1180:" or simply, "anophelism without malaria". This was dubbed "Grassi's Law", which is formulated as: infected man + anopheles mosquitoes = malaria. Although the equation is straightforwardly correct, the reverse implication is not so. In many areas, he himself had noted that where anopheline vectors were abundant, malaria was not at all prevalent, and sometimes absent. This caused a little problem in understanding malaria epidemiology for some time. In fact, in 1919 he identified three typical malaria-prevalent localities which were not affected by malaria in the same way: the gardens of Schito near
1308:
479:
1222:
scientists who advocated the need to eradicate the vector mosquitos to put an end to continued transmission of the parasite. In 1918, he established what he called "malaria observatory" at
Fiumicino where he could monitor the extent of mosquitos migrating and biting humans in the residential areas. At the time, those who advocated the mosquito eradication method believed that it would be sufficient to control the insect breeding places within the human habitations, such as the marsh area in case of Fiumicino.
44:
1069:), had successfully demonstrated mosquito transmitting malarial parasites. (The full report was published in September 1898.) In Ross's case the experiment was an infection of bird malaria in sparrows from the bite of what he called "grey" mosquitos. Upon the news, Grassi knew that it was important to test the possibility of human infection from mosquitos. In September, on his way back to Rome, he collected mosquitos some of which he could identify as
1284:
was that the prize should be shared between Ross and Grassi. Then Ross made a defamatory campaign accusing Grassi of deliberate fraud. Koch was appointed as a "neutral arbitrator" in the committee, and as reported, " threw the full weight of his considerable authority in insisting that Grassi did not
1221:
Since 1900, the
Italian government introduced health programmes on mass malaria control and enacted a "State Quinine Law" by which the antimalarial drug would be provided from the state resources. It was useful but not a great success, as the drug could not prevent the infection. Grassi was among the
1203:
at Schito, which was known to be a non-malarious region. He and his assistant spent several nights there in a peasant's hut, and was surprised that the mosquito never bit them. Inquiring from the local people, he learned that the mosquitos there never bit humans, but he was certain that the mosquitos
853:
was demonstrated by Grassi in a grotesque self-experimentation. To solve a century-old puzzle of how infection of roundworm is transmitted from one host to another, he ingested the roundworm eggs on 30 August 1879. He had obtained the eggs from a human corpse, which was heavily infected, upon autopsy
715:
and the reproduction of eels. He published his first report on the arrow worms in 1881 and a monograph in 1883 by which he described 14 new species and established that the animals are not related to molluscs and coelenterates, as then believed to be. Earlier 1881, he had discovered that arrow worms
1208:
He remarked in his notebook: "One may conclude that the
Anopheles of the Orti di Schito form a biological race which does not bite man." In 1921, after repeated assessment, he became convinced that there were races of the same mosquito species which were morphologically indistinguishable but do not
1163:
plains, a malaria-endemic area, protected them from mosquito bites between dusk and dawn, and they did not get malaria (except five of them) compared with 415 unprotected volunteers who all contracted malaria. In 1898 he and
Bignami were able to produce the final proof of mosquito transmission of
1050:
Moving to the
Sapienza University of Rome in 1895, Grassi joined established malariologists Bignami and Bastianelli to further investigate on malaria, most importantly, on how it was transmitted. By then, Bignami and Bastianelli were already investigating the hypothesis that certain blood-feeding
1095:
infection). With careful experimentation, he used himself as a test subject (control) by covering himself with an iron net inside the same room where the mosquitos were released. When the blood-fed mosquitos were dissected after few days, several developmental stages of the parasite were visible
1226:
surrounding area of marshland beyond human dwellings was realised. For
Fiumicino, Grassi designed an embankment system for the marsh area to prevent mosquito breeding and that could be utilised for irrigation during summer. The project was initiated but uncompleted at the time of his death.
1225:
In an experiment, Grassi released a group of mosquitos that he marked with paints. When he look for the marked mosquitos after several days, he found that many had strayed and survived in areas more than two miles away from the marsh. It was from this study that the necessity to treat whole
1335:
from the
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Vallauri Prize from the Turin Academy of Sciences; the Royal Prize from the Accademia dei Lincei; the Gold Medal of the Apiculture Association; and the Gold Medal of the Agricultural Society of Italy. He was received
1096:
inside the mosquito. The most important observation was oocysts (from which human infective forms, sporozoa, would eventually emerge) that indicated the successful growth of the parasite in the mosquitos. Grassi, Bignami and
Bastianelli reported the discovery to the
710:
and termites were monumental. His reports on termites and their biology earned him an international recognition as a zoologist. He described 21 species of termites and documented the first observations of the protozoan parasites inside them. He also studied the
1137:
Bastianelli especially trying to take majority of the credits in a single-authored report, and explicitly omitting the contributions of Grassi. Grassi published a justification that the main critical experiment was designed and performed by only himself.
665:, where his family had settled. There, he built a private clinic for children with malaria, and which he bestowed to her daughter Isabella for continued service after his death. He died in Rome in 1925 while reading the proof of his last paper,
1118:) that penetrate the gut epithelium, transform into smaller bodies (they noted as identical to crescent but pigmented, now called oocysts), grow in size and multiply, elongate to filamentous bodies which they correctly named sporozoites.
871:, which he considered to be harmless parasites as he found them from both sick and heathy individuals. At the time, these protozoans were believed to be pathogenic parasites like other amoebas. The amoebas are later established as
1285:
deserve the honor" (Grassi would later point out flaws in Koch's own methodology on malarial research). Ross was the first to show that malarial parasite was transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes, in his case the avian
1128:
The sporozoites are released by the mosquitos when they bite, but not all. Thus, sporozoites are the only human infective stage. Those that are not released from the salivary glands eventually degenerate and are digested by the
1076:
With
Bignami and Bastianelli, Grassi experimented with different mosquitos to see if they could take up live parasites after feeding on the blood of malarial individuals. After several failed attempts, Grassi found that only
2581:
1014:
was already a scientific name for other protists). It was from his systematic analysis that the standard classification of malaria and their parasites became fundamental to medical practices: benign tertian is caused by
1614:
672:
Following his will, he was interred at a village cemetery in
Fiumicino, as he achieved his most important medical services there. His wife Maria (1860–1942) and daughter were also interred at the same tomb.
