222:
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43:
297:
kilograms) of debris, triggering a week-long, blizzard-like meteor storm on Earth – yet no accounts of such a noteworthy storm of unprecedented intensity are found in any known historical records, including the
European, Chinese, Arabic, Japanese and Korean astronomical archives. This discrepancy is a major objection to the theory that Giordano Bruno was formed at that time. Also, much older craters, e.g.,
206:, over 300 kilometres (190 mi) to the northwest. The outer rim of the crater is especially bright compared to its surroundings. To all appearances, this is a young formation that was created in the relatively recent past, geologically speaking. Based on photos from a lunar orbiter, the crater's age has been estimated at 4 million years.
265:
the Moon throbbed like a wounded snake. Afterwards it resumed its proper state. This phenomenon was repeated a dozen times or more, the flame assuming various twisting shapes at random and then returning to normal. Then, after these transformations, the Moon from horn to horn, that is along its whole length, took on a blackish appearance.
264:
From the midpoint of the division a flaming torch sprang up, spewing out, over a considerable distance, fire, hot coals and sparks. Meanwhile the body of the Moon which was below writhed, as it were in anxiety, and to put it in the words of those who reported it to me and saw it with their own eyes,
347:
of Earth (orbiting the Sun with the same period and phase as the Earth, appearing to orbit the Earth when viewed from there) was found to have a chemical composition similar to that of the lunar surface. After limiting crater size based on simulations of impacts that could eject a piece this large
330:
This raises the question of what the monks saw. An alternative theory holds that the monks just happened to be in the right place at the right time to see an exploding meteor coming at them and aligned with the Moon. This would explain why the monks were the only people known to have witnessed the
296:
However, these observations do not resolve the question of the crater's age. The expected odds of formation of a lunar crater of that size in the last 3,000 years are on the order of 0.1%. The impact creating the 22-km-wide crater would have kicked up 10 million tonnes (10 billion
284:
measurements of its libration in longitude were judged to be of the expected magnitude for such an event. In addition, the location recorded fits in well with the crater's location. Additional evidence of
Giordano Bruno's youth is its spectacular
348:
into a quasi-satellite orbit, and limiting crater age to between 1 and 10 million years based on the instability of the asteroid's orbit, a 2024 study found that the most likely origin is the
Giordano Bruno crater.
398:
Morota, T.; Haruyama, J.; Miyamoto, H.; Honda, C.; Ohtake, M.; Yokota, Y.; Matsunaga, T.; Hirata, N.; Demura, H.; Takeda, H.; Ogawa, Y.; Kimura, J. (2009). "Formation age of the lunar crater
Giordano Bruno".
201:
than the surrounding surface. The ray material extends for over 150 kilometres (93 mi) and has not been significantly darkened by space erosion. Some of the ejecta appear to extend as far as the crater
280:
impact on the Moon would create a plume of ejecta rising up from the surface, which is consistent with the monks' description. The impact would be expected to perturb the Moon's motions, and
289:. The ratio of the length of these rays to the diameter of the crater is the largest for a large crater on the Moon, suggesting it is the youngest such crater. Because
599:
867:
Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar
Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU".
66:
1049:
513:
Camale, O.; Mulholland, J. D. (1978). "Lunar Crater
Giordano Bruno: A.D. 1178 Impact Observations Consistent with Laser Ranging Results".
1032:
1013:
991:
967:
941:
922:
837:
816:
671:
17:
1102:
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781:
269:
In 1976, the geologist Jack B. Hartung proposed that this described the formation of the crater
Giordano Bruno.
625:
1081:
1071:
152:
178:, although the area is viewed from the side and not much detail can be seen. It lies between the craters
852:
808:
327:
million years, much too old for the hypothesis. Further scientific studies have strengthened this age.
302:
125:
59:
293:
constantly rain down, they kick up enough dust to quickly (in geological terms) erode a ray system.
1097:
1053:
644:
1107:
731:
914:
331:
event; such an alignment would only be observable from a specific spot on the Earth's surface.
174:, just beyond the northeastern limb. It lies in an area that can be viewed during a favorable
603:
253:
667:"Lunar-like silicate material forms the Earth quasi-satellite (469219) 2016 HO3 Kamoʻoalewa"
640:
469:"Was the Formation of a 20-km Diameter Impact Crater on the Moon Observed on June 18, 1178?"
