454:(the Norwegian Parliament), but the proposal was rejected by lawmakers in 1890, defeated by 114 to 44 votes. In response, Women's Voting Association members decided to adjust their goals and fight only for local municipal voting rights instead—an idea proposed by Berner. Krog refused to agree to this strategy. In 1893, a new women's suffrage proposal was submitted to the Storting, and although it received support from more than 50 percent of parliament members, it did not reach the necessary two-thirds support it needed to create constitutional change. Women's suffrage in Norway had formerly benefited from strong support from the Liberal Party. During the 1890s, however, many liberal politicians had withdrawn from the cause, expressing fears that women with the vote would naturally gravitate towards supporting conservative candidates. The women's movement claimed a number of smaller victories during this time: women were permitted to become members of school and child welfare boards and received the right to vote in local alcohol prohibition referendums.
357:. While in Britain, Krog wrote articles and sent them back to Norwegian newspapers, at first using pseudonyms. Her experiences with the British suffrage movement helped develop her own feminist views. In contrast to more moderate feminists of the time – who focused on more generally improving the economic conditions of women – Krog's views were considered radical: a demand for full political rights for women. Her goal was the achievement of women's suffrage in conditions equal with men, without compromise. In her arguments, Krog emphasized the common human qualities shared by men and women, reasoning that anyone who paid taxes and accepted civic responsibilities should receive the same freedoms and political status. Although some suffragists preferred to focus on gender differences, claiming women had special feminine qualities that made them deserving of the vote, Krog avoided using this rhetoric.
461:
548:. The Norwegian National Women's Council campaigned in support of the dissolution, circulating a brochure advocating for Norwegian independence. Only men were permitted to cast a vote in the decision, despite calls from women who wanted to participate. On 13 August 1905, the day of the dissolution vote, Krog led female delegates from the most prominent Norwegian women's organizations into the Storting building, informing government that thousands of Norwegian women wished to vote their approval of the dissolution. Having organized a nation-wide poll among women, the women later presented a petition with 300,000 names. The incident impressed parliament members, contributing to serious discussions about granting suffrage to women.
33:
381:. It was decided that the association would focus on supporting women's education, work benefits and marriage rights. When Berner drafted the association's mission statement, he declared a neutral purpose of aiming "to provide the woman with her right and place in society". Many association members shared the view that women's suffrage should not be considered a priority, since Norwegian women "had not shown sufficient interest in participating in politics". Krog, however, wanted the association to pursue equal voting rights for men and women, and her position brought her into direct conflict with Berner.
385:
509:
287:
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1443:
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402:, entitled "Some Words on the Development of Women's Affairs and Nearest Tasks in Our Country", urging women to take on more leadership roles in support of women's rights. The following year, when Krog gave a talk entitled "Voting for Women", Berner resigned as chairman in protest. Despite her disagreements about the association's direction, Krog edited its periodical
1419:
477:
continued to argue for universal women's suffrage, the majority wanted to pursue partial, property-based suffrage instead. Krog remained firm in her belief that women must fight for complete voting rights "on the same conditions as men", regardless of class. In 1897, Krog left the Women's Voting
Association and subsequently established the Norwegian
571:, for an International Council of Women meeting. She followed up the meeting with a tour of the United States where she gave speeches about the Norwegian women's suffrage movement. That same year, Krog's fellow activist Anna Rogstad was elected a deputy MP, becoming the first female member of the Storting.
274:
Krog was regarded as an unapologetic liberal progressive during her time, seeking full and equal voting rights for all women on the same conditions as men. In the 19th century these views brought Krog into conflict with more moderate members of the
Norwegian women's movement, many of whom argued for
500:
in London, England, where she was named an honorary vice-president of the council, representing Norway. Krog accepted responsibility for creating a
Norwegian branch of the International Council of Women, and began making plans. After much petitioning, the Norwegian government granted limited voting
360:
Upon returning to Norway, in 1883 Krog became a founding member of the first
Norwegian women's business club. The following year, she was one of the first Norwegian women to engage in a public debate, tackling women's rights in a three-day debate organized by students. In 1884, Krog co-founded the
476:
Disagreements within the Women's Voting
Association meant that the association began splitting into two factions. All members were middle-class women, and this affected the association's views on whether or not the vote should be granted to women of all classes. Although some, including Krog,
275:
narrower approaches, focusing first on enfranchising privileged women; before 1900 only men of certain means and position had the right to vote as well. In 1910, the
Storting granted universal voting rights to women for municipal elections, extending this to general elections in 1913.
