501:. In Rome he begins to proclaim himself to be the "Younger Hermes" (implying that he is either the son of Hermes Trismegistus or Hermes Trismegistus reincarnated, hence the adoption of "Mercuio" to his name). In 1494 he is reported to be in Lucca vainly trying to get to Florence. He apparently gets to visit Florence again in 1496. He is reported in Venice in 1497. In 1499 he is reported in Rome again seeking a meeting with the pope, as well as in Cesena on his way to Milan. While in Cesena he is seen wearing sackcloth and accompanied by his wife and five children.
40:
2080:
593:), describing the pope's oak as a sort of world tree. He makes use a popular alchemical symbol, the phoenix (often associated with the philosopher's stone), which he says perches on the upper branches of the papal tree. Da Correggio then goes on to discuss the philosopher's stone and quintessence, and all the virtues therein. He implies that he possesses these secrets, if only the pope would give him and his family protection. Da Correggio writes
505:
with his entire household, begging on the streets, and dressed in sackcloth. It is possible he could have wasted his fortunes in alchemical pursuits, which was not uncommon in the 15th century. Hanegraaff puts forth the conjecture that
Lazzarelli not only introduced da Correggio to Hermeticism, but may have also introduced him to alchemy sometime after 1495. In 1495 Lazzarelli met
470:, who was in Rome at the time. According to Farissol da Correggio never even made it to the altar, but was arrested for heresy. According to Farissol da Correggio also calls himself "Son of God," "Hermes Trismegistus," "Enoch," and "Methuselah." Later da Correggio escapes from prison, possibly with the assistance of some friends.
394:; 1451 - ?) was an Italian itinerant preacher, Hermeticist, and alchemist. Due to his bizarre appearance in Rome on Palm Sunday 1484 he has been believed by some scholars to have not actually existed, but this has been contested with other reports that corroborate his eccentricities. His most notable follower was
431:) and the College of Cardinals. Lazzarelli was so taken in by da Correggio that he decided to become his pupil. This meeting is reported by Lazzarelli to have been a turning point in his life and studies. It is possible that Lazzarelli may have introduced da Correggio to Hermetic philosophy and writings.
597:
as if he is the conduit of a divine entity, imploring the pope's help in the third person: "Give our
Giovanni Mercurio your help and I will help you." It is uncertain if Julius II ever secured any help for da Correggio, but given that there are no other documentations concerning Giovanni da Correggio
584:
was a desperate last attempt by da
Correggio to secure a source of funding to provide for himself and his family. He appeals to Julius II by mentioning that they had met before face-to-face in Savona (possibly before Julius II was pope), as if attempting to imply a stronger connection between the two
552:
writes about da
Correggio boasting of himself as knowing all the learnings of the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, and Latins. It is unlikely Trithemius ever met da Correggio, or even traveled to Italy. It is more probable that he learned of da Correggio's existence through the writings of Lazzarelli, which
621:
was the next authority to write about da
Correggio while researching Hermetic documents and manuscripts in the Viterbo Municipal Library. Kristeller found other accounts of da Correggio in other cities in the latter half of the 15th century, citing namely a letter from the Medici Archives reporting
504:
While da
Correggio was originally from a noble family, and he seems to have been wealthy given the lavish and rich garments he wore in Rome in 1484 before he paraded around in imitation of Jesus, he appears to be truly destitute beginning in 1499. From this point forward he is always seen traveling
496:
He is reported to have been in Cesena in 1484, but it is unclear if this was prior to or after his appearance in Rome on Palm Sunday. It could easily be both, as he would have had to travel through Cesena to get from Rome to
Bologna if he did not travel through Florence. Additionally he is reported
439:
On Palm Sunday, 11 April 1484 da
Correggio is reported by Lazzarelli to have been in Rome dressed in rich garments and gold with four servants. Lazzarelli reports that da Correggio then exits the city of Rome, and returns riding on a white donkey in imitation of Jesus. He is wearing blood-stained
547:
Lazzarelli, Farissol, and
Sosenna are the only three persons to have written about anything concerning Giovanni da Correggio who also were contemporary with him. There is another notable contemporary to have written about da Correggio, but it is unlikely he ever encountered the man in person.