412:
340:
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8:
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951:
937:
918:
908:
896:
833:
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732:"Earth's weird 'quasi-moon' Kamo'oalewa is a fragment blasted out of big moon crater"
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619:
558:
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428:
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665:
Sharkey, Ben; Reddy, Vishnu; Malhotra, Renu; et al. (11 November 2021).
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230:
203:
163:
148:
81:
68:
550:
445:
113:
848:
800:
600:"What Medieval Witnesses Saw Was Not Big Lunar Impact, Grad Student Says"
449:
257:
189:
When viewed from orbit, Giordano Bruno is at the center of a symmetrical
888:
796:
542:
286:
249:
190:
829:
Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical
Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature
777:
1077:
1067:
305:
at an estimated 800 million years, still have prominent ray systems.
242:
226:
175:
105:
42:
1057:
689:
273:
98:
256:, that shortly after sunset on 18 June 1178, they saw "the upper
309:
198:
194:
135:
1063:
Lunar probe Kaguya overflight of
Giordano Bruno crater (video)
277:
664:
766:
512:
397:
171:
49:
866:
308:
High-resolution images obtained by the
Japanese satellite
577:
316:
within it and its ejecta deposits. This gave an age of
339:
In 2021, the 40–100 m (130–330 ft) asteroid
1052:, an excellent oblique view of the ray system with
209:This feature was named after Italian intellectual
759:
1089:
723:
452:. Blackwell Publishing, First Edition (May 1990)
641:"How Young is the Lunar Crater Giordano Bruno?"
606:. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013
462:
460:
458:
272:Modern theories predict that a (conjectural)
795:
508:
506:
504:
393:
391:
260:split in two". Furthermore, Gervase writes:
826:Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995).
825:
658:
571:
455:
41:
706:
688:
501:
492:
388:
27:Impact crater on the far side of the Moon
1000:
846:
312:in 2008 were used to date the crater by
236:
220:
147:
983:Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes
466:
14:
1090:
1022:
672:Communications Earth & Environment
597:
931:
903:
778:"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature"
384:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
976:
950:
775:
252:reported to the abbey's chronicler,
847:McDowell, Jonathan (15 July 2007).
729:
401:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
382:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
334:
24:
638:
574:"Historic lunar impact questioned"
494:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1976.tb00319.x
435:
421:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.tb01211.x
25:
1124:
1043:
805:The Clementine Atlas of the Moon
229:showing the extent of the rays.
1068:Giordano Bruno, The Big Picture
986:(6th revised ed.). Dover.
776:Blue, Jennifer (25 July 2007).
769:Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature
162:is a 22-kilometre (14 mi)
1084:Featured Image, 25 August 2011
1008:. Cambridge University Press.
936:. Cambridge University Press.
632:
598:Stiles, Lori (20 April 2001).
591:
565:
370:
13:
1:
730:Lea, Robert (23 April 2024).
572:Kettlewell, Jo (1 May 2001).
364:
1074:Featured Image, 26 June 2012
934:The Moon Observer's Handbook
535:10.1126/science.199.4331.875
314:counting the smaller craters
216:
7:
1006:Mapping and Naming the Moon
351:
233:is in the right foreground.
10:
1129:
1103:Impact craters on the Moon
809:Cambridge University Press
752:
708:10.1038/s43247-021-00303-7
1078:Outside of Giordano Bruno
1023:Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000).
624:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
467:Jack B., Hartung (1976).
378:"Giordano Bruno (crater)"
301:at 108 million years and
134:
124:
112:
97:
58:
40:
1056:in the foreground, from
1113:12th century in science
932:Price, Fred W. (1988).
853:Jonathan's Space Report
413:2009M&PS...44.1115M
915:Sterling Publishing Co
267:
245:
234:
156:
869:Space Science Reviews
645:University of Hawaiʻi
604:University of Arizona
262:
240:
224:
182:to the northwest and
151:
18:Giordano Bruno crater
849:"Lunar Nomenclature"
832:. Tudor Publishers.
