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508:, which was traditionally a flat slab of marble, but today is more commonly a fairly thick flat sheet of steel. This process, called "marvering", forms a cool skin on the exterior of the molten glass blob, and shapes it. Then air is blown into the pipe, creating a bubble. Next, the glassworker can gather more glass over that bubble to create a larger piece. Once a piece has been blown to its approximate final size, the bottom is finalized. Then, the molten glass is attached to a stainless steel or iron rod called a "punty" for shaping and transferring the hollow piece from the blowpipe to provide an opening and to finalize the top.
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269:, which is a cameo manufactured during the Roman period. An experiment was carried out by Gudenrath and Whitehouse with the aim of re-creating the Portland Vase. A full amount of blue glass required for the body of the vase was gathered on the end of the blowpipe and was subsequently dipped into a pot of hot white glass. Inflation occurred when the glassworker blew the molten glass into a sphere which was then stretched or elongated into a vase with a layer of white glass overlying the blue body.
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575:(rods cut in cross-sections to reveal patterns). These pieces of color can be arranged in a pattern on a flat surface, and then "picked up" by rolling a bubble of molten glass over them. One of the most exacting and complicated caneworking techniques is "reticello", which involves creating two bubbles from cane, each twisted in a different direction and then combining them and blowing out the final form.
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of air into a molten portion of glass called a "gather" which has been spooled at one end of the blowpipe. This has the effect of forming an elastic skin on the interior of the glass blob that matches the exterior skin caused by the removal of heat from the furnace. The glassworker can then quickly inflate the molten glass to a coherent blob and work it into a desired shape.
944:". The technique of glassblowing, coupled with the cylinder and crown methods, was used to manufacture sheet or flat glass for window panes in the late 17th century. The applicability of glassblowing was so widespread that glass was being blown in many parts of the world, for example, in China, Japan and the Islamic Lands.
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sophistication of the glassworkers in the eastern regions of the Roman Empire. Mold-blown glass vessels manufactured by the workshops of Ennion and other contemporary glassworkers such as Jason, Nikon, Aristeas, and Meges, constitutes some of the earliest evidence of glassblowing found in the eastern territories.
1015:, during which they started experimenting with melting glass in a small furnace and creating blown glass art. Littleton promoted the use of small furnaces in individual artists studios. This approach to glassblowing blossomed into a worldwide movement, producing such flamboyant and prolific artists as
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The Roman leaf beaker which is now on display in the J. Paul Getty Museum was blown in a three-part mold decorated with the foliage relief frieze of four vertical plants. Meanwhile, Taylor and Hill tried to reproduce mold-blown vessels by using three-part molds made of different materials. The result
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Hence, tube blowing not only represents the initial attempts of experimentation by glassworkers at blowing glass, it is also a revolutionary step that induced a change in conception and a deep understanding of glass. Such inventions swiftly eclipsed all other traditional methods, such as casting and
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used for creating flat spots such as a bottom. Tweezers are used to pick out details or to pull on the glass. There are two important types of shears, straight shears and diamond shears. Straight shears are essentially bulky scissors, used for making linear cuts. Diamond shears have blades that form
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Mold-blowing was an alternative glassblowing method that came after the invention of free-blowing, during the first part of the second quarter of the 1st century AD. A glob of molten glass is placed on the end of the blowpipe, and is then inflated into a wooden or metal carved mold. In that way, the
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This method held a pre-eminent position in glassforming ever since its introduction in the middle of the 1st century BC until the late 19th century, and is still widely used as a glassforming technique, especially for artistic purposes. The process of free-blowing involves the blowing of short puffs
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in the demise of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. During the early medieval period, the Franks manipulated the technique of glassblowing by creating the simple corrugated molds and developing the claws decoration techniques. Blown glass objects, such as the drinking vessels that imitated the
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in
Switzerland. Clay blowpipes, also known as mouthblowers, were made by the ancient glassworkers due to the accessibility and availability of the resources before the introduction of the metal blowpipes. Hollow iron rods, together with blown vessel fragments and glass waste dating to approximately
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Later, the
Phoenician glassworkers exploited their glassblowing techniques and set up their workshops in the western territories of the Roman Empire, first in Italy by the middle of the 1st century AD. Rome, the heartland of the empire, soon became a major glassblowing center, and more glassblowing
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for example, was among the most prominent glassworkers from
Lebanon of the time. He was renowned for producing the multi-paneled mold-blown glass vessels that were complex in their shapes, arrangement and decorative motifs. The complexity of designs of these mold-blown glass vessels illustrated the
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of molten glass, is simply referred to as "the furnace". The second is called the "glory hole", and is used to reheat a piece in between steps of working with it. The final furnace is called the "lehr" or "annealer", and is used to slowly cool the glass, over a period of a few hours to a few days,
