47:
73:
1420:
87:
635:
435:
884:
107:
1011:
4338:
1014:
1016:
1015:
2391:
is a neurologic disorder caused by anti-GAD antibodies, leading to a decrease in GABA synthesis and, therefore, impaired motor function such as muscle stiffness and spasm. Since the pancreas has abundant GAD, a direct immunological destruction occurs in the pancreas and the patients will have
3904:
Felizola SJ, Nakamura Y, Satoh F, Morimoto R, Kikuchi K, Nakamura T, Hozawa A, Wang L, Onodera Y, Ise K, McNamara KM, Midorikawa S, Suzuki S, Sasano H (January 2014). "Glutamate receptors and the regulation of steroidogenesis in the human adrenal gland: The metabotropic pathway".
3860:
Coplan JD, Mathew SJ, Smith EL, Trost RC, Scharf BA, Martinez J, Gorman JM, Monn JA, Schoepp DD, Rosenblum LA (July 2001). "Effects of LY354740, a novel glutamatergic metabotropic agonist, on nonhuman primate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and noradrenergic function".
7852:
7847:
2459:
are excellent sources of glutamic acid. Some protein-rich plant foods also serve as sources. 30% to 35% of gluten (much of the protein in wheat) is glutamic acid. Ninety-five percent of the dietary glutamate is metabolized by intestinal cells in a first pass.
1687:
Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other amino acids were only scientifically identified early in the 20th century. The substance was discovered and identified in the year 1866 by the German chemist
2933:
Lehmann, Mogens S.; Koetzle, Thomas F.; Hamilton, Walter C. (1972). "Precision neutron diffraction structure determination of protein and nucleic acid components. VIII: the crystal and molecular structure of the β-form of the amino acidl-glutamic acid".
6902:
2410:
Glutamic acid, being a constituent of protein, is present in foods that contain protein, but it can only be tasted when it is present in an unbound form. Significant amounts of free glutamic acid are present in a wide variety of foods, including
5738:
8099:
7985:
5359:
2180:. Transamination can thus be linked to deamination, effectively allowing nitrogen from the amine groups of amino acids to be removed, via glutamate as an intermediate, and finally excreted from the body in the form of urea.
2082:. Transamination of α-ketoglutarate gives glutamate. The resulting α-ketoacid product is often a useful one as well, which can contribute as fuel or as a substrate for further metabolism processes. Examples are as follows:
7910:
5678:
7882:
8104:
7990:
7829:
8079:
892:
8201:
7898:
5234:
4940:
9651:
2898:
Rodante, F.; Marrosu, G. (1989). "Thermodynamics of the second proton dissociation processes of nine α-amino-acids and the third ionization processes of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and tyrosine".
2353:, this gene was found to reduce extracellular glutamate levels. This raises the possibility that this extracellular glutamate plays an "endocrine-like" role as part of a larger homeostatic system.
7770:
7690:
7594:
7507:
7435:
864:
1712:
broth as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced the ineffable but undeniable flavor he detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed. Professor Ikeda termed this flavor
6720:
5488:
7925:
8045:
4669:
4689:
1987:
Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons in 2006. Chemical synthesis was supplanted by the
2303:
transmitter, but also through spill-over synaptic crosstalk between synapses in which summation of glutamate released from a neighboring synapse creates extrasynaptic signaling/
1540:−COOH. This is also the form of the compound in the crystalline solid state. The change in protonation state is gradual; the two forms are in equal concentrations at pH 2.10.
4033:
This organization does not allow net glutamate entry to the brain; rather, it promotes the removal of glutamate and the maintenance of low glutamate concentrations in the ECF.
4723:
2488:
8465:
7940:
8206:
10396:
2845:"Amino acid names and parlor games: from trivial names to a one-letter code, amino acid names have strained students' memories. Is a more rational nomenclature possible?"
7763:
5459:
958:
1017:
8589:
8191:
7976:
5605:
1575:−COO, with a single negative charge overall. The change in protonation state occurs at pH 4.07. This form with both carboxylates lacking protons is dominant in the
7271:
7123:
6713:
10475:
10455:
3587:
Zheng Xi; Baker DA; Shen H; Carson DS; Kalivas PW (2002). "Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens".
1025:
8238:
5420:
8318:
7756:
7732:
6686:
4662:
8025:
7890:
2195:
exploit this phenomenon by using glutamate as an energy source, especially when these tumors become more dependent on glutamate due to mutations in the gene
8215:
5117:
8429:
6706:
6679:
4294:
8255:
8015:
10465:
8458:
8433:
8425:
8089:
7728:
4655:
2337:
brains has been found to regulate postsynaptic glutamate receptor clustering, via a process involving receptor desensitization. A gene expressed in
252:
10572:
8040:
6002:
5127:
1039:
8000:
7276:
7128:
5444:
3301:
van Lith, SA; Navis, AC; Verrijp, K; Niclou, SP; Bjerkvig, R; Wesseling, P; Tops, B; Molenaar, R; van
Noorden, CJ; Leenders, WP (August 2014).
10460:
7695:
7685:
7599:
7584:
7512:
7502:
7440:
7430:
7403:
6823:
6587:
5838:
5610:
5429:
244:
8451:
8351:
8084:
8020:
7398:
7113:
6843:
6838:
6356:
6341:
5873:
5743:
5703:
5046:
3258:
Foley, Patrick; Kermanshahi pour, Azadeh; Beach, Evan S.; Zimmerman, Julie B. (2012). "Derivation and synthesis of renewable surfactants".
687:
7347:
7040:
9234:
6803:
6592:
6572:
6567:
6524:
6351:
6321:
6012:
5910:
5883:
5833:
5800:
5780:
5775:
5718:
5713:
5698:
5688:
5668:
5663:
5254:
5214:
5162:
4900:
4835:
4825:
4820:
2157:
2153:
222:
7948:
7930:
7705:
7609:
7522:
7450:
7286:
7266:
7145:
7118:
6969:
6853:
5868:
5853:
5625:
5620:
5508:
3997:
3138:
1032:
6927:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
5905:
5325:
4800:
1508:
values between about 2.5 and 4.1, the carboxylic acid closer to the amine generally loses a proton, and the acid becomes the neutral
233:
8303:
8163:
2788:
954:
2770:
2579:
levels (approximately 50 percent) in comparison to untreated control subjects. Eglumetad has also been demonstrated to act on the
8158:
6808:
4995:
4287:
2484:
46:
3173:"Glutamate dehydrogenase of the germinating triticale seeds: Gene expression, activity distribution and kinetic characteristics"
8145:
7700:
7680:
7604:
7579:
7517:
7497:
7445:
7425:
7316:
7175:
6964:
6848:
5888:
5723:
5137:
4970:
4905:
4587:
10592:
10582:
9960:
8660:
5770:
3737:
3242:
3215:
9352:
8973:
8564:
4191:
8569:
6740:
2300:
1582:
At even higher pH, the amino group loses the extra proton, and the prevalent species is the doubly-negative anion OOC−CH(
1543:
At even higher pH, the other carboxylic acid group loses its proton and the acid exists almost entirely as the glutamate
2117:
are key components of cellular metabolism, contributing as substrates or intermediates in fundamental processes such as
10577:
10537:
7806:
7415:
7016:
6607:
5434:
4280:
2994:
2754:
3476:
Okubo, Y.; Sekiya, H.; Namiki, S.; Sakamoto, H.; Iinuma, S.; Yamasaki, M.; Watanabe, M.; Hirose, K.; Iino, M. (2010).
7631:
7532:
7460:
7356:
7207:
7049:
6863:
6749:
4148:
2580:
2558:
2554:
1900:
649:
3091:. Monographs on biochemistry. Vol. Part I. Analysis (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 114
7963:
4164:
3342:"Tumor cells in search for glutamate: an alternative explanation for increased invasiveness of IDH1 mutant gliomas"
2034:, which serve as metabolic fuel for other functional roles in the body. A key process in amino acid degradation is
1114:
for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory
4097:
1071:
10547:
10542:
9227:
8795:
6729:
2551:
2350:
10243:
5592:
2990:
3540:"Nonvesicular Release of Glutamate by Glial xCT Transporters Suppresses Glutamate Receptor Clustering In Vivo"
9321:
8824:
5340:
4678:
3624:"The glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle: aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer"
2203:
2187:(see below), which makes it one of the most abundant molecules in the brain. Malignant brain tumors known as
2001:) being the most widely used for production. Isolation and purification can be achieved by concentration and
1974:
1960:
129:
3024:
Liu, L.; Yoshimura, T.; Endo, K.; Kishimoto, K.; Fuchikami, Y.; Manning, J. M.; Esaki, N.; Soda, K. (1998).
9671:
9646:
9286:
8954:
8421:
8298:
7797:
7724:
6672:
4577:
2214:
1326:
928:
565:
430:
31:
10597:
9132:
8665:
5967:
3716:
609:
353:
2491:(PBLG), is often used as an alignment medium to control the scale of the dipolar interactions observed.
946:
10109:
9220:
8293:
8178:
8168:
6897:
5760:
2519:
2252:
1993:
883:
828:
3234:
Encyclopedia of
Industrial Biotechnology: Bioprocess, Bioseparation, and Cell Technology, 7 Volume Set
3111:
10587:
10552:
9953:
9739:
9426:
9357:
9021:
8929:
8655:
8579:
4361:
3433:
McEntee, W. J.; Crook, T. H. (1993). "Glutamate: Its role in learning, memory, and the aging brain".
2813:
Webster's Third New
International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, Third Edition, 1971.
2480:
2369:(GAD). GABA-ergic neurons are identified (for research purposes) by revealing its activity (with the
1896:
1705:
1056:
442:
8604:
1469:
In sufficiently acidic environments, both carboxyl groups are protonated and the molecule becomes a
10557:
9676:
9142:
8949:
8805:
8584:
8384:
8225:
5393:
4303:
4184:
3954:
1689:
982:
630:
9008:
2876:
Albert
Neuberger (1936), "Dissociation constants and structures of glutamic acid and its esters".
2614:, but, instead, is transported by a high-affinity transport system. It can also be converted into
10567:
9789:
9681:
9347:
8988:
8944:
8772:
8545:
8371:
8265:
6622:
2695:
2680:
2655:
2366:
2362:
2141:
1926:
1868:
1827:
1123:
847:
8443:
7748:
3671:
2844:
274:
9794:
9661:
9641:
9606:
9506:
9197:
9076:
9053:
8891:
8800:
8727:
8632:
8520:
8480:
8356:
7995:
7862:
6907:
6773:
6497:
5972:
5765:
5577:
5568:
4597:
2288:
1682:
9043:
3205:
3086:
2575:); chronic oral administration of eglumetad in those animals led to markedly reduced baseline
10278:
9784:
9701:
9316:
9013:
8689:
7789:
7786:
6698:
6492:
4592:
4582:
2744:
2388:
2248:
1794:
1176:-sugar manufacture or by fermentation. Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH(
906:
876:
119:
974:
10532:
10470:
9946:
9711:
9686:
9306:
9301:
8488:
8477:
8333:
5615:
5330:
5071:
4647:
4602:
3489:
3146:
2943:
2907:
2830:
2630:
2588:
2444:
2374:
1988:
1717:
1344:
1111:
970:
597:
586:
578:
377:
79:
962:
194:
72:
8:
10562:
10341:
9189:
8978:
8670:
8650:
8389:
8323:
8278:
8196:
5977:
5383:
4810:
4708:
4406:
4177:
3142:
2675:
2611:
2515:
2405:
2342:
2304:
2272:
2260:
1743:
1384:
1340:
183:
161:
93:
7874:
6544:
3493:
2947:
2911:
2885:
2792:
634:
434:
329:
318:
310:
175:
10421:
9691:
9532:
9511:
9460:
8599:
8346:
7837:
7068:
6732:
5920:
5915:
5755:
5599:
4681:
4638:
4635:
4353:
4117:
4113:
4019:
3992:
3930:
3886:
3787:
3754:
3729:
3564:
3539:
3512:
3477:
3458:
3366:
3341:
2959:
2774:
2670:
2665:
2276:
1662:
1419:
286:
86:
4272:
4169:
2860:
2075:
10283:
9501:
9475:
9137:
9095:
6502:
5408:
5304:
5122:
5015:
4690:
4617:
4439:
4261:
4144:
4078:
4073:
4046:
4024:
3973:
3922:
3878:
3833:
3792:
3774:
3733:
3696:
3692:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3604:
3569:
3517:
3450:
3415:
3371:
3322:
3303:"Glutamate as chemotactic fuel for diffuse glioma cells: are they glutamate suckers?"
