1042:
desired pattern. The most common filaments are carbon or glass fiber and are coated with synthetic resin as they are wound. Once the mandrel is completely covered to the desired thickness, the resin is cured; often the mandrel is placed in an oven to achieve this, though sometimes radiant heaters are used with the mandrel still turning in the machine. Once the resin has cured, the mandrel is removed, leaving the hollow final product. For some products such as gas bottles, the 'mandrel' is a permanent part of the finished product forming a liner to prevent gas leakage or as a barrier to protect the composite from the fluid to be stored.
1069:
Additional resin is applied and possibly additional sheets of fiberglass. Hand pressure, vacuum or rollers are used to be sure the resin saturates and fully wets all layers, and that any air pockets are removed. The work must be done quickly before the resin starts to cure unless high-temperature resins are used which will not cure until the part is warmed in an oven. In some cases, the work is covered with plastic sheets and vacuum is drawn on the work to remove air bubbles and press the fiberglass to the shape of the mold.
804:
940:
1091:
324:
1002:
707:
901:
33:
2298:
1107:, where the material is pushed through dies). In fiberglass pultrusion, fibers (the glass material) are pulled from spools through a device that coats them with a resin. They are then typically heat-treated and cut to length. Fiberglass produced this way can be made in a variety of shapes and cross-sections, such as W or S cross-sections.
448:
A coating or primer is applied to the roving to help protect the glass filaments for processing and manipulation and to ensure proper bonding to the resin matrix, thus allowing for the transfer of shear loads from the glass fibers to the thermoset plastic. Without this bonding, the fibers can 'slip'
1045:
Filament winding is well suited to automation, and there are many applications, such as pipe and small pressure vessels that are wound and cured without any human intervention. The controlled variables for winding are fiber type, resin content, wind angle, tow or bandwidth and thickness of the fiber
504:
process. For polyester this contraction is often 5–6%; for epoxy, about 2%. Because the fibers do not contract, this differential can create changes in the shape of the part during curing. Distortions can appear hours, days, or weeks after the resin has set. While this distortion can be minimized by
306:
curing systems were used by then. With the combination of fiberglass and resin the gas content of the material was replaced by plastic. This reduced the insulation properties to values typical of the plastic, but now for the first time, the composite showed great strength and promise as a structural
1227:
listing to include only "Glass wool fibers (inhalable and biopersistent)." Therefore a cancer warning label for biosoluble fiber glass home and building insulation is no longer required under federal or
California law. As of 2012, the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association stated that
891:
support structures, due to the ease with which it can be molded and painted to blend with existing structures and surfaces. Other uses include sheet-form electrical insulators and structural components commonly found in power-industry products. Because of fiberglass's lightweight and durability, it
573:
minerals globally. It is susceptible to chloride ion attack and is a poor choice for marine applications. S-glass ("S" for "stiff") is used when tensile strength (high modulus) is important and is thus an important building and aircraft epoxy composite (it is called R-glass, "R" for "reinforcement"
563:
with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e., components to lower the melting point). Ordinary
496:
The mechanical functionality of materials is heavily reliant on the combined performances of both the resin (AKA matrix) and fibers. For example, in severe temperature conditions (over 180 °C), the resin component of the composite may lose its functionality, partially due to bond deterioration
435:
Chopped strand mat (CSM) is a form of reinforcement used in fiberglass. It consists of glass fibers laid randomly across each other and held together by a binder. It is typically processed using the hand lay-up technique, where sheets of material are placed on a mold and brushed with resin. Because
1081:
is similar to the hand lay-up process but differs in the application of the fiber and resin to the mold. Spray-up is an open-molding composites fabrication process where resin and reinforcements are sprayed onto a mold. The resin and glass may be applied separately or simultaneously "chopped" in a
1041:
is a fabrication technique mainly used for manufacturing open (cylinders) or closed-end structures (pressure vessels or tanks). The process involves winding filaments under tension over a male mandrel. The mandrel rotates while a wind eye on a carriage moves horizontally, laying down fibers in the
568:
glass, was the first type of glass used for fiberglass. E-glass ("E" because of initial
Electrical application), is alkali-free and was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation. It now makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world, and also is the single largest
310:
Ray Greene of Owens
Corning is credited with producing the first composite boat in 1937 but did not proceed further at the time due to the brittle nature of the plastic used. In 1939 Russia was reported to have constructed a passenger boat of plastic materials, and the United States a fuselage and
954:
systems, and heads with keystones and sills. The material's reduced weight and easier handling, compared to wood or metal, allows faster installation. Mass-produced fiberglass brick-effect panels can be used in the construction of composite housing, and can include insulation to reduce heat loss.
1315:
As of 2001, the
Hazardous Substances Ordinance in Germany dictates a maximum occupational exposure limit of 86 mg/m. In certain concentrations, a potentially explosive mixture may occur. Further manufacture of GRP components (grinding, cutting, sawing) creates fine dust and chips containing
1231:
As of 2012, the
European Union and Germany have classified synthetic glass fibers as possibly or probably carcinogenic, but fibers can be exempt from this classification if they pass specific tests. A 2012 health hazard review for the European Commission stated that inhalation of fiberglass at
1068:
polyester, vinyl, or epoxy—is mixed with its hardener and applied to the surface. Sheets of fiberglass matting are laid into the mold, then more resin mixture is added using a brush or roller. The material must conform to the mold, and air must not be trapped between the fiberglass and the mold.