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As a novel glass forming technique created in the middle of the 1st century BC, glassblowing exploited a working property of glass that was previously unknown to glassworkers; inflation, which is the expansion of a molten blob of glass by introducing a small amount of air into it. That is based on
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attempted to reconstruct the ancient free-blowing technique by using clay blowpipes. The result proved that short clay blowpipes of about 30–60 cm (12–24 in) facilitate free-blowing because they are simple to handle and to manipulate and can be re-used several times. Skilled workers are
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In addition, recent developments in technology allow for the use of glass components in high-tech applications. Using machininery to shape and form glass enables to manufacture glass products of the highest quality and accuracy. As a result, glass is often used in semiconductor, analytical, life
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which was dated to the 3rd century AD. The Roman hegemony over the
Mediterranean areas resulted in the substitution of glassblowing for earlier Hellenistic casting, core-forming and mosaic fusion techniques. The earliest evidence of blowing in Hellenistic work consists of small blown bottles for
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to rise out of the mass), and then the working temperature is reduced in the furnace to around 1,090 °C (2,000 °F). At this stage, the glass appears to be a bright orange color. Though most glassblowing is done between 870 and 1,040 °C (1,600 and 1,900 °F), "soda-lime" glass
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and blown jars decorated with ribbing, as well as blown perfume bottles with letters CCAA or CCA which stand for
Colonia Claudia Agrippiniensis, were produced from the Rhineland workshops. Remains of blown blue-green glass vessels, for example bottles with handles, collared bowls and indented
535:, and are used similarly to the marver to shape and cool a piece in the early steps of creation. In similar fashion, pads of water-soaked newspaper (roughly 15 cm (6 in) square, 1.3 to 2.5 centimetres (0.5 to 1 in) thick), held in the bare hand, can be used to shape the piece.
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Two types of mold, namely single-piece molds and multi-piece molds, are frequently used to produce mold-blown vessels. The former allows the finished glass object to be removed in one movement by pulling it upwards from the single-piece mold and is largely employed to produce tableware and
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593:(later followed by lampwork artists such as Milon Townsend and Robert Mickelson), is still practiced today. The modern lampworker uses a flame of oxygen and propane or natural gas. The modern torch permits working both the soft glass from the furnace worker and the
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glassworkers made mold-blown glass decorated with
Christian and Jewish symbols in Jerusalem between the late 6th century and the middle of the 7th century AD. Mold-blown vessels with facets, relief and linear-cut decoration were discovered at
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During blowing, thinner layers of glass cool faster than thicker ones and become more viscous than the thicker layers. That allows production of blown glass with uniform thickness instead of causing blow-through of the thinned layers.
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capable of shaping almost any vessel forms by rotating the pipe, swinging it and controlling the temperature of the piece while they blow. They can produce a great variety of glass objects, ranging from drinking cups to window glass.
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in the 1st century BC, which enhanced the spread and dominance of this new technology. Glassblowing was greatly supported by the Roman government (although Roman citizens could not be "in trade", in particular under the reign of
217:
To increase the stiffness of the molten glass, which in turn makes the process of blowing easier, there was a subtle change in the composition of glass. With reference to their studies of the ancient glass assemblages from
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utilitarian vessels for storage and transportation. Whereas the latter is made in multi-paneled mold segments that join together, thus permitting the development of more sophisticated surface modeling, texture and design.
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Surviving physical evidence, such as blowpipes and molds which are indicative of the presence of blowing, is fragmentary and limited. Pieces of clay blowpipes were retrieved from the late 1st century AD glass workshop at
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the liquid structure of glass where the atoms are held together by strong chemical bonds in a disordered and random network, therefore molten glass is viscous enough to be blown and gradually hardens as it loses heat.
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The tip of the blowpipe is first preheated; then dipped in the molten glass in the furnace. The molten glass is "gathered" onto the end of the blowpipe in much the same way that viscous honey is picked up on a
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The transformation of raw materials into glass takes place at around 1,320 °C (2,400 °F); the glass emits enough heat to appear almost white hot. The glass is then left to "fine out" (allowing the
951:, Norway, shows how glass was made according to ancient tradition. The Nøstetangen glassworks had operated there from 1741 to 1777, producing table-glass and chandeliers in the German and English styles.
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The development of the mold-blowing technique has enabled the speedy production of glass objects in large quantity, thus encouraging the mass production and widespread distribution of glass objects.
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is a glassblower's workstation; it includes places for the glassblower to sit, for the handheld tools, and two rails that the pipe or punty rides on while the blower works with the piece.
