa
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7112:
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7103:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7086:Robert Greene
7083:
7079:
7078:Scott Boorman
7068:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7027:strategy game
7025:
7024:deterministic
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
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7002:
6998:
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6881:
6877:
6876:Fernand Gobet
6867:
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6808:
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6796:
6792:
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6776:
6775:
6774:The Go Master
6770:
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6572:deep learning
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6310:
6309:
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6300:
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6289:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6266:). So-called
6265:
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6095:
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6059:
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6053:
6049:
6048:Edward Lasker
6043:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6012:Yoo Changhyuk
6009:
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5909:Minoru Kitani
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5714:
5712:
5693:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5590:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5514:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:Professional
5490:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:Single-digit
5462:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:Double-digit
5448:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:Double-digit
5434:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:(abbreviated
5410:
5407:players have
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5317:Koichi Wakata
5314:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5267:Edward Lasker
5264:
5260:
5256:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5151:
5150:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5126:Sunjang baduk
5117:
5113:
5112:
5097:
5096:Southern Tang
5093:
5089:
5083:
5078:
5073: 744 CE
5067:
5066:Astana Graves
5060:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5024:, along with
5023:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4914:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4884:
4883:
4871:
4870:History of Go
4861:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4824:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4801:Reading ahead
4798:
4795:
4794:snapping back
4791:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4702:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4637:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4507:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4161:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3765:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:Scoring rules
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1573:
1570:February 2016
1563:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:This section
1545:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1336:Middle Korean
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1279:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1246:
1228:
1223:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Organizations
1134:
1132:
1131:Professionals
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:List of games
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:List of terms
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
978:
977:
973:
969:
968:
965:
962:
961:
957:
956:
953:
951:
939:
935:
930:
921:
920:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
886:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:
821:
815:
814:
808:
796:
794:
790:
785:
781:
773:
771:
767:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
730:Japanese name
728:
716:
714:
710:
702:
700:
696:
691:
687:
682:
677:
675:
671:
666:
654:
652:
648:
640:
638:
634:
629:
625:
620:
615:
613:
609:
604:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
571:
559:
557:
553:
548:
544:
538:
536:
532:
527:
512:
510:
506:
495:
493:
489:
486:
482:
474:
472:
468:
465:
461:
453:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
431:
426:
424:
420:
412:
410:
406:
398:
396:
392:
389:
385:
377:
375:
371:
368:
364:
356:
349:
344:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
310:
308:
304:
296:
294:
290:
282:
280:
276:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
242:
240:
236:
231:
226:
224:
220:
215:
211:
206:
197:
190:
184:
180:
177:
173:
168:
160:
159:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
120:
117:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
52:
46:
41:
33:
19:
13892:Korean games
13807:
13784:
13720:Kansai Ki-in
13675:China Qiyuan
13555:AlphaGo Zero
13515:
13508:
13501:
13489:
13482:
13474:
13468:
13461:
13455:Hikaru no Go
13454:
13447:
13440:
13433:
13426:
13419:
13412:
13326:
13312:
13252:
13215:
13208:
13188:
13181:
13172:
13129:
13120:
13113:
13106:
13092:
13075:
13050:
13038:
13033:Shoulder hit
13021:
13014:
13007:
12985:
12978:
12971:
12964:
12957:
12945:
12928:
12921:
12914:
12907:
12900:
12893:
12886:
12879:
12872:
12865:
12858:
12851:
12844:
12840:
12836:
12824:
12811:
12799:
12792:
12770:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12702:
12688:
12679:
12678:
12637:
12620:
12603:
12586:
12569:
12557:from Commons
12552:
12535:
12514:
12497:
12478:
12457:, Yokohama,
12454:
12422:
12407:
12403:
12385:
12369:
12338:
12327:. Retrieved
12320:the original
12315:
12289:
12286:Otake, Hideo
12255:
12226:
12208:, retrieved
12193:
12188:
12171:
12140:
12130:, retrieved
12124:
12105:
12088:0486-20613-0
12076:
12052:
12030:
12008:
11986:
11976:
11955:
11943:, retrieved
11939:the original
11933:
11922:, retrieved
11917:
11897:
11878:
11849:
11826:
11807:
11793:, retrieved
11777:
11757:
11727:
11705:. Retrieved
11701:the original
11686:
11653:
11645:
11627:
11621:
11612:
11603:
11593:, retrieved
11588:
11581:
11569:
11550:
11544:
11535:
11529:
11520:
11514:
11505:
11499:
11473:
11467:
11461:
11439:(1): 26–31.