1232:
concentrations of 3, 16 and 30 mg/m3 "did not induce fibrosis nor tumours except transient lung inflammation that disappeared after a post-exposure recovery period." Historic reviews of the epidemiology studies had been conducted by
Harvard's Medical and Public Health Schools in 1995, the
484:
Furthermore, by laying multiple layers of fiber on top of one another, with each layer oriented in various preferred directions, the material's overall stiffness and strength can be efficiently controlled. In fiberglass, it is the plastic matrix which permanently constrains the structural glass
1127:
vapors are released while the resins are cured. These are also irritating to mucous membranes and respiratory tract. The general population can get exposed to fibreglass from insulation and building materials or from fibers in the air near manufacturing facilities or when they are near
1082:
combined stream from a chopper gun. Workers roll out the spray-up to compact the laminate. Wood, foam or other core material may then be added, and a secondary spray-up layer imbeds the core between the laminates. The part is then cured, cooled, and removed from the reusable mold.
982:
GRP and GRE pipe can be used in a variety of above- and below-ground systems, including those for desalination, water treatment, water distribution networks, chemical process plants, water used for firefighting, hot and cold drinking water, wastewater/sewage, municipal waste and
850:
and sports car bodies, where it gained acceptance in the 1950s. Its use has broadened to the automotive and sport equipment sectors. In the production of some products, such as aircraft, carbon fiber is now used instead of fiberglass, which is stronger by volume and weight.
485:
fibers to directions chosen by the designer. With chopped strand mat, this directionality is essentially an entire two-dimensional plane; with woven fabrics or unidirectional layers, directionality of stiffness and strength can be more precisely controlled within the plane.
1049:
Products currently being produced using this technique range from pipes, golf clubs, Reverse
Osmosis Membrane Housings, oars, bicycle forks, bicycle rims, power and transmission poles, pressure vessels to missile casings, aircraft fuselages and lamp posts and yacht masts.
818:
The development of fiber-reinforced plastic for commercial use was extensively researched in the 1930s. It was of particular interest to the aviation industry. A means of mass production of glass strands was accidentally discovered in 1932 when a researcher at
1046:
bundle. The angle at which the fiber has an effect on the properties of the final product. A high angle "hoop" will provide circumferential or "burst" strength, while lower angle patterns (polar or helical) will provide greater longitudinal tensile strength.
488:
A fiberglass component is typically of a thin "shell" construction, sometimes filled on the inside with structural foam, as in the case of surfboards. The component may be of nearly arbitrary shape, limited only by the complexity and tolerances of the
539:
esistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance), C-glass (alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation), D-glass (borosilicate glass, named for its low
1316:
glass filaments, as well as tacky dust, in quantities high enough to affect health and the functionality of machines and equipment. The installation of effective extraction and filtration equipment is required to ensure safety and efficiency.
1102:
Pultrusion is a manufacturing method used to make strong, lightweight composite materials. In pultrusion, material is pulled through forming machinery using either a hand-over-hand method or a continuous-roller method (as opposed to
574:
in Europe). C-glass ("C" for "chemical resistance") and T-glass ("T" is for "thermal insulator"—a North
American variant of C-glass) are resistant to chemical attack; both are often found in insulation-grades of blown fiberglass.
436:
the binder dissolves in resin, the material easily conforms to different shapes when wetted out. After the resin cures, the hardened product can be taken from the mold and finished. Using chopped strand mat gives the fiberglass
2227:
NRC Subcommittee on
Manufactured Vitreous Fibers. 2000. Review of the U.S. Navy's Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.: National Academy
1140:. Since work practices are not always followed, and fiberglass is often left exposed in basements that later become occupied, people can get exposed. No readily usable biological or clinical indices of exposure exist.
290:
to produce its patented "Fiberglas" (spelled with one "s") in 1936. Originally, Fiberglas was a glass wool with fibers entrapping a great deal of gas, making it useful as an insulator, especially at high temperatures.
1122:
People can be exposed to fiberglass in the workplace during its fabrication, installation or removal, by breathing it in, by skin contact, or by eye contact. Furthermore, in the manufacturing process of fiberglass,
339:. If a bulk piece of glass were defect-free, it would be as strong as glass fibers; however, it is generally impractical to produce and maintain bulk material in a defect-free state outside of laboratory conditions.
423:(pipe), gun roving (where an automated gun chops the glass into short lengths and drops it into a jet of resin, projected onto the surface of a mold), or in an intermediary step, to manufacture fabrics such as
307:
and building material. Many glass fiber composites continued to be called "fiberglass" (as a generic name) and the name was also used for the low-density glass wool product containing gas instead of plastic.
1219:
and for non-insulation products. However, NTP still considers fibrous glass dust to be "reasonably anticipated a human carcinogen (Certain Glass Wool Fibers (Inhalable))". Similarly, California's
2159:"Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for man made-mineral fibres (MMMF) with no indication for carcinogenicity and not specified elsewhere (SCOEL/SUM/88)"
967:
applications, fiberglass rods are often used for their high tensile strength to weight ratio. Fiberglass rods provide an advantage over steel rods because they stretch more elastically (lower
1633:
Russo, Salvatore; Ghadimi, Behzad; Lawania, Krishna; Rosano, Michele (December 2015). "Residual strength testing in pultruded FRP material under a variety of temperature cycles and values".
1207:(cancer of the lining of the body cavities) from occupational exposures during the manufacture of these materials, and inadequate evidence overall of any cancer risk." In June 2011, the US
974:
Fiberglass rods must be kept in tension, however, as they frequently part if placed in even a small amount of compression. The buoyancy of the rods within a fluid amplifies this tendency.