551:
By 1906, the
National Association for Women's Suffrage had continued to grow, with 40 local branches and 2500 members across the country. The association was increasingly better positioned to lobby politicians in all parts of Norway.
252:(the Norwegian parliament). Krog wrote articles and gave speeches, travelling throughout Europe and North America to attend international women's rights conferences. She was editor of the Norwegian feminist periodical
320:
As a young adult, she worked as a teacher in private schools for several years, continuing to improve her knowledge of languages and literature through self-study. Through her brother, she became the aunt of writer
501:
rights to women in 1901. Norwegian women who owned property – or whose husbands owned property – could now vote in municipal elections. The
National Association for Women's Suffrage was admitted as a member of the
449:
Despite the Women's Voting
Association's efforts, however, their initial suffrage proposals were unsuccessful. In 1886, the association submitted the first Norwegian proposal for women's suffrage to the
593:
Krog died on 14 April 1916, during an influenza epidemic. She was the first woman in Norway to be honoured with a funeral at public expense. Several female university graduates provided a
278:
Krog was the first woman in Norway to receive a state funeral. Since 2009, the
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights has awarded the biennial Gina Krog Prize for feminist advocates.
640:, awarded by the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights since 2009, is also named in her honour, and the prize is given to Norwegian women for work promoting feminist issues.
574:
In 1910, Norwegian women were granted universal suffrage in local elections. In 1913, the Storting voted unanimously to extend universal women's suffrage to general elections.
560:
457:
In 1896, Norwegian lawmakers granted voting rights to all taxpaying men, but again refused to grant voting rights to women. Two years later, men received universal suffrage.
2013:
446:. The Women's Voting Association was open only to women members, with the philosophy that women should be responsible for achieving their own political equality.
1684:
478:
241:
131:
544:), a regional branch of the International Council of Women. The branch was notably active the following year, when the Storting held a national vote on the
545:
1998:
305:
as the daughter of parish priest Jørgen Sverdrup Krog (1805–1847) and Ingeborg Anna Dass Brinchmann (1814–1872). Gina Krog's brother was barrister
1809:
1779:
1200:
Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2017). "Norwegian parliamentary elections, 1906–2013: representation and turnout across four electoral systems".
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and served as a deputy member of its national board. Krog was strongly inspired by the American liberal women's rights movement spearheaded by
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2018:
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In 1880, Krog gave up her teaching career permanently in order to advocate for women's rights. She travelled to
1978:
1654:
1468:
1379:"Mandsstemmer har vi saa evigt nok af fra før: perspektiver på stemmerettsdebatt for kvinner i Norge 1898–1913"
918:
497:
1174:
1144:
1005:
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1983:
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1973:
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1910:
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424:) alongside nine other women from the Association for Women's Rights. Her co-founders included
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156:
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1934:
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60:
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377:. The association initially attracted 220 members, both women and men, and was based out of
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1963:
1880:
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517:
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465:
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8:
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436:. Krog was leader of the association from 1885 to 1897. She had been inspired by reading
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179:
166:
1900:
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537:
482:
417:
366:
845:
Suffrage, Gender and Citizenship – International Perspectives on Parliamentary Reforms
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movement from the 1880s until her death, notably as a leading campaigner for women's
221:
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1508:
1484:
1423:
1217:
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567:, and in 1909 she was elected a deputy member of its national board. Krog visited
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announced that the Dagny oil field would be renamed Gina Krog in her honour.
425:
342:
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633:
433:
869:
1905:
1222:
429:
330:
843:. In Sulkunen, Irma; Nevala-Nurmi, Seija-Leena; Markkola, Pirjo (eds.).
775:
392:. The painting is owned by the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights.
213:, teacher, liberal politician, writer and editor, and a major figure in
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1865:
1318:
1258:
1254:
442:, a set of historical volumes sent by American women's rights activist
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210:
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404:
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333:, which gave her a reputation as a "mountaineer". She never married.
286:
248:, spearheading the presentation of women's suffrage proposals to the
16:
Norwegian politician and women's rights activist, editor (1847–1916)
1744:
1453:
841:"To Become a Political Subject: Enfranchisement of Women in Norway"
451:
249:
145:
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942:
329:. Krog was among the first women to go hiking in the mountains of
259:
from 1887 until her death in 1916. She was an early member of the
582:
302:
309:. After her father's early death, Krog lived with her mother in
1528:
686:
561:
Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance
297:
Jørgine Anna Sverdrup "Gina" Krog was born on 20 June 1847 in
901:
Hannam, June; Auchterlonie, Mitzi; Holden, Katherine (2000).