3283:
3275:
3238:
3211:
3067:
2986:
2919:
2750:
2393:
2346:
2316:
2126:
2079:
1643:
4121:
3462:
2963:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10043:
9905:
9862:
9656:
9243:
8645:
8525:
8361:
8122:
8054:
6057:
5374:
5320:
5098:
5036:
4713:
4109:
4068:
4058:
4014:
4006:
3963:
3934:
3914:
3890:
3870:
3823:
3782:
3770:
3766:
3725:
3688:
3635:
3596:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3507:
3497:
3442:
3405:
3361:
3353:
3314:
3267:
3184:
3057:
2951:
2915:
2881:
2856:
2700:
2527:
2500:
2440:
2232:
2220:
2184:
1716:. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid,
1576:
1160:
1115:
807:
734:
52:
3394:"Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: Review of physiology and pathology"
3007:
2721:
554:
543:
10506:
10496:
10491:
10273:
10076:
10068:
9857:
8939:
8747:
8308:
8005:
6922:
6788:
6557:
6507:
6267:
6187:
6152:
6052:
5493:
5403:
5172:
4748:
3232:
2822:
2626:
2566:
2436:
2132:
Glutamate also plays an important role in the body's disposal of excess or waste
2122:
2002:
1919:
1708:
identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of
1459:
1399:
1394:
The one-letter symbol E for glutamate was assigned as the letter following D for
1229:
1205:
479:
4629:
3318:
10511:
10501:
10326:
10053:
9919:
9537:
9480:
9445:
9311:
8934:
8574:
8535:
8394:
8069:
8010:
6467:
6447:
6212:
6147:
6067:
6047:
5843:
5315:
5244:
5031:
4950:
4539:
2584:
2571:
2370:
2312:
2236:
2224:
2035:
1283:
1279:
1119:
1065:
934:
4010:
3918:
3874:
3189:
3172:
2791:. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from
671:
isomer: InChI=1/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)
10526:
10258:
10238:
10210:
10177:
10157:
10081:
10003:
9983:
9910:
9837:
9552:
9281:
9119:
9086:
9048:
8906:
8790:
8402:
8313:
8247:
8030:
7915:
7824:
7246:
7093:
6917:
6833:
6783:
6637:
6632:
6612:
6472:
6437:
6292:
6287:
6277:
6252:
6247:
6182:
6142:
6102:
5683:
5388:
5300:
5239:
5184:
5152:
5011:
4945:
4765:
4738:
4612:
4527:
4429:
4047:"Cannabidiol and (−)Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants"
3968:
3949:
3778:
3647:
3410:
3393:
3279:
2685:
2642:
2523:
2511:
2432:
2268:
2264:
2006:
1861:
1857:
1701:
1697:
1395:
942:
796:
471:
423:
24:
4063:
3828:
3811:
3623:
3502:
3357:
106:
10038:
10033:
9998:
9891:
9871:
9726:
9593:
9516:
9418:
9157:
9035:
8911:
8742:
8675:
8540:
8530:
8510:
7135:
7001:
6996:
6427:
6257:
6227:
6132:
6097:
6032:
6017:
5795:
5296:
5269:
5224:
5021:
5007:
4975:
4925:
4880:
4327:
4232:
4205:
4028:
3977:
3926:
3882:
3837:
3796:
3655:
3608:
3600:
3573:
3521:
3419:
3375:
3326:
3302:
3287:
3116:
2539:
2535:
2361:
Glutamate also serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory
2320:
2256:
2192:
2114:
2102:
2043:
1953:
1889:
1787:
1264:
1103:
9378:
8594:
4082:
3700:
3454:
3340:
van Lith, SA; Molenaar, R; van
Noorden, CJ; Leenders, WP (December 2014).
3071:
1038:
10401:
10308:
10248:
10192:
10167:
10137:
10124:
10058:
10048:
10023:
9716:
9388:
9291:
8887:
8288:
8117:
8112:
8094:
7953:
7857:
7819:
7328:
7192:
7026:
6974:
6959:
6617:
6602:
6582:
6552:
6482:
6366:
6346:
6336:
6331:
6311:
6272:
6222:
6217:
6202:
6192:
6157:
6107:
6077:
6072:
6062:
5982:
5925:
5878:
5810:
5785:
5733:
5648:
5534:
5472:
5449:
5157:
5142:
5088:
5076:
4890:
4865:
4753:
4728:
4571:
4504:
4256:
3950:"Transport of glutamate and other amino acids at the blood–brain barrier"
3112:"If MSG is so bad for you, why doesn't everyone in Asia have a headache?"
2690:
2638:
2634:
2622:
2603:
2424:
2308:
2292:
2240:
2137:
2031:
1783:
966:
1024:
950:
412:
401:
10406:
10316:
10263:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10104:
10099:
10091:
10018:
10013:
9969:
9758:
9666:
9547:
9542:
9524:
9470:
9251:
9167:
8998:
8983:
8964:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8752:
8640:
8619:
8492:
8474:
8059:
7782:
7670:
7410:
7311:
7306:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7170:
7165:
7108:
7103:
7098:
6954:
6934:
6655:
6627:
6577:
6562:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6462:
6432:
6422:
6361:
6297:
6282:
6262:
6207:
6177:
6162:
6137:
6122:
6087:
6082:
6042:
6037:
6007:
5992:
5952:
5930:
5893:
5863:
5848:
5828:
5586:
5556:
5539:
5529:
5284:
5274:
5249:
5204:
5081:
5066:
5061:
5041:
5000:
4990:
4980:
4960:
4955:
4915:
4910:
4870:
4860:
4845:
4785:
4760:
4607:
4448:
4424:
4381:
4370:
4227:
3622:
Bak, Lasse K.; Schousboe, Arne; Waagepetersen, Helle S. (August 2006).
3446:
3271:
3062:
3025:
2955:
2378:
2338:
2333:
2244:
2118:
2023:
1945:
1930:
1872:
1623:
1509:
1232:
1099:
1031:
818:
765:
711:
443:
364:
239:
9706:
10253:
10230:
10215:
10202:
10187:
10172:
10132:
10114:
10028:
10008:
9775:
9579:
9485:
9398:
9067:
8883:
8848:
8781:
8767:
8283:
8074:
7779:
7655:
7569:
7556:
7479:
7388:
7375:
7333:
7241:
7236:
7197:
7088:
7083:
6912:
6887:
6798:
6793:
6778:
6452:
6442:
6400:
6326:
6316:
6242:
6237:
6197:
6172:
6167:
6117:
6092:
6022:
5997:
5987:
5962:
5957:
5947:
5823:
5708:
5693:
5673:
5658:
5653:
5544:
5369:
5364:
5310:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5147:
5056:
5051:
5026:
4935:
4875:
4855:
4850:
4840:
4830:
4805:
4733:
4695:
Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
4498:
4463:
4453:
4414:
2827:
Biology and Human
Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality
2743:
Belitz, H.-D.; Grosch, Werner; Schieberle, Peter (27 February 2009).
2660:
2615:
2562:
2543:
2416:
2326:
2307:. In addition, glutamate plays important roles in the regulation of
2296:
2098:
2059:
2039:
1884:
1755:
1736:
1647:
1348:
20:
9212:
1064:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
10293:
10268:
10220:
10162:
9993:
9988:
9696:
9560:
9465:
9276:
9123:
9110:
9057:
8879:
8843:
8834:
8738:
8699:
8515:
7935:
7920:
7621:
7321:
7180:
6984:
6979:
6813:
6597:
6395:
6302:
6127:
6112:
6027:
5942:
5858:
5748:
5630:
5561:
5551:
5413:
5279:
5177:
4985:
4551:
4545:
4492:
4419:
4337:
4222:
3755:"Stiff Person Syndrome Spectrum Disorders; More Than Meets the Eye"
3339:
3257:
2607:
2576:
2531:
2382:
2280:
2228:
2169:
2133:
2110:
2090:
2038:, in which the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to an α-
2027:
1651:
997:
514:
503:
463:
388:
3085:
R. H. A. Plimmer (1912) . R. H. A. Plimmer; F. G. Hopkins (eds.).
990:
658:
InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)
251:
243:
232:
221:
10411:
10386:
10381:
10321:
10298:
10288:
10182:
9896:
9812:
9408:
9393:
9383:
9373:
9326:
9296:
8815:
8734:
8713:
8704:
8623:
8609:
8555:
8473:
7778:
7011:
7006:
6991:
6828:
6641:
6487:
6477:
6457:
6412:
5898:
5513:
5498:
5464:
5398:
5289:
5167:
4885:
4815:
4795:
4743:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4375:
4322:
4317:
3714:
Krueger, Christian; Stöker, Winfried; Schlosser, Michael (2007).
3538:
Augustin H, Grosjean Y, Chen K, Sheng Q, Featherstone DE (2007).
2599:
2596:
2592:
2547:
2468:
2086:
1814:
1775:
1748:
1670:
1322:
1122:. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory
1107:
938:
786:
526:
10391:
9403:
9331:
8920:
8718:
8501:
8136:
7614:
7551:
7231:
7226:
7185:
7078:
7073:
6517:
6417:
5790:
5521:
5503:
5480:
4775:
4770:
4486:
4458:
4365:
4237:
4214:
4201:
3586:
2471:
is a plant growth preparation that contains 30% glutamic acid.
2412:
2284:
2188:
1693:
1659:
1619:
1470:
1444:
1352:
1330:
1275:
1169:
340:
9938:
8146:
6728:
2479:
In recent years, there has been much research into the use of
2299:, and other parts of the brain. Glutamate works not only as a
920:
10439:
10336:
10331:
9625:
9431:
7660:
7589:
7561:
7484:
7393:
7380:
7301:
7291:
7160:
7150:
6949:
6892:
6512:
5937:
5728:
5454:
5264:
4790:
4780:
3903:
2456:
2428:
2420:
2177:
1798:
1759:
1732:
1713:
1709:
1666:
1544:
1428:
1335:
1287:
1268:
1209:
978:
297:
207:
10397:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
4677:
3203:
2365:(GABA) in GABA-ergic neurons. This reaction is catalyzed by
1159:. Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the
614:
10434:
10429:
8035:
7650:
7296:
7155:
7021:
6944:
6882:
6768:
6405:
6232:
5818:
5805:
5439:
5259:
5229:
5219:
5132:
4965:
4930:
4920:
4718:
4247:
2271:, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in
2196:
2173:
1847:
1831:
1225:
1173:
916:
490:
7807:
3300:
7632:
7533:
7461:
7357:
7208:
7050:
6864:
6750:
5643:
3621:
3537:
3475:
3251:
3207:
Methods and
Reagents for Green Chemistry: An Introduction
3023:
2789:"Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides"
2645:
with a similar potency, and thereby potent antioxidants.
1610:−COO. The change in protonation state occurs at pH 9.47.
7964:
4302:
4199:
3850:
C. M. Thiele, Concepts Magn. Reson. A, 2007, 30A, 65–80
3478:"Imaging extrasynaptic glutamate dynamics in the brain"
3307:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
2880:, volume 30, issue 11, article CCXCIII, pp. 2085–2094.
1505:
1463:
5935:
Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site):
3859:
3713:
3170:
2932:
2742:
1991:
of sugars and ammonia in the 1950s, with the organism
5341:
3589:
3230:
464:
30:
For the anion in its role as a neurotransmitter, see
3042:-amino acid aminotransferase gene and regulation of
2455:
All meats, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and
912:
3753:Newsome, Scott D.; Johnson, Tory (15 August 2022).