335:
Unlike glass fibers used for insulation, for the final structure to be strong, the fiber's surfaces must be almost entirely free of defects, as this permits the fibers to reach gigapascal
1312:(REL) of 3 fibers/cm (less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter and greater than 10 micrometers in length) as a time-weighted average over an 8-hour workday, and a 5 mg/m total limit.
405:, or yards per pound (the number of yards of fiber in one pound of material; thus a smaller number means a heavier roving). Examples of standard yields are 225yield, 450yield, 675yield.
411:, or grams per km (how many grams 1 km of roving weighs, inverted from yield; thus a smaller number means a lighter roving). Examples of standard tex are 750tex, 1100tex, 2200tex.
1203:). "Epidemiologic studies published during the 15 years since the previous IARC monographs review of these fibers in 1988 provide no evidence of increased risks of lung cancer or
950:
Glass-reinforced plastics are also used to produce house building components such as roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers, chimneys,
1064:
A release agent, usually in either wax or liquid form, is applied to the chosen mold to allow the finished product to be cleanly removed from the mold. Resin—typically a 2-part
971:) than steel for a given weight, meaning more oil can be lifted from the hydrocarbon reservoir to the surface with each stroke, all while reducing the load on the pumping unit.
2259:
Charles
William Jameson, "Comments on the National Toxicology Program's Actions In Removing Biosoluble Glass Wool Fibers From The Report On Carcinogens," September 9, 2011.
473:
of the fiber which makes it seem so; i.e., because a typical fiber is long and narrow, it buckles easily. On the other hand, the glass fiber is weak in shear—that is,
249:). This article will adopt the convention that "fiberglass" refers to the complete fiber-reinforced composite material, rather than only to the glass fiber within it.
1171:
As of 2001, in humans only the more biopersistent materials like ceramic fibres, which are used industrially as insulation in high-temperature environments such as
186:, can be molded into complex shapes, and is chemically inert under many circumstances. Applications include aircraft, boats, automobiles, bath tubs and enclosures,
43:
1156:
deposition was observed in rodents and humans for fibers with diameters of 1 to 2 ÎĽm. In animal experiments, adverse lung effects such as lung inflammation and
1469:
2246:
2103:
1305:
523:, which is alumino-borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used are A-glass (
827:
adapted the method to produce its patented "Fiberglas" (one "s"). A suitable resin for combining the "Fiberglas" with a plastic was developed in 1936 by
477:
its axis. Therefore, if a collection of fibers can be arranged permanently in a preferred direction within a material, and if they can be prevented from
2185:
1558:
1237:
1220:
815:
Fiberglass is an immensely versatile material due to its lightweight, inherent strength, weather-resistant finish and variety of surface textures.
1773:
1148:
Fiberglass will irritate the eyes, skin, and the respiratory system. Hence, symptoms can include itchy eyes, skin, nose, sore throat, hoarseness,
1025:
Though most bullet-resistant armours are made using different textiles, fiberglass composites have been shown to be effective as ballistic armor.
919:
during construction. Much more reliable tanks are made using woven mat or filament wound fiber, with the fiber orientation at right angles to the
1244:
in 2011. which reached the same conclusion as IARC that there is no evidence of increased risk from occupational exposure to glass wool fibers.
2045:
2778:
1297:
892:
is often used in protective equipment such as helmets. Many sports use fiberglass protective gear, such as goaltenders' and catchers' masks.
1228:
fiberglass is safe to manufacture, install and use when recommended work practices are followed to reduce temporary mechanical irritation.
1895:
Fiberglass & Composite Materials: An Enthusiast's Guide to High-Performance Non-Metallic Materials for Automotive Racing and Marine Use
1009:
Fiberglass composite boats have been made since the early 1940s, and many sailing vessels made after 1950 were built using the fiberglass
2069:
1196:
427:(CSM) (made of randomly oriented small cut lengths of fiber all bonded together), woven fabrics, knit fabrics or unidirectional fabrics.
58:
823:
directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers. After Owens merged with the Corning company in 1935,
2302:
1748:
1304:) for fiberglass exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total and 5 mg/m in respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The
505:
symmetric use of the fibers in the design, a certain amount of internal stress is created; and if it becomes too great, cracks form.
497:
of resin and fiber. However, GFRPs can still show significant residual strength after experiencing high temperatures (200 °C).
887:
properties. It may also be used to conceal other equipment where no signal permeability is required, such as equipment cabinets and
2065:
17:
2330:
884:
1951:
1694:
121:
1861:"Advancement in fiber reinforced polymer, metal alloys and multi-layered armour systems for ballistic applications – A review"
2177:
1903:
1617:
1541:
1419:
1392:
383:), which are bundles of very small orifices (typically 5–25 micrometres in diameter for E-Glass, 9 micrometres for S-Glass).
96:
This article is about the type of composite material. For the thermal insulation material sometimes called fibreglass, see
923:
imposed in the sidewall by the contents. Such tanks tend to be used for chemical storage because the plastic liner (often
282:, directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers. A patent for this method of producing
771:
2134:
2894:
1677:
1276:. The longer and thinner as well as the more durable (biopersistent) fibers were, the more potent they were in damage.
743:
1195:). In October 2001, all fiberglass wools commonly used for thermal and acoustical insulation were reclassified by the
1175:, and certain special-purpose glass wools not used as insulating materials remain classified as possible carcinogens (
548:
einforcement), and S-glass (alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength).
294:
A suitable resin for combining the fiberglass with a plastic to produce a composite material was developed in 1936 by
1568:
790:
80:
1477:
1975:
National Toxicology Program (September 2009). "Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Glass Wool Fibers".
