1335:
1311:(with changes to the preceding consonant); and the future stem, usually identical to the root but sometimes formed by changing the tone from mid 3 to high 4 or from bottom 1 to top 5. Some have causative (formed by adding or , and changing mid tone to high) and passive (formed by adding , , or to the causative) forms. Verbal nouns are formed from the stem, sometimes with tone change or addition or .
1325:
There are four corresponding participles: past (formed from the past stem), present perfect (formed from the past stem with the suffix , , or ), imperfect (formed from the future stem with the stative suffix ), and negative (formed from the future stem with the negative suffix or or a person/number
1030:
The oblique form is basic, and serves as object, possessive, and adverbial. The subject form has three variants: normal (given above), emphatic - used when the subject is particularly prominent in the sentence, especially sentence-initially - and reduced, used as part of a verb phrase. The
1119:
include "here", "there (nearby)", "there (far away)", "down there", "up there". Alone, or with the determiner suffixes or added, these function as demonstrative pronouns "this person", "that person", etc. With the noun phrase marker , they become demonstrative adjectives. E.g.:
1314:
Verbs with polysyllabic roots have at least two forms, one with an intransitive or passive meaning and one with a transitive or causative meaning; the former ends in , the latter in . A passive may be formed by ending in . Verbal nouns are formed by taking the bare stem without or .
297:
used primarily by male speakers, which permits communication over greater distances than spoken Bench. The whistle can be created using the lips or made from a hollow created with both hands. Additionally, this form of the language may be communicated via the 5-stringed
1321:
The primary tenses are simple past (formed from the past stem), future (future stem plus ), present perfect (from present participle stem); negative (future stem plus .) E.g.: → "he went"; "he will go"; "he has gone".
278:. In a 2006 dissertation, Christian Rapold described three varieties of Bench (Benchnon, Shenon, and Mernon) as "...mutually intelligible...varieties of one and the same language". Bench is the ancestral language of the
1306:
Verbs with monosyllabic roots can have three different forms of their active stems: the singular imperative, which is just the root; the past stem, usually identical to the root but sometimes formed by adding
1499:
Note that this is the East Asian tone numbering convention, and the opposite of the literature for other
African languages, where 1 is high and 5 is low. The issue will be avoided here by using
1059:
The main determiners are "that, the" (masc. , fem. , pl. ) and "this" (masc. , fem. , pl. ). As suffixes on a verb or an ablative or locative phrase, they indicate a relative clause. E.g.:
763:
The syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C)(C) + tone or (C) N (C), where C represents any consonant, V any vowel, N any nasal, and brackets an optional element. CC clusters consist of a
812:
Plurals may optionally be formed by adding the suffix ; however, these are rarely used except with definite nouns. E.g.: "her relatives"; "all the people".
1531:
263:
69:
1602:
1655:
275:
1596:
2243:
1614:
1357:. Tones were not indicated. Retroflex consonants were indicated by such techniques as using extra symbols from the syllabary (the "
1267:
20, 30, etc. are formed by adding "ten" (with tone change) to the unit. In compound numbers, is added to each 'figure, thus:
1559:
Wedekind, Klaus. 1985a. "Why Bench’ (Ethiopia) has five level tones today." In Ursula Pieper and
Gerhard Stickel (eds.),
1648:
1523:
Breeze, Mary J. 1988. "Phonological features of Gimira and Dizi." In
Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst and Fritz Serzisko (eds.),
711:
218:
1608:
1573:
Wedekind, Klaus. 1990. "Gimo-Jan or Ben-Yem-Om: Benč - Yemsa phonemes, tones, and words." In
Richard J. Hayward (ed.),
1619:
1525:
Cushitic - Omotic: papers from the
International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic languages, Cologne, January 6–9, 1986
582:
1343:
621:
548:
2564:
1500:
208:
17:
2559:
2236:
1641:
745:. Labialized consonants are reported for and , but their phonemic status is unclear; they only occur after
660:
628:
555:
198:
614:
589:
541:
180:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
757:
753:
746:
742:
738:
334:
326:
315:
2574:
1717:
637:
575:
1318:
Compound verbs are formed with "say" or "cause to say", a formation common among
Ethiopian languages.