11436:
11432:
11422:
11398:
11394:
11388:
11356:
11352:
11346:
11327:
11307:, retrieved
11303:the original
11293:
11286:
11268:
11262:
11254:
11248:
11229:
11223:
11211:. Retrieved
11209:. 5 May 2008
11201:
11191:, retrieved
11185:
11179:
11170:
11164:
11155:
11145:, retrieved
11139:
11129:
11118:. Retrieved
11113:
11103:
11093:, retrieved
11089:the original
11083:
11076:
11065:. Retrieved
11055:
11043:
11033:, retrieved
11026:the original
11021:
11008:
10997:. Retrieved
10994:Ars Technica
10993:
10983:
10972:. Retrieved
10967:
10958:
10947:. Retrieved
10943:
10933:
10870:
10864:
10846:Chen, Yutian
10832:
10823:
10814:
10805:
10796:
10782:
10768:
10756:. Retrieved
10749:
10740:
10728:. Retrieved
10718:
10706:. Retrieved
10699:
10690:
10678:. Retrieved
10671:
10662:
10650:. Retrieved
10646:
10637:
10625:. Retrieved
10621:
10620:. Business.
10611:
10599:. Retrieved
10594:
10593:. Business.
10584:
10573:. Retrieved
10564:
10553:. Retrieved
10549:the original
10539:
10527:. Retrieved
10520:the original
10513:
10500:
10491:
10485:
10474:, retrieved
10465:
10458:
10447:, retrieved
10438:
10431:
10420:. Retrieved
10406:
10397:
10391:
10381:, retrieved
10377:the original
10371:
10365:
10355:, retrieved
10349:
10339:
10328:. Retrieved
10324:
10319:Wedd, Nick.
10314:
10258:
10252:
10215:. Retrieved
10205:
10195:, retrieved
10191:the original
10181:
10175:
10163:
10132:
10126:
10084:, retrieved
10078:
10072:
10060:
10050:, retrieved
10048:, GoBase.org
10044:
10038:
10026:. Retrieved
10016:
10004:. Retrieved
9994:
9982:. Retrieved
9968:
9958:, retrieved
9954:the original
9948:
9941:
9931:, retrieved
9925:
9918:
9908:, retrieved
9906:, GoBase.org
9902:
9896:
9886:, retrieved
9881:
9874:
9864:, retrieved
9859:
9852:
9842:, retrieved
9840:, GoBase.org
9836:
9830:
9820:, retrieved
9816:the original
9810:
9803:
9791:. Retrieved
9787:the original
9764:
9754:
9745:
9735:
9719:
9713:"Go markers"
9707:
9696:. Retrieved
9694:. Stason.org
9685:
9675:, retrieved
9669:
9648:
9638:, retrieved
9633:
9615:
9607:
9600:
9592:
9582:, retrieved
9578:the original
9572:
9566:
9556:, retrieved
9550:
9544:
9534:, retrieved
9528:
9506:
9495:, retrieved
9490:
9483:
9474:December 14,
9472:, retrieved
9467:
9460:
9448:
9438:, retrieved
9433:
9426:
9416:, retrieved
9412:the original
9402:
9395:
9385:, retrieved
9381:the original
9375:
9347:
9341:
9333:
9325:
9317:
9309:
9301:
9278:, retrieved
9274:the original
9264:
9258:
9248:, retrieved
9244:the original
9234:
9228:
9216:
9206:, retrieved
9200:
9194:
9189:, p. 1.