1176:
International Woman Suffrage: October 1918 – September 1920
469:
314:
396:
In 1884, Krog wrote a series of articles for the magazine
555:
Krog was part of the official Norwegian delegate sent to
900:
512:
Norwegian National Women's Council members, from left:
1407:
716:
847:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 120–144.
317:. In Christiania, she attended a school for girls.
220:She played a central role in the Norwegian liberal
1685:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
902:
731:(in Norwegian) (1 ed.). Kristiania: Aschehoug
563:in 1908. She was an early member of the Norwegian
546:dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden
1348:"Dagny Field Renamed to Gina Krog Field (Norway)"
1116:Delap, Lucy; DiCenzo, Maria; Ryan, Leila (2006).
496:In 1899, Krog attended a Congress meeting of the
313:until she was eight years old, and then moved to
236:. Over the next two decades, Krog co-founded the
1945:
1115:
409:from its start in 1887 until her death in 1916.
2014:Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
1285:
1146:Paradoxes of Peace in Nineteenth Century Europe
632:, named in 1956, as well as in the district of
209:(20 June 1847 – 14 April 1916) was a Norwegian
1661:National Council of Women of the United States
905:International encyclopedia of women's suffrage
729:Haandbog over samtidige norske mænd og kvinder
1469:
1149:. Oxford University Press. pp. 207–208.
1810:National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
1798:National American Woman Suffrage Association
1780:London National Society for Women's Suffrage
1119:Feminism and the Periodical Press, 1900–1918
909:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp.
351:National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
720:; Daae, Anders; Hammer, K.V., eds. (1912).
624:There are streets named Gina Krog's Way at
1476:
1462:
1388:(in Norwegian). Oslo: University of Oslo.
1179:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 174–175.
1142:
712:
710:
645:Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy
31:
1386:University of Oslo, Faculty of Humanities
1221:
1199:
1044:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp.
601:sang. Krog's funeral was attended by the
479:National Association for Women's Suffrage
242:National Association for Women's Suffrage
132:National Association for Women's Suffrage
1999:20th-century Norwegian women politicians
1643:Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
1172:
838:
581:
507:
459:
383:
363:Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
285:
230:Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
124:Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
1267:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
1252:
707:
684:
1946:
1085:
1035:
802:
770:
768:
766:
412:In December 1885, Krog co-founded the
1774:National Society for Women's Suffrage
1631:German Association of Female Citizens
1457:
1376:
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1109:
1081:
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750:
748:
746:
685:Moksnes, Aslaug (29 September 2014).
680:
613:. A bronze bust of Krog, sculpted by
503:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
1679:Icelandic Women's Rights Association
1483:
1143:Hippler, Thomas; Vec, Miloš (2015).
968:
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894:
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678:
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672:
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617:in 1919, is located at her grave at
489:) alongside women's rights activist
65:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1792:American Woman Suffrage Association
1786:National Woman Suffrage Association
1253:Wikborg, Tone (29 September 2014).
1089:Norwegian Women's Writing 1850–1990
1007:Women and the Vote: A World History
806:Norwegian Women's Writing 1850–1990
577:
373:) together with its first chairman
13:
2019:Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
1994:20th-century Norwegian politicians
1989:19th-century Norwegian politicians
1959:Norwegian women's rights activists
1768:National Women's Rights Convention
1395:from the original on 7 August 2019
1370:
1163:
1136:
1106:
1070:
1024:
992:
839:Hagemann, Gro (18 December 2008).
823:
743:
611:Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
597:, and the Norwegian mezzo-soprano
534:Norwegian National Women's Council
325:and the sister-in-law of feminist
246:Norwegian National Women's Council
136:Norwegian National Women's Council
14:
2030:
1739:National Women's Political Caucus
1092:. A&C Black. pp. 17–19.
963:
887:
861:
657:
1715:All Pakistan Women's Association
1566:
1441:
1429:
1417:
868:Lønnå, Elisabeth (10 May 2017),
487:Landskvinnestemmerettsforeningen
468:at a Nordic Women's Congress in
336:
1733:National Organization for Women
1703:League of Women Voters of Japan
1673:International Alliance of Women
1340:
1311:
1279:
1246:
1193:
1040:Historical dictionary of Norway
973:Lønnå, Elisabeth (9 May 2017),
228:. In 1884, Krog co-founded the
1655:International Council of Women
935:
796:
784:(in Norwegian). 24 August 2017
498:International Council of Women
107:Editor, teacher and suffragist
1:
1214:10.1080/01402382.2017.1298016
975:"Kvinnestemmerettsforeningen"
809:. A&C Black. p. 10.