734:
718:
667:
430:
423:
325:: five level tones (numbered 1 to 5 in the literature, with 1 being the lowest) and one rising tone 23
1808:
1597:
https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-output/humanities/towards-a-grammar-of-benchnon
1085:
2229:
1765:
653:
1615:
http://www.kwedekind.de///Eingang1///PdfFiles/1985_Thoughts_when_Drawing_a_Map_of_Tone_Languages.pdf
2569:
2454:
2423:
2288:
2210:
2011:
2001:
1976:
357:
192:
1416:"Medicinal plant knowledge of the Bench ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical investigation"
2464:
2066:
471:
464:
441:
1552:
Wedekind, Klaus. 1983. "A six-tone language in
Ethiopia: Tonal analysis of Benč non (Gimira)."
2359:
2076:
507:
500:
106:
1664:
1298:
Adjectives are sometimes intensified by changing the tone to top; e.g. "big" → "very big".
703:
687:
394:
387:
96:
2094:
1516:
Breeze, Mary J. 1986. "Personal pronouns in Gimira (Benchnon)." In Ursula
Wiesemann (ed.),
1326:
marker.) The order of affixes is: root-(tense)-(negative)-(foc. pn.)-person/number-marker.
482:
1334:
8:
1629:
Website maintained by the Bench community, on culture and language, in the Bench language
601:
528:
518:
416:
364:
286:
2149:
1843:
1795:
1530:
Breeze, Mary J. 1990. "A Sketch of the
Phonology and Grammar of Gimira (Benchnon)". In
1450:
1415:
347:
322:
1770:
172:
2438:
2393:
2388:
2334:
2056:
2046:
1951:
1936:
1908:
1863:
1780:
1698:
1609:
http://www.kwedekind.de///Eingang1///PdfFiles/1985_WhyBenchHasFiveLevelTonesToday.pdf
1592:
1577:
p. 68-184. London: School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
1546:
1455:
1437:
1361:
s") and forming new symbols (the addition of an extra arm on the left side for "t").
1339:
984:
410:
374:
352:
294:
2129:
1414:
Giday, Mirutse; Asfaw, Zemede; Woldu, Zerihun; Teklehaymanot, Tilahun (2009-11-13).
258:
language of the "Gimojan" subgroup, spoken by about 174,000 people (in 1998) in the
214:
2480:
2378:
2298:
2252:
2189:
1941:
1931:
1918:
1858:
1848:
1740:
1730:
1445:
1427:
457:
293:, one of only a handful of languages in the world that have this many. Bench has a
255:
101:
2403:
2370:
2260:
2194:
2124:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1818:
1755:
1745:
1693:
1354:
1279:
987:; it can mark any third person that refers to the subject of the sentence, e.g.:
679:
369:
259:
88:
65:
185:
2540:
2513:
2485:
2459:
2418:
2339:
2316:
2306:
2283:
2278:
2159:
2139:
2134:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2051:
2021:
2016:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1878:
1868:
1853:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1775:
1760:
1688:
1623:
1287:
1380:
2553:
2433:
2428:
2383:
2349:
2344:
2326:
2311:
2273:
2268:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2144:
2109:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2006:
1996:
1961:
1926:
1888:
1803:
1750:
1678:
1538:, 1-67. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
1441:
1350:
1116:
290:
2520:
2061:
1813:
1785:
1459:
1432:
1353:
had been published in the Bench language using an orthography based on the
448:
279:
271:
1566:
Wedekind, Klaus. 1985b. "Thoughts when drawing a map of tone languages."
285:
In unusual variance from most of the other languages in Africa, Bench has
156:
1633:
1595:. (University webpage has a link to download a PDF of a Dutch summary.)
329:. The top tone is sometimes realized as a high rising 45 . On the vowel
1385:
1031:"locative" term means "to, at, or for one's own place or house", e.g.:
764:
381:
776:
772:
165:
149:
1023:
road.ABL go.self self.be.STAT.DET.when leopard-NPMk {big see.he.FIN}
2221:
493:
267:
226:
55:
1735:
1725:
1683:
768:
222:
1349:
A Latin-based orthography was adopted in 2008. Previously, the
1071:
741:, suggesting an alternate analysis of a sixth phonemic vowel
311:
289:
phonemes. The language is also noteworthy in that it has six
1413:
1628:
1290:
are formed by suffixing to the cardinal, e.g.: "fourth".
299:
225:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1079:
person.PL.NPMk these.OBJ what.ABL separate make.FUT.INTL
1026:"when he was going along the road, he saw a big leopard"
779:; in CCC clusters, the first consonant must be one of
1282:
functions as an adjective, the suffix can be added
264:
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region
756:the realizations of and are in free variation;
81:348,000 Bench Non, 8,000 Mer, 490 She (2007)
2551:
2237:
1649:
1561:Studia linguistica diachronica et synchronica
1400:
1398:
1329:
1624:http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_gim
2244:
2230:
1656:
1642:
1395:
1663:
1449:
1431:
1420:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
791:or a voiceless fricative, and the third
1527:, 473–487. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
1333:
983:The word goes slightly beyond being a
760:has the allophone before back vowels.
219:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
2552:
2225:
1637:
1376:
1374:
2251:
1067:
820:
27:Northern Omotic language of Ethiopia
24:
1620:World Atlas of Language Structures
1371:
1152:
1132:
1084:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1082:"how can I separate these people?"
25:
2586:
1581:
1164:boy.NPMk down.there.NPMk DET.SUBJ
1144:"when he came near to the man..."
1141:here man near reach.STAT.DET.when
1110:
717:
710:
686:
666:
659:
652:
636:
627:
620:
613:
588:
581:
574:
554:
547:
540:
517:
506:
499:
481:
470:
463:
447:
440:
429:
422:
393:
386:
1603:A Six-Tone Language in Ethiopia
1520:, 47–69. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
1156:
1128:
1106:"the woman who is in the house"
1047:return.I to.my.house I go.I.FIN
1589:Towards a Grammar of Benchnon.
1568:Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere
1543:Towards a Grammar of Benchnon.
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1407:
1054:
1039:
1015:
995:
13:
1:
1510:
1293:
1003:he.SUBJ own sheep sell.he.FIN
1554:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
1481:Wedekind 1983, 1985a, 1985b.
716:
709:
685:
665:
658:
651:
635:
626:
619:
612:
587:
580:
573:
553:
546:
539:
516:
505:
498:
480:
469:
462:
446:
439:
428:
421:
392:
385:
305:
7:
1587:Rapold, Christian. 2006.
1541:Rapold, Christian. 2006.
815:
10:
2591:
1563:, 881-901. Berlin: Mouton.
1330:Orthography and literature
1171:
802:
2534:
2498:
2473:
2447:
2411:
2402:
2369:
2358:
2325:
2297:
2259:
2203:
2182:
2075:
1917:
1794:
1716:
1707:
1671:
1006:"he sold his (own) sheep"
702:
678:
600:
527:
409:
380:
344:
205:
191:
179:
163:
147:
142:
124:
85:
75:
61:
51:
44:
37:
32:
2211:Ethiopian sign languages
1613:Wedekind, Klaus. 1985a.
1607:Wedekind, Klaus. 1985a.
1364:
1301:
807:
1601:Wedekind, Klaus. 1983.
1575:Omotic language studies
1536:Omotic Language Studies
1391:(subscription required)
1167:"these boys down there"
1103:woman house.LOC be.that
733:All of these can occur
321:There are six phonemic
2565:North Omotic languages
1433:10.1186/1746-4269-5-34
1346:
270:, around the towns of
207:This article contains
2560:Languages of Ethiopia
1665:Languages of Ethiopia
1338:Bench New Testament,
1337:
787:, the second either
1286:"three children").
339:The consonants are:
1355:Ethiopian syllabary
287:retroflex consonant
2575:Whistled languages
1672:Official languages
1532:Richard J. Hayward
1518:Pronominal systems
1347:
737:, but only before
250:, formerly called
130:Benc Non (Benesho)
2547:
2546:
2541:extinct languages
2530:
2529:
2494:
2493:
2219:
2218:
2183:Foreign languages
2178:
2177:
1593:Leiden University
1547:Leiden University
1389:(18th ed., 2015)
1265:
1264:
1176:The numbers are:
985:reflexive pronoun
981:
980:
821:Personal pronouns
731:
730:
647:
608:
569:
535:
496:
460:
419:
233:
232:
215:rendering support
211:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
2582:
2409:
2408:
2367:
2366:
2253:Omotic languages
2246:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2222:
1766:Sebat Bet Gurage
1714:
1713:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1378:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1154:
1134:
1130:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1041:
1017:
997:
927:himself/herself
825:
824:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
759:
755:
752:For the phoneme
748:
744:
740:
721:
714:
690:
670:
663:
656:
645:
640:
631:
624:
617:
606:
592:
585:
578:
567:
558:
551:
544:
533:
521:
510:
503:
492:
485:
474:
467:
456:
451:
444:
433:
426:
415:
397:
390:
342:
341:
336:
328:
317:
254:) is a Northern
201:
175:
159:
152:
91:
30:
29:
21:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2570:Tonal languages
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2526:
2490:
2469:
2455:Kachama-Ganjule
2443:
2424:Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
2398:
2361:
2354:
2321:
2293:
2255:
2250:
2220:
2215:
2199:
2174:
2071:
2002:Kachama-Ganjule
1977:Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
1913:
1790:
1709:
1703:
1667:
1662:
1584:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1332:
1304:
1296:
1288:Ordinal numbers
1280:cardinal number
1174:
1169:
1160:
1146:
1137:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1028:
1019:
1008:
999:
823:
818:
810:
805:
359:
308:
260:Bench Maji Zone
213:Without proper
197:
171:
155:
148:
120:
92:
89:Language family
87:
78:
77:Native speakers
66:Bench Maji Zone
28:
23:
22:
18:Gimira language
15:
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2545:
2544:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2465:Zayse-Zergulla
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2400:
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2364:
2356:
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2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2204:Sign languages
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2067:Zayse-Zergulla
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1653:
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1626:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1591:Dissertation,
1583:
1582:External links
1580:
1579:
1578:
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1564:
1557:
1550:
1545:Dissertation,
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1190:
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1185:
1183:
1173:
1170:
1148:
1147:
1123:
1122:
1117:demonstratives
1112:
1111:Demonstratives
1109:
1093:
1092:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1034:
1033:
1010:
1009:
990:
989:
979:
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842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
822:
819:
817:
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809:
806:
804:
801:
767:followed by a
729:
728:
726:
724:
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384:
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372:
367:
362:
355:
350:
345:
307:
304:
291:phonemic tones
266:, in southern
231:
230:
217:, you may see
203:
202:
195:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
169:
161:
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143:Language codes
140:
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119:
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115:
114:
95:
93:
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63:
59:
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53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
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42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
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2196:
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2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
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2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Kacipo-Balesi
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
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2086:
2083:
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2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
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1622:information:
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1496:
1490:Wedekind 1983
1487:
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1434:
1429:
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1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:New Testament
1345:
1344:9966-40-063-X
1341:
1336:
1327:
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1101:
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1080:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1050:"I went home"
1048:
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1021:
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766:
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736:
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543:
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389:
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356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
332:
324:
319:
314:of Bench are
313:
310:The phonemic
303:
301:
296:
295:whistled form
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
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84:
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74:
71:
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64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
45:Pronunciation
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2536:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2077:Nilo-Saharan
1946:
1718:Ethiosemitic
1588:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1542:
1535:
1524:
1517:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1472:Breeze 1988.
1468:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1384:
1358:
1348:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1297:
1283:
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1166:
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1138:
1126:
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1114:
1105:
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1096:
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1078:
1076:
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1049:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1000:
993:
991:
982:
865:(m.), (f.)
811:
781:/r//j//m//p/
762:
751:
732:
338:
330:
320:
309:
284:
280:Bench people
276:Shewa Gimira
272:Mizan Teferi
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
206:
193:Linguasphere
164:
111:
97:Afro-Asiatic
38:
1992:Hamer-Banna
1556:16: 129–56.
1503:diacritics.
1404:Rapold 2006
1055:Determiners
1014:big see.he.
949:we (incl.)
938:we (excl.)
916:she (hon.)
870:you (hon.)
735:palatalized
704:Approximant
221:instead of
133:Mer (Mieru)
2554:Categories
1570:1: 105–24.
1511:References
1386:Ethnologue
1294:Adjectives
960:you (pl.)
893:he (hon.)
856:you (sg.)
765:continuant
136:She (Kaba)
2539:indicate
2150:Nyangatom
2095:Daatsʼiin
2047:Shekkacho
1844:Daasanach
1710:languages
1442:1746-4269
1426:(1): 34.
840:vocative
837:locative
777:affricate
773:fricative
607:Voiceless
602:Fricative
534:Voiceless
529:Affricate
417:Voiceless
365:Retroflex
333:they are
306:Phonology
166:Glottolog
150:ISO 639-3
2439:Wolaitta
2394:Shinasha
2389:Shakacho
2335:Bambassi
2057:Wolaitta
1937:Bambassi
1909:Xamtanga
1864:Kambaata
1796:Cushitic
1781:Tigrinya
1708:Regional
1699:Tigrinya
1460:19912633
994:sell.he.