9182:
9174:the original
9158:
9147:. Retrieved
9143:the original
9132:
9109:
9103:
9091:
9079:
9060:
9053:
9033:
9026:
9015:. Retrieved
9011:the original
8996:
8985:
8979:
8967:. Retrieved
8955:
8942:
8932:, retrieved
8928:the original
8918:
8890:
8884:
8879:, p. 5.
8872:
8860:
8848:
8836:
8824:
8795:, retrieved
8789:
8782:
8771:. Retrieved
8767:the original
8762:
8752:
8740:. Retrieved
8736:the original
8726:
8714:
8702:. Retrieved
8692:
8680:
8668:. Retrieved
8664:the original
8659:
8650:
8626:
8593:
8581:
8576:, p. 6.
8569:
8557:
8545:. Retrieved
8538:the original
8525:
8515:, retrieved
8509:
8502:
8497:, p. 7.
8475:
8463:
8458:, p. 2.
8451:
8439:
8427:
8415:
8405:, retrieved
8399:
8397:NRICH Team,
8392:
8382:, retrieved
8377:
8370:
8358:
8346:. Retrieved
8344:. GoGameGuru
8335:
8323:. Retrieved
8321:. GoGameGuru
8312:
8303:
8297:
8285:
8273:
8268:, p. 6.
8261:
8256:, p. 2.
8249:
8237:
8225:
8218:Iwamoto 1977
8213:
8202:. Retrieved
8192:
8180:
8168:
8156:
8149:Iwamoto 1977
8144:
8132:
8120:
8108:. Retrieved
8098:
8086:
8059:
8047:
8035:
8028:Iwamoto 1977
8023:
8011:
8006:, p. 2.
7999:
7987:. Retrieved
7972:
7965:
7953:. Retrieved
7949:the original
7934:
7926:the original
7921:
7917:
7907:
7895:. Retrieved
7876:
7866:
7854:
7842:. Retrieved
7830:
7817:
7806:. Retrieved
7802:the original
7747:
7726:
7721:, p. 1.
7714:
7694:
7677:Iwamoto 1977
7672:
7665:Iwamoto 1977
7660:
7648:. Retrieved
7636:
7623:
7612:. Retrieved
7608:
7599:
7588:. Retrieved
7584:
7575:
7563:. Retrieved
7561:. GoBase.org
7553:
7533:
7526:
7514:. Retrieved
7504:
7473:
7461:
7449:
7437:
7421:
7404:
7394:
7381:
7373:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7311:
7301:
7293:
7288:
7281:sudden death
7280:
7275:
7258:
7245:
7232:
7219:
7210:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7167:
7104:
7089:
7081:
7074:
7062:
7051:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7005:
6993:
6979:the game is
6962:
6947:
6916:neuroscience
6909:
6873:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6838:
6831:
6821:
6809:
6802:
6790:
6786:
6772:
6766:
6762:Tron: Legacy
6760:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6741:Hikaru no Go
6739:
6729:
6718:
6708:
6698:
6684:
6682:
6654:
6642:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6604:
6600:AlphaGo Zero
6548:
6499:
6472:
6451:Song dynasty
6448:
6444:
6440:
6418:
6414:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6359:
6349:
6343:
6325:
6306:
6297:(white) and
6292:
6287:
6285:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6233:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6203:
6195:
6193:
6153:
6147:
6136:
6125:
6117:), 2 bowls (
6114:
6089:
6079:
6068:Go equipment
6044:
6036:
6008:Seo Bong-soo
6003:Lee Chang-ho
5992:
5987:professional
5979:Lee Chang-ho
5952:Hanguk Kiwon
5921:
5890:
5831:
5811:Kansai Ki-in