473:
According to both
Lazzarelli and Farissol, after leaving Rome, da Correggio returns to Bologna to his wife, Elana Marie, and five children. Upon arriving in Bologna da Correggio is arrested again with new charges of heresy, but either escapes from prison in Bologna or is released.
415:
Giovanni da Correggio was born sometime around 1451 to a noble family in Bologna, and was likely the illegitimate son of a certain Antonio da Correggio (not the artist), who died in 1474. Da Correggio is also likely from the same feudal family that produced
440:
linen garments, a crown of thorns, on top of which is a silver crescent moon shaped disk. He then travels up to Saint Peter's Basilica and walks right up to the altar. Da Correggio places upon the altar his mystical apparel and a paper entitled
614:
in 1938. Ohly found the man to be so strange that he concluded that da Correggio was a fictitious invention of Lazzarelli. Ohly came to this conclusion because of the scarcity of other accounts concerning da Correggio.
1014:
954:
Kristeller, Paul Oskar. "Lodovico Lazzarelli e Giovanni da Correggio, due ermetici del quattrocento, e il manoscritto II. D. I. 4 della biblioteca comunale degli argenti di Viterbo",
454:
Ego Joannes Mercurius de Corigio, sapientiae angelus Pimanderque in summo ac maximo spiritus Jesu Chrisi excessu, hanc aquam regni pro paucis, sic super omnes magna voce evangelizo.
585:
men. Mostly da Correggio appeals to Julius II by regularly using the oak tree as an emblem of majesty, protection, power, and beauty (Julius II was formerly Giuliano della Rovere;
506:
444:, knelt to pray, and then left. He proclaimed that he was "Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio" (or the Latin equivalent: "Iohannes Mercurius de Corigio"), "the angel of wisdom," "
626:, as well as da Correggio's sonnet with Sosenna's commentary. Kristeller dissented against Ohly's conclusion, now concluding that Giovanni da Correggio had in fact existed.
420:. He does not appear to have had any formal education in academics, oration, grammar, or rhetoric, but nevertheless went on to become a very eloquent wandering preacher.
1015:
https://www.academia.edu/1170579/Pseudo-Lullian_Alchemy_and_the_Mercurial_Phoenix_Giovanni_da_Correggios_De_Quercu_Iulii_pontificis_sive_De_lapide_philosophico_2007_
417:
598:
after this meeting with the pope, then it can be surmised that Julius did not assist da Correggio and he and his family perished in poverty sometime thereafter.
1009:
Hanegraaff, Wouter J. "Pseudo-Lullian Alchemy and the Mercurial Phoenix: Giovanni da Correggio's De Quercu Iulii pontificis sive De lapide philosophico ",
521:, credited to Lazzarelli, is dedicated to da Correggio). Despite being destitute or impending destitution that same year, 1499, da Correggio published his
1242:
482:
After 1484, Giovanni da Correggio begins to wander from city to city preaching. Accounts of his appearances throughout Italy are scarce and scattered.
1852:
629:
Since Kristeller other scholars have brought to the forefront other accounts of da Correggio. Among them are David Ruderman in Abraham Farissol's
1021:
Copenhaver, Brian P. (2009). "A Grand End for a Grand Narrative: Lodovico Lazzarelli, Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio and Renaissance Hermetica".
533:
72:
485:
The first appearance of da Correggio since Palm Sunday is on 4 July 1486 in Florence while on his way to Naples. Lazzarelli was in the court of
1629:
622:
da Correggio was in Lucca in 1494. Other sources found by Kristeller include the Harley Manuscript 4081 in the British Museum, better known as
607:
452:, a Hermetic manifestation of the mind of God), and "the most perfect manifestation of Jesus Christ." He distributed scrolls that read: "
1664:
544:, as both held an interest in astrology and divination. Ruderman speculates that da Correggio may have met the duke through Sosenna.
540:, writes a commentary on a sonnet attributed to da Correggio. It is known that Sosenna was friendly with the Duke of Ferrara,
532:
It is unclear when da Correggio traveled to Ferrara, but Farissol reports to have seen him in Ferrara. This is appropriate as
489:
at the time, and Ferdinand I requested to meet with da Correggio. While in Florence da Correggio is ordered to be arrested by
948:
374:
102:
1683:
1636:
517:," though it is unclear if this dedication was directed toward de Branchiis or da Correggio; but it is certain that the
509:, an alchemist, and decided to be de Branchiis' pupil as well. (Lazzarelli dedicated his transcription of Petrus Bonus’
2060:
1866:
319:
1096:
1064:
557:, a notorious German alchemist, had access to Lazzarelli's Hermetic writings, as he quotes a portion of Lazzarelli's
324:
2109:
2001:
1650:
1616:
2051:
2046:
1933:
1587:
965:, Book III, Chapter XXXVI. Trans. James Freake. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Publications. 2010. pp. 579–582.