8179:
3715:
3670:
3197:
2327:Brain nonsynaptic glutamatergic signaling circuits
1642:form occurs in some special contexts, such as the
9830:
4634:
1638:form is more widely occurring in nature, but the
801:199 °C (390 °F; 472 K) decomposes
273:
10524:
8226:
3084:
3006:National Center for Biotechnology Information, "
1321:−COO. This form of the compound is prevalent in
1102:that is used by almost all living beings in the
553:
542:
9850:
9774:
9634:
8372:
8266:
3482:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3387:
3385:
3171:Grabowska, A.; Nowicki, M.; Kwinta, J. (2011).
3166:
3164:
2981:William H. Brown and Lawrence S. Brown (2008),
2287:in the brain. The form of plasticity known as
1347:. In Europe, it is classified as food additive
1013:
719:Deprotonated zwitterion: C(CC(=O))C(C(=O))
193:
182:
174:
8712:
8151:Tooltip Glutamine aminohydrolase (glutaminase)
5593:
5578:
4143:(4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
3752:
3224:
2897:
1427:When glutamic acid is dissolved in water, the
986:
823:Ethanol: 350 μg/100 g (25 °C)
9954:
9228:
8459:
7764:
6714:
4663:
4288:
4185:
4098:"Neuroprotective Antioxidants from Marijuana"
2514:(more commonly known as PCP or 'Angel Dust')
2494:
2291:takes place at glutamatergic synapses in the
8334:
3717:"GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE AUTOANTIBODIES"
3432:
3382:
3161:
3809:
3533:
3531:
3050:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
2046:. The reaction can be generalised as such:
1355:solutions the doubly negative anion OOC−CH(
1168:-form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of
9961:
9947:
9767:
9235:
9221:
8466:
8452:
8430:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
7812:Tooltip Excitatory amino acid transporters
7771:
7757:
6721:
6707:
6680:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
4670:
4656:
4295:
4281:
4192:
4178:
4139:Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005).
4102:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3998:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2985:(5th edition). Cengage Learning. p. 1041.
2936:Journal of Crystal and Molecular Structure
2633:(THC), and the non psychoactive principle
2546:(also known as eglumegad or LY354740), an
2239:trigger the release of glutamate from the
2219:Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory
633:
433:
376:
9884:
7733:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
7640:Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8
7541:Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7
7469:Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6
7365:Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4
7216:Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3
7058:Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2
6872:Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5
6758:Tooltip Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1
6687:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
4138:
4072:
4062:
4018:
3967:
3827:
3810:Reeds, P.J.; et al. (1 April 2000).
3786:
3563:
3511:
3501:
3409:
3365:
3188:
3061:
1228:water solutions, the molecule assumes an
1224:. However, in the solid state and mildly
596:
585:
577:
8434:GABA metabolism and transport modulators
8426:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
7969:Tooltip Vesicular glutamate transporters
7729:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
5099:
3528:
3103:
3088:The Chemical Constitution of the Protein
2977:
2975:
2973:
2816:
2022:Glutamate is a key compound in cellular
1418:
10573:Excitatory amino acid receptor agonists
4095:
4044:
3993:"The blood-brain barrier and glutamate"
3990:
3668:
3391:
3204:Alvise Perosa; Fulvio Zecchini (2007).
3017:
2842:
2485:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2419:, and glutamic acid is responsible for
2377:methods) which is most abundant in the
2341:actively transports glutamate into the
1982:
1473:with a single positive charge, HOOC−CH(
629:
411:
400:
10525:
6410:Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related:
3991:Hawkins, Richard A. (September 2009).
3669:Kerr, D.I.B.; Ong, J. (January 1995).
3109:
2872:
2870:
2610:). Glutamate does not easily pass the
424:
292:1723801 (L) 1723799 (rac) 1723800 (D)
9942:
9242:
9216:
8661:2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
8447:
8006:Amido black 10B (naphthol blue black)
7752:
6702:
5566:Other positive allosteric modulators:
5346:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
4651:
4633:
4276:
4173:
3947:
3210:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25.
3000:
2970:
2926:
2621:Glutamate toxicity can be reduced by
2561:) resulted in a marked diminution of
2140:, an oxidative reaction catalysed by
2005:; it is also widely available as its
1387:corresponding to glutamate is called
661:Key: WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
352:
328:
317:
309:
8974:2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
3907:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
2625:, and the psychoactive principle of
2542:effects. Acute infusion of the drug
2172:) is then excreted predominantly as
2012:
1613:
7272:Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)
7124:Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)
6307:Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:
4304:Encoded (proteinogenic) amino acids
2891:
2867:
2807:
2487:(NMR). A glutamic acid derivative,
2474:
2431:. Glutamic acid often is used as a
2208:
1462:may lose protons, depending on the
674:Key: WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYAD
529:
513:
502:
13:
8184:Tooltip Aspartate aminotransferase
4871:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
4132:
4114:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06193.x
3724:(2nd ed.). pp. 369–378.
2714:
2399:
2030:are broken down by digestion into
1009:
85:
71:
14:
10609:
4158:
3812:"Intestinal glutamate metabolism"
3014:, CID=23327. Accessed 2017-02-17.
2836:
2581:metabotropic glutamate receptor 3
2356:
485:3502 (L) 101971 (rac) 201189 (D)
8231:Tooltip Alanine aminotransferase
4336:
3948:Smith, Quentin R. (April 2000).
3730:10.1016/B978-044452763-9/50052-4
3640:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03913.x
3145:. 7 October 2002. Archived from
3139:"Kikunae Ikeda Sodium Glutamate"
2552:metabotropic glutamate receptors
2351:metabotropic glutamate receptors
1398:, as glutamate is larger by one
1339:flavor of foods and is found in
1333:. This anion creates the savory
882:
752:
746:
706:isomer: C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)N
698:isomer: C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)N
105:
45:
9968:
8796:Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid
8377:Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase
8271:Tooltip Glutamate dehydrogenase
7668:Positive allosteric modulators:
7619:Negative allosteric modulators:
7408:Positive allosteric modulators:
7326:Negative allosteric modulators:
7190:Negative allosteric modulators:
7133:Positive allosteric modulators:
6989:Negative allosteric modulators:
6932:Positive allosteric modulators:
6730:Metabotropic glutamate receptor
6347:Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)
5294:Negative allosteric modulators:
5182:Positive allosteric modulators:
5005:Negative allosteric modulators:
4758:Positive allosteric modulators:
4089:
4038:
3984:
3941:
3897:
3853:
3844:
3803:
3746:
3707:
3681:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
3662:
3615:
3580:
3469:
3426:
3333:
3294:
3131:
3078:
2505:
2463:
1728:
1700:. In 1908, Japanese researcher
1094:; the anionic form is known as
1068:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
16:Amino acid and neurotransmitter
10244:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine
9481:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
8610:β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
8565:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
8362:Phosphinothricin (glufosinate)
5583:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone
4891:Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)
4786:Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)
3771:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577915
3556:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4770-06.2007
3231:Michael C. Flickinger (2010).
2833:. pp. 19–20 of the Guide Book.
2781:
2763:
2736:
2724:. National Library of Medicine
2641:, is found to block glutamate
2255:) receptors. In the opposing
1696:(for which it was named) with
755:
740:
250:Deprotonated zwitterion:
1:
8825:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
8570:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA
8422:Receptor/signaling modulators
7725:Receptor/signaling modulators
6673:Receptor/signaling modulators
6522:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
5086:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
4679:Ionotropic glutamate receptor
3110:Renton, Alex (10 July 2005).
2861:10.1016/S0307-4412(97)00167-2
2773:. cem.msu.edu. Archived from
2707:
2074:A very common α-keto acid is
2017:
1414:
1126:(GABA) in GABAergic neurons.
10593:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
10583:Peripherally selective drugs
8955:2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
8339:Tooltip Glutamine synthetase
3693:10.1016/0163-7258(95)00016-A
2920:10.1016/0040-6031(89)87065-0
2501:Aging brain § Glutamate
2215:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
1723:
1409:
1329:plays the principal role in
1172:or from the waste waters of
32:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
7:
9133:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
8666:2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
6371:NR2A-selective antagonists:
5903:Polyamine site antagonists:
5128:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
4714:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
3319:10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.04.004
3237:. Wiley. pp. 215–225.
3177:Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
2648:
2450:
2331:Extracellular glutamate in
2319:as originally described by
2275:, glutamate is involved in
2042:, typically catalysed by a
1822:-Acetyl-glutamate synthase
1654:(which produce it from the
67:
10:
10614:
9009:generation of homocysteine
4811:Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
4362:Branched-chain amino acids
4141:Principles of Biochemistry
4096:Hampson, Aidan J. (2006).
4045:Hampson, Aidan J. (1998).
3759:Journal of Neuroimmunology
2843:Saffran, M. (April 1998).
2498:
2495:Role of glutamate in aging
2439:in the form of its sodium
2403:
2212:
2201:
1994:Corynebacterium glutamicum
1680:
1676:
1327:glutamate neurotransmitter
29:
18:
10578:Glycine receptor agonists
10538:Proteinogenic amino acids
10484:
10448:
10420:
10307:
10229:
10201:
10123:
10090:
10067:
9976:
9823:
9811:
9757:
9734:
9725:
9624:
9601:
9592:
9572:
9494:
9453:
9444:
9417:
9366:
9340:
9287:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
9282:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
9269:
9260:
9250:
9188:
9181:
9155:
9118:
9108:
9085:
9066:
8997:
8963:
8919:
8904:
8872:
8833:
8814:
8780:
8765:
8697:
8688:
8656:3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
8618:
8554:
8500:
8487:
8415:
8370:
8332:
8264:
8224:
8177:
8144:
8135:
8065:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
8031:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
7962:
7886:-CCG-III ((2S,3S,4R)-CCG)
7843:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
7825:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
7805:
7796:
7718:
7630:
7531:
7459:
7355:
7346:
7257:LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)
7206:
7104:LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)
7048:
7039:
6862:
6748:
6739:
6664:
5753:Glycine site antagonists:
5339:
5097:
4688:
4645:
4565:
4513:
4472:
4438:
4405:
4352:
4345:
4334:
4310:
4246:
4213:
4165:Glutamic acid MS Spectrum
4011:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462BB
3962:(4S Suppl): 1016S–1022S.
3919:10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.025
3875:10.1017/S1092852900002157
3628:Journal of Neurochemistry
3404:(4S Suppl): 1007S–1015S.
3190:10.1007/s11738-011-0801-1
3032:-glutamate auxotrophy of
3012:PubChem Compound Database
2489:poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate
2481:residual dipolar coupling
2231:, glutamate is stored in
2204:Glutamate–glutamine cycle
2078:, an intermediate in the
1897:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate
1706:Tokyo Imperial University
1129:Its molecular formula is
1062:
1057:Glutamic acid (data page)
1055:
1050:
863:
858:
781:White crystalline powder
727:
714:: C(CC(=O)O)C(C(=O))
683:
645:
154:
140:
128:
118:
113:
104:
66:
44:
9471:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
9143:4-Maleylacetoacetic acid
8950:3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
8806:Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
8385:3-Mercaptopropionic acid
7894:-Serine-O-sulphate (SOS)
7136:JNJ-40411813 (ADX-71149)
5641:Competitive antagonists:
5549:Polyamine site agonists:
5535:Neboglamine (nebostinel)
5104:Tooltip Kainate receptor
3955:The Journal of Nutrition
3398:The Journal of Nutrition
2595:, and the production of
2526:. For the same reasons,
2243:cell. Glutamate acts on
1690:Karl Heinrich Ritthausen
1423:The glutamate monoanion.
1051:Supplementary data page
929:Precautionary statements
134:2-Aminopentanedioic acid
19:Not to be confused with
10449:Cholinergic neurotoxins
8989:2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
8945:3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
8481:metabolic intermediates
8192:2-Amino-3-butenoic acid
7986:6-(4'-Phenylstyryl)-QDC
7870:-3-Hydroxyaspartic acid
6623:Pentamidine isethionate
6367:Traxoprodil (CP-101606)
5606:Epipregnanolone sulfate
4064:10.1073/pnas.95.14.8268
3544:Journal of Neuroscience
3503:10.1073/pnas.0913154107
3392:Meldrum, B. S. (2000).