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as well as scores of other modern glass artists. Today there are many different institutions around the world that offer glassmaking resources for training and sharing equipment.
67:(often also called a glassblower or glassworker) manipulates glass with the use of a torch on a smaller scale, such as in producing precision laboratory glassware out of
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From there, escaping craftsmen (who had been forbidden to travel) otherwise advanced to the rest of Europe by building their glassblowing workshops in the north of the
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in glass, is slightly lower in blown vessels than those manufactured by casting. Lower concentration of natron would have allowed the glass to be stiffer for blowing.
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base molds were discovered from these
Rhineland workshops, suggesting the adoption and the application of mold-blowing technique by the glassworkers. Besides, blown
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of precisely timed movements. This practical requirement has encouraged collaboration among glass artists, in both semi-permanent and temporary working groups.
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A full range of glassblowing techniques was developed within decades of its invention. The two major methods of glassblowing are free-blowing and mold-blowing.
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remains somewhat plastic and workable at as low as 730 °C (1,350 °F). Annealing is usually done between 371 and 482 °C (700 and 900 °F).
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for bead making dated more than 2500 BP. Beads are made by attaching molten glass gather to the end of a blowpipe, a bubble is then blown into the gather.
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There are many ways to apply patterns and color to blown glass, including rolling molten glass in powdered color or larger pieces of colored glass called "
1714:
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Renaissance Europe witnessed the revitalization of glass industry in Italy. Glassblowing, in particular the mold-blowing technique, was employed by the
800:), and glass was being blown in many areas of the Roman world. On the eastern borders of the Empire, the first large glass workshops were set up by the
467:. Historically, all three furnaces were contained in one structure, with a set of progressively cooler chambers for each of the three purposes.
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shape and the texture of the bubble of glass is determined by the design on the interior of the mold rather than the skill of the glassworker.
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suggested that metal molds, in particular bronze, are more effective in producing high-relief design on glass than plaster or wooden molds.
589:, beads, and durable scientific "specimens"—miniature glass sculpture. The craft, which was raised to an art form in the late 1960s by
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are tools shaped somewhat like large tweezers with two blades, which are used for forming shape later in the creation of a piece.
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Fischer, A; McGray, W.Patrick (1999). "Glass
Production Activities as Practiced at Sepphoris, Israel (37 ?–? 1516)".
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1779:"Interconnections: glass beads and trade in southern and eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean - 7th to 16th centuries AD"
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Price, J. (1991). "Decorated Mould-Blown Glass
Tablewares in the First century AD". In M. Newby & K. Painter (eds.)
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in the birthplace of glassblowing in contemporary
Lebanon and Israel as well as in the neighbouring province of Cyprus.
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A glassworks in England in 1858. During the Industrial Revolution, techniques for mass-produced glassware were improved.
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was descended from a family of glass-blowers in 18th century France, and she wrote about her forebears in the 1963
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Cuneaz, G. (2003). "Introduction". In R.B. Mentasti, R. Mollo, P. Framarin, M. Sciaccaluga & A. Geotti (eds.)
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1599:"From Ancient Syria to the Contemporary Art Studio: A Timeline of Glassblowing Techniques - Habatat Galleries"
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Lazar, I. 2006. Glass finds in Slovenia and neighbouring areas. In Journal of Roman Archaeology 19: 299–342.
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Hőricht, L.A.S. (1991). "Syrian Elements among the Glass from Pompeii". In M. Newby & K. Painter (eds.)
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copied the technique consisting of blowing air into molten glass with a blowpipe making it into a bubble.
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Eventually, the glassblowing technique reached Egypt and was described in a fragmentary poem printed on
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Glassblowing was invented by Syrian craftsmen from Hama and Aleppo between 27 BC and 14 AD. The ancient
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Coles, R.A. 1983. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri 50. Egypt Exploration Society for the British Academy: London.
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1973:
Vose, R.H. (1989). "From Dark Ages to the Fall of Constantinople". In D. Klein & W. Lloyd (eds.)
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Grose, D.F. (1982). "The Hellenistic and Early Roman Glass from Morgantina (Serra Orlando), Sicily".
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858:(which is now Switzerland), and then at sites in northern Europe in present-day France and Belgium.
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in the form of Indo-Pacific beads which uses glass blowing to make cavity before being subjected to
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Wright, K. (2000). "Leaf Beakers and Roman Mould-blown Glass Production in the First Century AD".
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shape of the animal horn were produced in the Rhine and Meuse valleys, as well as in Belgium. The
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2016:
Wood, P. (1989). "The Tradition from Medieval to Renaissance". In D. Klein & W. Lloyd (eds.)