805:
required rats as definitive hosts and arthropods as intermediate hosts, which was the basis of presumption that all dwarf tapeworms must use two different hosts. He was also the first to show that the flea
498:. His father Luigi Grassi was a municipal official, and mother Costanza Mazzuchelli was a noted peasant of unusual intelligence. He completed elementary education at Bolchi-Stucchi private school in
720:
The arrow worms were later classified as a separate phylum Chaetognatha, and are recognised as "enigmatic" animals. His associate Salvatore Calandruccio collected an unusual spider from
625:
735:(1904) influenced the Italian Ministry of Agriculture, which eventually requested him to do an exhaustive study of this subject. In 1912 he produced a monumental investigation of the
650:). In 1903, Rome university created a department of agricultural entomology in which Grassi became the first teacher. Endemic malaria returned to Italy during and after the
1149:
and that different species were transmitted by only specific mosquito species. Grassi's comprehensive monograph on the identity and impact of different malarial parasites,
1209:
bite humans and therefore did not play a role as vectors. The enigma was solved in 1925, soon after his death, by his pupil Falleroni, who demonstrated that there are six
3535:
Peck, Stewart B.; Mapes, Carol C.; Dorchin, Netta; Heppner, John B.; Buss, Eileen A.; Moya-Raygoza, Gustavo; Hoy, Marjorie A.; Franz, Gerald; Handler, Alfred M. (2008),
1350:
His birthplace in Rovellasca has been turned into a social centre for the elderly, the front wall of which bears his bust, underneath which there is an inscription:
939:(ICZN) in 1954. Grassi and Feletti made the second discovery the next year that the harmless form of malaria was caused by a very similar protozoan which they named
1260:. In 1897, he and his associates established the developmental stages of malaria parasites in anopheline mosquitoes; and they described the complete life cycles of
1153:
published in 1900 is as relevant today as it was in his time. In addition, his monograph also presented the first conclusive depiction that the bite of only female
3713:
1973:"A morphological and molecular reinvestigation of Janickina pigmentifera (Grassi, 1881) Chatton 1953 - an amoebozoan parasite of arrow-worms (Chaetognatha)"
3657:
936:
3668:
3663:
1252:). However, this was disputed and continues to be disputed to this day. Grassi was the first to suggest that there must be some developmental stage of
747:
In 1876, Grassi investigated his native hometown Rovellasca for the high mortality of cats and discovered that they were heavily infected with the
2311:"Contrasting microbiota profiles observed in children carrying either Blastocystis spp. or the commensal amoebas Entamoeba coli or Endolimax nana"
731:
He also made significant contribution to the study of the phylloxera of grapes, which he pursued for several years. The notes of his observations
104:
3317:"Fifty years after the eradication of Malaria in Italy. The long pathway toward this great goal and the current health risks of imported malaria"
861:
In 1879, Grassi became the first to identify protozoans similar to amoebas from the human excreta. He gave a vivid description of the then named
1051:
insects must be responsible for transmitting malaria. Grassi was able to obtain malaria samples easily from the Hospital of the Holy Spirit (
892:. His report in 1885 showed the role of commensal protozoans in the digestion process of food in termites. In 1887, he described a roundworm
615:
on 4 December 1889 that a healthy man in a non-malarial zone had contracted tertian malaria after being bitten by an experimentally infected
2508:
1100:
on 6 November 1898, and was formally read before the meeting of the academy on 4 December. The discovery had several specific observations:
1055:). In 1898, he took a field trip to his hometown collecting mosquitos for experiments. An impetus came from the report from India. In June,
854:
on 10 October 1878. After twenty-two days, he found fresh eggs in his faeces. Thus proving that the roundworm is transmitted through direct
1660:
1455:
450:. He and Ross were shortlisted for the final award, but Ross who appeared to have make the least important discovery, the transmission of
1081:
was capable of taking up the parasites and maintain them alive inside its gut. On 20 October, he let the mosquito (that he identified as
955:" (On the Parasite of Malaria). The sequel report in 1890 described the discovery of the third human malarial parasite which they called
3065:"On the structure of semilunar and flagellate bodies of the malarial fever. An appendix to the inoculation theory of malarial infection"
1281:
611:, who were working on malaria in districts around Rome. Grassi was the group's entomologist. The group announced at the session of the
3374:"Short history of malaria and its eradication in Italy with short notes on the fight against the infection in the mediterranean basin"
3238:"Short history of malaria and its eradication in Italy with short notes on the fight against the infection in the Mediterranean basin"
739:
and biology of the Italian and other European genera of phylloxera. It was a foundation for systematic control of agricultural pests.
3698:
1347:
A stamp commemorating Grassi with his portrait, a microscope and a mosquito on it was issued by the Italian post office in 1955.
2028:"Barcoding of arrow worms (Phylum Chaetognatha) from three oceans: genetic diversity and evolution within an enigmatic phylum"
1111:
All stages of the parasite development could be seen in different mosquitos and the ideal temperature of growth is 30 °C.
3556:
3211:
2246:
1241:
435:
1403:
Grassi authored more than 250 scientific papers and, in collaboration with his students and colleagues, wrote another 100.
1235:
3723:
1972:
1052:
2309:
Alzate, Juan F.; Toro-Londoño, Miguel; Cabarcas, Felipe; Garcia-Montoya, Gisela; Galvan-Diaz, Ana (18 September 2020).
1324:
3467:
2380:
Infection, Genetics and Evolution: Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
1517:
1125:) of the mosquito. The mature sporozoites are accumulated in the tubes of the salivary glands, becoming motionless.
24:
1577:
1421:
with Bignami, A. and Bastianelli, G.. 1899. Resoconto degli studi fatti sulla malaria durante il mese di gennaio.
1720:"Women, religion and associativism: the aristocratic origins of the National Council of Italian Women, 1903–1908"
1114:
The parasite development starts in the midgut (they called middle intestine), turning into crescents (now called
838:, a non-pathogenic filarial worm of dogs, and showed that the parasite completed its development in human fleas,
3603:
2094:
3708:
918:
439:
959:. Along with the new description indicating obvious relationship between the two parasite, they reclassified
724:
in Sicily. Grassi identified it as not only new species but as belonging to a new family, and gave the name,
2375:
1168:) on infected patients and found that uninfected individuals developed malaria through the mosquito bite.
3703:
3429:
Baccetti B (2008). "History of the early dipteran systematics in Italy: from Lyncei to Battista Grassi".
1057:
592:
397:), which became fundamental to clinical distinction of different human malaria: benign tertian caused by
264:
225:
215:
1534:
434:. Since the inception of Nobel Prizes in 1901 until his death, he was nominated 21 times. For the 1902
2818:
818:. Thus he proposed that swallowing of infected fleas (for example, with milk) might be the reason for
767:
of infected individuals. His method of egg identification was immediately useful for the detection of
3651:
3288:
Fantini B (1994). "The discovery of transmission mechanisms and the fight against malaria in Italy".