1660:
Fitzer, Erich; Kleinholz, Rudolf; Tiesler, Hartmut; et al. (15 April 2008). "Fibers, 5. Synthetic Inorganic".
1360:
839:
171:
1841:
831:. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamid's of 1942. Peroxide curing systems were used by then.
750:
351:. The manufacturing process for glass fibers suitable for reinforcement uses large furnaces to gradually melt the
327:
Glass reinforcements used for fiberglass are supplied in different physical forms: microspheres, chopped or woven
2803:
2599:
1340:
1272:
in mammalian cells. There is also indirect, inflammation-driven genotoxicity through reactive oxygen species by
1078:
62:
728:
1717:
544:
ielectric constant), R-glass (alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical requirements as
2715:
2692:
1293:
757:
260:
Glass fibers have been produced for centuries, but the earliest patent was awarded to the Prussian inventor
2889:
2884:
2548:
1233:
469:
its axis. Although it might be assumed that the fiber is weak in compression, it is actually only the long
286:
was first applied for in 1933. Owens joined with the Corning company in 1935 and the method was adapted by
1585:
390:(coated) with a chemical solution. The individual filaments are now bundled in large numbers to provide a
2899:
2323:
1330:
1241:
1208:
915:. Smaller tanks can be made with chopped strand mat cast over a thermoplastic inner tank which acts as a
724:
132:. The fibers may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet called a chopped strand mat, or woven into
2178:"Man-made vitreous fibers and risk of respiratory system cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence"
1309:
1301:
834:
During World War II, fiberglass was developed as a replacement for the molded plywood used in aircraft
739:
2619:
2579:
2500:
2390:
1137:
241:). Because glass fiber itself is sometimes referred to as "fiberglass", the composite is also called
183:
1607:
2848:
2480:
2158:
1859:
Bhat, Aayush; Naveen, J.; Jawaid, M.; Norrrahim, M.N.F.; Rashedi, Ahmad; Khan, A. (November 2021).
865:
extend fiberglass's applications and the tensile strength possible with fiber-reinforced plastics.
564:
A-glass ("A" for "alkali-lime") or soda lime glass, crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called
144:
125:
2066:"IARC Monographs Programme Re-evaluates Carcinogenic Risks from Airborne Man-Made Vitreous Fibres"
2843:
2710:
2584:
1355:
1253:
1013:. As of 2022, boats continue to be made with fiberglass, though more advanced techniques such as
984:
717:
2040:
2012:
1952:
White Paper, Topic: "Clean Air in the Manufacture of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Parts"
500:
One notable feature of fiberglass is that the resins used are subject to contraction during the
2316:
1325:
1257:
462:
1997:
1409:
1168:, and lung carcinoma had been found with intrapleural or intratracheal instillations in rats.
2652:
2460:
1893:
1065:
951:
148:
1734:
1382:
2808:
2682:
2594:
2430:
2420:
1136:. Fiberglass insulation should never be left exposed in an occupied area, according to the
380:
2720:
2176:
Lee, I-Min; Hennekens, Charles H.; Trichopoulos, Dimitrios; Buring, Julie E. (June 1995).
394:. The diameter of the filaments, and the number of filaments in the roving, determine its
311:
wings of an aircraft. The first car to have a fiberglass body was a 1946 prototype of the
8:
2879:
2828:
2755:
2750:
2672:
2647:
2614:
2475:
2140:. North American Insulation Manufacturers Association ("NAIMA"). May 2012. Archived from
1350:
1269:
1216:
1014:
2073:
996:
764:
2735:
2657:
2405:
2395:
2210:
1443:"Entry for US 232122 A (14-Sep-1880)". US Patent Publication. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
1261:
968:
869:
501:
372:
261:
140:
2813:
2783:
2740:
2677:
2662:
2574:
2465:
2202:
2198:
1984:
1899:
1815:
1673:
1646:
1613:
1564:
1537:
1415:
1388:
1273:
944:
916:
490:
458:
160:
2214:
1790:
1434:
Mitchell, Steve (November 1999). "The birth of fiberglass boats". The Good Ole Boat.
50:
2604:
2589:
2359:
2194:
1872:
1665:
1642:
1452:
Slayter, Games (11 November 1933). "Method & Apparatus for Making Glass Wool".
1038:
927:) is resistant to a wide range of corrosive chemicals. Fiberglass is also used for
420:
336:
113:
2239:
1920:
1669:
2798:
2793:
2642:
2538:
2515:
2510:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2445:
2415:
1531:
1335:
1265:
880:
876:
803:
267:
234:
203:
156:
2237:
2760:
2730:
2725:
2135:"Insulation Facts #62 "Health and Safety Facts for Fiber Glass", Pub. No. N040"
1877:
1860:
1749:"Fiberglass – Types, Properties, and Applications | Phelps Industrial Products"
1224:
1059:
1010:
820:
415:
These rovings are then either used directly in a composite application such as
279:
187:
54:
2269:
1454:
481:
in compression, the material will be preferentially strong in that direction.
2873:
2667:
2624:
2530:
2505:
2400:
2141:
1285:
1176:
1172:
1157:
1129:
924:
824:
287:
275:
164:
2470:
1533:
The New Science of Strong Materials: Or Why You Don't Fall Through the Floor
2833:
2788:
2745:
2435:
2410:
2364:
1560:
Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement Applications
1204:
1200:
1192:
1161:
908:
556:
470:
312:
2206:
2858:
2823:
2543:
2425:
1502:, Wellington, New Zealand, Volume CXXVIII, Issue 31, 5 August 1939, p. 28
928:
920:
514:
360:
328:
271:
195:
133:
129:
101:
1664:. Vol. 2. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
1090:
939:
2853:
2687:
2455:
2450:
2308:
2124:
46-Z California Regulatory Notice Register, P.1878 (November 18, 2011).