5800:
5708:
5704:BLACK CIRCLE
5685:WHITE CIRCLE
5666:
5659:
5655:
5644:
5627:
5621:
5616:
5607:
5603:sealed moves
5596:
5589:Time control
5583:Time control
5575:
5572:eternal life
5571:
5563:
5547:
5531:Swiss system
5524:
5516:
5492:
5478:
5464:
5450:
5436:
5417:
5412:
5395:
5391:
5384:martial arts
5379:
5375:
5373:
5329:
5313:Daniel Barry
5306:
5290:
5284:
5275:
5271:
5251:
5228:Heian period
5221:
5198:castle games
5179:
5148:
5147:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5052:(581–618 CE)
5015:
4996:Tang dynasty
4993:
4970:
4950:
4925:
4924:
4912:
4893:
4880:
4878:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4808:
4804:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4159:
4158:
3561:
3559:
3551:
3550:
2954:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2919:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2242:
2240:
2223:
2221:
2211:
2207:
2201:Ming dynasty
2196:
2191:
2185:
2168:
2162:
2139:
2131:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2057:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1801:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:states that
1739:Liberty rule
1738:
1733:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1643:
1634:
1614:
1597:
1576:
1567:
1556:Please help
1551:verification
1548:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1404:
1401:
1327:
1322:
1319:Ing Chang-ki
1313:
1308:
1221:
1219:
1141:Competitions
1058:(Go puzzles)
1053:
1040:
1032:
997:professional
963:
934:simple rules
931:
917:
914:aristocratic
907:
887:
876:
872:orthogonally
867:
863:
855:
849:
843:
819:
818:
793:Romanization
529:Tibetan name
440:Southern Min
279:Hanyu Pinyin
217:Chinese name
112:Playing time
59:Years active
50:
13907:Board games
13725:Nihon Ki-in
13565:Crazy Stone
13338:Tournaments
13290:Competition
13222:Emperor Yao
12952:Monkey jump
12922:Korigatachi
12818:Divine move
12537:Definitions
12386:The Endgame
12370:Go for Kids
12145:McGraw-Hill
12049:Kim, Janice
11551:Game Theory
11401:(1): 32–7,
10627:December 8,
10601:December 8,
10476:12 December
10472:, MIT Press
10449:12 December
10187:Nihon Ki-in
10067:, p. .
9979:Sina.com.cn
9468:IGF members
9223:, p. .
9098:, p. .
9096:Lasker 1960
9086:, p. .
8958:(110): 11.
8877:Davies 1995
8819:, p. .
8456:Lasker 1960
8400:Going First
7938:See, e.g.,
7872:Lee, Kai-Fu
7780:, p. .
7650:28 November
7268:translation
7037:(Othello).
6950:game theory
6823:Counterpart
6691:Nobel prize
6616:Go software
6590:during the
6554:'s program
6479:amateur dan
6464:Computer Go
6380:; Japanese
6216:T. nucifera
6020:Ma Xiaochun
5995:Cho Hunhyun
5964:Ma Xiaochun
5960:Nie Weiping
5948:Kitani Dojo
5944:Cho Namchul
5901:Nihon Ki-in
5817:), Taiwan (
5807:Nihon Ki-in
5558:Go handicap
5325:Nihon Ki-in
5118::
5050:Sui dynasty
5026:calligraphy
4818:Ko fighting
4772:A snapback.
