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113:, dust and other fine-grained material by the wind and intermittent rain, leaving the larger fragments behind. The larger fragments are shaken into place through the forces of rain, running water, wind, gravity, creep, thermal expansion and contraction, wetting and drying, frost heaving, animal traffic, and the Earth's constant
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in the lava flows, building up with exposure time. The helium-3 dates show that the lava stones in the desert pavement at Cima Dome have all been at the surface the same amount of time as the solid lava flows right next to them. He wrote in a July 1995 article in
201:. Desert varnish is a thin coating (patina) of clays, iron, and manganese on the surface of sun-baked boulders. Micro-organisms may also play a role in their formation. Desert varnish is also prevalent in the Mojave desert and Great Basin geomorphic province.
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A second theory supposes that desert pavements form from the shrink/swell properties of the clay underneath the pavement; when precipitation is absorbed by clay it causes it to expand, and when it dries it cracks along planes of weakness. Over time, this
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flows are covered by younger soil layers, with desert pavement on top of them, made of rubble from the same lava. The soil has been built up, not blown away, yet the stones remain on top. There are no stones in the soil, not even gravel.
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vibrations. The removal of small particles by wind does not continue indefinitely, because once the pavement forms, it acts as a barrier to resist further erosion. The small particles collect underneath the pavement surface, forming a
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For the geologist, this discovery means that some desert pavements preserve a long history of dust deposition beneath them. The dust is a record of ancient climate, just as it is on the deep sea floor and in the world's ice caps.
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Processes of vesicular horizon development and desert pavement formation on basalt flows of the Cima
Volcanic Field and alluvial fans of the Avawatz Mountains Piedmont, Mojave Desert, California
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that he concluded, "stone pavements are born at the surface." While the stones remain on the surface due to heave, deposition of windblown dust must build up the soil beneath that pavement.
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action transports small pebbles to the surface, where they stay through lack of precipitation that would otherwise destroy the pavement by transport of the
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McFadden, L.D., Wells, S.G. and
Jercinovich, M.J. 1987. "Influences of aeolian and pedogenic processes on the origin and evolution of desert pavements",
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Several theories have been proposed for the formation of desert pavements. A common theory suggests that they form through the gradual removal of
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The influence of long-term landscape stability on flood hydrology and geomorphic evolution of valley floor in the northeastern Badin of Jordan
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The role and significance of the Gobi desert pavement in controlling sand movement on the cliff top near the
Dunhuang Magao Grottoes
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Researchers can determine how many years a stone has been exposed on the ground. Wells used a method based on cosmogenic
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193:, a dark brown, sometimes shiny coating that contains clay minerals. In the US a famous example can be found on
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407:"Cosmogenic He surface-exposure dating of stone pavements: Implications for landscape evolution in deserts"
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232:
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East, J.J. 1889. "On the geological structures and physical features of
Central Australia",
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A newer theory of pavement formation comes from studies of places such as Cima Dome, in the
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Stony deserts may be known by different names according to the region. Examples include:
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of
California, by Stephen Wells and his coworkers. At Cima Dome, geologically recent
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Estimating the fine soil fraction of desert pavements using ground penetrating radar
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ynamical processes on desert pavements and the healing of surficial disturbance
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Transactions and
Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society of South Australia
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Dorn, R. I. and T. M. Oberlander, 1981, "Microbial Origin of Desert
Varnish,"
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bombardment at the ground surface. Helium-3 is retained inside grains of
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Geologists debate the mechanics of pavement formation and their age.
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surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded
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Desert pavement evolution: An example of the role of sheetflood
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Qu
Jianjun, Huang Ning, Dong Guangrong and Zhang Weimin. 2001.
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10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0613:CHSEDO>2.3.CO;2
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528:. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 36:97-119.
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Wells S.G.; McFadden L.D.; Poths J.; Olinger C.T. (1995).
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305: – Broad area of desert covered with wind-swept sand
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is also used to describe ecological communities, such as
521:. Doctoral thesis, University of California, Riverside.
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Meadows, D.G., Young, M.H. and McDonald, E.V. 2006.
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Geology
Underfoot: In Death Valley and Owens Valley
46:Desert pavement showing wind scour on the cobbles;
38:on the pebbles; gibber plains of central Australia
526:The history and nature of wind erosion in deserts
490:, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1982.
98:collects on the exposed surface rocks over time.
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535:, fifth edition. Freeman and Company. 458–460.
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189:Desert pavement surfaces are often coated with
514:. Doctoral thesis, University of Nevada, Reno.
556:. Journal of Arid Environments 48(3):357-371.
566:Williams, S.H. and Zimbelman, J.R. 1994.
570:. The Journal of Geology 102(2):243-248.
264:, a vast stony desert plain is known as
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563:. The Lapidary Journal 33(7):1648-1650.
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274:, which refers to a sandy desert area.
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287: – Processes due to wind activity
227:Gibbers: Covering extensive areas in
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317: – Particle transport by fluids
549:. Vadose Zone Journal 5(2):720-730.
538:Haff, P.K. and Werner, B.T. 1996. D
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542:. Quaternary Research 45(1):38-46.
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561:Deflation armor (desert pavement)
369:Mountain Press Publishing Company
343:"Hamada, Reg, Serir, Gibber, Saï"
138:or excessive vegetative growth.
581:Desert Processes Working Group
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488:Géographie des régions arides
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255:Gibber Transition Shrublands
238:are desert pavements called
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27:Type of desert earth surface
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268:. This is in contrast with
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345:. Springer Reference. 2013
251:Gibber Chenopod Shrublands
531:Grotzinger, et al. 2007.
233:Tirari-Sturt stony desert
185:Desert pavement evolution
90:size. They typically top
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34:Desert pavement showing
74:(in central Asia) is a
363:Sharp, Robert (1997).
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50:of southern California
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517:Anderson, K.C. 1999.
510:Al-Qudah, K.A. 2003.
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66:(in eastern Sahara),
62:(in western Sahara),
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486:Jean Dresch et al.,
371:. pp. 119–130.
559:Rieman, H.M. 1979.
533:Understanding Earth
524:Goudie, A.S. 2008.
426:1995Geo....23..613W
315:Saltation (geology)
126:(designated "Av").
70:(in Australia), or
297:Eduction (geology)
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205:Local names
590:Categories
505:References
447:2016-02-23
349:2013-05-23
219:Mauritania
159:cosmic ray
132:geomorphic
606:Sediments
477:12:31-53.
321:Ventifact
236:ecoregion
229:Australia
120:vesicular
105:Formation
278:See also
244:gibbers.
172:Geology,
167:pyroxene
155:helium-3
601:Deserts
462:Science
422:Bibcode
414:Geology
393:Geology
163:olivine
494:
375:
309:Hamada
247:Gibber
136:clasts
88:cobble
84:pebble
76:desert
68:gibber
18:Gibber
441:(PDF)
410:(PDF)
329:Notes
215:Adrar
64:serir
492:ISBN
373:ISBN
199:Utah
165:and
147:lava
111:sand
86:and
80:rock
430:doi
303:Erg
271:erg
266:reg
260:In
253:or
217:in
72:saï
60:reg
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