1212:
1180:
1095:
964:
843:
731: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
416:
368:
348:
323:
283:
199:
179:
97:
2095:
1188:
1184:
1133:
1104:
437:
364:
356:
207:
1934:
1001:
706:
100:. For the glass fiber itself, also sometimes called fiberglass, see
2838:
2609:
2385:
2380:
2270:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Fibrous glass dust"
2238:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (September 2004).
1153:
855:
808:
478:
376:
303:
299:
175:
900:
2558:
1609:
Composites for construction: structural design with FRP materials
1512:
Hobart, Tasmania (27 May 1946). "Car of the future in plastics".
1191:
are considered not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans (
1179:). The more commonly used glass fibre wools including insulation
1165:
1149:
1124:
520:
457:
An individual structural glass fiber is both stiff and strong in
191:
137:
2634:
2440:
2297:
1842:"Boat Building Basics: Fiberglass, Resin, Composites And Cores"
873:
862:
846:). Its first main civilian application was for the building of
835:
828:
565:
552:
391:
352:
295:
2175:
1199:(IARC) as "not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans" (
2553:
2520:
2354:
2339:
1586:"The Fundamentals: Repairing Fiberglass And Ensuring Bonding"
1345:
912:
888:
859:
570:
560:
527:
lkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide), E-CR-glass (
152:
1659:
1252:
Genetic and toxic effects are exerted through production of
379:
until a liquid forms. It is then extruded through bushings (
1974:
847:
519:
The most common types of glass fiber used in fiberglass is
1296:(“particulates not otherwise regulated”) are regulated by
911:
can be made of fiberglass with capacities up to about 300
1950:
TĂĽrschmann, V.; Jakschik, C.; Rother, H.-J. (March 2011)
1858:
1632:
1289:
398:, typically expressed in one of two measurement systems:
577:
1223:(OEHHA) published a November, 2011 modification to its
2240:"Toxicological Profile for Synthethic Vitreous Fibers"
958:
655:
Polyester and Continuous Rovings Laminate 70% E-glass
613:
Polyester and Chopped Strand Mat Laminate 30% E-glass
1599:
1306:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1143:
641:
Polyester and Satin Weave Cloth Laminate 55% E-glass
1072:
61:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1053:
298:. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is
2186:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1935:"What is GRP? | Glass Reinforced Plastic 101"
347:The process of manufacturing fiberglass is called
1605:
627:Polyester and Woven Rovings Laminate 45% E-glass
174:, it is stronger than many metals by weight, non-
2871:
1414:(2 ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 310.
1238:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1221:Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
1921:"An Introduction to Vacuum Bagging Composites"
1662:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1279:
2779:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
2324:
1946:
1944:
1298:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1977:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1865:Journal of Materials Research and Technology
1583:
1525:
1523:
904:Several large fiberglass tanks at an airport
1891:
1729:
1727:
1529:
1215:all biosoluble glass wool used in home and
1197:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1160:have occurred, and increased incidences of
2331:
2317:
2060:
2058:
2056:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1941:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1498:"Notable Progress – the use of plastics",
854:Advanced manufacturing techniques such as
315:, but the model did not enter production.
1876:
1556:
1520:
1411:Fundamentals of high-performance concrete
791:Learn how and when to remove this message
449:in the matrix causing localized failure.
93:Type of plastic reinforced by glass fibre
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
2338:
1813:
1775:The historical development of polyesters
1771:
1724:
1089:
1000:
938:
899:
802:
322:
2053:
2035:
2033:
1957:
1701:
1152:(breathing difficulty) and cough. Peak
1085:
1028:
14:
2872:
2010:
1692:
1511:
1470:"50 years of reinforced plastic boats"
1300:(OSHA); OSHA has set the legal limit (
1017:are used in the construction process.
213:Other common names for fiberglass are
42:contains content that is written like
2312:
1839:
1788:
1467:
1380:
1288:emissions have been regulated by the
578:Table of some common fiberglass types
430:
2030:
1718:"Guide to Glass Reinforced Plastics"
1407:
1260:, nuclear abnormalities, mutations,
729:adding citations to reliable sources
700:
26:
1033:
959:Oil and gas artificial lift systems
24:
1256:, which can damage DNA, and cause
1247:
1144:Symptoms and signs, health effects
555:(silicon dioxide), when cooled as
493:used for manufacturing the shell.
25:
2911:
2290:
1918:
1720:. East Coast Fibreglass Supplies.
1363:reinforcement with carbon fibers.
1211:(NTP) removed from its Report on
1110:
1073:Fiberglass spray lay-up operation
934:
599:Polyester resin (Not reinforced)
264:(1845–1914) in the U.S. in 1880.
2296:
2199:10.1097/00043764-199506000-00016
1840:Rudow, Lenny (8 February 2022).
1693:Savage, Sam (15 November 2010).
1647:10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.07.034
1361:Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers
1054:Fiberglass hand lay-up operation
895:
705:
31:
2849:Radioactive waste vitrification
2804:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
2262:
2253:
2231:
2221:
2169:
2151:
2127:
2118:
2088:
2011:Hannon, Florence (2001-03-18).
2004:
1927:
1912:
1885:
1852:
1833:
1807:
1782:
1765:
1741:
1686:
1653:
1626:
1577:
1557:Bhatnagar, Ashok (2016-04-19).