650:
439:The History of Woman Suffrage
349:and made contacts within the
281:
1804:Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine
1697:All India Women's Conference
586:Bronze bust of Gina Krog at
7:
1649:Fredrika Bremer Association
951:(in Norwegian). 10 May 2017
542:Norske Kvinners NasjonalrĂĄd
422:Kvinnestemmerettsforeningen
10:
2035:
1954:Norwegian magazine editors
870:"Norsk kvinnesaksforening"
532:In 1904, Krog founded the
414:Women's Voting Association
238:Women's Voting Association
128:Women's Voting Association
47:Jørgine Anna Sverdrup Krog
1929:
1823:
1754:
1623:
1616:
1575:
1564:
1491:
1264:Norsk biografisk leksikon
692:Norsk biografisk leksikon
607:President of the Storting
355:Millicent Garrett Fawcett
172:
162:
152:
141:
119:
111:
103:
93:
83:
71:
42:
30:
23:
1538:equal pay for equal work
1327:Norsk Kvinnesaksforening
1173:Oldfield, Sybil (2003).
1122:. Taylor & Francis.
371:Norsk Kvinnesaksforening
2004:Norwegian women editors
1911:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
1762:Seneca Falls Convention
1553:Feminist foreign policy
1524:Anti-discrimination law
353:, including its leader
293:of Gina Krog, ca. 1873.
2009:Women magazine editors
1856:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1721:German Women's Council
1691:League of Women Voters
1637:Danish Women's Society
1608:Individualist feminism
1583:Liberal state feminism
1519:Violence against women
1202:West European Politics
1086:Garton, Janet (2000).
803:Garton, Janet (2000).
590:
541:
529:
486:
473:
421:
393:
388:Gina Krog, painted by
375:Hagbard Emanuel Berner
370:
345:, where she stayed at
294:
269:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1979:Norwegian suffragists
1891:Margery Corbett Ashby
1836:Judith Sargent Murray
1667:Naisasialiitto Unioni
1352:Offshore Energy Today
979:Store norske leksikon
948:Store norske leksikon
874:Store norske leksikon
781:Store norske leksikon
619:VĂĄr Frelsers gravlund
588:VĂĄr Frelsers gravlund
585:
511:
463:
387:
327:Cecilie Thoresen Krog
299:Flakstad Municipality
289:
204:Jørgine Anna Sverdrup
192:Cecilie Thoresen Krog
88:VĂĄr Frelsers gravlund
1984:People from Flakstad
1881:Fredrikke Marie Qvam
1709:Deutscher Frauenring
1548:Women in development
1377:Gamme, Anne (2001).
1291:Trondheim Byleksikon
1036:SjĂĄvik, Jan (2008).
776:"Gina Sverdrup Krog"
518:Fredrikke Marie Qvam
491:Fredrikke Marie Qvam
466:Fredrikke Marie Qvam
1974:Norwegian feminists
1886:Carrie Chapman Catt
1846:Harriet Taylor Mill
1831:Mary Wollstonecraft
1603:Difference feminism
1255:"Ambrosia Tønnesen"
1004:Adams, Jad (2014).
643:In March 2013, the
311:Karmøy Municipality
307:Fredrik Arentz Krog
180:Fredrik Arentz Krog
1901:Margarete Bonnevie
1319:"Gina Krog-prisen"
591:
530:
526:Katti Anker Møller
474:
394:
295:
1941:
1940:
1861:Millicent Fawcett
1819:
1818:
1588:Equality feminism
1295:Kunnskapsforlaget
615:Ambrosia Tønnesen
599:Bergljot Bjørnson
201:
200:
112:Years active
2026:
1851:Susan B. Anthony
1841:John Stuart Mill
1621:
1620:
1570:
1509:Female education
1504:Women's suffrage
1485:Liberal feminism
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1454:
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1400:
1394:
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1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1325:(in Norwegian).
1315:
1309:
1308:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1225:
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738:
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714:
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704:
702:
700:
682:
578:Death and legacy
514:Karen Grude Koht
444:Susan B. Anthony
265:Susan B. Anthony
232:with liberal MP
217:in Scandinavia.
215:liberal feminism
167:Women's suffrage
78:
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1925:
1921:Hillary Clinton
1815:
1750:
1727:Fawcett Society
1612:
1598:Equity feminism
1593:Social feminism
1571:
1562:
1499:Gender equality
1487:
1482:
1452:
1442:
1440:
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1418:
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1408:
1398:
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1392:
1381:
1373:
1371:Further reading
1368:
1367:
1357:
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1346:
1345:
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1317:
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1312:
1305:
1297:. p. 210.