658:
346:
252:
66:
1532:
1013:. Ed. Lawrence M. Principe. Watson Publishing International LLC: Sagamore Beach. 2007. pp. 101–112. (
2114:
1905:
1891:
1784:
1770:
1708:
554:
525:(it is unclear if he published this before or after becoming a beggar), which he presented in Lyons to
257:
159:
130:
1763:
1756:
1527:
1421:
1351:
367:
39:
580:), and presented it to the pope. Given da Correggio's state of poverty, Hanegraaff conjectures that
1884:
1222:
1128:
204:
1829:
1487:
1227:
1138:
971:"Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio's Appearance in Italy as Seen through the Eyes of an Italian Jew"
2021:
1341:
683:
493:
and accosted by a Franciscan inquisitor. It is unclear if da Correggio ever made it to Naples.
110:
2006:
1742:
1643:
1492:
1376:
1089:
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537:
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2104:
1275:
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1168:
678:
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287:
191:
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23:
8:
2016:
1912:
1859:
1821:
1777:
1507:
1158:
970:
667:
654:
646:
549:
424:
398:, an Italian humanist poet and alchemist, who writes his accounts of da Correggio in his
395:
242:
151:
45:
1558:
943:
Churton, Tobias. "The Golden Builders". Boston, MA: Weiser Books. 2002. pp. 44–48.
553:
were circulated among scholars and alchemists in Germany at that time. It is known that
1919:
1845:
1113:
1038:
998:
990:
541:
462:
The only other account of da Correggio's Palm Sunday appearance in Rome was written by
314:
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1981:
1926:
1670:
1610:
1517:
1467:
1381:
1356:
1143:
1042:
1002:
944:
688:
498:
427:
encountered him as an apocalyptic preacher trying to gain the attention of the pope (
80:
1011:
Chymists and Chymistry: Studies in the History of Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry
2083:
1735:
1702:
1603:
1573:
1447:
1437:
1416:
1300:
1295:
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1191:
1082:
1030:
982:
463:
329:
196:
1069:
1065:
http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-da-correggio_(Dizionario-Biografico)/
961:
Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius. "Of man, how he was created after the image of God",
2064:
1809:
1790:
1563:
1537:
1442:
1396:
1361:
1336:
1260:
1183:
1153:
650:
568:
The last that is ever heard of da Correggio is in 1506 while he was meeting with
237:
137:
958:, Volume III. Roma, Italia: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura. 1993. pg. 207–225.
1996:
1986:
1838:
1689:
1452:
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334:
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145:
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277:
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2026:
1940:
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1366:
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219:
1721:
1522:
1477:
1472:
1457:
1401:
1386:
1346:
1046:
340:
282:
636:
It is generally agreed upon that Giovanni da Correggio did in fact exist.
1976:
1898:
1749:
1728:
1411:
1406:
1371:
1201:
673:
459:
According to Lazzarelli da Correggio did all this completely unaccosted.
423:
The first account of da Correggio was on 12 November 1481 in Rome, where
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31:
1991:
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1512:
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87:
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2011:
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1148:
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529:
in 1501. Sometime after visiting France he published a plague tract.
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209:
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57:
1074:
986:
2041:
1497:
1310:
1270:
1232:
267:
214:
1966:
1961:
1196:
1163:
1105:
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The first modern authority to describe Giovanni da Correggio was
2036:
1133:
2031:
1971:
497:
to have been in Rome again 1492 in hopes of meeting with
578:
On the Oak of Pope Julius, or On the Philosopher's Stone
574:
De Quercu Iulii Pontificis, Sive De Lapide Philosophico
523:Against the Barbarians, the Turks, and the Scyths
2096:
1853:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
536:, a humanist scholar, poet, and magician at the
1070:http://www.aelialaeliacrispis.com/mercurio.html
833:
831:
829:
810:
808:
466:, an Italian Jewish scholar and scribe, in his
1630:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
1090:
572:in Rome. Da Correggio had just published his
368:
1261:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
826:
805:
721:
719:
717:
715:
705:
703:
865:
863:
861:
601:
1377:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
1097:
1083:
1020:
956:Studies in Renaissance Thought and Letters
375:
361:
38:
1665:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
735:
733:
731:
712:
700:
968:
858:
2097:
1453:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
728:
666:(philosophical writings attributed to
610:while he was researching Lazzarelli's
1533:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
1104:
1078:
963:The Three Books of Occult Philosophy
563:The Three Books of Occult Philosophy
132:The Book of the Secrets of the Stars
1684:De consideratione quintae essentiae
909:, Book III, Chapter XXXVI, pp. 582.