1719:
824:
431:
316:, contrary to popular belief. He was the first to demonstrate the direct life cycle of the roundworm
542:
801:, a notion that had long been rejected. At the time, its was known that a closely related species
3718:
3103:
3064:
3016:"Medical Zoology: Further Researches upon the Cycle of Human Malaria in the Body of the Mosquito"
2523:
2430:
1115:
456:
20:
1159:
mosquitoes could transmit malaria. In a classic experiment, he dispatched 112 volunteers to the
359:
The most important contributions of Grassi are on malariology, discovering different species of
1486:
1062:
883:
3373:
755:. In 1878, while still a student at the University of Pavia, he made the first description of
2111:
1946:
1323:
in 1896 for his contribution to the study of termites. In 1908, he was made a senator of the
998:, with the original name used to designate the subgenus. In 1891, Grassi performed the first
931:
913:
Grassi started to study malaria in 1888 while at the University of Catania, with a colleague
632:
In 1902, Grassi abandoned his study of malaria and began work on the sandfly responsible for
561:
461:
419:
260:
211:
454:, was the sole winner. Grassi, who demonstrated the complete route of transmission of human
3693:
3688:
2659:
2647:
2593:
2322:
2158:
2039:
1272:
the following year. When the Nobel nomination was called, there began a fiery polemic over
1097:
849:
736:
612:
604:
530:
410:
323:
318:
3536:
3191:
8:
1332:
1328:
1287:
1273:
1248:
for his discovery of the life cycle of malarial parasite (or as the Nobel citation goes:
973:
510:
451:
383:
149:
2663:
2597:
2326:
2043:
3406:
3349:
3316:
3262:
3237:
3164:
3137:
3084:
3040:
3015:
2999:
2986:
2966:
2939:
2906:
2882:
2857:
2794:
2737:
2702:
2617:
2489:
2411:
2351:
2310:
2291:
2070:
2027:
2008:
1854:
1804:
1695:
1341:
1337:
1291:. But Grassi's work revealed that human malarial parasites were carried only by female
1087:
617:
608:
526:
466:
3673:
3119:
3080:
2834:
2446:
2212:
2187:
1919:
Capanna E (2008). "Battista Grassi entomologist and the Roman School of Malariology".
1890:
1474:
557:. While in Heidelberg, he met a fellow student Maria Koenen whom she married in 1879.
3552:
3504:
3496:
3463:
3438:
3411:
3393:
3354:
3336:
3297:
3267:
3207:
3169:
3045:
3027:
2978:
2944:
2926:
2887:
2869:
2838:
2799:
2781:
2742:
2724:
2683:
2675:
2625:
2609:
2557:
2553:
2481:
2415:
2403:
2395:
2356:
2338:
2283:
2242:
2217:
2139:
2128:"Notes on the mouthparts of Eukoenenia mirabilis (Grassi) (Arachnidea: Palpigradida)"
2099:
Atti della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti - Classe di Scienze Medico-Biologiche
2075:
2057:
2012:
2000:
1992:
1928:
1862:
1846:
1796:
1788:
1749:
1700:
1682:
1593:
1513:
1478:
1307:
1257:
798:
478:
313:
3088:
1808:
797:) is able to go through its entire life cycle in one animal, without the need of an
306:
and termites. He was the first to demonstrate the life cycle of human dwarf tapeworm
3548:
3544:
3401:
3385:
3344:
3328:
3257:
3249:
3203:
3199:
3159:
3149:
3115:
3076:
3035:
2994:
2934:
2918:
2877:
2830:
2789:
2773:
2732:
2714:
2667:
2601:
2549:
2473:
2442:
2387:
2346:
2330:
2275:
2207:
2199:
2106:
2065:
2047:
1984:
1780:
1739:
1731:
1690:
1672:
1589:
1470:
914:
879:
789:
695:
662:
581:
518:
495:
389:
364:
267:
from 1895 until his death. His first major research on the taxonomy and biology of
3332:
2762:"Surgeon-Major Ronald Ross's recent investigations on the mosquito‒malaria theory"
2203:
2095:"Salvatore Calandruccio, Sicilian parasitologist: a story we never wanted to tell"
1735:
1407:
1898. Rapporti tra la malaria e peculiari insetti (zanzaroni e zanzare palustri).
1108:) bit humans or animals, thus, responsible for transmitting the malarial parasite.
986:
Grassi and Feletii also discovered described malaria parasite of birds, including
554:
460:, and correctly identified the types of malarial parasite as well as the mosquito
3457:
2671:
2605:
2391:
2236:
2052:
1507:
1210:
1141:
In early 1899, Grassi and his colleagues demonstrated similar growth pattern for
760:
651:
68:
917:. The first malarial parasite of humans was discovered by French Army physician
580:" in addition to scientific papers. He also began to study malaria working with
2922:
2334:
1133:
Bignami and Bastianelli published the experiments in the December issue of the
888:
867:
840:
576:(Rome). Also in Catania he began to study entomology and wrote a student text "
550:
338:
241:
166:
3315:
Martini, Mariano; Angheben, Andrea; Riccardi, Niccolò; Orsini, Davide (2021).
2719:
2127:
3682:
3500:
3397:
3340:
3031:
2982:
2930:
2873:
2842:
2785:
2728:
2679:
2613:
2485:
2399:
2342:
2287:
2279:
2143:
2061:
1996:
1850:
1792:
1753:
1686:
1316:
830:
633:
600:
585:
514:
360:
344:
330:
295:
272:
119:
106:
2777:
2477:
2093:
Napoli, Ettore; Pugliese, Michela; Giannetto, Salvatore (13 November 2023).
1250:
for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism...
3508:
3484:
3442:
3415:
3389:
3358:
3301:
3271:
3253:
3173:
3049:
2948:
2891:
2803:
2746:
2687:
2629:
2561:
2509:"The making of modern malariology: from miasma to mosquito- malaria theory"
2407:
2360:
2221:
2079:
2026:
Jennings, Robert M.; Bucklin, Ann; Pierrot-Bults, Annelies (1 April 2010).
2004:
1988:
1932:
1800:
1768:
1704:
1482:
1320:
1104:
Grassi alone found out that only female mosquitos (specifically in case of
596:
569:
538:
423:, the most prevalent and deadliest species. He discovered that only female
353:
276:
252:
201:
176:
43:
3154:
2761:
1866:
3578:
1277:
1276:
between him and Ross. The situation was worsened with the involvement of
1245:
1002:
of malaria parasites from one bird into another. Grassi reused the genus
999:
776:
712:
699:
638:
534:
447:
308:
303:
256:
3459:
Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise
2990:
2493:
2461:
2308:
2295:
2263:
1858:
1834:
1677:
847:
The first crucial step in understanding the life cycle of the roundworm
771:
infection in humans. He continued to make great impacts on the study of
2621:
2238:
Tapeworms, Lice and Prions : A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections
1744:
1299:. By today's standard, they are likely to have shared the Nobel prize.
897:
721:
691:
645:
624:
487:
414:
377:
291:
283:
282:
Grassi's scientific contributions covered embryological development of
197:
159:
64:
3632:
Iconography of Italian Entomologists, with essential biographical data
3198:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1141–1142,
1835:"History of discoveries of malaria parasites and of their life cycles"
3138:"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors"
1193:
1185:
1155:
872:
855:
819:
784:
707:
658:
573:
424:
352:
in 1885 after his wife, Maria Koenen. He pioneered the foundation of
248:
244:
98:
2858:"Report on the Cultivation of Proteosoma, Labbé, in Grey Mosquitos"
2376:"Molecular epidemiology, evolution, and phylogeny of Entamoeba spp"
2374:
Cui, Zhaohui; Li, Junqiang; Chen, Yuancai; Zhang, Longxian (2019).