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2220:(1920), by Carleton John Lynde (1872-1971), published by the A. C. Gilbert Company at New Haven
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La Route Du Verre: ateliers primaries et secondaires du second millenaire av. J-C au Moyen Age
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Glass Through Time: history and technique of glassmaking from the ancient world to the present
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depending on the size of the pieces. This keeps the glass from cracking or shattering due to
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Taylor, M. & D. Hill 1998. Making Roman Glass Today. In The Colchester Archaeologist 11
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Gudenrath, W.; Whitehouse, D. (1990). "The Manufacture of the Vase of its Ancient Repair".
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Working with large or complex pieces requires a team of several glassworkers, in a complex
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Tait, H. (1994). "Europe from the Middle Ages to Industrial Revolution". In H. Tait (ed.)
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The glass blowing tradition was carried on in Europe from the medieval period through the
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209:. The blowpipe is being held in the glassblower's left hand. The glass is glowing yellow.
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1957. Roman Glass: from dated finds. Archaeologica Traiectina. J.B. Wolters: Groningen.
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One of the most prolific glassblowing centers of the Roman period was established in
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a diamond shape when partially open. These are used for cutting off masses of glass.
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Israeli, Y. (1991). "The Invention of Blowing". In M. Newby & K. Painter (eds.)
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Lightfoot, C.S. (1987). "A Group of early Roman Mould-Blown Flasks from the West".
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Early glass of the ancient world: 1600 B.C.-A.D. 50 : Ernesto Wolf collection
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Tatton-Brown, V. (1991). "Early Medieval Europe AD 400 – 1066". In H. Tait (ed.)
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Price, J. (2000). "Roman Glass Production in Western Europe". In M-D Nenna (ed.)
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workshops were subsequently established in other provinces of Italy, for example
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is the investigation of a crime in a Venetian glassworks on the island of
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perfume and oil retrieved from the glass workshops on the Greek island of
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Glass can be made with precise striped patterns through a process called
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647: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
601:. This latter worker may also have multiple headed torches and special
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120: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The invention of glassblowing coincided with the establishment of the
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beakers, were found in abundance from the local glass workshops at
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of Israel, Fischer and McCray postulated that the concentration of
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1214:. pp.37–56. University of Toronto Press: Toronto & Buffalo.
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A glassworker blows air into the glass, creating a cavity inside
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1351:. H.N. Abrams in association with the Corning Museum of Glass.
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Freestone, I. (1991). "Looking into Glass". In S. Bowman (ed.)
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Tatton-Brown, V. (1991). "The Roman Empire". In H. Tait (ed.)
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Frank, S 1982. Glass and Archaeology. Academic Press: London.
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Use of a glory hole to reheat a piece on the end of a blowpipe
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1670:"The History of Glass Making by T S Campbell | Sciences 360"
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in Germany by the late 1st century BC. Stone base molds and
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An outstanding example of the free-blowing technique is the
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in mainland Greece which were dated to the 1st century AD.
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is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten
1864:. pp. 76–85. The Society of Antiquaries of London: London
1696:. pp. 46–55. The Society of Antiquaries of London: London
1464:. pp. 56–75. The Society of Antiquaries of London: London
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4th century AD, were recovered from the glass workshop in
2128:"Through a glass darkly by Donna Leon – Kirkus Reviews"
843:. A great variety of blown glass objects, ranging from
1930:. pp. 123–124. Maison de l’Orient Mediterranean: Paris
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to produce the fine glassware which is also known as "
735:
Evidence of glass blowing comes even earlier from the
49:(or blow tube). A person who blows glass is called a
2197:
contains additional glassblowing informational links
2020:. pp. 67–92. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.:
1977:. pp. 39–66. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.:
1011:, a chemist and engineer, held two workshops at the
1407:
1345:Chloe Zerwick; Corning Museum of Glass (May 1990).
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1740:"Glass Beads in Asia Part Two. Indo-Pacific Beads"
1715:"'Indians made glass blown beads 2,500 years ago'"
1323:. Middlesex: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited.
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787:Glassblowing production methods in England in 1858
851:, from tableware to window glass, were produced.
285:sculpting a section of his piece "Insignificance"
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1917:No. 76. CTT Printing Series Ltd.: Pembrokeshire.
1571:Purchasing Agent: Magazine of Centralized Buying
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1862:Roman Glass: two centuries of art and invention
1694:Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention
1462:Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention
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1042:science, industrial, and medical applications.
441:which involves the use of rods of colored glass
475:The major tools used by a glassblower are the
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45:into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a
2000:. pp. 145–187. British Museum Press: London
1952:. pp. 98–111. British Museum Press: London.
1913:Allen, D. (1998). "Roman Glass in Britain".