1287:Bratberg, Terje
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734:
732:
718:Brinchmann, Chr
715:
708:
698:
696:
683:
658:
653:
638:Gina Krog Prize
595:guard of honour
580:
569:Toronto, Canada
522:Betzy Kjelsberg
390:Asta Nørregaard
347:Bedford College
339:
291:Carte de visite
284:
197:
194:(sister-in-law)
153:Political party
120:Organization(s)
76:
67:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1876:Hagbart Berner
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1863:
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1354:. 8 March 2013
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1010:. OUP Oxford.
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565:Liberal Party
562:
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337:Suffrage work
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261:Liberal Party
258:
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226:right to vote
223:
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157:Liberal Party
155:
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104:Occupation(s)
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
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75:14 April 1916
74:
70:
66:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1870:
1558:LGBT+ rights
1397:. Retrieved
1385:
1356:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1323:kvinnesak.no
1322:
1313:
1290:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1262:
1248:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1175:
1145:
1138:
1118:
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1039:
1006:
983:, retrieved
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953:. Retrieved
946:
937:
904:
878:, retrieved
873:
863:
844:
805:
798:
786:. Retrieved
779:
733:. Retrieved
725:
722:"Krog, Gina"
697:. Retrieved
690:
642:
636:, Oslo. The
634:Lambertseter
623:
592:
573:
554:
550:
531:
495:
475:
456:
448:
437:
434:Anna Rogstad
411:
403:
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359:
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296:
277:
273:
253:
219:
206:
203:
202:
84:Burial place
77:(1916-04-14)
57:20 June 1847
18:
1969:1916 deaths
1964:1847 births
1906:Eva Kolstad
1332:27 December
1259:Helle, Knut
1208:(6): 1380.
687:"Gina Krog"
430:Anne Holsen
331:Jotunheimen
315:Christiania
207:"Gina" Krog
94:Nationality
1948:Categories
1896:Hanna Rydh
1866:Na Hye-sok
1358:16 January
1271:20 January
920:1576073904
735:17 January
651:References
609:, and the
407:(New Land)
379:Kristiania
323:Helge Krog
282:Early life
257:(New Land)
244:, and the
211:suffragist
186:Helge Krog
53:1847-06-20
1935:Sunflower
1930:Symbolism
1871:Gina Krog
1424:Biography
1240:157213679
1232:0140-2382
1064:180576761
943:"Nylænde"
630:Trondheim
626:Persaunet
621:in Oslo.
557:Amsterdam
538:Norwegian
483:Norwegian
418:Norwegian
367:Norwegian
182:(brother)
173:Relatives
115:1880–1916
98:Norwegian
37:Gina Krog
25:Gina Krog
1745:UN Women
1576:Variants
1436:Feminism
1399:7 August
1390:Archived
955:7 August
929:44860746
788:7 August
559:for the
505:in 1904.
452:Storting
250:Storting
188:(nephew)
163:Movement
146:Feminist
61:Flakstad
1624:Present
1410:Portals
1261:(ed.).
985:20 July
880:20 July
699:24 July
405:Nylænde
303:Lofoten
255:Nylænde
148:pioneer
1824:People
1812:(1897)
1806:(1894)
1800:(1890)
1794:(1869)
1788:(1869)
1782:(1867)
1776:(1867)
1770:(1850)
1764:(1848)
1755:Former
1747:(2010)
1741:(1971)
1735:(1966)
1729:(1953)
1723:(1951)
1717:(1949)
1711:(1949)
1705:(1946)
1699:(1927)
1693:(1920)
1687:(1915)
1681:(1907)
1675:(1904)
1669:(1892)
1663:(1888)
1657:(1888)
1651:(1884)
1645:(1884)
1639:(1871)
1633:(1865)
1617:Groups
1529:Sexism
1492:Issues
1448:Norway
1301:
1238:
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1048:–223.
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528:(1904)
472:(1902)
240:, the
134:, and
1393:(PDF)
1382:(PDF)
1257:. In
1236:S2CID
1536:and
1401:2019
1360:2019
1334:2017
1299:ISBN
1273:2019
1228:ISSN
1181:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1060:OCLC
1050:ISBN
1012:ISBN
987:2019
957:2019
925:OCLC
915:ISBN
882:2019
849:ISBN
811:ISBN
790:2019
737:2019
701:2019
524:and
470:Oslo
432:and
267:and
72:Died
43:Born
1218:hdl
1210:doi
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911:162
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