1784:
1661:"The forgotten malariologist: Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925)"
1160:
979:
875:
748:
287:
268:
193:
1582:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1977:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1189:
1066:
687:
565:
546:
522:
499:
327:
1311:
Statue of Grassi in the garden of Villa Borghese in Rome, Italy
1181:
1176:
Grassi had developed a dogma that "there is no malaria without
1122:
922:
764:
703:
19:"Giovanni Grassi" redirects here. For the Jesuit academic, see
822:
in children. In 1879 he published a work on the life cycle of
3314:
2462:"Studies on Human Parasites in North America. 1. Filaria loa"
491:
139:
3674:
Some places and memories related to Giovanni Battista Grassi
2025:
1295:. He identified the mosquito species correctly, in his case
3378:
Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases
716:
harbour amoeboid parasites, and described one new species,
560:
In 1883, he became Professor of Comparative Zoology at the
521:
and graduated in 1878. After graduation he worked first at
503:
86:
591:
In 1895, he was appointed Chair of Comparative Anatomy at
584:
on malaria, discovering the parasite species of human and
2701:
Valkiūnas, Gediminas; Iezhova, Tatjana A. (29 May 2018).
1509:
Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers
811:
787:. He was the first to show that the human dwarf tapeworm
299:
3013:
3543:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1714–1715,
3534:
3485:"Grassi versus Ross: who solved the riddle of malaria?"
2092:
1236:
Nobel Prize controversies § Physiology or medicine
1213:, of which only four bite humans and transmit malaria.
595:, where he would spend the rest of his life. He joined
2540:
Bruce-Chwatt, L.J. (1987). "Falciparum nomenclature".
2241:. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
1042:
971:. As approved by ICZN, the two parasites are known as
994:(in 1891). The species were later moved to the genus
947:
They reported the discovery in the December issue of
900:
in horses, and later found to infect humans as well.
834:. In 1890 he, with Salvatore Calandruccio, described
336:, and demonstrated the parasite life cycle in fleas,
3660:
In Italian, English translation sometimes available.
3604:"Giovanni Battista Grassi's birthplace and monument"
2580:
Sabrosky, C. W.; Usinger, R. L. (1 September 1944).
1971:Volkova, Ekaterina; Kudryavtsev, Alexander (2021).
1229:
937:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
263:from 1883, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy at
3639:History of applied Entomology (Somewhat Anecdotal)
3062:
1970:
908:
643:) and on a serious insect pest of the grape vine (
502:, and secondary education at Volta high school in
409:). He was the first to describe and establish the
3579:"Insects Topical Stamps for Sale - The Philately"
3014:Grassi, B.; Bignami, A.; Bastianelli, G. (1899).
2648:"The Correct Names of Parasites in Human Malaria"
2264:"Studies upon the Amebae in the Intestine of Man"
886:, and closely related to the pathogenic species,
681:
259:. He was Professor of Comparative Zoology at the
3680:
3462:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–138.
2700:
1453:
1344:and was elected to 24 scientific organisations.
1121:The sporozoites freely move in the body cavity (
2579:
1769:"Presidential Address: Reinvention and Resolve"
578:The Origin and Descent of Myriapods and Insects
3641:. Smiths. Miscell. Coll. 84 X+1-564, 51 plates
2373:
2125:
1888:
1578:"Giovanni battista grassi Born March 27, 1854"
1398:
438:, he was nominated alongside French physician
3714:Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
2582:"Nomenclature of the Human Malaria Parasites"
763:in cats, after identifying the eggs from the
312:, and that this tapeworm does not require an
2911:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
2816:
2539:
2506:
2500:
925:in Algeria), in 1880. Laveran gave the name
878:that contribute to the healthy environment (
3634:. Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 75 159–382, 418 Fig.
2904:
1895:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1839:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
1428:1901. Studii di uno Zoologo sulla Malaria.
1061:announced that Ronald Ross, surgeon of the
676:
430:Grassi's works in malaria remain a lasting
16:Italian physician and zoologist (1854–1925)
3428:
3104:"Inoculation Theory of Malarial Infection"
432:controversy in the history of Nobel Prizes
42:
3405:
3348:
3287:
3261:
3163:
3153:
3039:
2998:
2938:
2881:
2793:
2736:
2718:
2350:
2211:
2110:
2069:
2051:
1918:
1743:
1694:
1676:
1658:
1432:.3(5), No. 91:299–516.6 plates in colour.
1366:NE TRASSE ARMI CONTRO LA FEBBRE PALUSTRE
654:and Grassi resumed his mosquito studies.
529:and the Oceanographic Station founded by
427:are capable of transmitting the disease.
363:and humans, and their transmission. With
251:, best known for his pioneering works on
3235:
3189:
3063:Bignami, Amico; Bastianelli, G. (1898).
2819:"Ronald Ross and the problem of malaria"
2817:Hagan, P.; Chauhan, V. (1 August 1997).
1306:
1164:malaria when they fed local mosquitoes (
657:Grassi spent much of his later years in
623:
477:
3482:
3455:
3192:"Grassi, Giovanni Battista (1854–1925)"
3135:
3101:
2645:
2185:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1832:
1766:
1535:"Nomination archive: Battista G Grassi"
1362:MEDICO E MAESTRO SCIENZIATO E FILOSOFO
342:. He invented the genus of threadworms
3681:
3371:
3283:
3281:
3231:
3229:
2964:
2759:
2533:
2428:
2112:10.13129/1828-6550/APMB.111.2.2023.HV1
1914:
1912:
1615:"GRASSI, Giovanni Battista - Treccani"
1532:
1505:
921:, while working at Bône Hospital (now
3185:
3183:
3131:
3129:
2960:
2958:
2703:"Keys to the avian malaria parasites"
2641:
2639:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2261:
2234:
2181:
2179:
2156:
2126:van der Hammen, L. (1 January 1969).
1501:
1499:
1456:"The history of Italian parasitology"
1449:
1447:
1445:
1364:CONTESE ALLA BIOLOGIA I SUOI SEGRETI
1242:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1091:) bite a malarial individual (here a
541:, then completed his training at the
509:From 1872 he studied medicine at the
436:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
381:) in birds. They correctly described
2855:
2646:Beltrán, Enrique (27 October 1944).
2459:
1873:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1717:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1378:DI CUI AVEVA INIZIATO LA REDENZIONE
694:. He studied the development of the
240:(27 March 1854 – 4 May 1925) was an
3278:
3226:
1909:
1575:
1430:Atti dei.Linncei.Mem. Cl.sc.fis.ecc
1199:Grassi discovered the problem with
1151:Studi di uno Zoologo Sulla Malaria
1053:Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia
733:La questione fillosserica in Italia
13:
3624:
3180:
3126:
2955:
2636:
2568:
2466:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2268:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2176:
1512:. Academic Press. pp. 93–97.