2904:mutual life
2216:Rules of Go
2109:immediately
1789:Basic rules
1763:the ko rule
1730:Rules of Go
1669:weak groups
1454:life status
1167:Go software
1162:Computer Go
848:are called
485:Old Chinese
13861:Categories
13814:Capture go
13595:Leela Zero
13570:Darkforest
13476:The MANIAC
13093:Shinfuseki
12571:Quotations
12329:2007-11-12
12252:Nihon Kiin
12132:2007-12-31
11924:2007-11-02
11804:Cho Chikun
11707:2008-06-11
11595:2008-01-24
11574:Moews 1996
11309:2013-11-27
11193:2018-12-25
11147:2008-06-16
11120:2009-05-21
11114:World News
11095:2007-03-26
11067:2016-03-14
11035:2008-06-16
10999:2023-02-21
10974:2023-02-21
10949:2023-02-21
10842:Huang, Aja
10575:2009-08-08
10555:2008-12-19
10422:2014-04-14
10412:Davey Alba
10383:2008-06-16
10357:2008-06-16
10330:2011-10-28
10241:Huang, Aja
10217:2014-03-25
10197:2007-02-24
10086:2008-06-11
10052:2008-06-11
10028:11 January
10002:. usgo.org
9960:2007-06-04
9933:2008-06-11
9910:2008-06-11
9888:2008-01-17
9866:2007-06-14
9844:2007-06-14
9822:2018-01-06
9698:2014-03-25
9677:2008-06-11
9640:2007-11-30
9584:2008-06-11
9558:2008-06-19
9536:2009-11-06
9440:2007-11-17
9418:2008-06-16
9387:2008-06-11
9280:2007-11-02
9270:Nihon Kiin
9250:2007-11-02
9240:Nihon Kiin
9208:2008-11-13
9149:2007-11-02
9017:2007-11-02
8934:2008-06-09
8797:2008-06-16
8773:2007-11-27
8517:2008-06-09
8407:2007-06-16
8384:2007-12-20
8254:Otake 2002
8204:2014-03-25
7973:그런 우리말은 없다
7955:28 October
7859:Allis 1994
7808:2007-11-30
7614:2023-12-16
7590:2023-12-16
7492:References
7485:kō-battle.
7111:backgammon
6948:In formal
6942:See also:
6884:psychology
6785:). 2013's
6768:Knives Out
6657:Go servers
6423:Janice Kim
6040:Rui Naiwei
5940:Cho Chikun
5932:Masao Kato
5924:Eio Sakata
5917:Shinfuseki
5805:), Japan (
5785:Go players
5779:See also:
5709:The block
5599:game clock
5587:See also:
5511:See also:
5424:Rank Type
5404:black belt
5311:astronaut
5297:Go centers
5253:scientist
5218:handscroll
5092:Zhou Wenju
4967:Wade–Giles
2235:See also:
2092:, and the
1685:Go opening
1511:picnic kos
827:board game
612:Chosŏn'gŭl
509:Zhengzhang
374:Suzhounese
307:Wade–Giles
104:Setup time
87:Mind sport
77:Board game
65:to present
13867:Go (game)
13560:AlphaZero
13527:Computers
13242:9 Pin Zhi
13232:Four arts
13147:Mirror Go
13087:Kobayashi
13045:Thickness
12760:Clamshell
12719:Equipment
12697:Handicaps
12605:Textbooks
12515:Go (game)
12268:926865835
11854:CiteSeerX
11373:0882-7974
11015:"Shibumi"
10911:205261034
10895:0028-0836
10283:0028-0836
9984:7 January
9497:April 12,
9187:Chen 2011
8969:8 October
8763:New in Go
8586:Dahl 2001
8547:20 August
8091:Cobb 2002
8064:Cobb 2002
8016:Cobb 2002
7516:March 23,
7497:Citations
7387:Overshoot
7353:Go Review
7131:Go portal
6783:Go Seigen
6720:Chung Kuo
6715:Trevanian
6576:Lee Sedol
6535:petaflops
6415:Go Seigen
6403:lacquered
6378:Go Seigen
6360:Go Seigen
6332:sintering
6311:) or the
6295:clamshell
6276:shin kaya
6268:Shin Kaya
6083:laminated
6062:Equipment
6024:Chang Hao
6016:Lee Sedol
5928:Rin Kaiho
5905:Go Seigen
5881:Go Seigen
5689:○
5568:triple ko
5444:Beginner
5402:equals a
5400:First dan
5321:dan ranks
5307:In 1996,
5292:Go Review
4882:Zuo Zhuan
4838:ko threat
3552:A ladder.
2880:false eye
2856:unsettled
2212:prisoners
2159:Komi (Go)
2147:ko threat
2102:ko fights
1507:ko fights
1350:added to
1297: or
1220:The name
1078:Equipment
992:Handicaps
919:Zuo Zhuan
858:) on the
839:East Asia
799:igo or go
562:mig mangs
415:wai4 kei4
401:wàih-kèih
13846:Category
13802:Variants
13632:Pandanet
13575:Fine Art
13448:Go World
13253:Oshirogo
13157:Proverbs
12689:Overview
12476:(1966),
12453:(1910),
12288:(2002).