1550:
1384:Design with reinforced plastics
1341:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
1079:fiberglass spray lay-up process
997:Boat building § Fiberglass
868:Fiberglass is also used in the
716:needs additional citations for
696:
594:Compressive strength MPa (ksi)
239:Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff
170:Cheaper and more flexible than
1789:Today, Industry (2018-10-11).
1505:
1492:
1476:. Elsevier Ltd. Archived from
1461:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1401:
1374:
440:in-plane material properties.
223:glass-fiber reinforced plastic
13:
1:
2716:Chemically strengthened glass
2072:. 24 Oct 2001. Archived from
1954:. GRP Technique & Service
1670:10.1002/14356007.a11_001.pub2
1367:
452:
342:
243:fiberglass-reinforced plastic
2549:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
2096:"13th Report on Carcinogens"
2013:"How safe is your basement?"
1468:Marsh, George (8 Oct 2006).
1234:National Academy of Sciences
883:permeability and low signal
202:, roofing, pipes, cladding,
7:
2100:National Toxicology Program
2049:. U.S. Department of Labor.
1816:"Birth of Fiberglass Boats"
1584:Reese Gibson (2017-04-26).
1331:Fiberglass sheet laminating
1319:
1280:Regulation, exposure limits
1242:National Toxicology Program
1240:("ATSDR") in 2004, and the
1209:National Toxicology Program
1117:
943:A fiberglass dome house in
210:, and external door skins.
10:
2916:
1878:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.150
1606:Bank, Lawrence C. (2006).
1310:recommended exposure limit
1302:permissible exposure limit
1057:
994:
990:
591:Tensile strength MPa (ksi)
512:
255:
95:
2895:Fibre-reinforced polymers
2769:
2701:
2633:
2580:Chemical vapor deposition
2567:
2529:
2501:Ultra low expansion glass
2391:Borophosphosilicate glass
2373:
2347:
1898:. Penguin. pp. 86–.
1737:. Carbon Fiber Tube Shop.
1612:. John Wiley & Sons.
1536:. Penguin Books Limited.
1381:Mayer, Rayner M. (1993).
1138:American Lung Association
1020:
1005:Kayaks made of fiberglass
977:
443:
386:These filaments are then
184:electromagnetic radiation
2819:Glass-reinforced plastic
2481:Sodium hexametaphosphate
2303:Glass-reinforced plastic
1814:Mitchell, Steve (1999).
1791:"Top Uses of Fiberglass"
1408:Nawy, Edward G. (2001).
682:S-Glass Epoxy composite
669:E-Glass Epoxy composite
508:
318:
215:glass-reinforced plastic
145:thermoset polymer matrix
126:fiber-reinforced plastic
18:Glass reinforced plastic
2711:Anti-reflective coating
2585:Glass batch calculation
2466:Photochromic lens glass
1772:McIntyre, J.E. (2003).
1563:. Woodhead Publishing.
1387:. Springer. p. 7.
1356:Sheet moulding compound
1258:chromosomal aberrations
1254:reactive oxygen species
985:liquified petroleum gas
272:accidentally discovered
1326:Bulk moulding compound
1099:
1006:
947:
905:
812:
332:
238:
149:thermosetting polymers
124:) is a common type of
2844:Prince Rupert's drops
2693:Transparent materials
2653:Gradient-index optics
2461:Phosphosilicate glass
1753:www.phelpsgaskets.com
1455:U.S. patent 2,133,235
1093:
1004:
942:
903:
806:
326:
270:of glass strands was
147:—most often based on
63:neutral point of view
2809:Glass ionomer cement
2683:Photosensitive glass
2610:Liquidus temperature
2431:Fluorosilicate glass
2305:at Wikimedia Commons
2041:"Fibrous Glass Dust"
1892:Forbes Aird (1996).
1635:Composite Structures
1530:Gordon, J E (1991).
1086:Pultrusion operation
1029:Construction methods
725:improve this article
122:Commonwealth English
2890:Composite materials
2885:American inventions
2829:Glass-to-metal seal
2751:Self-cleaning glass
2673:Optical lens design
2163:European Commission
2076:on 19 December 2013
1351:Ignace Dubus-Bonnel
1270:cell transformation
1217:building insulation
1015:vacuum bag moulding
55:promotional content
2900:Glass applications
2814:Glass microspheres
2736:Hydrogen darkening
2658:Hydrogen darkening
2406:Chalcogenide glass
2396:Borosilicate glass
2017:Seacoastonline.com
1474:reinforcedplastics
1308:(NIOSH) has set a
1274:inflammatory cells
1262:gene amplification
1100:
1007:
948:
906:
870:telecommunications
838:(fiberglass being
813:
811:made of fiberglass
502:curing (chemistry)
431:Chopped strand mat
425:chopped strand mat
333:
302:'s resin of 1942.
278:, a researcher at
262:Hermann Hammesfahr
57:and inappropriate
2867:
2866:
2784:Glass-coated wire
2756:sol–gel technique
2741:Insulated glazing
2678:Photochromic lens
2663:Optical amplifier
2615:sol–gel technique
2301:Media related to
2249:. pp. 5, 18.
2068:(Press release).
1992:Missing or empty
1905:978-1-55788-239-4
1735:"Tube Properties"
1619:978-0-471-68126-7
1543:978-0-14-192770-1
1421:978-0-471-38555-4
1394:978-0-85072-294-9
1294:respirable fibers
945:Davis, California
801:
800:
793:
775:
694:
693:
337:tensile strengths
182:, transparent to
161:vinyl ester resin
91:
90:
83:
16:(Redirected from
2907:
2605:Ion implantation
2360:Glass transition
2333:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2062:
2051:
2050:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1923:. Nextcraft.com.