1496:
1442:
1325:Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy
1216:
943:(the genus name honouring Laveran)
929:, which was ultimately changed to
14:
3735:
3645:
2431:"Helminthes Parasitic in Equines"
1947:"Giovanni Battista Grassi's tomb"
1815:
1633:
1600:
1552:
1372:VOLLE ESSERE SEPOLTO A FIUMICINO
3699:People from the Province of Como
1388:IL SUO SOGNO D'UMANA REDENZIONE
1384:NEL I° CENTENARIO DELLA NASCITA
1230:The 1902 Nobel Prize controversy
742:
728:in 1885, dedicated to his wife.
25:Giovanni Grassi (disambiguation)
3630:Conci, C. & Poggi, R. 1996
3596:
3571:
3528:
3515:
3483:Capanna, Ernesto (March 2006).
3476:
3449:
3422:
3365:
3308:
3095:
3056:
3007:
2898:
2849:
2810:
2753:
2694:
2453:
2422:
2367:
2302:
2255:
2228:
2188:"History of Human Parasitology"
2150:
2119:
2086:
2019:
1964:
1939:
1718:Cova, Anne (23 February 2023).
1390:DAL SECOLARE FLAGELLO MALARICO
1302:
1171:
909:Discovery of malarial parasites
686:Grassi's earlier works were on
3549:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1170
3539:, in Capinera, John L. (ed.),
3525:1956 ed. Pocket Books, p. 291.
3204:10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_1333
2157:Boese, Alex (11 August 2011).
1760:
1711:
1526:
1370:MORTO A ROMA IL 4 MAGGIO 1925
919:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
903:
682:General zoology and entomology
440:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
1:
3333:10.1080/20477724.2021.1894394
3242:Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis
3120:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)84599-2
3081:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)84516-5
2835:10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01092-2
2447:10.1016/S0372-5545(17)65991-1
2204:10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002
2192:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1736:10.1080/09612025.2022.2100567
1533:Mehlin, Hans (1 April 2020).
1475:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00420-4
1436:
1380:I SUOI CONCITTADINI DEDICANO
1376:DELLA MAREMMA E DELLA PALUDE
1280:. The initial opinion of the
3196:Encyclopedia of Parasitology
3194:, in Mehlhorn, Heinz (ed.),
2672:10.1126/science.100.2600.384
2606:10.1126/science.100.2592.190
2554:10.1016/0169-4758(87)90153-0
2392:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104018
2053:10.1371/journal.pone.0009949
1594:10.1016/0035-9203(54)90115-7
1414:1899. Ancora sulla malaria.
1368:INVANO COMBATTUTA DA SECOLI
1354:IN QUESTA CASA DEI SUOI AVI
810:is the intermediate host of
473:
7:
3724:Italian tropical physicians
3537:"Grassi, Giovanni Battista"
3321:Pathogens and Global Health
2971:The British Medical Journal
2760:Manson, P. (18 June 1898).
1891:"Grassi, Giovanni Battista"
1659:Chaudhury, Abhijit (2021).
1399:Bibliography (partial list)
1386:MENTRE NEL MONDO SI AVVERA
1382:LAPIDE RINNOVATA E ONORATA
1058:The British Medical Journal
593:Sapienza University of Rome
361:malarial parasites in birds
265:Sapienza University of Rome
226:Gustavo Pittaluga Fattorini
216:Sapienza University of Rome
10:
3740:
3541:Encyclopedia of Entomology
3489:International Microbiology
3372:Majori, Giancarlo (2012).
3020:The Indian Medical Gazette
2923:10.1177/003591576105400202
2862:The Indian Medical Gazette
2429:Leiper, Robert T. (1912).
2335:10.1038/s41598-020-72286-y
2262:Craig, Charles F. (1908).
1233:
953:Sui Parasiti della Malaria
858:from contaminated source.
759:, a roundworm that causes
452:malarial parasite in birds
356:for phylloxera of grapes.
18:
2965:Grassi, Battista (1899).
2720:10.1186/s12936-018-2359-5
2522:(1): 3–17. Archived from
2507:Lalchhandama, K. (2014).
1767:Siddall, Mark E. (2016).
1454:Roncalli Amici R (2001).
1374:FRA GLI UMILI LAVORATORI
825:Strongyloides stercoralis
527:Naples Zoological Station
446:and British army surgeon
231:
221:
207:
189:
182:
172:
155:
145:
135:
94:
75:
50:
41:
34:
3669:Contributions to Science
3190:Mehlhorn, Heinz (2016),
2905:Manson-Bahr, P. (1961).
2132:Zoologische Mededelingen
1358:NACQUE IL 27 MARZO 1854
1031:) and benign quartan by
1023:), malignant tertian by
828:, and erected the genus
677:Scientific contributions
568:, the life cycle of the
543:University of Heidelberg
482:Giovanni Battista Grassi
238:Giovanni Battista Grassi
36:Giovanni Battista Grassi
3142:Parasites & Vectors
3102:Bignami, Amico (1898).
2967:"Mosquitos and Malaria"
2778:10.1136/bmj.1.1955.1575
2766:British Medical Journal
2460:Ward, Henry B. (1906).
2235:Grove, David I (2014).
1889:Franceschini P (2008).
1833:Garnham, P. C. (1988).
1773:Journal of Parasitology
1463:Veterinary Parasitology
1331:. He also received the
1315:Grassi was awarded the
1010:(unbeknown to Laveran,
836:Dipetalonema reconditum
773:Anguillula intestinalis
718:Janickina pigmentifera.
706:. His studies on bees,
401:, malignant tertian by
334:Dipetalonema reconditum
21:Giovanni Antonio Grassi
3390:10.4084/MJHID.2012.016
3254:10.4084/MJHID.2012.016
2435:The Veterinary Journal
2280:10.1093/infdis/5.3.324
1989:10.1099/ijsem.0.005094
1724:Women's History Review
1394:
1312:
1083:Anopheles maculipennis
1063:Indian Medical Service
884:gastrointestinal tract
865:, later classified as
629:
549:under the guidance of
483:
405:and benign quartan by
348:. He named the spider
23:. For other uses, see
3709:Italian entomologists
3155:10.1186/1756-3305-3-5
2856:Ross, Ronald (1898).
2478:10.1093/infdis/3.1.37
1665:Tropical Parasitology
1352:
1310:
1045:Plasmodium falciparum
932:Plasmodium falciparum
781:Trichocephalus dispar
667:Lezione sulla malaria
627:
562:University of Catania
494:, in what is now the
481:
425:anopheline mosquitoes
420:Plasmodium falciparum
375:(now under the genus
261:University of Catania
212:University of Catania
1098:Accademia dei Lincei
850:Ascaris lumbricoides
613:Accademia dei Lincei
605:Giuseppe Bastianelli
531:Nicolaus Kleinenberg
324:self-experimentation
319:Ascaris lumbricoides
294:, on migrations and
290:, the vine parasite
3658:Biography of Grassi
3652:Biography of Grassi
3637:Howard, L. O. 1930
3290:Medicina Nei Secoli
3114:(3928): 1541–1544.