2771:"Amino Acid Structures"
2696:Monopotassium glutamate
2681:Guanosine monophosphate
2656:Adenosine monophosphate
2367:glutamate decarboxylase
2363:gamma-aminobutyric acid
2142:glutamate dehydrogenase
1927:N-Formimino-L-glutamate
1124:gamma-aminobutyric acid
848:Magnetic susceptibility
10548:Excitatory amino acids
10543:Glucogenic amino acids
9906:Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
9507:N-Methylphenethylamine
9198:Cysteine sulfinic acid
9044:conversion to cysteine
8801:Formiminoglutamic acid
8728:3-Phosphoglyceric acid
8605:β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
8357:Methionine sulfoximine
7944:-3-Methylglutamic acid
6653:Allosteric modulators:
6588:Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)
6243:Pethidine (meperidine)
5864:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
5786:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
5450:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
5418:Glycine site agonists:
5250:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
4961:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
4846:Mibampator (LY-451395)
4200:Digestives, including
4051:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
3969:10.1093/jn/130.4.1016S
3601:10.1124/jpet.300.1.162
3411:10.1093/jn/130.4.1007s
2427:of the human sense of
2349:-stimulating group II
2289:long-term potentiation
2136:. Glutamate undergoes
1683:Glutamic acid (flavor)
1424:
1286:, the singly-negative
1274:The acid can lose one
1112:non-essential nutrient
1020:
455:isomer: 200-293-7
90:
76:
10476:Hemicholinium mustard
10456:Acetylcholine mustard
10279:Chlorophenylsilatrane
9647:2-AGE (noladin ether)
8930:α-Ketoisovaleric acid
8585:β-Ketoisocaproic acid
8580:α-Ketoisocaproic acid
6322:CO-101244 (PD-174494)
6038:Delucemine (NPS-1506)
5988:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
3829:10.1093/jn/130.4.978S
3358:10.1093/neuonc/nou152
2849:Biochemical Education
2389:Stiff person syndrome
2176:, synthesised in the
2026:. In humans, dietary
1999:Brevibacterium flavum
1422:
1208:groups −COOH and one
1019:
130:Systematic IUPAC name
89:
75:
10471:Ethylcholine mustard
9858:Carbon monoxide (CO)
9017:-Adenosyl methionine
8600:β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
8590:β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA
8546:β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
8211:-Methylene-aspartate
6342:Radiprodil (RGH-896)
6317:Buphenine (nylidrin)
5894:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
5709:Midafotel (d-CPPene)
5616:Pregnenolone sulfate
5540:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
5331:Pregnenolone sulfate
5072:Pregnenolone sulfate
3816:Journal of Nutrition
2831:The Teaching Company
2777:on 11 February 1998.
2631:tetrahydrocannabinol
2589:aldosterone synthase
2585:adrenocortical cells
2569:in bonnet macaques (
2445:monosodium glutamate
2375:immunohistochemistry
2183:Glutamate is also a
2156:→ α-ketoglutarate +
2101:+ α-ketoglutarate ⇌
2089:+ α-ketoglutarate ⇌
1989:aerobic fermentation
1983:Industrial synthesis
1718:monosodium glutamate
1692:, who treated wheat
1341:glutamate flavorings
1230:electrically neutral
1002:(fire diamond)
791:1.4601 (20 °C)
146:2-Aminoglutaric acid
80:Ball-and-stick model
10422:Bicyclic phosphates
10044:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
9863:Hydrogen sulfide (H
9717:Virodhamine (O-AEA)
9190:Cysteine metabolism
8979:2-Methylbutyryl-CoA
8671:2-Aminomuconic acid
8651:3-Hydroxykynurenine
8324:Pyridoxal phosphate
8026:Chicago sky blue 6B
7991:6-Biphenyl-4-yl-QDC
5573:-Hydroxycholesterol
5384:Homoquinolinic acid
5357:Main site agonists:
5115:Main site agonists:
4709:5-Fluorowillardiine
4706:Main site agonists:
3869:(7): 607–612, 617.
3494:2010PNAS..107.6526O
3143:Japan Patent Office
2948:1972JCCry...2..225L
2912:1989TcAc..141..297R
2878:Biochemical Journal
2676:Glutamate flavoring
2612:blood brain barrier
2406:Glutamate flavoring
2343:extracellular space
2305:volume transmission
2277:cognitive functions
2273:synaptic plasticity
2261:glutamate receptors
1622:; two mirror-image
1579:range (7.35–7.45).
1383:−COO prevails. The
808:Solubility in water
773: g·mol
287:Beilstein Reference
94:Space-filling model
41:
10598:E-number additives
9920:Sulfur dioxide (SO
9831:Cholinergic system
9533:Phenylethanolamine
9512:N-Methyltryptamine
9476:NAS (normelatonin)
9263:inhibitory systems
9261:Major excitatory /
9077:α-Ketobutyric acid
9054:α-Ketobutyric acid
8892:γ-Glutamylcysteine
8636:′-Formylkynurenine
8521:α-Aminoadipic acid
8347:2-Aminoadipic acid
8216:Hydrazinosuccinate
5921:Diethylenetriamine
5600:prasterone sulfate
5375:Homocysteic acid (
5118:5-Bromowillardiine
4636:Glutamate receptor
4618:Dehydroamino acids
4578:Encoded (proteins)
4514:Negative charge (p
4473:Positive charge (p
3447:10.1007/BF02253527
3435:Psychopharmacology
3272:10.1039/C1CS15217C
3149:on 28 October 2007
3063:10.1271/bbb.62.193
3026:"Compensation for
2956:10.1007/BF01246639
2900:Thermochimica Acta
2671:Disodium inosinate
2666:Disodium glutamate
2423:, one of the five
2223:in the vertebrate
1663:glutamate racemase
1425:
1118:in the vertebrate
1072:Infobox references
1021:
472:(flavour enhancer)
91:
77:
39:
10520:
10519:
10284:Sulfuryl fluoride
9936:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9880:
9879:
9872:Nitric oxide (NO)
9846:
9845:
9819:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9753:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9620:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9588:
9587:
9502:3-Iodothyronamine
9440:
9439:
9244:Neurotransmitters
9210:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9177:
9176:
9151:
9150:
9138:Homogentisic acid
9104:
9103:
9096:Methylmalonyl-CoA
8900:
8899:
8761:
8760:
8684:
8683:
8441:
8440:
8411:
8410:
8397:
8131:
8130:
8049:
8046:Erythro-4-methyl-
7980:
7901:
7893:
7885:
7877:
7865:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7739:
7714:
7713:
7663:
7564:
7487:
7383:
7342:
7341:
7035:
7034:
6696:
6695:
6547:
6503:Trichloroethylene
6448:Ethanol (alcohol)
5813:
5756:4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
5524:
5516:
5483:
5475:
5467:
5424:
5409:Tetrazolylglycine
5378:
5316:Ethanol (alcohol)
5305:sodium thiopental
5123:5-Iodowillardiine
5032:Ethanol (alcohol)
5016:sodium thiopental
4627:
4626:
4588:Non-proteinogenic
4561:
4560:
4270:
4269:
4262:Hydrochloric acid
4057:(14): 8268–8273.
3822:(4s): 978S–982S.
3739:978-0-444-52763-9
3488:(14): 6526–6531.
3352:(12): 1669–1670.
3244:978-0-471-79930-6
3217:978-0-470-12407-9
2983:Organic Chemistry
2795:on 29 August 2017
2722:"L-Glutamic acid"
2637:(CBD), and other
2587:, downregulating
2534:also have strong
2520:non-competitively
2394:diabetes mellitus
2347:nucleus accumbens
2317:brain development
2253:G-protein coupled
2229:chemical synapses
2127:citric acid cycle
2080:citric acid cycle
2013:Function and uses
1980:
1979:
1644:bacterial capsule
1618:Glutamic acid is
1614:Optical isomerism
1331:neural activation
1235:structure OOC−CH(
1080:Chemical compound
1078:
1077:
907:Hazard statements
841:2.10, 4.07, 9.47
610:CompTox Dashboard
253:Interactive image
245:Interactive image
234:Interactive image
223:Interactive image
100:
99:
10605:
10588:Chelating agents
10553:Flavor enhancers
9963:
9956:
9949:
9940:
9939:
9911:Nitrous oxide (N
9882:
9881:
9851:Gasotransmitters
9848:
9847:
9828:
9827:
9818:
9772:
9771:
9765:
9764:
9732:
9731:
9667:Anandamide (AEA)
9635:Endocannabinoids
9632:
9631:
9599:
9598:
9486:Serotonin (5-HT)
9451:
9450:
9270:Glutamate system
9267:
9266:
9258:
9257:
9237:
9230:
9223:
9214:
9213:
9186:
9185:
9116:
9115:
9030:
9029:
8917:
8916:
8778:
8777:
8710:
8709:
8695:
8694:
8646:Anthranilic acid
8526:2-Oxoadipic acid
8498:
8497:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8445:
8444:
8395:
8378:
8374:
8340:
8336:
8272:
8268:
8256:Propargylglycine
8250:
8242:
8232:
8228:
8210:
8185:
8181:
8152:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8123:Xanthurenic acid
8047:
8016:Benzopurpurin 4B
7978:
7970:
7966:
7899:
7891:
7883:
7875:
7863:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7750:
7749:
7661:
7641:
7637:
7562:
7542:
7538:
7485:
7470:
7466:
7381:
7366:
7362:
7353:
7352:
7217:
7213:
7059:
7055:
7046:
7045:
6873:
6869:
6759:
6755:
6746:
6745:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6700:
6699:
6545:
6498:Trichloroethanol
6058:Dextromethorphan
5811:
5595:
5584:
5580:
5522:
5514:
5481:
5473:
5465:
5422:
5376:
5347:
5343:
5105:
5101:
4936:Fanapanel (MPQX)
4696:
4692:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4631:
4630:
4350:
4349:
4340:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4154:
4126:
4125:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4066:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4022:
4005:(3): 867S–874S.
3988:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3678:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3266:(4): 1499–1518.
3255:
3249:
3248:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3183:(5): 1981–1990.