531:are ladle-like tools made from water-soaked
341:introducing citations to additional sources
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249:Glassworking in a hot shop in New York City
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1499:. pp. 62–97. British Museum Press: London
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1377:Birgit Schlick-Nolte; E. Marianne (1994).
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1167:"UNESCO - Traditional Syrian glassblowing"
1783:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
1648:. Springer Science & Business Media.
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2154:) is being considered for deletion. See
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1967:
1965:
1909:
1907:
1905:
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1319:Glass: from Antiquity to the Renaissance
1308:
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782:
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756:
432:
411:
403:
331:Relevant discussion may be found on the
276:
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1574:. Purchasing agent Company. 1919-01-01.
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994:
304:
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2095:Thermal Processing of Precision Glass
1962:
1933:
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1874:
1817:
847:(toiletry containers for perfume) to
2010:
1987:
1776:
1712:
1365:
1183:
958:
719:
645:adding citations to reliable sources
616:
308:
118:adding citations to reliable sources
89:
2217:Experimental glass blowing for boys
1263:. University of Pennsylvania Press
504:. This glass is then rolled on the
24:
2287:Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)
2130:– via www.kirkusreviews.com.
1552:. pp. 11–30. Skira Editore: Milan
25:
3425:
2282:Blowing and pressing (containers)
2186:to help reach a consensus. ›
2158:to help reach a consensus. ›
2137:
1713:Saju, M. T. (November 17, 2020).
1282:Journal of Archaeological Science
1234:. The Royal Society of Chemistry
1230:Pollard, A.M. and C. Heron 2008.
3198:Bronze and brass ornamental work
1064:The subject of mystery novelist
1045:
962:
732:core-forming, in working glass.
621:
324:relies largely or entirely on a
313:
201:A stage in the manufacture of a
94:
78:intangible cultural heritage by
2120:
2102:
2086:
2074:
2052:
2030:
1832:. Collins Archaeology: London.
1770:
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1706:
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1635:
1611:
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1578:
1562:
746:
632:needs additional citations for
272:
240:
105:needs additional citations for
2202:Scientific Glassblowing Basics
1642:Pfaender, H. G. (2012-12-06).
1159:
906:
458:. The first, which contains a
13:
1:
2171:
2143:
1153:
558:
192:
85:
2465:Machine drawn cylinder sheet
1998:Five Thousand Years of Glass
1950:Five Thousand Years of Glass
1795:10.1080/0067270x.2012.680307
1497:Five Thousand Years of Glass
1007:, a ceramics professor, and
571:(rods of colored glass) and
454:Glassblowing involves three
74:Glassblowing is listed as a
7:
2578:Glossary of glass art terms
1079:
609:used for special projects.
550:are flat pieces of wood or
494:
27:Technique for forming glass
10:
3430:
947:The Nøstetangen Museum at
750:
612:
605:to help form the glass or
425:How a wine glass is made,
3211:
3148:
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2979:
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2648:
2635:
2570:
2523:
2345:
2262:
2060:Gamle Sorenskrivergaarden
1597:webteam (20 March 2015).
1335:(apparently out of print)
1261:A History of Glassforming
523:
2495:Satsuma Kiriko cut glass
2307:Overflow downdraw method
2302:Precision glass moulding
2297:Drawing (optical fibers)
2184:templates for discussion
2156:templates for discussion
1892:Journal of Glass Studies
1523:Journal of Glass Studies
1437:Journal of Glass Studies
1410:Journal of Glass Studies
1348:A short history of glass
1232:Archaeological Chemistry
899:of Spain, as well as in
538:
511:
470:
3333:Painting in Hälsingland
2548:Shock metamorphic glass
1738:Francis, Peter (1990).
1070:Through a Glass, Darkly
597:(low-expansion) of the
2071:. nostetangenmuseum.no
2049:. nostetangenmuseum.no
2038:Nøstetangen Glassworks
1777:Wood, Marilee (2012).
1302:10.1006/jasc.1999.0398
1147:Blown Away (TV series)
929:in the Islamic lands.
788:
780:
772:
599:scientific glassblower
487:, or mandrel), bench,
442:
430:
409:
286:
250:
210:
35:
1645:Schott Guide to Glass
1619:"Ancient Roman Glass"
1315:Mariacher, G (1970).
1127:List of glass artists
1003:" began in 1962 when
1001:studio glass movement
955:Industrial Revolution
786:
778:
760:
436:
424:
407:
280:
248:
200:
33:
3353:Pressed flower craft
2410:Cylinder blown sheet
2018:The History of Glass
1975:The History of Glass
1212:Science and the Past
1092:Crown glass (window)
1013:Toledo Museum of Art
741:tube drawn technique
641:improve this article
587:laboratory glassware
337:improve this article
259:Toledo Museum of Art
114:improve this article
2770:Spinning (textiles)
2688:Friendship bracelet
2533:Radiative processes
2348:historic techniques
2272:Float glass process
2110:"The Glass-Blowers"
1828:Vose, R.H. (1989).