3075:(3929): 1620–1621.
2907:"The malaria story"
2772:(1955): 1575–1577.
2664:1944Sci...100..384B
2598:1944Sci...100..190S
2327:2020NatSR..1015354A
2159:"Grassi Eats Worms"
2044:2010PLoSO...5.9949J
1678:10.4103/tp.tp_21_21
1492:on 23 October 2013.
1423:R. C. Accad. Lincei
1416:R. C. Accad. Lincei
1409:R. C. Accad. Lincei
1333:Mary Kingsley Medal
1329:Victor Emmanuel III
1288:Plasmodium relictum
974:Plasmodium malariae
927:Oscillaria malariae
757:Ancylostoma caninum
661:, a commune in the
511:University of Pavia
486:Grassi was born in
384:Haemamoeba malariae
150:University of Pavia
116: /
3704:Italian zoologists
3664:Grassi versus Ross
2823:Parasitology Today
2542:Parasitology Today
2315:Scientific Reports
2163:Mad Science Museum
1897:. Encyclopedia.com
1342:Leipzig University
1338:honorary doctorate
1313:
1192:, and Alberone in
988:Haemamoeba praecox
961:Laverania malariae
941:Laverania malariae
726:Koenenia mirabilis
630:
618:Anopheles claviger
609:Ettore Marchiafava
572:(Catania) and the
484:
467:Anopheles claviger
369:Haemamoeba praecox
350:Koenenia mirabilis
288:helminth parasites
3558:978-1-4020-6242-1
3236:Majori G (2012).
3213:978-3-662-43977-7
2977:(2020): 748–749.
2658:(2600): 384–385.
2592:(2592): 190–192.
2529:on 27 April 2014.
2248:978-0-19-964102-4
1258:white blood cells
1065:in Calcutta (now
808:Pulex serraticeps
799:intermediate host
702:and also endemic
537:where he studied
513:under professors
442:, who discovered
415:malarial parasite
314:intermediate host
235:
234:
222:Doctoral students
184:Scientific career
120:41.767°N 12.233°E
3731:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3583:thephilately.com
3575:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3456:Esch GW (2007).
3453:
3447:
3446:
3437:(3–4): 167–172.
3426:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3157:
3136:Cox FEG (2010).
3133:
3124:
3123:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3026:(3). : 104–107.
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2722:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2577:
2566:
2565:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2186:Cox FEG (2006).
2183:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2055:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1927:(3–4): 201–211.
1916:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1886:
1871:
1870:
1830:
1813:
1812:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1680:
1656:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1573:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1485:. Archived from
1460:
1451:
1360:BATTISTA GRASSI
957:Haemamoeba vivax
915:Raimondo Feletti
880:human microbiome
816:Taenia elliptica
795:Hymenolepis nana
753:Dochmius balsami
696:vertebral column
663:province of Rome
582:Raimondo Feletti
519:Giulio Bizzozero
496:Province of Como
393:(both now under
367:, he discovered
365:Raimondo Feletti
255:, especially on
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
82:
60:
58:
46:
32:
31:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3679:
3678:
3648:
3627:
3625:Further reading
3622:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3533:
3529:
3523:Microbe Hunters
3521:de Kruif, Paul
3520:
3516:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3454:
3450:
3427:
3423:
3384:(1): e2012016.
3370:
3366:
3313:
3309:
3286:
3279:
3248:(1): e2012016.
3234:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3188:
3181:
3134:
3127:
3100:
3096:
3061:
3057:
3012:
3008:
2963:
2956:
2903:
2899:
2868:(11): 401–408.
2854:
2850:
2815:
2811:
2758:
2754:
2707:Malaria Journal
2699:
2695:
2644:
2637:
2578:
2569:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2458:
2454:
2427:
2423:
2372:
2368:
2307:
2303:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2155:
2151:
2124:
2120:
2091:
2087:
2024:
2020:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1917:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1874:
1831:
1816:
1765:
1761:
1716:
1712:
1657:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1574:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1506:Cook G (2007).
1504:
1497:
1489:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1305:
1282:Nobel Committee
1244:was awarded to
1238:
1232:
1219:
1217:Malaria control
1211:cryptic species
1174:
1048:
967:and renamed it
911:
906:
894:Filaria inermis
761:ancylostomiasis
745:
684:
679:
652:First World War
476:
326:. He described
271:earned him the
214:
167:Malaria control
165:
146:Alma mater
124:
122:
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
101:
90:
84:
80:
71:
69:Austrian Empire
62:
56:
54:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3719:Malariologists
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3647:
3646:External links
3644:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3595:
3570:
3557:
3527:
3514:
3475:
3468:
3448:
3431:Parassitologia
3421:
3364:
3327:(4): 215–223.
3307:
3296:(1): 181–212.
3277:
3225:
3212:
3179:
3125:
3094:
3055:
3006:
2954:
2897:
2848:
2829:(8): 290–295.
2809:
2752:
2693:
2635:
2567:
2532:
2516:Science Vision
2499:
2452:
2441:(8): 469–472.
2421:
2366:
2301:
2274:(3): 324–377.
2254:
2247:
2227:
2198:(4): 595–612.
2175:
2149:
2118:
2085:
2018:
1963:
1938:
1921:Parassitologia
1908:
1872:
1814:
1785:10.1645/16-113
1779:(6): 566–571.
1759:
1730:(2): 209–227.
1710:
1632:
1599:
1588:(4): 369–372.
1551:
1539:NobelPrize.org
1525:
1518:
1495:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1400:
1397:
1392:27 MARZO 1954
1304:
1301:
1234:Main article:
1231:
1228:
1218:
1215:
1173:
1170:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1047:
1043:Life cycle of
1041:
990:(in 1890) and
949:Riforma Medica
910:
907:
905:
902:
889:E. histolytica
868:Entamoeba coli
841:Pulex irritans
777:filarial worms
744:
741:
683:
680:
678:
675:
551:Carl Gegenbaur
475:
472:
470:, was denied.
444:P. falciparum,
339:Pulex irritans
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
209:
205:
204:
191:
187:
186:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
157:
156:Known for
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
125:41.767; 12.233
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 71)
77:
73:
72:
63:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3469:9781139464109
3465:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:(2): 91–100.
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:(1): 93–108.
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1519:9780080559391
1515:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:(1–3): 3–10.