1916:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1480:on 15 March 2014
1465:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1284:In the US, fine
1039:Filament winding
1034:Filament winding
796:
789:
785:
782:
776:
774:
733:
709:
701:
588:Specific gravity
582:
581:
421:filament winding
204:orthopedic casts
114:American English
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
44:an advertisement
35:
34:
27:
21:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2799:Glass electrode
2794:Glass databases
2771:
2765:
2703:
2697:
2629:
2563:
2539:Bioactive glass
2525:
2511:Vitreous enamel
2496:Thoriated glass
2491:Tellurite glass
2476:Soda–lime glass
2446:Gold ruby glass
2416:Cranberry glass
2369:
2343:
2337:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2005:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1857:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1783:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1702:
1697:. redOrbit.com.
1691:
1687:
1680:
1658:
1654:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1528:
1521:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1336:G-10 (material)
1322:
1282:
1266:proto-oncogenes
1250:
1248:Pathophysiology
1146:
1120:
1113:
1094:Diagram of the
1088:
1075:
1062:
1056:
1036:
1031:
1023:
999:
993:
980:
969:Young's modulus
961:
937:
898:
797:
786:
780:
777:
734:
732:
722:
710:
699:
580:
517:
511:
455:
446:
433:
345:
321:
268:Mass production
258:
252:
157:polyester resin
105:
94:
87:
76:
70:
67:
48:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2761:Tempered glass
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:DNA microarray
2728:
2726:Dealkalization
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Glass modeling
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2531:Glass-ceramics
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Silicate glass
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:science topics
2336:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2291:External links
2289:
2286:
2285:
2261:
2252:
2230:
2220:
2168:
2150:
2147:on 2015-02-04.
2126:
2117:
2087:
2052:
2029:
2003:
1956:
1940:
1926:
1911:
1904:
1884:
1851:
1832:
1806:
1795:Industry Today
1781:
1764:
1740:
1723:
1700:
1685:
1679:978-3527306732
1678:
1652:
1625:
1618:
1598:
1576:
1569:
1549:
1542:
1519:
1504:
1491:
1460:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1420:
1400:
1393:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1281:
1278:
1249:
1246:
1225:Proposition 65
1173:blast furnaces
1145:
1142:
1130:building fires
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:Health hazards
1109:
1087:
1084:
1074:
1071:
1060:Lay-up process
1058:Main article:
1055:
1052:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1011:lay-up process
995:Main article:
992:
989:
979:
976:
960:
957:
936:
935:House building
933:
897:
894:
821:Owens-Illinois
799:
798:
713:
711:
704:
698:
695:
692:
691:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
579:
576:
513:Main article:
510:
507:
454:
451:
445:
442:
432:
429:
413:
412:
406:
344:
341:
320:
317:
280:Owens-Illinois
257:
254:
188:swimming pools
92:
89:
88:
71:September 2024
59:external links
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2912:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Optical fiber
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2625:Vitrification
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Glass melting
2593:
2591:
2590:Glass forming
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Uranium glass
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Soluble glass
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Ceramic glaze
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:(6): 725–38.
2192:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2165:. March 2012.
2164:
2160:
2154:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1919:James, Mike.
1915:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1871:: 1300–1317.
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1821:
1820:Good Old Boat
1817:
1810:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1570:9780081004258
1566:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1516:. p. 16.
1515:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:mineral fiber
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:IARC Group 2B
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:lung fibrosis
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1003:
998:
988:
986:
975:
972:
970:
966:
956:
953:
946:
941:
932:
930:
926:
925:polypropylene
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Storage tanks
902:
896:Storage tanks
893:
890:
886:
882:
879:, due to its
878:
875:
872:industry for
871:
866:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
825:Owens Corning
822:
816:
810:
805:
795:
792:
784:
781:February 2022
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
749:
745:
742: –
741:
737:
736:Find sources:
730:
726:
720:
719:
714:This section
712:
708:
703:
702:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
584:
583:
575:
572:
567:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
506:
503:
498:
494:
492:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
441:
439:
428:
426:
422:
418:
410:
407:
404:
401:
400:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
340:
338:
330:
325:
316:
314:
308:
305:
301:
297:
292:
289:
288:Owens Corning
285:
281:
277:
276:Games Slayter
274:in 1932 when
273:
269:
265:
263:
253:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
165:thermoplastic
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
2834:Porous glass
2818:
2789:Safety glass
2746:Porous glass
2704:modification
2516:Wood's glass
2436:Fused quartz
2411:Cobalt glass
2365:Supercooling
2277:. Retrieved
2273:
2264:
2255:
2233:
2223:
2190:
2184:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2142:the original
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2044:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
2006:
1976:
1929:
1914:
1894:
1887:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1845:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1809:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1778:. p. 9.
1774:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1695:"Fiberglass"
1688:
1661:
1655:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1608:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1579:
1559:
1552:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1500:Evening Post
1499:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1473:
1463:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1383:
1376:
1314:
1283:
1251:
1236:in 2000,the
1230:
1205:mesothelioma
1201:IARC group 3
1193:IARC Group 3
1170:
1162:mesothelioma
1147:
1121:
1114:
1101:
1076:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1024:
1008:
981:
973:
962:
949:
929:septic tanks
907:
867:
853:
833:
817:
814:
787:
778:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:"Fiberglass"
735:
723:Please help
718:verification
715:
697:Applications
688:2,358 (342)
675:1,770 (257)
569:consumer of
557:fused quartz
550:
545:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
518:
499:
495:
487:
483:
474:
471:aspect ratio
466:
456:
447:
434:
424:
414:
408:
402:
395:
387:
385:
346:
334:
313:Stout Scarab
309:
293:
266:
259:
251:
246:
242:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
196:septic tanks
172:carbon fiber
169:
117:
109:
108:
106:
77:
68:
53:by removing
49:Please help
41:
2859:Glass fiber
2824:Glass cloth
2568:Preparation
2544:CorningWare
2426:Flint glass
2421:Crown glass
2374:Formulation
2274:www.cdc.gov
2247:US Dept HHS
2104:US Dept HHS
1825:20 December
1641:: 458–475.