881:1971SSRv...12..136M
699:2021ComEE...2..231S
527:1978Sci...199..875C
485:1976Metic..11..187H
164:lunar impact crater
78: /
37:
32:Feature on the moon
1025:Observing the Moon
889:10.1007/BF00171763
760:Andersson, L. E.;
341:469219 Kamoʻoalewa
282:laser rangefinding
246:
241:Oblique view from
235:
225:Oblique view from
197:that has a higher
186:to the southeast.
157:
35:
1034:978-1-85233-193-1
1015:978-0-521-62248-6
1002:Whitaker, Ewen A.
993:978-0-486-20917-3
969:978-0-913135-17-4
956:Atlas of the Moon
943:978-0-521-33500-3
924:978-0-304-35469-6
839:978-0-936389-27-1
818:978-0-521-81528-4
442:The Cosmic Winter
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
1120:
1038:
1019:
997:
978:Webb, Rev. T. W.
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521:(4331): 875–87.
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407:(8): 1115–1120.
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335:Ejected asteroid
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248:Five monks from
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47:Giordano Bruno.
45:
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771:. NASA RP-1097.
762:Whitaker, E. A.
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639:Martel, Linda.
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130:258° at sunrise
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1108:Giordano Bruno
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1044:External links
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960:Kalmbach Books
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875:(2): 136–186.
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82:35.9°N 102.8°E
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358:5148 Giordano
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1050:AS08-12-2209
1027:. Springer.
1024:
1005:
982:
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933:
909:
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868:
856:. Retrieved
828:
807:. New York:
804:
785:. Retrieved
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739:. Retrieved
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648:. Retrieved
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581:. Retrieved
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910:On the Moon
473:Meteoritics
126:Colongitude
104:22.13
87:35.9; 102.8
85: /
60:Coordinates
52: photo
1092:Categories
858:24 October
801:Spudis, P.
797:Bussey, B.
690:2111.06372
365:References
360:, asteroid
303:Copernicus
287:ray system
250:Canterbury
191:ray system
1054:Lomonosov
897:122125855
736:Space.com
717:243985893
559:206570050
429:128669423
243:Apollo 16
227:Apollo 11
217:Formation
176:libration
1058:Apollo 8
1004:(1999).
980:(1962).
954:(1990).
907:(2001).
803:(2004).
787:5 August
764:(1982).
741:24 April
620:cite web
610:13 March
551:17757584
352:See also
274:asteroid
180:Harkhebi
168:far side
99:Diameter
73:102°48′E
877:Bibcode
753:Sources
695:Bibcode
683:: 231.
679:(231).
650:17 June
583:8 April
543:1745270
523:Bibcode
515:Science
481:Bibcode
409:Bibcode
254:Gervase
184:Szilard
170:of the
166:on the
119:Unknown
70:35°54′N
1031:
1012:
990:
966:
940:
921:
895:
836:
815:
715:
681:Nature
557:
549:
541:
450:Napier
427:
310:SELENE
199:albedo
195:ejecta
155:mosaic
136:Eponym
893:S2CID
713:S2CID
685:arXiv
555:S2CID
539:JSTOR
446:Clube
425:S2CID
299:Tycho
278:comet
114:Depth
1029:ISBN
1010:ISBN
988:ISBN
964:ISBN
938:ISBN
919:ISBN
860:2007
834:ISBN
813:ISBN
789:2007
782:USGS
767:NASA
743:2024
652:2023
626:link
612:2013
585:2012
547:PMID
448:and
258:horn
204:Boss
172:Moon
50:NASA
1082:LRO
1072:LRO
885:doi
703:doi
578:BBC
531:doi
519:199
489:doi
417:doi
276:or
193:of
153:LRO
1094::
1080:,
1070:,
962:.
958:.
917:.
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891:.
883:.
873:12
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851:.
811:.
799:;
780:.
734:.
711:.
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693:.
675:.
669:.
643:.
622:}}
618:{{
602:.
576:.
553:.
545:.
537:.
529:.
517:.
503:^
487:.
477:11
475:.
471:.
457:^
444:,
423:.
415:.
405:44
403:.
390:^
380:.
323:−3
321:+6
213:.
106:km
1037:.
1018:.
996:.
972:.
946:.
927:.
899:.
887::
879::
862:.
842:.
821:.
791:.
745:.
719:.
705::
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677:2
654:.
628:)
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561:.
533::
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491::
483::
431:.
419::
411::
318:4
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