1468:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Royal Society
1309:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:P. falciparum
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:P. falciparum
1090:
1089:
1085:, synonym of
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:P. falciparum
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
874:
870:
869:
864:
859:
857:
852:
851:
845:
843:
842:
837:
833:
832:
831:Strongyloides
827:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:Helminthology
740:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
647:
642:
640:
635:
634:Leishmaniasis
628:Grassi's tomb
626:
622:
620:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:Amico Bignami
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:Otto Bütschli
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Camillo Golgi
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
480:
471:
469:
468:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
421:
416:
413:of the human
412:
408:
404:
403:P. falciparum
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
385:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
346:
345:Strongyloides
341:
340:
335:
332:
331:filarial worm
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
296:metamorphosis
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
273:Royal Society
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
230:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
162:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
129:
100:
97:
95:Resting place
93:
88:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:27 March 1854
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3638:
3631:
3611:. Retrieved
3607:
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3582:
3573:
3562:, retrieved
3540:
3530:
3522:
3517:
3495:(1): 69–74.
3492:
3488:
3478:
3458:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3293:
3289:
3245:
3241:
3217:, retrieved
3195:
3145:
3141:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3023:
3019:
3009:
2974:
2970:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2655:
2651:
2589:
2585:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2524:the original
2519:
2515:
2502:
2472:(1): 37–90.
2469:
2465:
2455:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2321:(1): 15354.
2318:
2314:
2304:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2237:
2230:
2195:
2191:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2152:
2138:(3): 41–45.
2135:
2131:
2121:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2038:(4): e9949.
2035:
2031:
2021:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1924:
1920:
1899:. Retrieved
1894:
1842:
1838:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1671:(1): 16–18.
1668:
1664:
1623:. Retrieved
1621:(in Italian)
1618:
1585:
1581:
1576:G.C (1954).
1542:. Retrieved
1538:
1528:
1508:
1487:the original
1466:
1462:
1429:
1425:. 8:100–104.
1422:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1321:Darwin Medal
1314:
1303:Recognitions
1296:
1292:
1286:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1224:
1220:
1206:A. claviger.
1205:
1200:
1198:
1177:
1175:
1172:Grassi's law
1165:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1105:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
985:
978:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
930:
926:
912:
896:that caused
893:
887:
866:
862:
860:
848:
846:
839:
835:
829:
823:
815:
807:
802:
794:
788:
780:
772:
769:A. duodenale
768:
756:
752:
751:(roundworm)
746:
732:
730:
725:
717:
685:
671:
666:
656:
644:
637:
631:
616:
597:Angelo Celli
590:
586:bird malaria
577:
570:European eel
559:
539:Chaetognatha
508:
485:
465:
455:
443:
429:
418:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
382:
376:
372:
368:
358:
354:pest control
349:
343:
337:
333:
317:
307:
281:
277:Darwin Medal
253:parasitology
237:
236:
208:Institutions
202:Parasitology
183:
177:Darwin Medal
160:
81:(1925-05-04)
29:
3694:1925 deaths
3689:1854 births
3654:in English.
3588:16 February
3564:16 February
3219:16 February
1745:10451/55219
1625:14 February
1544:14 February
1297:P. claviger
1278:Robert Koch
1270:P. malariae
1246:Ronald Ross
1201:A. claviger
1166:A. claviger
1147:P. malariae
1106:A. claviger
1088:A. claviger
1037:P. malariae
1033:H. malariae
1025:L. malariae
1008:O. malariae
1000:inoculation
992:H. relictum
969:H. malariae
904:Malariology
863:Amoeba coli
803:H. dimunita
790:Taenia nana
713:arrow worms
700:bony fishes
639:Phlebotomus
564:, studying
535:Anton Dohrn
448:Ronald Ross
407:P. malariae
373:H. relictum
309:Taenia nana
304:arrow worms
257:malariology
136:Nationality
123: /
3683:Categories
3613:25 October
3108:The Lancet
3069:The Lancet
2713:(1): 212.
2548:(8): 252.
2386:: 104018.
2168:25 October
2105:(2): 1–6.
1956:25 October
1437:References
1418:8:559–561.
1411:7:163–177.
1254:Plasmodium
1012:Oscillaria
996:Plasmodium
965:Haemamoeba
898:filariasis
737:morphology
722:Mount Etna
692:entomology
646:Phylloxera
488:Rovellasca
457:Plasmodium
411:life cycle
395:Plasmodium
378:Plasmodium
292:phylloxera
284:honey bees
198:Entomology
163:life cycle
161:Plasmodium
79:4 May 1925
65:Rovellasca
57:1854-03-27
3501:1139-6709
3398:2035-3006
3341:2047-7732
3032:0019-5863
2983:0007-1447
2931:0035-9157
2874:0019-5863
2843:0169-4758
2786:0007-1447
2729:1475-2875
2680:0036-8075
2614:0036-8075
2486:0022-1899
2416:201672827
2400:1567-7257
2343:2045-2322
2288:0022-1899
2144:0024-0672
2062:1932-6203
2013:244729829
1997:1466-5034
1851:0391-9714
1793:0022-3395
1754:0961-2025
1687:2229-5070
1293:Anopheles
1240:The 1902
1194:Lombardia
1186:Massarosa
1178:Anopheles
1156:Anopheles
1129:mosquito.
1079:Anopheles
1071:Anopheles
1004:Laverania
882:) of the
876:parasites
873:commensal
856:ingestion
820:taeniasis
814:tapeworm
785:Bilharzia
708:myriapods
690:and then
659:Fiumicino
648:vastatrix
641:papatasii
574:Moray eel
474:Biography
279:in 1896.
249:zoologist
245:physician
99:Fiumicino
3509:16636993
3443:20055226
3416:22550561
3359:33734023
3302:11640167
3272:22550561
3174:20205846
3148:(1): 5.
3089:58500303
3050:29002205
2991:20261831
2949:13766295
2892:29001935
2804:20757898
2747:29843718
2688:17740320
2630:17738023
2562:15462972
2494:30073105
2408:31465857
2361:32948808
2296:30071833
2222:12364371
2080:20376348
2032:PLOS ONE
2005:34846292
1933:20055229
1859:23329001
1809:11802614
1801:27626125
1705:34195055
1619:Treccani
1483:11516576
1327:by King
1274:priority
1266:P. vivax
1161:Capaccio
1143:P. vivax
1116:ookinete
1021:P. vivax
1017:H. vivax
980:P. vivax
749:nematode
566:cestodes
399:P. vivax
390:H. vivax
269:termites
194:Medicine
3608:Himetop
3407:3340992
3350:8168761
3263:3340992
3165:2825508
3041:5145329
3000:2412231
2940:1870294
2883:5141207
2795:2411754
2738:5975542
2660:Bibcode
2652:Science
2622:1673544
2594:Bibcode
2586:Science
2352:7501860
2323:Bibcode
2071:2848590
2040:Bibcode
1951:Himetop
1867:3045856
1696:8213122
1256:in the
1190:Tuscany
1135:Lancet,
1067:Kolkata
935:by the
688:anatomy
547:Germany
525:in the
523:Messina
500:Saronno
242:Italian
140:Italian
111:12°14′E
108:41°46′N
89:, Italy
3555:
3507:
3499:
3466:
3441:
3414:
3404:
3396:
3357:
3347:
3339:
3300:
3270:
3260:
3210:
3172:
3162:
3087:
3048:
3038:
3030:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2947:
2937:
2929:
2890:
2880:
2872:
2841:
2802:
2792:
2784:
2745:
2735:
2727:
2686:
2678:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2560:
2492:
2484:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2359:
2349:
2341:
2294:
2286:
2245:
2220:
2213:126866
2210:
2142:
2078:
2068:
2060:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1983:(11).