1514:The Mercury
1213:Carcinogens
965:rod pumping
921:hoop stress
885:attenuation
840:transparent
664:350 (50.8)
650:250 (36.3)
647:300 (43.5)
636:150 (21.8)
633:250 (36.3)
622:150 (21.8)
619:100 (14.5)
608:140 (20.3)
515:Glass fiber
463:compression
361:kaolin clay
329:glass cloth
200:water tanks
134:glass cloth
130:glass fiber
102:glass fiber
2880:Fiberglass
2874:Categories
2854:Windshield
2688:Refraction
2648:Dispersion
2456:Milk glass
2451:Lead glass
2279:2015-11-03
2080:6 February
1994:|url=
1800:2022-02-25
1758:2022-02-25
1484:2 February
1368:References
1181:glass wool
1164:, pleural
1134:implosions
1096:pultrusion
844:microwaves
751:newspapers
661:800 (116)
605:55 (7.98)
531:lectrical/
465:—that is,
453:Properties
417:pultrusion
375:and other
369:colemanite
349:pultrusion
343:Production
284:glass wool
208:surfboards
180:conductive
118:fibreglass
110:Fiberglass
98:glass wool
51:improve it
2721:Corrosion
2620:Viscosity
2575:Annealing
2022:8 October
1846:Boats.com
1189:slag wool
1185:rock wool
1105:extrusion
1066:thermoset
874:shrouding
856:pre-pregs
438:isotropic
381:spinneret
365:fluorspar
357:limestone
143:may be a
2839:Pre-preg
2643:Achromat
2386:Bioglass
2381:AgInSbTe
2215:46294218
1985:cite web
1591:28 April
1320:See also
1154:alveolar
1118:Exposure
877:antennas
809:cryostat
585:Material
535:hemical
479:buckling
377:minerals
373:dolomite
304:Peroxide
300:Cyanamid
192:hot tubs
176:magnetic
151:such as
2770:Diverse
2702:Surface
2559:Zerodur
2207:7670920
1166:sarcoma
1150:dyspnea
1125:styrene
1098:process
991:Boating
917:preform
863:rovings
836:radomes
765:scholar
559:into a
521:E-glass
459:tension
256:History
138:plastic
2772:topics
2635:Optics
2441:GeSbTe
2348:Basics
2228:Press.
2213:
2205:
2106:. 2011
1902:
1676:
1616:
1567:
1540:
1418:
1391:
1292:, but
1268:, and
1021:Armour
978:Piping
952:coping
913:tonnes
829:DuPont
767:
760:
753:
746:
738:
566:cullet
553:silica
475:across
444:Sizing
396:weight
392:roving
355:sand,
353:silica
296:DuPont
235:German
233:(from
178:, non-
163:—or a
141:matrix
136:. The
128:using
2554:Macor
2521:ZBLAN
2355:Glass
2340:Glass
2243:(PDF)
2211:S2CID
2181:(PDF)
2145:(PDF)
2138:(PDF)
2110:5 Feb
1346:Hobas
889:steel
860:fiber
848:boats
772:JSTOR
758:books
685:1.95
672:1.99
602:1.28
571:boron
561:glass
551:Pure
509:Types
467:along
403:yield
388:sized
319:Fiber
229:) or
159:, or
153:epoxy
116:) or
2203:PMID
2112:2013
2082:2013
2070:IARC
2046:OSHA
2024:2017
1998:help
1900:ISBN
1827:2023
1674:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1593:2017
1565:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1486:2015
1416:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1187:and
1077:The
858:and
744:news
658:1.9
644:1.7
630:1.6
616:1.4
491:mold
461:and
227:GFRP
2195:doi
1873:doi
1666:doi
1643:doi
1639:133
1290:EPA
1264:in
1132:or
963:In
842:to
727:by
409:tex
247:FRP
231:GFK
221:),
219:GRP
2876::
2272:.
2245:.
2209:.
2201:.
2191:37
2189:.
2183:.
2161:.
2102:.
2098:.
2055:^
2043:.
2032:^
2015:.
1989::
1987:}}
1983:{{
1959:^
1943:^
1869:15
1867:.
1863:.
1844:.
1818:.
1793:.
1751:.
1726:^
1703:^
1672:.
1637:.
1522:^
1472:.
1183:,
987:.
931:.
881:RF
807:A
419:,
371:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
237::
206:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
167:.
155:,
2332:e
2325:t
2318:v
2282:.
2217:.
2197::
2114:.
2084:.
2026:.
2000:)
1996:(
1979:.
1937:.
1908:.
1881:.
1875::
1848:.
1829:.
1803:.
1761:.
1682:.
1668::
1649:.
1645::
1622:.
1595:.
1573:.
1546:.
1488:.
1458:.
1424:.
1397:.
794:)
788:(
783:)
779:(
769:·
762:·
755:·
748:·
721:.
546:R
542:D
537:R
533:C
529:E
525:A
331:.
245:(
225:(
217:(
120:(
112:(
104:.
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
65:.
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.