1674:www.sciences360.com
1294:1999JArSc..26..893F
1259:Cummings, K. 2002.
995:Recent developments
737:Indian subcontinent
305:Modern glassblowing
257:Researchers at the
2327:Chemical polishing
2208:2011-04-06 at the
2067:2012-03-24 at the
2045:2012-03-24 at the
1744:Asian Perspectives
1719:The Times of India
1623:www.vita-romae.com
1387:. pp. 81–83.
974:. You can help by
936:glassworkers from
789:
781:
773:
761:Roman blown glass
595:borosilicate glass
443:
431:
410:
287:
283:Jean-Pierre Canlis
251:
211:
203:Bristol blue glass
69:borosilicate glass
36:
3414:Firing techniques
3386:
3385:
3276:Hardstone carving
3224:Balloon modelling
2738:Ribbon embroidery
2591:
2590:
2525:Natural processes
2440:Fourcault process
2114:www.goodreads.com
1915:Shire Archaeology
1655:978-94-011-0517-0
1587:. glassonline.com
1558:978-88-8491-345-6
1394:978-3-7757-0502-8
1385:Verlag Gerd Hatje
1059:The Glass-Blowers
1052:Daphne du Maurier
992:
991:
720:Earliest evidence
717:
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691:
422:
402:
401:
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190:
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16:(Redirected from
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3404:Glass production
3399:History of glass
3358:Qing handicrafts
3163:Chemical milling
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1107:Glass beadmaking
1056:historical novel
1005:Harvey Littleton
987:
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771:(4th century AD)
712:
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591:Hans Godo Frabel
479:(or blow tube),
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3368:Straw marquetry
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3120:Enamelled glass
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2625:Decorative arts
2622:
2592:
2587:
2583:Glass recycling
2566:
2519:
2425:Enamelled glass
2347:
2341:
2332:Diamond turning
2322:Flame polishing
2264:
2258:
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2210:Wayback Machine
2190:Glass Education
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1112:Glass sculpture
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1029:Marvin Lipofsky
1025:Fritz Driesbach
1009:Dominick Labino
997:
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972:needs expansion
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3296:Leatherworking
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2562:Volcanic glass
2559:
2557:Vitrified sand
2554:
2545:
2540:
2538:Opal formation
2535:
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2521:
2520:
2518:
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2515:Tempered glass
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2480:Polished plate
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2138:External links
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656:"Glassblowing"
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352:"Glassblowing"
335:. Please help
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2491:
2490:Rippled glass
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Flashed glass
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
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2383:
2381:
2378:
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2328:
2325:
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2320:
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2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Fritted glass
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:(Nøstetangen)
2061:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:(Nøstetangen)
2039:
2033:
2027:
2026:0-85613-516-X
2023:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2006:0-8122-1888-4
2003:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1983:0-85613-516-X
1980:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1959:
1958:0-8122-1888-4
1955:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1870:0-85431-255-2
1867:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1838:0-85223-714-6
1835:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:0-85431-255-2
1699:
1695:
1689:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1505:0-8122-1888-4
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1470:0-85431-255-2
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1358:9780810938014
1354:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1241:
1240:0-85404-262-8
1237:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:0-7141-2071-5
1217:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1200:0-12-265620-2
1197:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Stained glass
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Angel gilding
1085:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1046:In literature
1043:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Dante Marioni
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
986:
977:
973:
970:This section
968:
965:
961:
960:
952:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
923:
918:
914:
904:
902:
898:
893:
887:
886:in Slovenia.