3168:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3041:
3040:
3034:Escherichia coli
3031:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3004:
2998:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2895:
2889:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2840:
2834:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2718:
2701:Tien Chu Ve-Tsin
2583:(GRM3) of human
2528:dextromethorphan
2475:NMR spectroscopy
2345:, while, in the
2221:neurotransmitter
2209:Neurotransmitter
2185:neurotransmitter
1733:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1577:physiological pH
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1278:from its second
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1204:−COOH, with two
1199:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1116:neurotransmitter
1041:
1034:
1027:
1012:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
922:
918:
914:
886:
854:−78.5·10 cm/mol
772:
757:
754:
748:
742:
735:Chemical formula
705:
697:
670:
638:
637:
627:
618:
616:
600:
594:
589:
581:
575:
557:
551:
546:
540:
531:
517:
511:
506:
500:
480:Gmelin Reference
466:
454:
445:
437:
426:
415:
409:
404:
398:
380:
374:
356:
350:
332:
326:
321:
313:
307:
277:
271:
255:
247:
236:
230:
225:
219:
197:
191:
186:
178:
172:
109:
68:
60:
59:
53:Skeletal formula
49:
42:
38:
10613:
10612:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10558:Umami enhancers
10523:
10522:
10521:
10516:
10497:Dimethylmercury
10492:Dimethylcadmium
10480:
10466:Choline mustard
10444:
10416:
10303:
10274:Phenylsilatrane
10225:
10197:
10119:
10086:
10077:Botulinum toxin
10063:
9972:
9967:
9937:
9928:
9923:
9914:
9900:
9876:
9866:
9842:
9799:
9745:
9721:
9612:
9584:
9568:
9490:
9446:Biogenic amines
9436:
9413:
9362:
9336:
9262:
9246:
9241:
9211:
9202:
9173:
9147:
9100:
9081:
9062:
9027:
9026:
8993:
8959:
8940:Methacrylyl-CoA
8910:
8896:
8868:
8829:
8810:
8773:α-ketoglutarate
8771:
8757:
8748:Phosphocreatine
8717:
8703:
8680:
8614:
8550:
8483:
8472:
8442:
8437:
8407:
8376:
8366:
8338:
8328:
8309:Hexachlorophene
8270:
8260:
8248:
8240:
8230:
8220:
8208:
8183:
8173:
8150:
8127:
8090:Reactive blue 2
7968:
7958:
7811:
7792:
7777:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7710:
7639:
7636:
7626:
7540:
7537:
7527:
7468:
7465:
7455:
7364:
7361:
7338:
7215:
7212:
7202:
7057:
7054:
7031:
6923:Quisqualic acid
6871:
6868:
6858:
6789:Quisqualic acid
6757:
6754:
6735:
6727:
6697:
6692:
6660:
6558:Flufenamic acid
6493:Trichloroethane
6268:Rhynchophylline
6188:Methoxphenidine
6153:Levomilnacipran
6053:Dextromethadone
5978:α-Endopsychosin
5582:
5494:Dimethylglycine
5404:Quinolinic acid
5345:
5335:
5173:Quisqualic acid
5103:
5093:
4749:Quisqualic acid
4694:
4684:
4676:
4641:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4603:Secondary amino
4557:
4520:
4509:
4479:
4468:
4434:
4401:
4341:
4332:
4306:
4301:
4271:
4266:
4242:
4209:
4198:
4161:
4151:
4135:
4133:Further reading
4130:
4129:
4094:
4090:
4043:
4039:
3989:
3985:
3946:
3942:
3902:
3898:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3808:
3804:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3712:
3708:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3620:
3616:
3585:
3581:
3536:
3529:
3474:
3470:
3431:
3427:
3390:
3383:
3338:
3334:
3299:
3295:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3202:
3198:
3169:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3005:
3001:
2980:
2971:
2931:
2927:
2896:
2892:
2875:
2868:
2841:
2837:
2829:(2nd edition);
2823:Robert Sapolsky
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2651:
2567:stress response
2508:
2503:
2497:
2477:
2466:
2453:
2437:flavor enhancer
2408:
2402:
2400:Flavor enhancer
2371:autoradiography
2359:
2329:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2163:
2151:
2123:gluconeogenesis
2076:α-ketoglutarate
2069:
2066:-α-ketoacid + R
2065:
2057:
2054:-amino acid + R
2053:
2020:
2015:
2003:crystallization
1997:(also known as
1985:
1949:
1934:
1906:
1869:α-Ketoglutarate
1853:
1837:
1828:α-Ketoglutarate
1802:
1779:
1763:
1731:
1726:
1685:
1679:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1466:of the medium.
1460:carboxyl groups
1454:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1325:solutions. The
1320:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1010:
931:
909:
895:
879:
851:
837:
813:8.57 g/L
810:
770:
760:
751:
745:
737:
723:
720:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
679:
676:
675:
672:
668:
663:
662:
659:
653:
652:
641:
625:
619:
612:
603:
592:
584:racemate:
573:
560:
549:
538:
532:
520:
509:
498:
482:
458:
452:
418:
407:
396:
383:
372:
359:
348:
335:
324:
316:racemate:
305:
289:
280:
269:
258:
228:
217:
211:
200:
189:
181:racemate:
170:
164:
150:
149:
136:
135:
124:
96:
82:
62:
57:
56:
50:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10611:
10601:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10568:Glutamic acids
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10512:Tetraethyllead
10509:
10504:
10502:Toxopyrimidine
10499:
10494:
10488:
10486:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10426:
10424:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10327:Novichok agent
10324:
10319:
10313:
10311:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10235:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10207:
10205:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10129:
10127:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10096:
10094:
10088:
10087:
10085:
10084:
10079:
10073:
10071:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10061:
10056:
10054:Zetekitoxin AB
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9980:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9966:
9965:
9958:
9951:
9943:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9921:
9917:
9912:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9894:
9888:
9886:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9860:
9854:
9852:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9840:
9834:
9832:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9816:
9809:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9781:
9779:
9769:
9762:
9755:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9743:
9735:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9638:
9636:
9629:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9602:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9558:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9538:Phenethylamine
9535:
9530:
9522:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9498:
9496:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9457:
9455:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9423:
9421:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9370:
9368:
9367:Glycine system
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9344:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9312:Kynurenic acid
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9273:
9271:
9264:
9255:
9248:
9247:
9240:
9239:
9232:
9225:
9217:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9194:
9192:
9183:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9171:
9162:
9160:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9129:
9127:
9113:
9106:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9098:
9092:
9090:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9073:
9071:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9051:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9019:
9004:
9002:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8970:
8968:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8935:Isobutyryl-CoA
8932:
8926:
8924:
8914:
8902:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8894:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8840:
8838:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8785:
8775:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8731:
8730:
8724:
8722:
8707:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8629:
8627:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8575:Isovaleryl-CoA
8572:
8567:
8561:
8559:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8536:Glutaconyl-CoA
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8507:
8505:
8495:
8485:
8484:
8471:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8448:
8439:
8438:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8392:
8387:
8381:
8379:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8275:
8273:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8245:
8235:
8233:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8188:
8186:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8155:
8153:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8070:Kynurenic acid
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8050:-glutamic acid
8043:
8041:Direct blue 71
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8011:Bafilomycin A1
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7973:
7971:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7896:
7888:
7880:
7872:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7814:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7776:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7753:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7737:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7674:
7673:
7658:
7653:
7644:
7642:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7559:
7554:
7545:
7543:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7491:
7490:
7482:
7473:
7471:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7378:
7369:
7367:
7359:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7220:
7218:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7139:
7138:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7062:
7060:
7052:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6938:
6937:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6876:
6874:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6762:
6760:
6752:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6726:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6646:
6645:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6468:Methoxyflurane
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6403:
6398:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6213:Nitromemantine
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6148:Levomethorphan
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6068:Dieticyclidine
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6048:Dextrallorphan
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6003:Argiotoxin-636
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5916:Diaminopropane
5913:
5908:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5844:Kynurenic acid
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5590:
5575:
5559:
5554:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5478:
5470:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5350:
5348:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5245:Kynurenic acid
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5108:
5106:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Kynurenic acid
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4699:
4697:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4540:Selenocysteine
4537:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4311:General topics
4308:
4307:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4160:
4159:External links
4157:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4108:(1): 274–282.
4088:
4037:
3983:
3940:
3913:(1): 170–177.
3896:
3852:
3843:
3802:
3745:
3738:
3722:Autoantibodies
3706:
3687:(2): 187–246.
3673:
3661:
3634:(3): 641–653.
3614:
3595:(1): 162–171.
3579:
3550:(1): 111–123.
3527:
3468:
3441:(4): 391–401.
3425:
3381:
3346:Neuro-Oncology
3332:
3293:
3260:Chem. Soc. Rev
3250:
3243:
3223:
3216:
3196:
3160:
3130:
3102:
3077:
3056:(1): 193–195.
3016:
2999:
2995:978-0495388579
2969:
2942:(5): 225–233.
2925:
2890:
2866:
2855:(2): 116–118.
2835:
2815:
2806:
2780:
2762:
2756:978-3540699330
2755:
2746:Food Chemistry
2735:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2572:Macaca radiata
2540:hallucinogenic
2518:glutamic acid
2507:
2504:
2496:
2493:
2476:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2452:
2449:
2404:Main article:
2401:
2398:
2358:
2357:GABA precursor
2355:
2328:
2325:
2313:synaptogenesis
2301:point-to-point
2263:, such as the
2237:Nerve impulses
2225:nervous system
2213:Main article:
2210:
2207:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2144:, as follows:
2107:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2036:transamination
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:5-formimino-FH
1939:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1681:Main article:
1678:
1675:
1658:form with the
1615:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1588:
1572:
1565:
1553:
1537:
1530:
1518:
1498:
1491:
1479:
1458:), and/or the
1453:
1437:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1380:
1373:
1361:
1318:
1311:
1299:
1284:conjugate base
1280:carboxyl group
1260:
1253:
1241:
1218:
1201:
1194:
1182:
1161:dextrorotatory
1153:
1144:
1135:
1120:nervous system
1079:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:standard state
1063:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
994:
993:
959:P305+P351+P338
932:
927:
924:
923:
910:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
888:
887:
880:
875:
872:
871:
861:
860:
856:
855:
852:
846:
843:
842:
839:
835:
825:
824:
821:
815:
814:
811:
806:
803:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
783:
782:
779:
775:
774:
768:
762:
761:
758:
749:
743:
738:
733:
730:
729:
725:
724:
722:
721:
718:
716:
710:
708:
702:
700:
694:
686:
685:
684:
681:
680:
678:
677:
673:
667:
666:
664:
660:
657:
656:
648:
647:
646:
643:
642:
640:
639:
622:
620:
608:
605:
604:
602:
601:
590:
582:
570:
568:
562:
561:
559:
558:
547:
535:
533:
525:
522:
521:
519:
518:
507:
495:
493:
487:
486:
483:
478:
475:
474:
468:
460:
459:
457:
456:
449:
447:
439:
438:
428:
420:
419:
417:
416:
405:
393:
391:
385:
384:
382:
381:
369:
367:
361:
360:
358:
357:
345:
343:
337:
336:
334:
333:
322:
314:
302:
300:
294:
293:
290:
285:
282:
281:
279:
278:
266:
264:
260:
259:
257:
256:
248:
237:
226:
214:
212:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
187:
179:
167:
165:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
126:
125:
122:
116:
115:
111:
110:
102:
101:
98:
97:
92:
83:
78:
64:
63:
61:-glutamic acid
51:
40:Glutamic acid
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10610:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10489:
10487:
10483:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10447:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10419:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10259:Methamidophos
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10239:Fenpropathrin
10237:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10228:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10211:Ibotenic acid
10209:
10208:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10178:Oenanthotoxin
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10122:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10089:
10083:
10082:Tetanospasmin
10080:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10066:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10004:Charybdotoxin