434:
16:Italian itinerant preacher (1451-?)
13:
320:Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica
74:Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus
14:
2126:
1058:
325:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
104:Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth
2079:
2078:
1651:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
1618:Liber de compositione alchemiae
1342:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
1301:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
1149:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
930:
921:
912:
899:
890:
881:
872:
849:
840:
817:
796:
775:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 102-103.
1867:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
918:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 104-110
855:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 111-112
787:
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
388:Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio
1:
1934:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
1023:Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft
784:Ruderman (1975), pp. 311-312.
694:
659:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
477:
410:
392:Iohannes Mercurius de Corigio
347:Hermetism and other religions
67:Liber Hermetis (astrological)
507:Johannes Rigaud de Branchiis
405:
7:
1906:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
1892:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
969:Ruderman, David B. (1975).
846:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 110.
814:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 103.
709:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 102.
639:
10:
2131:
1785:Rosary of the Philosophers
1771:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
1710:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
936:Kristeller (1993), pp. 220
878:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 104
837:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 103
823:Kristeller (1993), pp. 112
793:Hanegraaff (2007), pp. 110
725:Kristeller (1993), pp. 213
555:Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
511:Pretiosa Margarita Novella
258:Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
160:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
2074:
1954:
1876:
1595:
1586:
1546:
1448:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
1430:
1329:
1281:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1251:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
1241:
1215:
1182:
1121:
1112:
887:Ruderman (1975), pp. 314.
802:Ruderman (1975), pp. 312.
766:Ruderman (1975), pp. 313.
1296:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
1129:Agathodaemon (legendary)
896:Ruderman (1975), pp. 313
869:Ruderman (1975), pp. 310
748:Ruderman (1975), pp. 314
602:Controversy of Existence
2110:15th-century alchemists
1488:Jan Baptist van Helmont
1228:Stephanus of Alexandria
757:Churton (2002), pp. 44.
1321:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
927:Churton (2002), pp. 46
739:Churton (2002), pp. 45
684:Renaissance philosophy
139:The Secret of Creation
111:Prayer of Thanksgiving
1757:Nabataean Agriculture
1644:Books of the Balances
1493:Johann Rudolf Glauber
1463:Giovanni da Correggio
975:Renaissance Quarterly
619:Paul Oskar Kristeller
538:University of Ferrara
487:Ferdinand I of Naples
248:Giovanni da Correggio
205:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
2002:In art/entertainment
1412:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
1174:Zosimos of Panopolis
1169:Paphnutia the Virgin
679:Renaissance humanism
418:Niccolò da Correggio
288:Christian Rosenkreuz
253:Pico della Mirandola
192:Zosimos of Panopolis
183:Ancient and medieval
2022:Philosophers' stone
2017:Pill of Immortality
1913:Fasciculus chemicus
1860:Turba philosophorum
1778:Physika kai mystika
1508:Michael Sendivogius
1387:pseudo-Michael Scot
1223:pseudo-Olympiodorus
1164:Ostanes (legendary)
668:Hermes Trismegistus
655:Lodovico Lazzarelli
647:Italian Renaissance
550:Johannes Trithemius
425:Lodovico Lazzarelli
396:Lodovico Lazzarelli
243:Lodovico Lazzarelli
153:Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs
46:Hermes Trismegistus
2115:Italian alchemists
1920:Musaeum Hermeticum
1846:Summa perfectionis
1825:(pseudo-Aristotle)
1815:Secret of Creation
1764:Ordinal of Alchemy
1407:pseudo-Ramon Llull
1311:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