1931:
1901:31 May
1865:
1857:
1849:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1752:
1703:
1693:
1685:
1516:
1481:
1182:Naples
1123:coelom
923:Annaba
812:feline
783:, and
765:faeces
704:goiter
462:vector
328:canine
190:Fields
173:Awards
3085:S2CID
2987:JSTOR
2618:JSTOR
2527:(PDF)
2512:(PDF)
2490:JSTOR
2412:S2CID
2292:JSTOR
2009:S2CID
1855:JSTOR
1805:S2CID
1490:(PDF)
1459:(PDF)
1340:from
1204:were
963:into
492:Italy
302:, on
286:, on
3615:2014
3590:2024
3566:2024
3553:ISBN
3505:PMID
3497:ISSN
3464:ISBN
3439:PMID
3412:PMID
3394:ISSN
3355:PMID
3337:ISSN
3298:PMID
3268:PMID
3221:2024
3208:ISBN
3170:PMID
3046:PMID
3028:ISSN
2979:ISSN
2945:PMID
2927:ISSN
2888:PMID
2870:ISSN
2839:ISSN
2800:PMID
2782:ISSN
2743:PMID
2725:ISSN
2684:PMID
2676:ISSN
2626:PMID
2610:ISSN
2558:PMID
2482:ISSN
2404:PMID
2396:ISSN
2357:PMID
2339:ISSN
2284:ISSN
2243:ISBN
2218:PMID
2170:2014
2140:ISSN
2076:PMID
2058:ISSN
2001:PMID
1993:ISSN
1958:2014
1929:PMID
1903:2013
1863:PMID
1847:ISSN
1797:PMID
1789:ISSN
1750:ISSN
1701:PMID
1683:ISSN
1627:2024
1546:2024
1514:ISBN
1479:PMID
1268:and
1145:and
1006:for
977:and
951:as "
607:and
553:and
533:and
517:and
504:Como
387:and
371:and
300:eels
247:and
87:Rome
76:Died
51:Born
3545:doi
3402:PMC
3386:doi
3345:PMC
3329:doi
3325:115
3258:PMC
3250:doi
3200:doi
3160:PMC
3150:doi
3116:doi
3112:152
3077:doi
3073:152
3036:PMC
2995:PMC
2935:PMC
2919:doi
2878:PMC
2831:doi
2790:PMC
2774:doi
2733:PMC
2715:doi
2668:doi
2656:100
2602:doi
2590:100
2550:doi
2474:doi
2443:doi
2388:doi
2347:PMC
2331:doi
2276:doi
2208:PMC
2200:doi
2107:doi
2103:111
2066:PMC
2048:doi
1985:doi
1781:doi
1777:102
1740:hdl
1732:doi
1691:PMC
1673:doi
1590:doi
1471:doi
1319:'s
1188:in
1039:).
698:in
545:in
322:by
298:in
275:'s
3685::
3606:.
3581:.
3551:,
3503:.
3491:.
3487:.
3435:50
3433:.
3410:.
3400:.
3392:.
3380:.
3376:.
3353:.
3343:.
3335:.
3323:.
3319:.
3292:.
3280:^
3266:.
3256:.
3244:.
3240:.
3228:^
3206:,
3182:^
3168:.
3158:.
3144:.
3140:.
3128:^
3110:.
3106:.
3083:.
3071:.
3067:.
3044:.
3034:.
3024:34
3022:.
3018:.
2993:.
2985:.
2973:.
2969:.
2957:^
2943:.
2933:.
2925:.
2915:54
2913:.
2909:.
2886:.
2876:.
2866:33
2864:.
2860:.
2837:.
2827:13
2825:.
2821:.
2798:.
2788:.
2780:.
2768:.
2764:.
2741:.
2731:.
2723:.
2711:17
2709:.
2705:.
2682:.
2674:.
2666:.
2654:.
2650:.
2638:^
2624:.
2616:.
2608:.
2600:.
2588:.
2584:.
2570:^
2556:.
2544:.
2520:14
2518:.
2514:.
2488:.
2480:.
2468:.
2464:.
2439:68
2437:.
2433:.
2410:.
2402:.
2394:.
2384:75
2382:.
2378:.
2355:.
2345:.
2337:.
2329:.
2319:10
2317:.
2313:.
2290:.
2282:.
2270:.
2266:.
2216:.
2206:.
2196:15
2194:.
2190:.
2178:^
2161:.
2136:44
2134:.
2130:.
2101:.
2097:.
2074:.
2064:.
2056:.
2046:.
2034:.
2030:.
2007:.
1999:.
1991:.
1981:71
1979:.
1975:.
1949:.
1925:50
1923:.
1911:^
1893:.
1875:^
1861:.
1853:.
1843:10
1841:.
1837:.
1817:^
1803:.
1795:.
1787:.
1775:.
1771:.
1748:.
1738:.
1728:32
1726:.
1722:.
1699:.
1689:.
1681:.
1669:11
1667:.
1663:.
1635:^
1617:.
1602:^
1586:48
1584:.
1580:.
1554:^
1537:.
1498:^
1477:.
1467:98
1465:.
1461:.
1444:^
1264:,
1196:.
1184:,
1073:.
983:.
844:.
779:,
775:,
669:.
621:.
603:,
599:,
588:.
506:.
490:,
464:,
417:,
200:,
196:,
67:,
3617:.
3592:.
3547::
3511:.
3493:9
3472:.
3445:.
3418:.
3388::
3382:4
3361:.
3331::
3304:.
3294:6
3274:.
3252::
3246:4
3202::
3176:.
3152::
3146:3
3122:.
3118::
3091:.
3079::
3052:.
3003:.
2975:2
2951:.
2921::
2894:.
2845:.
2833::
2806:.
2776::
2770:1
2749:.
2717::
2690:.
2670::
2662::
2632:.
2604::
2596::
2564:.
2552::
2546:3
2496:.
2476::
2470:3
2449:.
2445::
2418:.
2390::
2363:.
2333::
2325::
2298:.
2278::
2272:5
2251:.
2224:.
2202::
2172:.
2146:.
2115:.
2109::
2082:.
2050::
2042::
2036:5
2015:.
1987::
1960:.
1935:.
1905:.
1869:.
1811:.
1783::
1756:.
1742::
1734::
1707:.
1675::
1629:.
1596:.
1592::
1548:.
1522:.
1473::
1035:(
1027:(
1019:(
945:.
793:(
636:(
59:)
55:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