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9984:Batrachotoxin
9982:
9981:
9979:
9977:Animal toxins
9975:
9971:
9964:
9959:
9957:
9952:
9950:
9945:
9944:
9941:
9925:
9918:
9916:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9883:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9839:
9838:Acetylcholine
9836:
9835:
9833:
9829:
9826:
9824:Miscellaneous
9822:
9817:
9814:
9810:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9773:
9770:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9756:
9741:
9737:
9736:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9727:Neurosteroids
9724:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9627:
9623:
9608:
9604:
9603:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9594:Neuropeptides
9591:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9497:
9493:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9365:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9339:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9265:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9238:
9233:
9231:
9226:
9224:
9219:
9218:
9215:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9180:
9170:
9169:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9154:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9121:
9120:phenylalanine
9117:
9114:
9112:
9107:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9087:propionyl-CoA
9084:
9078:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9049:Cystathionine
9047:
9045:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9031:-homocysteine
9024:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9010:
9006:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8996:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8908:
8907:propionyl-CoA
8903:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8871:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8791:Urocanic acid
8789:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8687:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8553:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8469:
8464:
8462:
8457:
8455:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8436:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8414:
8404:
8403:Semicarbazide
8401:
8399:
8398:-Allylglycine
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8319:Palmitoyl-CoA
8317:
8315:
8314:Hydroxylamine
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8246:
8244:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8182:
8176:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8134:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7967:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7916:Maslinic acid
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7897:
7895:
7889:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7810:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7774:
7769:
7767:
7762:
7760:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7717:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7638:
7629:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7539:
7530:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7467:
7458:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7363:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7247:Ibotenic acid
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7214:
7205:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7094:Ibotenic acid
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7056:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6918:Ibotenic acid
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6870:
6861:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:Cyclothiazide
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:Ibotenic acid
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6756:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6724:
6719:
6717:
6712:
6710:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6638:Transcrocetin
6636:
6634:
6633:Psychotridine
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Niflumic acid
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6473:Nitrous oxide
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:Diethyl ether
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6293:Tenocyclidine
6291:
6289:
6288:Tabernanthine
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6278:Rolicyclidine
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6253:Phencyclidine
6251:
6249:
6248:Phencyclamine
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6183:Methoxetamine
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6143:Levomethadone
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6103:Fluorolintane
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:Kaitocephalin
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Ibotenic acid
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5301:pentobarbital
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:Kaitocephalin
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:Cyclothiazide
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:Ibotenic acid
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5012:pentobarbital
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Kaitocephalin
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4766:Cyclothiazide
4764:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Ibotenic acid
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:D-amino acids
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:Glutamic acid
4532:
4529:
4528:Aspartic acid
4526:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4430:Phenylalanine
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:By properties
4344:
4339:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4150:0-7167-4339-6
4146:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3035:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2810:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Inosinic acid
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2643:neurotoxicity
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:NMDA receptor
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:phencyclidine
2502:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:food additive
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:AMPA receptor
2266:
2265:NMDA receptor
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2148:glutamate + H
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2010:
2008:
2007:hydrochloride
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Kikunae Ikeda
1699:
1698:sulfuric acid
1695:
1691:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1580:
1578:
1546:
1541:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1446:
1443:) may gain a
1430:
1421:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1263:−COOH. It is
1234:
1231:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Glutamic acid
1073:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
933:
930:
926:
925:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
885:
881:
878:
874:
873:
869:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
840:
834:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
809:
805:
804:
800:
798:
797:Melting point
795:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
776:
769:
767:
764:
763:
739:
736:
732:
731:
726:
717:
713:
709:
701:
693:
692:
689:
682:
665:
655:
654:
651:
644:
636:
632:
631:DTXSID0046987
628:isomer:
624:
623:
621:
611:
607:
606:
599:
595:isomer:
591:
588:
583:
580:
576:isomer:
572:
571:
569:
567:
564:
563:
556:
552:isomer:
548:
545:
541:isomer:
537:
536:
534:
528:
524:
523:
516:
512:isomer:
508:
505:
501:isomer:
497:
496:
494:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
469:
467:
462:
461:
451:
450:
448:
446:
441:
440:
436:
432:
429:
427:
425:ECHA InfoCard
422:
421:
414:
410:isomer:
406:
403:
399:isomer:
395:
394:
392:
390:
387:
386:
379:
375:isomer:
371:
370:
368:
366:
363:
362:
355:
351:isomer:
347:
346:
344:
342:
339:
338:
331:
327:isomer:
323:
320:
315:
312:
308:isomer:
304:
303:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
284:
283:
276:
272:isomer:
268:
267:
265:
262:
261:
254:
249:
246:
241:
238:
235:
231:isomer:
227:
224:
220:isomer:
216:
215:
213:
209:
204:
203:
196:
192:isomer:
188:
185:
180:
177:
173:isomer:
169:
168:
166:
163:
159:
158:
153:
145:
144:
139:
131:
127:
123:Glutamic acid
121:
117:
112:
108:
103:
95:
88:
84:
81:
74:
70:
69:
65:
54:
48:
43:
37:
33:
26:
25:Glutaric acid
22:
10309:Nerve agents
10125:Plant toxins
10039:Vanillotoxin
10034:Tetrodotoxin
9999:Bungarotoxin
9892:Acetaldehyde
9561:
9553:
9525:
9517:
9495:Trace amines
9165:
9158:oxaloacetate
9042:
9036:Homocysteine
9022:
9014:
9007:
8912:succinyl-CoA
8743:Glycocyamine
8676:Glutaryl-CoA
8633:
8541:Crotonyl-CoA
8531:Glutaryl-CoA
8511:Saccharopine
8418:
8417:
8251:-Cycloserine
8105:
8064:
8001:Acid red 114
7977:4-Methylene-
7941:
7903:
7867:
7842:
7830:
7721:
7720:
7678:Antagonists:
7677:
7667:
7647:
7618:
7577:Antagonists:
7576:
7548:
7495:Antagonists:
7494:
7476:
7423:Antagonists:
7422:
7407:
7372:
7325:
7284:Antagonists:
7283:
7277:Talaglumetad
7223:
7189:
7143:Antagonists:
7142:
7132:
7129:Talaglumetad
7065:
7002:Dipraglurant
6997:Basimglurant
6988:
6942:Antagonists:
6941:
6931:
6879:
6821:Antagonists:
6820:
6765:
6685:
6678:
6669:
6668:
6652:
6649:
6521:
6428:Cyclopropane
6409:
6392:
6370:
6306:
6258:Propoxyphene
6228:Orphenadrine
6133:Ketobemidone
6098:Eticyclidine
6033:Coronaridine
6018:ARL-15896-AR
5934:
5902:
5814:-Cycloserine
5796:Carisoprodol
5752:
5640:
5638:Antagonists:
5637:
5570:
5565:
5548:
5476:-Cycloserine
5417:
5356:
5353:
5297:Barbiturates
5293:
5270:Selurampanel
5225:Dasolampanel
5212:Antagonists:
5211:
5181:
5114:
5111:
5085:
5022:Cyclopropane
5008:Barbiturates
5004:
4976:Selurampanel
4926:Dasolampanel
4898:Antagonists:
4897:
4881:Pramiracetam
4757:
4705:
4702:
4570:
4533:
4515:
4474:
4328:Genetic code
4250:preparations
4233:Pancrelipase
4140:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4032:
4002:
3996:
3986:
3959:
3953:
3943:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3846:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3721:
3709:
3684:
3680:
3664:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3547:
3543:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3401:
3397:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3313:(1): 66–74.
3310:
3306:
3296:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3233:
3226:
3206:
3199:
3180:
3176:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:the original
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3117:The Guardian
3115:
3105:
3093:. Retrieved
3087:
3080:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3033:
3019:
3011:
3002:
2982:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2877:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2783:
2775:the original
2765:
2749:. Springer.
2745:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2716:
2639:cannabinoids
2623:antioxidants
2620:
2570:
2536:dissociative
2509:
2506:Pharmacology
2478:
2467:
2464:Plant growth
2454:
2425:basic tastes
2409:
2387:
2360:
2332:
2330:
2321:Mark Mattson
2309:growth cones
2257:postsynaptic
2249:metabotropic
2218:
2193:glioblastoma
2182:
2168:Ammonia (as
2167:
2131:
2115:oxaloacetate
2108:
2103:oxaloacetate
2073:
2044:transaminase
2021:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1968:
1941:
1913:
1890:Transaminase
1880:
1873:α-amino acid
1843:
1819:
1810:
1771:
1729:Biosynthesis
1686:
1617:
1581:
1542:
1503:
1468:
1426:
1393:
1388:
1351:. In highly
1334:
1290:
1282:to form the
1273:
1271:GAA or GAG.
1128:
1104:biosynthesis
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
998:
898:
865:
832:
354:ChEMBL575060
155:Identifiers
141:Other names
36:
10533:Amino acids
10461:Catecholine
10402:Fluorotabun
10249:Bromethalin
10193:Veratridine
10168:Ginkgotoxin
10138:Bicuculline
10092:Cyanotoxins
10059:Dendrotoxin
10049:Epibatidine
10024:Poneratoxin
9970:Neurotoxins
9897:Ammonia (NH
9768:Nucleosides
9528:-Octopamine
9520:-Octopamine
9432:T-HCA (GHC)
9389:Hypotaurine
9341:GABA system
9292:Glutathione
8888:glutathione
8289:Chloroquine
8118:Valinomycin
8113:Trypan blue
8095:Rose bengal
8080:NPPB (N144)
7954:WAY-213,613
7858:Kainic acid
7820:Amphetamine
7798:Transporter
7404:VU-0155,041
7329:Decoglurant
7193:Decoglurant
7027:Raseglurant
6975:Remeglurant
6960:Mavoglurant
6824:BAY 36-7620
6618:Pentamidine
6603:Minocycline
6583:Hodgkinsine
6553:Dexanabinol
6483:Sevoflurane
6337:Isoxsuprine
6332:Haloperidol
6312:Besonprodil
6273:Rimantadine
6223:Norketamine
6218:Noribogaine
6193:Milnacipran
6158:Levorphanol
6108:Gacyclidine
6078:Dizocilpine
6073:Diphenidine
6063:Dextrorphan
5983:Alaproclate
5926:Huperzine A
5879:Meprobamate
5839:Harkoseride
5734:Perzinfotel
5611:Plazinemdor
5158:Kainic acid
5143:Domoic acid
5089:Minocycline
5077:Sevoflurane
4754:Willardiine
4729:Domoic acid
4608:Imino acids
4572:Amino acids
4505:Pyrrolysine
4442:, uncharged
4257:Citric acid
3153:21 November
3123:21 November
3046:expression"
3008:D-glutamate
2906:: 297–303.
2691:Kainic acid
2635:cannabidiol
2604:aldosterone
2516:antagonizes
2443:, known as
2339:glial cells
2293:hippocampus
2241:presynaptic
2138:deamination
2105:+ glutamate
2093:+ glutamate
2070:-amino acid
2032:amino acids
1885:α-keto acid
1624:enantiomers
1429:amino group
1210:amino group
893:Signal word
778:Appearance
728:Properties
431:100.009.567
330:CHEBI:15966
319:CHEBI:18237
311:CHEBI:16015
10563:Glutamates
10527:Categories
10407:Chinese VX
10317:Cyclosarin
10264:Endosulfan
10231:Pesticides
10203:Mycotoxins
10153:Strychnine
10148:Picrotoxin
10143:Penitrem A
10105:Guanitoxin
10100:Anatoxin-a
10019:Huwentoxin
10014:Fasciculin
9885:Candidates
9759:Nucleobase
9548:Tryptamine
9543:Synephrine
9454:Monoamines
9419:GHB system
9252:Amino acid
9168:urea cycle
9025:-Adenosyl-
8999:methionine
8984:Tiglyl-CoA
8965:isoleucine
8864:Putrescine
8859:Cadaverine
8854:Citrulline
8753:Creatinine
8641:Kynurenine
8620:tryptophan
8493:acetyl-CoA
8478:metabolism
8475:Amino acid
8352:JFD01307SC
8085:Ponceau SS
8060:Furosemide
8055:Evans blue
8021:Bumetamide
7981:-glutamate
7790:modulators
7783:metabolism
7671:AZ12216052
7411:Foliglurax
7399:VU-001,171
7312:LY-341,495
7307:LY-307,452
7262:LY-487,379
7252:LY-379,268
7171:LY-341,495
7166:LY-307,452
7114:LY-566,332
7109:LY-487,379
7099:LY-379,268
6955:LY-344,545
6935:LSN2463359
6844:LY-456,236
6839:LY-367,385
6733:modulators
6656:AGN-241751
6628:Piretanide
6578:Furosemide
6563:Flupirtine
6540:Conantokin
6535:Caroverine
6530:Bumetanide
6463:Isoflurane
6433:Desflurane
6423:Chloroform
6362:Safaprodil
6357:Ro 25-6981
6298:Tiletamine
6283:Sabeluzole
6263:Remacemide
6208:Neramexane
6178:Methorphan
6163:Loperamide
6138:Lanicemine
6123:Indantadol
6088:Esketamine
6083:Ephenidine
6043:Dexoxadrol
6008:Arketamine
5993:Amantadine
5953:3-MeO-PCMo
5931:Putrescine
5874:MDL-105519
5849:Kynurenine
5829:Gavestinel
5744:SDZ-220581
5704:MDL-100453
5587:prasterone
5557:Spermidine
5530:Milacemide
5435:ACC (ACPC)
5321:Evans blue
5285:Topiramate
5275:Tezampanel
5205:Isoflurane
5082:Talampanel
5067:Perampanel
5062:Isoflurane
5047:GYKI-53655
5042:GYKI-52466
5037:Evans blue
5001:Zonampanel
4991:Topiramate
4981:Tezampanel
4956:Kynurenine
4916:Caroverine
4911:Becampanel
4861:Oxiracetam
4761:Aniracetam
4682:modulators
4639:modulators
4598:Glucogenic
4449:Asparagine
4425:Tryptophan
4382:Methionine
4371:Isoleucine
4228:Pancreatin
3863:CNS Spectr
3765:: 577915.