12278:59692609
12254:(1973).
12241:archived
12177:archived
12097:60050074
12073:(1960).
12029:(2007).
12007:(1977).
11806:(1997).
11786:archived
11746:archived
11492:12815136
11453:12589885
11415:12589886
11381:11405317
10968:Engadget
10944:PC Gamer
10915:Archived
10903:29052630
10850:Fan, Hui
10758:13 March
10730:15 March
10708:12 March
10680:18 March
10652:18 March
10291:26819042
9724:Archived
9692:"Go FAQ"
9634:Ko Rules
8998:Go World
8987:Go World
8960:Archived
8670:5 August
8639:Archived
8634:website
7897:June 17,
7844:June 17,
7835:Archived
7703:archived
7641:Archived
7542:archived
7191:, where
7117:See also
7088:'s book
7080:'s book
7031:draughts
7020:partisan
7012:zero-sum
6981:zero-sum
6924:Lacanian
6905:dementia
6819:thriller
6596:DeepMind
6531:Tianhe-2
6407:ceramics
6394:Mulberry
6340:melamine
6150:Go board
5895:and the
5867:Hon'inbō
5847:Godokoro
5766:⚉
5752:⚈
5738:⚇
5724:⚆
5701:●
5682:○
5608:overtime
5537:and the
5477:Amateur
5186:Hon'inbō
5175:Godokoro
5171:Buddhist
5098:dynasty.
5030:painting
4972:wei ch'i
4790:snapback
4780:snapback
2945:Strategy
2941:Strategy
2128:to live.
2098:ko fight
1862:Ko fight
1813:captured
1783:Go terms
1708:two eyes
1649:Strategy
1594:Go terms
1390:Overview
1371:Badukdok
1273:Mandarin
1114:European
1083:Variants
1027:strategy
1004:Proverbs
868:captured
770:Katakana
756:Hiragana
409:Jyutping
293:Bopomofo
155:Synonyms
141:Strategy
18:Go stone
13622:Servers
13545:AlphaGo
13540:Engines
13502:Shibumi
13413:AlphaGo
13327:Jubango
13259:Players
13237:Hoensha
13200:History
13189:Tsumego
13173:Ponnuki
13099:Shusaku
13082:Chinese
12986:Myoushu
12965:Myoushu
12940:Liberty
12901:Kikashi
12823:Double
12740:Katsura
12467:4800147
11718:Sources
10875:Bibcode
10263:Bibcode
10006:3 March
7989:June 3,
7976:. 태학사.
7565:May 12,
7399:engine.
7294:byōyomi
7225:article
7098:in the
7035:Reversi
6845:Go term
6828:Netflix
6795:King Hu
6738:series
6710:Shibumi
6560:Fan Hui
6556:AlphaGo
6386:snifter
6256:Agathis
6244:Katsura
6186:⁄
6172:⁄
5999:Ing Cup
5989:status.