834:subject
831:oblique
828:English
816:Pronouns
568:Ejective
494:Ejective
360:alveolar
348:Bilabial
335:/őóōòȍǒ/
268:Ethiopia
227:Help:IPA
199:16-BBA-a
173:benc1235
125:Dialects
56:Ethiopia
2537:Italics
2481:Basketo
2412:Central
2379:Anfillo
2190:English
2017:Koorete
1942:Basketo
1932:Anfillo
1859:Hadiyya
1849:Dirasha
1731:Argobba
1726:Amharic
1684:Amharic
1534:(ed.),
1451:2780996
1278:When a
1172:Numbers
1097:be.that
803:Grammar
769:plosive
411:Plosive
375:Glottal
358:Palato-
353:Coronal
316:/ieaou/
262:of the
240:Bencnon
223:Unicode
39:Bencnon
2499:Others
2474:Others
2362:Omotic
2299:Dizoid
2195:Arabic
2125:Majang
1919:Omotic
1904:Tsamai
1899:Somali
1894:Sidamo
1884:Qimant
1874:Libido
1819:Arbore
1771:Siltʼe
1756:Mesqan
1746:Harari
1741:Gurage
1694:Somali
1458:
1448:
1440:
1342:
1127:reach.
646:Voiced
458:Voiced
312:vowels
256:Omotic
252:Gimira
248:Mernon
244:Shenon
102:Omotic
62:Region
2514:Chara
2507:Bench
2486:Maale
2460:Koore
2419:Dorze
2404:Ometo
2371:Gonga
2360:North
2340:Ganza
2317:Sheko
2307:Dizin
2284:Hamer
2279:Gayil
2261:Aroid
2160:Shabo
2155:Opuuo
2140:Mursi
2135:Murle
2130:Meʼen
2120:Kwegu
2115:Kwama
2100:Gumuz
2090:Berta
2085:Anuak
2062:Yemsa
2052:Sheko
2022:Maale
1987:Gayil
1982:Ganza
1972:Dorze
1957:Chara
1947:Bench
1879:Oromo
1869:Konso
1854:Gedeo
1839:Burji
1834:Bussa
1829:Baiso
1824:Awngi
1809:Alaba
1776:Soddo
1761:Muher
1736:Geʽez
1689:Oromo
1381:Bench
1365:Notes
1359:nigus
1302:Verbs
1284:(e.g.
1259:1000
1135:.when
1066:make.
1038:go.I.
971:they
808:Nouns
775:, or
680:Trill
382:Nasal
370:Velar
323:tones
236:Bench
112:Bench
107:North
70:SNNPR
33:Bench
2448:East
2434:Oyda
2429:Melo
2384:Kafa
2350:Seze
2345:Hozo
2312:Nayi
2289:Karo
2274:Dime
2269:Aari
2170:Uduk
2165:Suri
2145:Nuer
2110:Komo
2042:Seze
2037:Oyda
2032:Nayi
2027:Melo
2012:Karo
2007:Kafa
1997:Hozo
1967:Dizi
1962:Dime
1952:Boro
1927:Aari
1889:Saho
1804:Afar
1751:Inor
1679:Afar
1456:PMID
1438:ISSN
1340:ISBN
1274:236
1252:100
1157:SUBJ
1129:STAT
1115:The
1086:help
1072:INTL
904:she
795:or
785:/pʼ/
783:or
743:/ja/
327:/˨˧/
300:krar
274:and
2521:Yem
2327:Mao
1814:Ale
1786:Zay
1501:IPA
1446:PMC
1428:doi
1383:at
1271:13
1245:10
1153:DET
1133:DET
1068:FUT
1040:FIN
1016:FIN
996:FIN
881:he
797:/k/
793:/t/
789:/n/
758:/j/
754:/p/
747:/i/
739:/a/
590:tʂʼ
583:tʃʼ
576:tsʼ
246:or
209:IPA
186:Shé
181:ELP
157:bcq
2556::
1454:.
1444:.
1436:.
1422:.
1418:.
1397:^
1373:^
1309:-k
1238:9
1231:8
1224:7
1217:6
1210:5
1203:4
1196:3
1189:2
1182:1
1088:);
911:_
888:_
845:I
799:.
771:,
749:.
556:tʂ
549:tʃ
542:ts
519:kʼ
508:tʼ
501:pʼ
331:o,
318:.
302:.
282:.
242:,
68:,
2245:e
2238:t
2231:v
1657:e
1650:t
1643:v
1549:.
1462:.
1430::
1424:5
1155:.
1131:.
1070:.
719:j
712:l
688:r
668:ʐ
661:ʒ
654:z
638:h
629:ʂ
622:ʃ
615:s
483:ɡ
472:d
465:b
449:ʔ
442:k
431:t
424:p
395:n
388:m
238:(
229:.
20:)
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