3676:receptors"
2991:0495388572
2708:References
2499:See also:
2379:cerebellum
2334:Drosophila
2245:ionotropic
2202:See also:
2125:, and the
2119:glycolysis
2024:metabolism
2018:Metabolism
1665:) and the
1648:cell walls
1510:zwitterion
1415:Ionization
1233:zwitterion
1110:. It is a
1100:amino acid
1098:) is an α-
877:Pictograms
819:Solubility
766:Molar mass
712:Zwitterion
598:Q479989WEA
587:61LJO5I15S
579:3KX376GY7L
365:ChemSpider
240:Zwitterion
206:3D model (
162:CAS Number
120:IUPAC name
10254:Crimidine
10216:Muscarine
10188:Volkensin
10173:Cicutoxin
10133:Aconitine
10115:Saxitoxin
10069:Bacterial
10029:Saxitoxin
10009:Conotoxin
9776:Adenosine
9580:Histamine
9564:-Tyramine
9556:-Tyramine
9399:Sarcosine
9379:β-Alanine
9374:α-Alanine
9068:threonine
8884:glutamate
8849:Ornithine
8782:histidine
8768:glutamate
8595:β-Leucine
8419:See also:
8284:Bithionol
8239:β-Chloro-
8075:Nigericin
7787:transport
7780:Glutamate
7722:See also:
7656:Glutamate
7648:Agonists:
7570:LSP2-9166
7557:Glutamate
7549:Agonists:
7480:Glutamate
7477:Agonists:
7389:LSP2-9166
7376:Glutamate
7373:Agonists:
7348:Group III
7334:RO4491533
7242:Glutamate
7237:Eglumegad
7224:Agonists:
7198:RO4491533
7089:Glutamate
7084:Eglumegad
7066:Agonists:
6913:Glutamate
6888:ADX-47273
6880:Agonists:
6804:Ro67-7476
6799:Ro67-4853
6794:Ro01-6128
6779:Glutamate
6766:Agonists:
6670:See also:
6650:Unsorted:
6593:MDL-27266
6573:FR-115427
6568:FPL-12495
6525:ARR-15896
6453:Halothane
6443:Enflurane
6401:Magnesium
6352:Ro 8-4304
6327:Eliprodil
6238:PD-137889
6198:Morphanol
6173:Methadone
6168:Memantine
6118:Ibogamine
6093:Etoxadrol
6023:ARL-16247
6013:ARL-12495
5998:Aptiganel
5963:4-MeO-PCP
5958:3-MeO-PCP
5948:3-MeO-PCE
5911:Co 101676
5884:MRZ 2/576
5834:GV-196771
5824:Felbamate
5801:CGP-39653
5781:ACEA-1328
5776:ACEA-1011
5719:NPC-17742
5714:NPC-12626
5699:LY-274614
5694:LY-235959
5689:LY-233053
5674:CGS-19755
5669:CGP-40116
5664:CGP-39653
5659:CGP-39551
5654:CGP-37849
5644:AP5 (APV)
5545:Sarcosine
5421:β-Fluoro-
5370:Glutamate
5365:Aspartate
5354:Agonists:
5311:Enflurane
5255:LY-382884
5215:ACEA-1011
5200:Halothane
5195:Enflurane
5190:Diazoxide
5163:LY-339434
5148:Glutamate
5112:Agonists:
5057:Irampanel
5052:Halothane
5027:Enflurane
4901:ACEA-1011
4876:Piracetam
4856:ORG-26576
4851:Nooglutyl
4841:LY-503430
4836:LY-451646
4831:LY-404187
4826:LY-395153
4821:LY-392098
4806:Diazoxide
4734:Glutamate
4703:Agonists:
4593:Ketogenic
4583:Essential
4499:Histidine
4464:Threonine
4454:Glutamine
4415:Histidine
4354:Aliphatic
3779:0165-5728
3648:0022-3042
3280:0306-0012
3036:WM335 by
2661:Ajinomoto
2616:glutamine
2565:-induced
2563:yohimbine
2544:eglumetad
2510:The drug
2483:(RDC) in
2417:soy sauce
2297:neocortex
2279:such as
2099:Aspartate
1756:Glutamine
1737:Reactants
1724:Synthesis
1634:(+). The
1630:(−), and
1410:Chemistry
1406:– group.
1400:methylene
1396:aspartate
1291:glutamate
1096:glutamate
983:P403+P233
975:P337+P313
971:P332+P313
955:P304+P340
951:P302+P352
868:labelling
444:EC Number
195:6893-26-1
21:Glutamine
10294:Schradan
10269:Fipronil
10221:Muscimol
10163:Rotenone
9994:Birtoxin
9989:Bestoxin
9815:-derived
9761:-derived
9742:instead.
9697:Oleamide
9628:-derived
9609:instead.
9466:Dopamine
9277:Agmatine
9254:-derived
9124:tyrosine
9111:fumarate
9058:Cysteine
8880:cysteine
8844:Agmatine
8835:arginine
8739:creatine
8700:pyruvate
8516:Allysine
8243:-alanine
7949:UCPH-101
7936:Theanine
7931:TFB-TBOA
7921:SYM-2081
7906:-2,4-PDC
7706:UBP-1112
7622:ADX71743
7610:UBP-1112
7523:UBP-1112
7451:UBP-1112
7322:MGS-0039
7267:MGS-0028
7181:MGS-0039
7119:MGS-0028
7041:Group II
6985:SIB-1893
6980:SIB-1757
6970:NPS-2390
6854:NPS-2390
6814:Theanine
6598:Metaphit
6508:Urethane
6396:Hydrogen
6393:Cations:
6303:Tramadol
6128:Ketamine
6113:Ibogaine
6028:Budipine
5943:3-HO-PCP
5869:LU-73068
5859:L-701324
5854:L-689560
5761:5,7-DCKA
5749:Selfotel
5631:SAGE-718
5626:SAGE-301
5621:SAGE-201
5562:Spermine
5552:Neomycin
5517:-Alanine
5509:L-687414
5468:-Alanine
5425:-alanine
5414:Theanine
5280:Theanine
5178:SYM-2081
4986:Theanine
4552:Tyrosine
4546:Cysteine
4493:Arginine
4420:Tyrosine
4407:Aromatic
4223:Diastase
4122:39496546
4029:19571220
3978:10736373
3927:24080311
3883:15573025
3838:10736365
3797:35717735
3656:16787421
3609:11752112
3574:17202478
3522:20308566
3463:37400348
3420:10736372
3376:25074540
3327:24747768
3288:22006024
2964:93590487
2825:(2005),
2649:See also
2627:cannabis
2608:cortisol
2600:steroids
2577:cortisol
2532:ketamine
2451:Nutrient
2383:pancreas
2281:learning
2233:vesicles
2170:ammonium
2134:nitrogen
2111:pyruvate
2091:pyruvate
2060:ketoacid
2040:ketoacid
2028:proteins
1744:Products
1652:bacteria
1389:glutamyl
1353:alkaline
1343:such as
1206:carboxyl
1108:proteins
1086:(symbol
999:NFPA 704
859:Hazards
850:(χ)
465:E number
389:DrugBank
184:617-65-2
10412:EA-2192
10387:EA-4056
10382:EA-3990
10322:EA-3148
10299:Dimefox
10289:Mipafox
10183:Thujone
9813:Vitamin
9707:RVD-Hpα
9662:AA-5-HT
9409:Taurine
9394:Proline
9384:Glycine
9327:Proline
9297:Glycine
8816:proline
8735:glycine
8714:glycine
8705:citrate
8624:alanine
8556:leucine
7012:GRN-529
7007:Fenobam
6992:AZD9272
6928:VU-1545
6829:CPCCOEt
6741:Group I
6642:saffron
6488:Toluene
6478:Octanol
6458:Hexanol
6413:Benzene
6389:TCN-213
6384:TCN-201
6379:MPX-007
6374:MPX-004
5968:8A-PDHQ
5906:Arcaine
5899:ZD-9379
5596:sulfate
5525:-Serine
5499:Glycine
5484:-Serine
5399:Proline
5326:NS-3763
5299:(e.g.,
5290:UBP-302
5168:Proline
5010:(e.g.,
4886:S-18986
4816:IDRA-21
4801:CX-1942
4796:CX-1739
4744:Proline
4554:(≈10.1)
4495:(≈12.5)
4489:(≈10.8)
4397:Glycine
4392:Proline
4387:Alanine
4376:Leucine
4323:Peptide
4318:Protein
4215:Enzymes
4202:enzymes
4083:9653176
4020:3136011
3935:3357749
3891:6029856
3788:9274902
3701:7494864
3565:2193629
3513:2851965
3490:Bibcode
3455:7870979
3367:4232089
3072:9501533
2944:Bibcode
2908:Bibcode
2886:1263308
2799:5 March
2728:24 June
2597:adrenal
2593:CYP11B1
2550:of the
2548:agonist
2522:at the
2469:Auxigro
2447:(MSG).
2413:cheeses
2315:during
2267:or the
2087:Alanine
1920:ALDH4A1
1916:+ NADH
1815:acetate
1749:Enzymes
1704:of the
1677:History
1671:mammals
1650:of the
1626:exist:
1547:OOC−CH(
1512:OOC−CH(
1501:−COOH.
1464:acidity
1385:radical
1323:neutral
1293:OOC−CH(
1267:by the
1265:encoded
899:Warning
829:Acidity
787:Density
771:147.130
527:PubChem
413:DB02517
402:DB00142
242::
176:56-86-0
10392:T-1123
9778:system
9652:2-ALPI
9573:Others
9404:Serine
9332:Serine
8921:valine
8719:serine
8502:lysine
8304:GW5074
8164:CB-839
8137:Enzyme
7965:vGluTs
7615:XAP044
7552:AMN082
7232:DCG-IV
7227:CBiPES
7186:PCCG-4
7079:DCG-IV
7074:CBiPES
6518:Xylene
6418:Butane
5791:AV-101
5504:HA-966
4791:CX-717
4781:CX-614
4776:CX-546
4771:CX-516
4548:(≈8.3)
4542:(≈5.4)
4536:(≈4.1)
4530:(≈3.9)
4501:(≈6.1)
4487:Lysine
4459:Serine
4366:Valine
4238:Pepsin
4147:
4120:
4081:
4071:
4027:
4017:
3976:
3933:
3925:
3889:
3881:
3836:
3795:
3785:
3777:
3736:
3699:
3654:
3646:
3607:
3572:
3562:
3520:
3510:
3461:
3453:
3418:
3374:
3364:
3325:
3286:
3278:
3241:
3214:
3095:3 June
3070:
2989:
2962:
2884:
2753:
2602:(i.e.
2285:memory
2259:cell,
2189:glioma
2009:salt.