885:
881:
876:
872:
868:
865:on the river
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
826:
822:
817:
812:
809:
805:
803:
799:
794:
785:
777:
770:
769:Baelo Claudia
766:
765:
759:
754:
744:
742:
738:
733:
729:
727:
711:
708:
700:
689:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
665:
661:
658: –
657:
653:
652:Find sources:
646:
642:
636:
635:
630:This section
628:
624:
619:
618:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
556:
553:
549:
545:
536:
534:
530:
521:
519:
509:
507:
503:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
461:
457:
452:
449:
440:
435:
428:
406:
396:
385:
382:
378:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354: –
353:
349:
348:Find sources:
342:
338:
334:
328:
327:
326:single source
322:This article
320:
316:
311:
310:
302:
299:
295:
291:
284:
279:
270:
268:
267:Portland Vase
263:
260:
255:
247:
238:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
215:
208:
204:
199:
184:
181:
173:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131: –
130:
126:
125:Find sources:
119:
115:
109:
108:
103:This section
101:
97:
92:
91:
83:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
3316:Glass mosaic
3234:Bone carving
3034:Wood carving
3029:Wood burning
3004:Chip carving
2961:Scrapbooking
2946:Papier-mâché
2912:Papercutting
2865:Iris folding
2853:Photomontage
2848:Papier collé
2813:Altered book
2673:Cross-stitch
2510:Studio glass
2485:Porous glass
2450:Glass mosaic
2435:Forest glass
2374:
2346:Artistic and
2215:
2200:
2189:
2177:
2162:Glassblowing
2161:
2149:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2094:
2088:
2076:
2059:
2054:
2037:
2032:
2017:
2012:
1997:
1974:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1861:
1856:
1844:
1829:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:
1708:
1693:
1688:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1592:
1580:
1570:
1564:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1496:
1461:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1379:
1347:
1340:
1318:
1310:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1226:
1211:
1206:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1036:choreography
1033:
1017:Dale Chihuly
998:
980:
976:adding to it
971:
946:
931:
910:
903:in Croatia.
888:
860:
853:
829:
813:
806:
793:Roman Empire
790:
762:
747:Roman Empire
734:
730:
723:
703:
694:
684:
677:
670:
663:
651:
639:Please help
634:verification
631:
607:fused quartz
577:
562:
547:
543:
542:
528:
527:
517:
515:
502:honey dipper
498:
484:
480:
474:
453:
444:
390:
380:
373:
366:
359:
347:
323:
300:
296:
292:
288:
281:Glassblower
273:Mold-blowing
264:
256:
252:
241:Free-blowing
236:
232:
216:
212:
176:
167:
157:
150:
143:
136:
124:
112:Please help
107:verification
104:
73:
62:
58:
54:
50:
39:Glassblowing
38:
37:
3343:Pietra dura
3306:Micromosaic
3239:Doll making
3193:Silversmith
3110:Cameo glass
3067:Earthenware
3039:Woodturning
2951:Pop-up book
2936:Papermaking
2823:Calligraphy
2818:Bookbinding
2748:Rug hooking
2718:Needlepoint
2698:Lace-making
2663:Canvas work
2460:Lampworking
2400:Crown glass
2395:Cased glass
2390:Caneworking
2385:Broad sheet
2380:Blown plate
2172:‹ The
2144:‹ The
1750:(1): 1–23.
1416:: 108–121.
1137:Paperweight
1122:Glassfusing
1117:Glass tiles
1050:The writer
917:Renaissance
913:Middle Ages
907:Middle Ages
845:unguentaria
802:Phoenicians
753:Roman glass
579:Lampworkers
51:glassblower
18:Glassblower
3393:Categories
3378:Wall decal
3301:Miniatures
3219:Assemblage
3087:Terracotta
3062:Bone china
2941:Paper toys
2907:Papercraft
2833:Cast paper
2828:Cardmaking
2775:String art
2765:Shoemaking
2753:Rug making
2723:Needlework
2678:Embroidery
2668:Crocheting
2629:handicraft
2470:Millefiori
2370:Beadmaking
2292:Glass wool
2265:techniques
2263:Commercial
2257:techniques
2212:a tutorial
1898:: s 20–29.
1849:Isings, C.
1789:(2): 248.
1724:2021-03-06
1679:2021-12-15
1628:2021-12-15
1604:2021-12-15
1330:0600012506
1288:(8): 893.
1269:0812236475
1176:2023-12-23
1154:References
1097:Flat glass
1066:Donna Leon
983:March 2013
871:terracotta
837:Morgantina
821:Samothrace
667:newspapers
559:Patterning
427:Kosta Boda
363:newspapers
193:Principles
140:newspapers
86:Technology
64:lampworker
3409:Glass art
3373:Taxidermy
3363:Scrimshaw
3338:Pargeting
3264:Grotesque
3244:Dollhouse
3188:Goldsmith
3183:Jewellery
3173:Engraving
3130:Glassware
3115:Chip work
3082:Stoneware
3072:Porcelain
3024:Marquetry
2999:Carpentry
2994:Cabinetry
2971:Wallpaper
2897:Embossing
2890:Moneygami
2843:Decoupage
2728:Patchwork
2713:Millinery
2552:Impactite
2543:Sea glass
2455:Glassware
2415:Engraving
2405:Cut glass
2365:Glass art
2360:Art glass
2355:Āina-kāri
1811:162211326
1803:0067-270X
1756:0066-8435
1585:Marvering
1102:Glass art
942:cristallo
922:Byzantine
697:July 2021
533:fruitwood
333:talk page
220:Sepphoris
170:July 2021
55:glassmith
3328:Ornament
3291:Lapidary
3286:Lath art
3269:Gargoyle
3229:Beadwork
3203:Ironwork
3019:Intarsia
3014:Fretwork
3009:Ébéniste
2989:Bentwood
2966:Stamping
2956:Quilling
2902:Marbling
2885:Kirigami
2875:Kamikiri
2780:Tapestry
2733:Quilting
2693:Knitting
2500:Slumping
2312:Pressing
2206:Archived
2174:template
2146:template
2065:Archived
2043:Archived
1764:42928207
1529:: 61–82.