5883:in the
5863:Shūsaku
5612:byoyomi
5593:Byoyomi
5564:superko
5455:20–10k
5441:30–21k
5368:Houston
5323:by the
5088:Li Jing
5020:of the
4980:
4900:Mencius
4864:History
4833:Ko rule
4812:tsumego
4778:again (
2936:Tactics
2925:Tactics
2119:Suicide
2066:ko rule
1856:Ko rule
1849:liberty
1809:suicide
1745:liberty
1436:liberty
1415:called
1286:
1109:Players
1073:History
1055:Tsumego
1019:Opening
776:イゴ or ゴ
762:いご or ご
593:Hán-Nôm
540:མིག་མངས
535:Tibetan
447:Hokkien
316:ʻ
299:ㄨㄟˊ ㄑㄧˊ
145:tactics
107:Minimal
96:Players
13731:Korea
13711:Japan
13671:China
13585:KataGo
13580:GNU Go
13182:Tenuki
13137:Ladder
13121:Taisha
13114:Nadare
13107:Jōseki
13076:Fuseki
13039:Tesuji
13008:Sabaki
12997:Pincer
12972:Nakade
12935:Ladder
12929:Kosumi
12880:Kakari
12873:Joseki
12859:Hayago
12845:tenuki
12755:Stones
12506:912228
12504:
12486:
12465:
12433:
12414:
12408:Budaha
12392:
12376:
12345:
12296:
12276:
12266:
12233:
12210:May 9,
12201:
12151:
12112:
12095:
12085:
12059:
12037:
12015:
11993:
11963:
11945:15 May
11904:
11885:
11879:Tesuji
11866:
11856:
11837:
11814:
11795:May 7,
11764:
11738:
11693:
11662:
11634:
11557:
11490:
11451:
11413:
11379:
11371:
11335:
11275:
11236:
11213:May 5,
10909:
10901:
10893:
10866:Nature
10529:15 May
10299:515925
10297:
10289:
10281:
10254:Nature
10024:. 2014
9793:15 May
9354:
9166:
9120:
9068:
9041:
8897:
8742:31 May
8704:15 May
8348:5 June
8325:5 June
8110:5 June
7980:
7888:
7754:
7414:GoBase
7374:Eurogo
7306:again.
6932:drives
6926:) and
6779:biopic
6771:, and
6750:Pi (π)
6649:fuseki
6645:joseki
6584:Ke Jie
6541:moves.
6419:Kitani
6411:rattan
6405:wood,
6398:jujube
6390:brandy
6382:Kitani
6317:Mexico
6288:goishi
6282:Stones
6260:spruce
6202:tree (
6144:Boards
6137:goishi
6032:Ke Jie
5855:Dōsaku
5843:Meijin
5795:, and
5763:
5761:U+2689
5749:
5747:U+2688
5735:
5733:U+2687
5721:
5719:U+2686
5698:
5696:U+25CF
5679:
5677:U+25CB
5553:draws;
5430:Stage
5427:Range
5259:German
5202:shōgun
5116:Korean
5011:Danzhu
4969::
4949::
4947:pinyin
4941::
4933::
4849:ignore
4160:A net.
3562:ladder
2243:living
1838:string
1817:scored
1695:joseki
1609:rules.
1516:hanami
1481:joseki
1458:semeai
1119:Female
1042:Jōseki
1034:Fuseki
1023:theory
929:BCE).
856:points
851:stones
822:is an
674:Hangul
585:cờ vây
517:ɢʷɯlɡɯ
500:ʷə(r)ə
333:wéi-cí
314:wei-ch
137:Skills
129:Chance
70:Genres
51:stones
13808:Batoo
13771:Other
13637:Tygem
13590:Leela
13490:Ranka
13162:Shape
13132:fight
13028:Shape
13022:Sente
13002:Probe
12979:Nerai
12887:Keima
12841:sente
12800:Atari
12784:Terms
12771:Yunzi
12765:Slate
12733:Goban
12727:Bowls
12709:Rules
12588:Texts
12554:Media
12323:(PDF)
12312:(PDF)
12244:(PDF)
12223:(PDF)
12189:Weiqi
12180:(PDF)
12167:(PDF)
11789:(PDF)
11782:(PDF)
11749:(PDF)
11732:(PDF)
11116:. BBC
11029:(PDF)
11018:(PDF)
10918:(PDF)
10907:S2CID
10861:(PDF)
10824:Wired
10806:Wired
10622:Wired
10595:Wired
10523:(PDF)
10510:(PDF)
10470:(PDF)
10443:(PDF)
10295:S2CID
9727:(PDF)
9716:(PDF)
8963:(PDF)
8952:(PDF)
8541:(PDF)
8534:(PDF)
8106:. KGS
7838:(PDF)
7827:(PDF)
7706:(PDF)
7699:(PDF)
7644:(PDF)
7633:(PDF)
7545:(PDF)
7538:(PDF)
7202:plies
7160:Notes
7107:chess
6956:with
6888:chess
6841:Atari
6812:Starz
6801:film
6799:wuxia
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