1035:10.1353/mrw.0.0153
491:Lorenzo de' Medici
442:The Eternal Gospel
315:As above, so below
215:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
200:(may be legendary)
174:Historical figures
2092:
2091:
1950:
1949:
1927:Theatrum chemicum
1743:Mirror of Alchimy
1695:Tabula Smaragdina
1672:Clavis sapientiae
1611:Aurora consurgens
1582:
1581:
1518:Pierre-Jean Fabre
1468:Heinrich Khunrath
1382:Magister Salernus
1357:Guido di Montanor
1144:pseudo-Democritus
1106:Alchemy (general)
1047:Project MUSE
949:978-1-57863-329-6
689:Renaissance magic
499:Pope Alexander VI
385:
384:
81:Corpus Hermeticum
58:Hermetic writings
2122:
2082:
2081:
1796:Step of the Sage
1736:Mappae clavicula
1703:Leyden papyrus X
1604:Atalanta fugiens
1593:
1592:
1574:Mary Anne Atwood
1559:Eugène Canseliet
1438:Andreas Libavius
1417:Taddeo Alderotti
1192:Fang (alchemist)
1139:pseudo-Cleopatra
1119:
1118:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1076:
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764:
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749:
746:
740:
737:
726:
723:
710:
707:
559:Crater Hermetiis
513:to his "teacher
464:Abraham Farissol
435:Palm Sunday 1484
377:
370:
363:
330:Hermetic Qabalah
308:Modern offshoots
296:
291:(legendary, see
232:
231:
230:
201:
197:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān
186:
185:
184:
42:
19:
18:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2070:
2065:Suns in alchemy
1946:
1872:
1811:Sirr al-khalīqa
1792:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
1676:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
1578:
1564:Frater Albertus
1542:
1538:Wilhelm Homberg
1443:Basil Valentine
1426:
1397:Paul of Taranto
1362:Hugh of Evesham
1337:pseudo-Albertus
1325:
1271:pseudo-Avicenna
1237:
1211:
1184:Ancient Chinese
1178:
1154:Mary the Jewess
1108:
1103:
1061:
987:10.2307/2859808
940:
935:
931:
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747:
743:
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729:
724:
713:
708:
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697:
651:Marsilio Ficino
642:
604:
542:Ercole I d'Este
480:
437:
413:
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352:
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310:
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238:Marsilio Ficino
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61:
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49:
17:
12:
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5:
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2054:
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2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Iatrochemistry
1994:
1989:
1987:Elixir of life
1984:
1979:
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1969:
1964:
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1952:
1951:
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1839:Splendor solis
1835:
1827:
1819:
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2007:Magnum opus
1977:Chrysopoeia
1899:De alchemia
1750:Mutus liber
1729:Liber lucis
1596:Major Works
1483:Jakob Böhme
1372:John Dastin
1316:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1202:Master Geng
907:Three Books
674:Hermeticism
278:Jakob Böhme
118:Korē kosmou
32:Hermeticism
2099:Categories
2052:Substances
1992:Homunculus
1658:Cantong Qi
1569:Fulcanelli
1513:Paracelsus
1306:al-Jildakī
1207:Wei Boyang
1114:Alchemists
695:References
478:Later life
446:Poimandres
411:Early life
263:Paracelsus
88:Poimandres
2047:Processes
2012:Ouroboros
1833:(al-Rāzī)
1554:Carl Jung
1392:Ortolanus
1291:al-ʿIrāqī
1266:Artephius
1256:Alphidius
1216:Byzantine
1043:162382200
1003:191372710
905:Agrippa,
664:Hermetica
624:De Quercu
608:Kurt Ohly
595:De Quercu
582:De Quercu
429:Sixtus IV
406:Biography
210:Ibn Umayl
125:Cyranides
97:Asclepius
2042:Yliaster
1622:Morienus
1588:Writings
1498:John Dee
1233:Synesius
640:See also
589:meaning
450:Pimander
268:John Dee
24:a series
22:Part of
2061:Unicode
2057:Symbols
1982:Element
1967:Athanor
1962:Alembic
1955:Various
1197:Ge Hong
995:2859808
561:in his
515:Joannes
2037:Takwin
1547:Modern
1134:Chymes
1051:364068
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587:Rovere
448:" (or
2032:Rebis
1972:Azoth
1039:S2CID
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991:JSTOR
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591:oak
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