1971:+ NAA
1834:H + NH
1795:NAcGlu
1694:gluten
1660:enzyme
1620:chiral
1471:cation
1445:proton
1276:proton
1269:codons
1226:acidic
1170:gluten
688:SMILES
515:C00217
504:C00025
341:ChEMBL
275:B00007
263:3DMet
114:Names
10485:Other
10440:IPTBO
10342:Tabun
10337:Soman
10332:Sarin
10158:Tutin
9687:NAGly
9626:Lipid
9461:6-OHM
9353:GABOB
9182:Other
8873:other
8159:BPTES
8108:-ACDP
8106:trans
7996:7-CKA
7942:threo
7904:trans
7868:threo
7866:-(-)-
7853:HIP-B
7848:HIP-A
7833:-ACBD
7808:EAATs
7633:mGluR
7590:MMPIP
7534:mGluR
7462:mGluR
7394:PHCCC
7358:mGluR
7302:HYDIA
7292:CECXG
7287:APICA
7209:mGluR
7161:HYDIA
7151:CECXG
7146:APICA
7051:mGluR
6950:DMeOB
6893:CDPPB
6865:mGluR
6809:VU-71
6751:mGluR
6513:Xenon
5973:18-MC
5938:2-MDP
5766:7-CKA
5729:PEAQX
5455:B6B21
5445:AK-51
5379:-HCA)
5342:NMDAR
5265:NS102
4996:YM90K
4691:AMPAR
4574:types
4440:Polar
4118:S2CID
4074:20965
3931:S2CID
3887:S2CID
3672:"GABA
3459:S2CID
2960:S2CID
2457:kombu
2429:taste
2421:umami
2227:. At
2178:liver
2158:NADPH
2109:Both
1975:GCPII
1862:GLUD2
1858:GLUD1
1714:umami
1710:kombu
1667:liver
1545:anion
1336:umami
1288:anion
650:InChI
555:23327
544:33032
470:E620
378:30572
298:ChEBI
208:JSmol
10507:IDPN
10435:TBPO
10430:TBPS
10110:BMAA
9740:here
9738:See
9682:NADA
9657:2-OG
9642:2-AG
9607:here
9605:See
9348:GABA
9322:NAAG
9307:GSSG
9302:GSNO
9166:see
8390:AAOA
8294:EGCG
8279:AAOA
8197:AAOA
8100:SITS
8036:DIDS
7926:TBOA
7911:MPDC
7878:-αAA
7838:DHKA
7785:and
7701:MTPG
7696:MSOP
7691:MPPG
7686:MAP4
7681:CPPG
7664:-AP4
7651:DCPG
7605:MTPG
7600:MSOP
7595:MPPG
7585:MAP4
7580:CPPG
7565:-AP4
7518:MTPG
7513:MSOP
7508:MPPG
7503:MAP4
7498:CPPG
7488:-AP4
7446:MTPG
7441:MSOP
7436:MPPG
7431:MAP4
7426:CPPG
7416:MPEP
7384:-AP4
7317:MCPG
7297:EGLU
7176:MCPG
7156:EGLU
7069:BINA
7022:MTEP
7017:MPEP
6965:MCPG
6945:CTEP
6908:DHPG
6898:CHPG
6883:ACPD
6849:MCPG
6774:DHPG
6769:ACPD
6608:MPEP
6548:-αAA
6406:Zinc
6233:PCPr
6203:NEFA
5889:PNQX
5819:DNQX
5806:CNQX
5739:PPDA
5724:PBPD
5594:DHEA
5579:DHEA
5489:DHPG
5440:ACPD
5430:ACBD
5394:NMDA
5360:AMAA
5260:NBQX
5235:GAMS
5230:DNQX
5220:CNQX
5138:ATPA
5133:AMPA
4971:PNQX
4966:NBQX
4941:GAMS
4931:DNQX
4921:CNQX
4906:ATPO
4866:PEPA
4724:BOAA
4719:AMPA
4248:Acid
4145:ISBN
4079:PMID
4025:PMID
3974:PMID
3923:PMID
3879:PMID
3834:PMID
3793:PMID
3775:ISSN
3734:ISBN
3697:PMID
3652:PMID
3644:ISSN
3605:PMID
3570:PMID
3518:PMID
3451:PMID
3416:PMID
3372:PMID
3323:PMID
3311:1846
3284:PMID
3276:ISSN
3239:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3155:2008
3125:2008
3097:2012
3068:PMID
3044:murI
2987:ISBN
2801:2018
2751:ISBN
2730:2023
2606:and
2557:and
2538:and
2530:and
2441:salt
2435:and
2415:and
2381:and
2373:and
2311:and
2283:and
2247:and
2197:IDH1
2174:urea
2160:+ NH
2154:NADP
2152:O +
2113:and
1961:NAAG
1954:FTCD
1848:NADP
1832:NADP
1788:GLS2
1646:and
1349:E620
1174:beet
991:P501
987:P405
979:P362
967:P321
963:P312
947:P280
943:P271
939:P264
935:P261
921:H335
917:H319
913:H315
566:UNII
491:KEGG
9795:ATP
9790:AMP
9785:ADP
9712:SEA
9702:PEA
9692:OEA
9677:LPI
9672:DEA
9427:GHB
9358:GHB
9317:NAA
8373:GAD
8299:GTP
8267:GDH
8227:ALT
8202:AMB
8180:AST
8169:DON
8147:GAH
7831:cis
6903:DFB
5771:ACC
5679:CPP
5649:AP7
5460:CCG
5100:KAR
4206:A09
4110:doi
4106:899
4069:PMC
4059:doi
4015:PMC
4007:doi
3964:doi
3960:130
3915:doi
3911:382
3871:doi
3824:doi
3820:130
3783:PMC
3767:doi
3763:369
3726:doi
3689:doi
3636:doi
3597:doi
3593:300
3560:PMC
3552:doi
3508:PMC
3498:doi
3486:107
3443:doi
3439:111
3406:doi
3402:130
3362:PMC
3354:doi
3315:doi
3268:doi
3185:doi
3058:doi
3010:".
2952:doi
2916:doi
2904:141
2882:PMC
2857:doi
2191:or
2164:+ H
2062:⇌ R
2058:-α-
1969:Glu
1942:Glu
1914:Glu
1903:+ H
1901:NAD
1881:Glu
1850:+ H
1844:Glu
1811:Glu
1784:GLS
1772:Glu
1669:of
1594:)−(
1559:)−(
1524:)−(
1504:At
1485:)−(
1402:–CH
1367:)−(
1345:MSG
1305:)−(
1247:)−(
1188:)−(
1106:of
1090:or
1088:Glu
866:GHS
615:EPA
530:CID
55:of
23:or
10529::
10377:GV
10372:VX
10367:VR
10362:VP
10357:VM
10352:VG
10347:VE
9915:O)
9867:S)
9156:G→
9109:G→
9056:+
8905:G→
8890::
8766:G→
8741::
8702:→
8698:G→
8432:•
8428:•
8424:•
8335:GS
8209:DL
8207:β-
7731:•
7727:•
7666:;
7617:;
7406:;
7324:;
7188:;
7131:;
6987:;
6930:;
6520:;
6408:;
6391:;
6369:;
6305:;
5933:;
5901:;
5751:;
5569:24
5564:;
5547:;
5416:;
5303:,
5292:;
5180:;
5084:;
5014:,
5003:;
4756:;
4576::
4116:.
4104:.
4100:.
4077:.
4067:.
4055:95
4053:.
4049:.
4031:.
4023:.
4013:.
4003:90
4001:.
3995:.
3972:.
3958:.
3952:.
3929:.
3921:.
3909:.
3885:.
3877:.
3865:.
3832:.
3818:.
3814:.
3791:.
3781:.
3773:.
3761:.
3757:.
3732:.
3720:.
3695:.
3685:67
3683:.
3679:.
3650:.
3642:.
3632:98
3630:.
3626:.
3603:.
3591:.
3568:.
3558:.
3548:27
3546:.
3542:.
3530:^
3516:.
3506:.
3496:.
3484:.
3480:.
3457:.
3449:.
3437:.
3414:.
3400:.
3396:.
3384:^
3370:.
3360:.
3350:16
3348:.
3344:.
3321:.
3309:.
3305:.
3282:.
3274:.
3264:41
3262:.
3181:33
3179:.
3175:.
3163:^
3141:.
3114:.
3066:.
3054:62
3052:.
3048:.
2993:,
2972:^
2958:.
2950:.
2938:.
2914:.
2902:.
2869:^
2853:26
2851:.
2847:.
2629:,
2618:.
2591:,
2396:.
2385:.
2323:.
2295:,
2235:.
2199:.
2129:.
2121:,
1944:+
1931:FH
1929:+
1899:+
1883:+
1871:+
1860:,
1854:O
1846:+
1830:+
1813:+
1797:+
1786:,
1776:NH
1774:+
1758:+
1720:.
1673:.
1596:CH
1584:NH
1561:CH
1549:NH
1526:CH
1514:NH
1506:pH
1487:CH
1475:NH
1433:NH
1431:(−
1391:.
1369:CH
1357:NH
1307:CH
1295:NH
1249:CH
1237:NH
1214:NH
1190:CH
1178:NH
1149:NO
989:,
985:,
981:,
977:,
973:,
969:,
965:,
961:,
957:,
953:,
949:,
945:,
941:,
937:,
919:,
915:,
870::
838:)
831:(p
9962:e
9955:t
9948:v
9924:)
9922:2
9913:2
9901:)
9899:3
9865:2
9562:p
9554:m
9526:p
9518:m
9236:e
9229:t
9222:v
9126:→
9122:→
9089:→
9070:→
9046::
9028:L
9023:S
9015:S
9011::
9001:→
8967:→
8923:→
8909:→
8886:→
8882:+
8837:→
8818:→
8784:→
8770:→
8737:→
8721:→
8716:→
8690:G
8634:N
8626:→
8622:→
8558:→
8504:→
8491:→
8489:K
8467:e
8460:t
8453:v
8396:L
8249:L
8241:L
8048:L
7979:L
7902:-
7900:L
7892:L
7884:L
7876:L
7864:L
7772:e
7765:t
7758:v
7662:L
7635:8
7563:L
7536:7
7486:L
7464:6
7382:L
7360:4
7211:3
7053:2
6867:5
6753:1
6722:e
6715:t
6708:v
6644:)
6640:(
6546:D
5812:D
5602:)
5598:(
5589:)
5585:(
5571:S
5523:L
5515:L
5482:D
5474:D
5466:D
5423:D
5377:L
5307:)
5018:)
4671:e
4664:t
4657:v
4521:)
4519:a
4516:K
4480:)
4478:a
4475:K
4378:)
4364:(
4296:e
4289:t
4282:v
4208:)
4204:(
4193:e
4186:t
4179:v
4153:.
4124:.
4112::
4085:.
4061::
4009::
3980:.
3966::
3937:.
3917::
3893:.
3873::
3867:6
3840:.
3826::
3799:.
3769::
3742:.
3728::
3703:.
3691::
3674:B
3658:.
3638::
3611:.
3599::
3576:.
3554::
3524:.
3500::
3492::
3465:.
3445::
3422:.
3408::
3378:.
3356::
3329:.
3317::
3290:.
3270::
3247:.
3220:.
3193:.
3187::
3157:.
3127:.
3099:.
3074:.
3060::
3039:D
3029:D
2997:.
2966:.
2954::
2946::
2940:2
2922:.
2918::
2910::
2888:.
2863:.
2859::
2803:.
2759:.
2732:.
2559:3
2555:2
2251:(
2162:3
2150:2
2068:2
2064:1
2056:2
2052:1
2050:R
1965:→
1948:4
1938:→
1933:4
1910:→
1907:O
1905:2
1877:→
1852:2
1840:→
1836:4
1820:N
1807:→
1803:O
1801:2
1799:H
1778:3
1768:→
1764:O
1762:2
1760:H
1656:l
1640:d
1636:l
1632:l
1628:d
1608:2
1606:)
1601:2
1589:2
1573:2
1571:)
1566:2
1554:3
1538:2
1536:)
1531:2
1519:3
1499:2
1497:)
1492:2
1480:3
1449:H
1447:(
1438:2
1404:2
1381:2
1379:)
1374:2
1362:2
1319:2
1317:)
1312:2
1300:3
1261:2
1259:)
1254:2
1242:3
1219:2
1212:−
1202:2
1200:)
1195:2
1183:2
1165:L
1154:4
1145:9
1140:H
1136:5
1131:C
1092:E
1040:0
1033:1
1026:2
836:a
833:K
759:4
756:O
753:N
750:9
747:H
744:5
741:C
704:d
696:l
669:l
626:l
617:)
613:(
593:d
574:l
550:d
539:l
510:d
499:l
453:l
408:d
397:l
373:l
349:l
325:d
306:l
270:l
229:d
218:l
210:)
190:d
171:l
58:L
34:.
27:.
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