1443:: 11–18.
1422:24188035
1080:See also
949:Hokksund
934:Venetian
892:Avenches
880:Poetovio
841:Aquileia
833:Campania
798:Augustus
552:graphite
495:Blowpipe
477:blowpipe
460:crucible
456:furnaces
393:May 2017
207:decanter
47:blowpipe
3323:Netsuke
3178:Etching
3158:Andiron
3077:Pottery
3057:Azulejo
3049:Ceramic
2917:Chinese
2880:Origami
2870:Jianzhi
2838:Collage
2795:Weaving
2790:Tie-dye
2785:Tatting
2708:Macrame
2683:Felting
2650:Textile
2640:History
2571:Related
2420:Etching
2375:Blowing
2337:Rolling
2317:Casting
2176:below (
2148:below (
1290:Bibcode
927:Samarra
915:to the
875:flagons
863:Cologne
825:Corinth
823:and at
816:papyrus
681:scholar
613:History
583:bellows
573:murrine
548:Paddles
448:bubbles
429:, video
377:scholar
205:ship's
154:scholar
3311:Mosaic
3168:Enamel
3135:Mirror
2927:Slavic
2922:Jewish
2760:Sewing
2743:Carpet
2475:Mirror
2445:Fusing
2195:Curlie
2179:Curlie
2167:Curlie
2151:Curlie
2024:
2004:
1981:
1956:
1868:
1836:
1809:
1801:
1762:
1754:
1700:
1652:
1556:
1503:
1468:
1420:
1391:
1355:
1327:
1267:
1238:
1218:
1198:
1132:Mosaic
1074:Murano
938:Murano
901:Salona
897:Mérida
884:Celeia
808:Ennion
764:hydria
726:Romans
683:
676:
669:
662:
654:
603:lathes
529:Blocks
524:Blocks
506:marver
489:marver
485:pontil
379:
372:
365:
358:
350:
224:natron
156:
149:
142:
135:
127:
80:UNESCO
76:Syrian
59:gaffer
3212:Other
3150:Metal
3102:Glass
2860:Decal
2805:Paper
2703:Lucet
1830:Glass
1807:S2CID
1760:JSTOR
1418:JSTOR
999:The "
867:Rhine
849:cameo
767:from
688:JSTOR
674:books
544:Jacks
539:Jacks
518:bench
512:Bench
481:punty
471:Tools
384:JSTOR
370:books
161:JSTOR
147:books
57:, or
43:glass
3281:Inro
3092:Tile
2981:Wood
2627:and
2022:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1799:ISSN
1752:ISSN
1698:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1027:and
882:and
856:Alps
839:and
660:news
569:cane
565:frit
516:The
439:cane
356:news
228:flux
133:news
61:. A
2193:at
2165:at
1791:doi
1298:doi
1068:'s
978:.
643:by
339:by
116:by
3395::
2112:.
1989:^
1964:^
1904:^
1896:24
1894:.
1819:^
1805:.
1797:.
1787:47
1785:.
1781:.
1758:.
1748:29
1746:.
1742:.
1717:.
1672:.
1621:.
1527:42
1525:.
1511:^
1476:^
1449:^
1441:29
1439:.
1414:32
1412:.
1383:.
1367:^
1296:.
1286:26
1284:.
1246:^
1185:^
1169:.
1076:.
1061:.
1023:,
1019:,
835:,
82:.
71:.
53:,
2617:e
2610:t
2603:v
2550:/
2247:e
2240:t
2233:v
2116:.
2099:)
2092:(
2083:)
2080:(
1813:.
1793::
1766:.
1727:.
1682:.
1658:.
1631:.
1607:.
1424:.
1397:.
1361:.
1333:.
1304:.
1300::
1292::
1179:.
985:)
981:(
710:)
704:(
699:)
695:(
685:·
678:·
671:·
664:·
637:.
395:)
391:(
381:·
374:·
367:·
360:·
343:.
329:.
183:)
177:(
172:)
168:(
158:·
151:·
144:·
137:·
110:.
20:)
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